@relation 'covid19-weka.filters.unsupervised.attribute.NominalToString-C3-4-weka.filters.unsupervised.attribute.NumericToNominal-R2-weka.filters.unsupervised.attribute.Reorder-R1,3,4,2' @attribute PMID numeric @attribute Title string @attribute Abstract string @attribute COVID19 {0,1} @data 32052846,'The reproductive number of COVID 19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus ',?,1 30929995,'Migrating a lab developed MERS CoV real time PCR to 3 " Sample to Result" systems experiences on optimization and validation ','The goal of the study was to adapt our Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV lab developed test LDT to 3 " Sample to Result" S2R systems BD MAX BD ELITe InGenius ELITechGroup and ARIES Luminex The BD MAX and InGenius system allowed use of lab developed primers and TaqMan probes while ARIES required conversion to MultiCode primers for melting curve analysis Each device required 1 day of training and assay optimization No discordant results were noted after analysis of 32 External Quality Control EQC samples On a 10 fold dilution series of a MERS CoV positive EQC sample InGenius obtained the highest detection rate Laboratory technicians rated the ARIES as the user friendliest It also required the least hands on time BD MAX had the lowest turnaround time and highest throughput While each device had distinguishing system properties with associated dis advantages the 3 S2R systems were comparable in terms of assay development and validation ',0 32050059,'A Locally Transmitted Case of SARS CoV 2 Infection in Taiwan ',?,1 32146445,'Similarity in Case Fatality Rates CFR of COVID 19 SARS COV 2 in Italy and China ','As of 28 February 2020 Italy had 888 cases of SARS CoV 2 infections with most cases in Northern Italy in the Lombardia and Veneto regions Travel related cases were the main source of COVID 19 cases during the early stages of the current epidemic in Italy The month of February however has been dominated by two large clusters of outbreaks in Northern Italy south of Milan with mainly local transmission the source of infections Contact tracing has failed to identify patient zero in one of the outbreaks As of 28 February 2020 twenty one cases of COVID 19 have died Comparison between case fatality rates in China and Italy are identical at 2 3 Additionally deaths are similar in both countries with fatalities in mostly the elderly with known comorbidities It will be important to develop point of care devices to aid clinicians in stratifying elderly patients as early as possible to determine the potential level of care they will require to improve their chances of survival from COVID 19 disease ',1 31996342,'Wuhan Britons to be evacuated as scientists estimate 44 000 cases of 2019 nCOV in the city ',?,1 32176356,'Is novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 transmitted through conjunctiva ',?,1 32125371,'Response to COVID 19 in Taiwan Big Data Analytics New Technology and Proactive Testing ',?,1 32111645,'Covid 19 preparedness decentralisation and the hunt for patient zero ',?,1 32112082,'A Well Infant with Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 with High Viral Load ','A well 6 month old infant with coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 had persistently positive nasopharyngeal swabs to day 16 of admission This case highlights the difficulties in establishing the true incidence of COVID 19 as asymptomatic individuals can excrete the virus These patients may play important roles in human to human transmission in the community ',1 31134585,'Aminopeptidase N Knockout Pigs Are Not Resistant to Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection ',?,0 32074258,'Preparing for the Most Critically Ill Patients With COVID 19 The Potential Role of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ',?,1 30844511,'Molecular epidemiology evolution and phylogeny of SARS coronavirus ','Shortly after its emergence in southern China in 2002 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV was confirmed to be the cause of SARS Subsequently SARS related CoVs SARSr CoVs were found in palm civets from live animal markets in Guangdong and in various horseshoe bat species which were believed to be the ultimate reservoir of SARSr CoV Till November 2018 339 SARSr CoV genomes have been sequenced including 274 from human 18 from civets and 47 from bats mostly from Chinese horseshoe bats Rhinolophus sinicus n = 30 and greater horseshoe bats Rhinolophus ferrumequinum n = 9 The human SARS CoVs and civet SARSr CoVs were collected in 2003 2004 while bat SARSr CoVs were continuously isolated in the past 13 years even after the cessation of the SARS epidemic SARSr CoVs belong to the subgenus Sarbecovirus previously lineage B of genus Betacoronavirus and occupy a unique phylogenetic position Overall it is observed that the SARSr CoV genomes from bats in Yunnan province of China possess the highest nucleotide identity to those from civets It is evident from both multiple alignment and phylogenetic analyses that some genes of a particular SARSr CoV from bats may possess higher while other genes possess much lower nucleotide identity to the corresponding genes of SARSr CoV from human civets resulting in the shift of phylogenetic position in different phylogenetic trees Our current model on the origin of SARS is that the human SARS CoV that caused the epidemic in 2002 2003 was probably a result of multiple recombination events from a number of SARSr CoV ancestors in different horseshoe bat species ',0 31694960,'Murine Coronavirus Infection Activates the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in an Indoleamine 2 3 Dioxygenase Independent Manner Contributing to Cytokine Modulation and Proviral TCDD Inducible PARP Expression ','The aryl hydrocarbon receptor AhR is a cytoplasmic receptor transcription factor that modulates several cellular and immunological processes following activation by pathogen associated stimuli though its role during virus infection is largely unknown Here we show that AhR is activated in cells infected with mouse hepatitis virus MHV a coronavirus CoV and contributes to the upregulation of downstream effector TCDD inducible poly ADP ribose polymerase TiPARP during infection Knockdown of TiPARP reduced viral replication and increased interferon expression suggesting that TiPARP functions in a proviral manner during MHV infection We also show that MHV replication induced the expression of other genes known to be downstream of AhR in macrophages and dendritic cells and in livers of infected mice Further we found that chemically inhibiting or activating AhR reciprocally modulated the expression levels of cytokines induced by infection specifically interleukin 1b IL 1b IL 10 and tumor necrosis factor alpha TNF a consistent with a role for AhR activation in the host response to MHV infection Furthermore while indoleamine 2 3 dioxygenase IDO1 drives AhR activation in other settings MHV infection induced equal expression of downstream genes in wild type WT and IDO1 < sup> macrophages suggesting an alternative pathway of AhR activation In summary we show that coronaviruses elicit AhR activation by an IDO1 independent pathway contributing to upregulation of downstream effectors including the proviral factor TiPARP and to modulation of cytokine gene expression and we identify a previously unappreciated role for AhR signaling in CoV pathogenesis IMPORTANCE< b> Coronaviruses are a family of positive sense RNA viruses with human and agricultural significance Characterizing the mechanisms by which coronavirus infection dictates pathogenesis or counters the host immune response would provide targets for the development of therapeutics Here we show that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor AhR is activated in cells infected with a prototypic coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus MHV resulting in the expression of several effector genes AhR is important for modulation of the host immune response to MHV and plays a role in the expression of TiPARP which we show is required for maximal viral replication Taken together our findings highlight a previously unidentified role for AhR in regulating coronavirus replication and the immune response to the virus ',0 32192582,'Preparedness is essential for malaria endemic regions during the COVID 19 pandemic ',?,1 32197098,'COVID 19 in pregnant women ',?,1 31690009,'Engineering a Novel Antibody Peptide Bispecific Fusion Protein Against MERS CoV ','In recent years tremendous efforts have been made in the engineering of bispecific or multi specific antibody based therapeutics by combining two or more functional antigen recognizing elements into a single construct However to the best of our knowledge there has been no reported cases of effective antiviral antibody peptide bispecific fusion proteins We previously developed potent fully human monoclonal antibodies and inhibitory peptides against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV a novel coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory illness with high mortality Here we describe the generation of antibody peptide bispecific fusion proteins each of which contains an anti MERS CoV single chain antibody m336 or normal human IgG1 CH3 domain as a control linked with or without a MERS CoV fusion inhibitory peptide HR2P We found that one of these fusion proteins designated as m336 diabody pep exhibited more potent inhibitory activity than the antibody or the peptide alone against pseudotyped MERS CoV infection and MERS CoV S protein mediated cell cell fusion suggesting its potential to be developed as an effective bispecific immunotherapeutic for clinical use ',0 30940462,'Respiratory Virus Infections of the Stem Cell Transplant Recipient and the Hematologic Malignancy Patient ','Respiratory virus infections in hematologic stem cell transplant recipients and patients with hematologic malignancies are increasingly recognized as a cause of significant morbidity and mortality The often overlapping clinical presentation makes molecular diagnostic strategies imperative for rapid diagnosis and to inform understanding of the changing epidemiology of each of the respiratory viruses Most respiratory virus infections are managed with supportive therapy although there is effective antiviral therapy for influenza The primary focus should remain on primary prevention infection control procedures and isolation precautions avoidance of ill contacts and vaccination for influenza ',0 32077789,'Chest CT Findings in Coronavirus Disease 19 COVID 19 Relationship to Duration of Infection ','In this retrospective study chest CTs of 121 symptomatic patients infected with coronavirus disease 19 COVID 19 from four centers in China from January 18 2020 to February 2 2020 were reviewed for common CT findings in relationship to the time between symptom onset and the initial CT scan i e early 0 2 days 36 patients intermediate 3 5 days 33 patients late 6 12 days 25 patients The hallmarks of COVID 19 infection on imaging were bilateral and peripheral ground glass and consolidative pulmonary opacities Notably 20 36 56\% of early patients had a normal CT With a longer time after the onset of symptoms CT findings were more frequent including consolidation bilateral and peripheral disease greater total lung involvement linear opacities " crazy paving" pattern and the " reverse halo" sign Bilateral lung involvement was observed in 10 36 early patients 28\% 25 33 intermediate patients 76\% and 22 25 late patients 88\% ',1 32179123,'Clinical diagnostic value of CT imaging in COVID 19 with multiple negative RT PCR testing ',?,1 31092569,'Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus nsp11 Antagonizes Type I Interferon Signaling by Targeting IRF9 ','Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus PRRSV is an arterivirus from the Nidovirales< i> order that causes reproductive failure and respiratory disease in pigs and poses a constant threat to the global pig industry The PRRSV encoded nonstructural protein 11 nsp11 is a nidovirus specific endoribonuclease NendoU that is conserved throughout the Arteriviridae< i> and Coronaviridae< i> families Previously our research and that of others demonstrated that PRRSV nsp11 inhibits type I interferon IFN production through NendoU activity dependent mechanisms Here we found that PRRSV nsp11 also inhibited IFN stimulated response element ISRE promoter activity and subsequent transcription of IFN stimulated genes ISGs Detailed analysis showed that nsp11 targeted interferon regulatory factor 9 IRF9 but not transducer and activator of transcription 1 STAT1 or STAT2 key molecules in the type I IFN signaling pathway Furthermore the nsp11 IRF9 interaction impaired the formation and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor complex IFN stimulated gene factor 3 ISGF3 in both nsp11 overexpressed and PRRSV infected cells Importantly nsp11 mutations H129A H144A and K173A that ablate NendoU activity or its cell cytotoxicity also interacted with IRF9 and retained the ability to block IFN signaling indicating that the nsp11 IRF9 interaction is independent of NendoU activity or cell cytotoxicity of nsp11 Taking the results together our study demonstrated that PRRSV nsp11 antagonizes type I IFN signaling by targeting IRF9 via a NendoU activity independent mechanism and this report describes a novel strategy evolved by PRRSV to counteract host innate antiviral responses revealing a potential new function for PRRSV nsp11 in type I IFN signaling IMPORTANCE< b> The nidovirus specific endoribonuclease NendoU encoded by PRRSV nonstructural protein 11 nsp11 is a unique NendoU of nidoviruses that infect vertebrates thus it is an attractive target for the development of antinidovirus drugs Previous studies have revealed that the NendoU of nidoviruses including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus PRRSV and human coronavirus 229E HCoV 229E acts as a type I interferon IFN antagonist Here for the first time we demonstrated that overexpression of PRRSV nsp11 also inhibits IFN signaling by targeting the C terminal interferon regulatory factor IRF association domain of IRF9 This interaction impaired the ability of IRF9 to form the transcription factor complex IFN stimulated gene factor 3 ISGF3 and to act as a signaling protein of IFN signaling Collectively our data identify IRF9 as a natural target of PRRSV NendoU and reveal a novel mechanism evolved by an arterivirus to counteract innate immune signaling ',0 32097725,'Estimation of the reproductive number of novel coronavirus COVID 19 and the probable outbreak size on the Diamond Princess cruise ship A data driven analysis ','Up to February 16 2020 355 cases have been confirmed as having COVID 19 infection on the Diamond Princess cruise ship It is of crucial importance to estimate the reproductive number R0 of the novel virus in the early stage of outbreak and make a prediction of daily new cases on the ship ',1 31226023,'Human Coronavirus Host Pathogen Interaction ','Human coronavirus HCoV infection causes respiratory diseases with mild to severe outcomes In the last 15 years we have witnessed the emergence of two zoonotic highly pathogenic HCoVs severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV Replication of HCoV is regulated by a diversity of host factors and induces drastic alterations in cellular structure and physiology Activation of critical signaling pathways during HCoV infection modulates the induction of antiviral immune response and contributes to the pathogenesis of HCoV Recent studies have begun to reveal some fundamental aspects of the intricate HCoV host interaction in mechanistic detail In this review we summarize the current knowledge of host factors co opted and signaling pathways activated during HCoV infection with an emphasis on HCoV infection induced stress response autophagy apoptosis and innate immunity The cross talk among these pathways as well as the modulatory strategies utilized by HCoV is also discussed ',0 32124995,'Fecal specimen diagnosis 2019 novel coronavirus infected pneumonia ','The emergence and spread of 2019 novel coronavirus infected pneumonia COVID 19 from Wuhan China it has spread globally We extracted the data on 14 patients with laboratory confirmed COVID 19 from Jinhua Municipal Central hospital through 27 January 2020 We found that compared to pharyngeal swab specimens nucleic acid detection of COVID 19 in fecal specimens was equally accurate And we found that patients with a positive stool test did not experience gastrointestinal symptoms and had nothing to do with the severity of the lung infection These results may help to understand the clinical diagnosis and the changes in clinical parameters of COVID 19 ',1 32105468,'Structure Based Stabilization of Non native Protein Protein Interactions of Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins in Antiviral Drug Design ','Structure based stabilization of protein protein interactions PPIs is a promising strategy for drug discovery However this approach has mainly focused on the stabilization of native PPIs and non native PPIs have received little consideration Here we identified a non native interaction interface on the three dimensional dimeric structure of the N terminal domain of the MERS CoV nucleocapsid protein MERS CoV N NTD The interface formed a conserved hydrophobic cavity suitable for targeted drug screening By considering the hydrophobic complementarity during the virtual screening step we identified 5 benzyloxygramine as a new N protein PPI orthosteric stabilizer that exhibits both antiviral and N NTD protein stabilizing activities X ray crystallography and small angle X ray scattering showed that 5 benzyloxygramine stabilizes the N NTD dimers through simultaneous hydrophobic interactions with both partners resulting in abnormal N protein oligomerization that was further confirmed in the cell This unique approach based on the identification and stabilization of non native PPIs of N protein could be applied toward drug discovery against CoV diseases ',1 32150358,'SARS CoV 2 and COVID 19 facing the pandemic together as citizens and cardiovascular practitioners ',?,1 30735700,'Development of a SYBR green I based duplex real time fluorescence quantitative PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine circovirus 3 ','The development of a rapid specific and sensitive SYBR Green I based duplex real time quantitative PCR assay is described for the simultaneous detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV and porcine circovirus type 3 PCV3 The assay specifically detected PEDV and PCV3 with no fluorescence detected for other non targeted pig pathogens The assay showed a good linear relationship and the limits of detection for this assay were 34 6 copies mL and 61 2 copies mL for PEDV and PCV3 respectively The assay exhibited high repeatability and reproducibility with intra assay and inter assay variation coefficients less than 2 0\% A clinical evaluation using intestinal tissue and fecal samples from piglets suffering from diarrhea at different pig farms in China revealed that the singular infection rates of PEDV and PCV3 were 43 94\% 29 66 and 16 67\% 11 66 respectively while the co infection rate of PCV3 with PEDV was 27 27\% 18 66 The results indicate this assay is a rapid and reliable diagnostic tool for PEDV and PCV3 monitoring and surveillance in the field and provides technical support for the quantitative detection of clinical samples infected or co infected with PEDV and PCV3 ',0 31992554,'Chinese premier rallies medics in coronavirus fight ',?,1 30570714,'Genetic Evidence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS Cov and Widespread Seroprevalence among Camels in Kenya ','We describe the first genome isolation of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV in Kenya This fatal zoonotic pathogen was first described in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 2012 Epidemiological and molecular evidence revealed zoonotic transmission from camels to humans and between humans Currently MERS CoV is classified by the WHO as having high pandemic potential requiring greater surveillance Previous studies of MERS CoV in Kenya mainly focused on site specific and archived camel and human serum samples for antibodies We conducted active nationwide cross sectional surveillance of camels and humans in Kenya targeting both nasal swabs and plasma samples from 1 163 camels and 486 humans collected from January 2016 to June 2018 A total of 792 camel plasma samples were positive by ELISA Seroprevalence increased with age and the highest prevalence was observed in adult camels 82 37\% 95\% confidence interval CI 79 50 84 91 More female camels were significantly seropositive 74 28\% 95\% CI 71 14 77 19 than male camels P < 0 001 53 74\% 95\% CI 48 48 58 90 Only 11 camel nasal swabs were positive for MERS CoV by reverse transcription quantitative PCR Phylogenetic analysis of whole genome sequences showed that Kenyan MERS CoV clustered within sub clade C2 which is associated with the African clade but did not contain signature deletions of orf4b in African viruses None of the human plasma screened contained neutralizing antibodies against MERS CoV This study confirms the geographically widespread occurrence of MERS CoV in Kenyan camels Further one health surveillance approaches in camels wildlife and human populations are needed ',0 31982568,'Gga miR 30d regulates infectious bronchitis virus infection by targeting USP47 in HD11 cells ','Avian infectious bronchitis virus IBV is a coronavirus which infects chickens and causes severe economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide MicroRNAs miRNAs are important intracellular regulators and play a pivotal role in viral infections In previous studies we have revealed that IBV infection caused a significant down regulation of gga miR 30d expression in chicken kidneys In present study we investigated the role of gga miR 30d in the process of IBV infection of HD11 cell line in vitro By transfecting the mimics and inhibitor of gga miR 30d it was found that overexpressed gga miR 30d inhibited IBV replication Contrarily low expressed gga miR 30d promoted IBV replication In addition dual luciferase reporter assays revealed that ubiquitin specific protease 47 USP47 a deubiquitinase encoding gene was a target for gga miR 30d This is the first study demonstrating that miRNAs regulate IBV replication by regulating the deubiquitinating enzyme DUBs ',0 30595141,'Scope and extent of healthcare associated Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus transmission during two contemporaneous outbreaks in Riyadh Saudi Arabia 2017 ','To investigate a Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV outbreak event involving multiple healthcare facilities in Riyadh Saudi Arabia to characterize transmission and to explore infection control implications ',0 32061066,' Clinical features of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in the early stage from a fever clinic in Beijing ','Objective < b> To summarize and analyze the clinical and imaging characteristics of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in the early stage in Beijing Methods < b> A retrospective analysis of clinical and imaging data of 9 patients with 2019 novel coronavirus infection diagnosed in one fever clinicic in Beijing from January 18 2020 to February 3 2020 Results < b> 5 male and 4 female was included in those 9 patients whose median age was 36 years and the age range from 15 to 49 years 8 of these patients had no underlying disease and one suffered from diabetes 7 patients had a history of travel to Wuhan City or Hubei Province and one patient was a medical staff Two family clustered was found The incubation period was 1 to 6 days The clinical manifestations were fever in 8 cases 8 9 dry cough in 5 cases 5 9 pharyngalgia in 4 cases 4 9 fatigue in 4 cases 4 9 body soreness in 4 cases 4 9 and blocked or watery nose in 1 case 1 9 Six patients 6 9 had abnormal cell peripheral blood of which 3 3 9 had an increased monocyte count 2 2 9 had a reduced lymphocyte and 1 1 9 had an increased leukocyte count while the 3 patients had normal cell blood routines The median of CRP was 16 3 mg L including 5 patients with slightly elevated 5 9 4 patients with normal values 4 9 the results of procalcitonin test were negative in5 patients Three patients were examined by chest X ray examination one of which was normal one case showed infiltrates of right upper lung and another showed in right lower lung All patients underwent chest HRCT And 7 cases 7 9 showed multiple ground glass exudation including 5 cases 5 7 involved bilateral lungs 2 cases 2 7 involved unilateral lung 3 cases 3 7 with patchy consolidation and 2 cases 2 9 showed no abnormality Conclusions < b> The patents with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in this study generally have an epidemiological history The clinical manifestations are fever and cough Peripheral white blood cell counts were most normal And PCT were all negative Chest HRCT manifested as multiple ground glass opacities with partly consolidation Some patients had normal chest radiographs but HRCT showed pneumonia Some patients had no pneumonia on chest HRCT ',1 32138488,'The 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak A Global Threat ','The 2019 Novel Corona virus infection COVID 19 is an ongoing public health emergency of international significance There are significant knowledge gaps in the epidemiology transmission dynamics investigation tools and management In this article we review the available evidence about this disease Every decade has witnessed the evolution of a new coronavirus epidemic since the last three decades The varying transmission patterns namely nosocomial transmission and spread through mildly symptomatic cases is an area of concern There is a spectrum of clinical features from mild to severe life threatening disease with major complications like severe pneumonia ARDS acute cardiac injury and septic shock Presence of bilateral ground glass opacity and consolidation on imaging in appropriate clinical background should raise a suspicion about COVID 19 Poor prognostic factors include Multilobular infiltration on chest imaging Lymphopenia Bacterial co infection Smoking history Chronic medical conditions like Hypertension and age > 60 years MuLBSTA score Diagnosis is confirmed with PCR based testing of appropriate respiratory samples Management is primarily supportive with newer antivirals lopinavir ritonavir and Remdesivir under investigation Role of steroids is still inconclusive Standard infection control and prevention techniques should be followed Vigilant screening of suspected cases and their contacts is important Isolation of symptomatic cases and home quarantine of asymptomatic contacts is recommended To conclude controlling this highly transmissible disease requires international co ordination ',1 32077662,' Analysis of low positive rate of nucleic acid detection method used for diagnosis of novel coronavirus pneumonia ','Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan novel coronavirus pneumonia NCP Shi You 2019Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV Gan Ran Yin Qi De Yi Chong Ji Xing Chuan Ran Xing Ji Bing Ji Yu Shi Shi Ying Guang Ni Zhuan Lu Ju He Mei Lian Fan Ying RT PCR Fang Fa De Bing Du He Suan Jian Ce Shi Lin Chuang Que Zhen De Zhong Yao Shou Duan Dan Mu Qian Lin Chuang Tong Guo 2019 nCoVDe He Suan Jian Ce Jie Guo Que Zhen NCPCun Zai Yang Xing Lu Pian Di De Xian Xiang Wei Ming Que Zhe Yi Wen Ti Chu Xian De Yuan Yin Ben Wen Zai Chong Fen Ken Ding He Suan Jian Ce Yong Yu Que Zhen NCPYing Yong Jie Zhi De Ji Chu Shang Cong Huan Zhe Bing Cheng Biao Ben Cai Ji Biao Ben Yun Shu Yu Bao Cun Biao Ben Chu Li He Suan Ti Qu Yu Kuo Zeng Bing Du He Suan Bian Yi Deng Fang Mian Jin Xing Liao Fen Xi Zhao Chu Liao Ying Xiang He Suan Jian Ce Jie Guo Zhun Que Ke Kao De Ke Neng Yin Su Bing Ti Chu Liao Xiang Ying De Jian Yi ',1 32200489,'Hospitals as health factories and the coronavirus epidemic ',?,1 32114747,' Advances in the research of cytokine storm mechanism induced by Corona Virus Disease 2019 and the corresponding immunotherapies ','Corona Virus Disease 2019 COVID 19 has seriously affected the treatment of patients and social stability In the later stage of disease some COVID 19 patients may develop into acute respiratory distress syndrome or even multiple organ failure However one of the most important mechanism underlying the deterioration of disease is cytokine storm At present some therapies such as interleukin 6 antibody blocker stem cell therapy and transfusion of convalescent plasma have been applied to counteract the cytokine storm and have made some progress This article reviews the influences of cytokine storm syndrome on the COVID 19 and the corresponding immunotherapies to resist cytokine storm ',1 32064932,'The Effects of Social Media Use on Preventive Behaviors during Infectious Disease Outbreaks The Mediating Role of Self relevant Emotions and Public Risk Perception ','While there has been increasing attention to the role of social media during infectious disease outbreaks relatively little is known about the underlying mechanisms by which social media use affects risk perception and preventive behaviors during such outbreaks Using data collected during the 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV outbreak in South Korea this study explores the relationships among social media use risk perception and preventive behaviors by examining the mediating role of two self relevant emotions fear and anger The findings demonstrate that social media use is positively related to both of these emotions which are also positively related to the public s risk perception The findings also indicate that social media use can significantly increase preventive behaviors via the two self relevant emotions and the public s risk perception ',0 31638995,'Molecular epidemiology of respiratory viruses in commercial chicken flocks in Pakistan from 2014 through to 2016 ','Viral diseases are a matter of great concern for poultry farmers in Pakistan Multiple common viral respiratory diseases CVRDs cause huge economic losses in the poultry industry The prevalence of CVRDs in many countries including Pakistan is not clearly understood ',0 32038538,'Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus Infection Up Regulates FcRn Expression via Nucleocapsid Protein and Secretion of TGF b in Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells ','Transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV is a porcine intestinal coronavirus that causes fatal severe watery diarrhea in piglets The neonatal Fc receptor FcRn is the only IgG transport receptor its expression on mucosal surfaces is triggered upon viral stimulation which significantly enhances mucosal immunity We utilized TGEV as a model pathogen to explore the role of FcRn in resisting viral invasion in overall intestinal mucosal immunity TGEV induced FcRn expression by activating NF kB signaling in porcine small intestinal epithelial IPEC J2 cells however the underlying mechanisms are unclear First using small interfering RNAs we found that TGEV up regulated FcRn expression via TLR3 TLR9 and RIG I Moreover TGEV induced IL 1b IL 6 IL 8 TGF b and TNF a production TGF b stimulated IPEC J2 cells highly up regulated FcRn expression while treatment with a JNK specific inhibitor down regulated the expression TGEV nucleocapsid N protein also enhanced FcRn promoter activity via the NF kB signaling pathway and its central region aa 128 252 was essential for FcRn activation Additionally N protein mediated FcRn up regulation promotes IgG transcytosis Thus TGEV N protein and TGF b up regulated FcRn expression further clarifying the molecular mechanism of up regulation of FcRn expression by TGEV ',0 32118390,' Epidemiological characteristics of novel coronavirus pneumonia in Henan ','Objective < b> To study the epidemiological characteristics of COVID 19 in Henan Province Methods < b> An epidemiological study was conducted based on the latest epidemic information of 1 265 confirmed cases including regional distribution severe illness and deaths announced by Health Commission of Henan Province as well as the details of 1 079 COVID 19 officially released by Health Commission of municipalities in Henan Province collected as of 24 00 on February 19 2020 Results < b> Among 1 079 patients diagnosed with COVID 19 there were 573 male 53 2\% and 505 female 46 8\% with the ratio of male to female of 1 14 1 The majority of patients were 36 59 years old 553 cases 51 3\% and the mean age was 46 interquartile range is 24 years old 515 cases 47 7\% had a history of living traveling doing business in Wuhan or a brief stopover at Wuhan train stop and 382 35 4\% had a history of close contact with confirmed patients There were 72 severe cases 5 7\% in 1 265 patients and the fatality rate was 1 5\% A high number of cases were reported in Xinyang 269 cases 21 26\% Zhengzhou 156 cases 12 33\% Nanyang 155 cases 12 25\% Zhumadian 139 cases 10 99\% followed by Shangqiu 91 cases 7 19\% Zhoukou 76 cases 6 01\% Among 605 patients the symptoms were fever 553 cases 91 4\% debilitation 44 cases 7 3\% cough 110 cases 18 2\% expectoration 19 cases 3 1\% chills 6 cases 1 0\% shiver 7 cases 1 2\% running nose 21 cases 3 5\% stuffy noses 8 cases 1 3\% throat dryness and sore 24 cases 4 0\% headache 21 cases 3 5\% chest pain 6 cases 1 0\% anhelation 18 cases 3 0\% and gastrointestinal symptom 21 cases 3 5\% The age of deaths ranged from 33 to 86 years old with an average age of 72 interquartile range of 17 years old there be 7 males 63 6\% and 4 females 36 4\% Conclusion < b> The cases in Henan Province were mainly imported cases and had certain geographical location relevance meanwhile there was a family focused incidence The overall trend of new cases was wave like decline and the number of deaths was high among elderly men with underlying diseases ',1 32041792,'Coronavirus NHS staff get power to keep patients in isolation as UK declares " serious threat" ',?,1 30855219,'Construction of a Recombinant Lactococcus lactis Strain Expressing a Variant Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus S1 Gene and Its Immunogenicity Analysis in Mice ','Porcine epidemic diarrhea caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV is a highly contagious disease in newborn piglets The spike S protein is the surface glycoprotein of PEDV which can induce specific neutralization antibodies and is a candidate antigen for vaccination attempts In our study the S1 region of PEDV strain CH JLDH 2016 spike gene was inserted into the Lactococcus lactis expression vector pNZ8149 resulting in recombinant plasmid pNZ8149 S1 and the immunogenicity of recombinant L lactis pNZ8149 S1 NZ3900 was evaluated in mice After immunization significantly higher levels of anti PEDV serum IgG antibodies and mucosal sIgA antibodies were detected in mice orally administered with pNZ8149 S1 NZ3900 compared with control groups pNZ8149 NZ3900 NZ3900 and phosphate buffered saline p < 0 01 Lymphocyte proliferation assay results showed that the recombinant L lactis pNZ8149 S1 NZ3900 significantly stimulated the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes p < 0 01 In addition the recombinant L lactis vaccine could induce high levels of IL 4 and IFN g in immunized mice p < 0 01 The results of our study suggest that the recombinant L lactis pNZ8149 S1 NZ3900 can provide a promising vaccine strategy against PEDV infection ',0 32171075,'COVID 19 the medium is the message ',?,1 30852271,'N Linked glycosylation of the membrane protein ectodomain regulates infectious bronchitis virus induced ER stress response apoptosis and pathogenesis ','Coronavirus membrane M protein is the most abundant structural protein playing a critical role in virion assembly Previous studies show that the N terminal ectodomain of M protein is modified by glycosylation but its precise functions are yet to be thoroughly investigated In this study we confirm that N linked glycosylation occurs at two predicted sites in the M protein ectodomain of infectious bronchitis coronavirus IBV Dual mutations at the two sites N3D N6D did not affect particle assembly virus like particle formation and viral replication in culture cells However activation of the ER stress response was significantly reduced in cells infected with rN3D N6D correlated with a lower level of apoptosis and reduced production of pro inflammatory cytokines Taken together this study demonstrates that although not essential for replication glycosylation in the IBV M protein ectodomain plays important roles in activating ER stress apoptosis and proinflammatory response and may contribute to the pathogenesis of IBV ',0 32035533,'What to do next to control the 2019 nCoV epidemic ',?,1 32157233,'Keep up with the latest coronavirus research ',?,1 32169616,'Washing our hands of the problem ',?,1 32122468,'On the use of corticosteroids for 2019 nCoV pneumonia ',?,1 32071063,'Coronavirus covid 19 has killed more people than SARS and MERS combined despite lower case fatality rate ',?,1 32199880,'Effect of gastrointestinal symptoms on patients infected with COVID 19 ',?,1 32056143,'Non influenza respiratory viruses in adult patients admitted with influenza like illness a 3 year prospective multicenter study ','To describe the burden and characteristics of influenza like illness ILI associated with non influenza respiratory viruses NIRV ',0 32130833,'Audio Interview What Clinicians Need to Know in Diagnosing and Treating Covid 19 ',?,1 31252151,'Effectiveness of an education health programme about Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus tested during travel consultations ','We aimed to evaluate the level of knowledge of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV among Hajj pilgrims before and after an education health programme during international vaccine consultations in France ',0 32113846,'In silico screening of Chinese herbal medicines with the potential to directly inhibit 2019 novel coronavirus ','In this study we execute a rational screen to identify Chinese medical herbs that are commonly used in treating viral respiratory infections and also contain compounds that might directly inhibit 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV an ongoing novel coronavirus that causes pneumonia ',1 32065520,' First case of neonate infected with novel coronavirus pneumonia in China ','1Li Yi " Da Pen Ti Ban Jian Duan Tu Nai 1Zhou " Wei Zhu Su De 17Ri Ling Xin Sheng Er Yu 2020Nian 2Yue 5Ri Jiu Zhen Yu Wu Yi Er Tong Yi Yuan Xin Sheng Er Nei Ke Ge Chi Bing Fang Qi Fu Mu Yu Ru Yuan Qian 3 dChu Xian Fa Re Ban Ke Sou Que Zhen Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan NCP Huan Zhe Huan Er Zao Qi Lin Chuang Zheng Zhuang Qing Bing Cheng Zhong Chu Xian Yi Guo Xing Fa Re Ji Fu Xie Wu Yan Zhong Bing Fa Zheng Fan Fu Yan Shi Zi He Gang Shi Zi 2019Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du 2019 nCoV He Suan Jian Ce Yang Xing Fei Bu Ying Xiang Xue Ti Shi Yan Xing Gai Bian Zhen Duan Wei Xin Sheng Er NCP Ti Shi Gan Ran Hou Xin Sheng Er Hu Xi Dao Ji Xiao Hua Dao Zhong Jun Ke Cun Zai Bing Du Xu Yao Guan Zhu Xin Sheng Er Zuo Wei Gan Ran Zhe He Chuan Bo Zhe De Ke Neng Xing Tong Shi Ye Ti Chu Zhen Dui Xin Sheng Er NCPDe Yi Liao Ji Jia Ting Kan Hu Wen Ti ',1 32199471,'COVID 19 and the consequences of isolating the elderly ',?,1 32152596,'Labs rush to study coronavirus in transgenic animals some are in short supply ',?,1 32047258,'Fusion mechanism of 2019 nCoV and fusion inhibitors targeting HR1 domain in spike protein ',?,1 32203970,'Should COVID 19 Concern Nephrologists Why and to What Extent The Emerging Impasse of Angiotensin Blockade ','Here we review the most recent findings on the effects of SARS CoV 2 infection on kidney diseases including acute kidney injury and examine the potential effects of ARBs on the outcomes of patients with COVID 19 Lastly we discuss the clinical management of COVID 19 patients with existing chronic renal disorders particularly those in dialysis and with kidney transplants ',0 32165205,'Atypical lung feature on chest CT in a lung adenocarcinoma cancer patient infected with COVID 19 ',?,1 32156327,'First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 in the WHO European Region 24 January to 21 February 2020 ','In the WHO European Region COVID 19 surveillance was implemented 27 January 2020 We detail the first European cases As at 21 February nine European countries reported 47 cases Among 38 cases studied 21 were linked to two clusters in Germany and France 14 were infected in China Median case age was 42 years 25 were male Late detection of the clusters index cases delayed isolation of further local cases As at 5 March there were 4 250 cases ',1 32194253,'Molecular basis of COVID 19 relationships in different species a one health perspective ','Outside the Hubei province China the mild form of infection and the progressive recover of the COVID 19 patients suggest the intervention of " unconventional" biological mechanisms worthy of attention Based on the high homology between the Spike protein epitopes of taxonomically related coronaviruses we hypothesized that past contact with infected dogs shield humans against the circulating SARS CoV 2 Elseways the recurrent virus exposure over a short time lapse might result in the Antibody Dependent Enhancement triggering the violent immune reaction responsible for the severe clinical outcomes observed in the Hubei province Nevertheless further experimental studies are desired for a confidential evaluation of the postulated hypotheses ',1 32101510,'Correlation of Chest CT and RT PCR Testing in Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 in China A Report of 1014 Cases ','Background Chest CT is used for diagnosis of 2019 novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 as an important complement to the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction RT PCR tests Purpose To investigate the diagnostic value and consistency of chest CT as compared with comparison to RT PCR assay in COVID 19 Methods From January 6 to February 6 2020 1014 patients in Wuhan China who underwent both chest CT and RT PCR tests were included With RT PCR as reference standard the performance of chest CT in diagnosing COVID 19 was assessed Besides for patients with multiple RT PCR assays the dynamic conversion of RT PCR results negative to positive positive to negative respectively was analyzed as compared with serial chest CT scans for those with time interval of 4 days or more Results Of 1014 patients 59\% 601 1014 had positive RT PCR results and 88\% 888 1014 had positive chest CT scans The sensitivity of chest CT in suggesting COVID 19 was 97\% 95\%CI 95 98\% 580 601 patients based on positive RT PCR results In patients with negative RT PCR results 75\% 308 413 had positive chest CT findings of 308 48\% were considered as highly likely cases with 33\% as probable cases By analysis of serial RT PCR assays and CT scans the mean interval time between the initial negative to positive RT PCR results was 5 1 + 1 5 days the initial positive to subsequent negative RT PCR result was 6 9 + 2 3 days 60\% to 93\% of cases had initial positive CT consistent with COVID 19 prior or parallel to the initial positive RT PCR results 42\% 24 57 cases showed improvement in follow up chest CT scans before the RT PCR results turning negative Conclusion Chest CT has a high sensitivity for diagnosis of COVID 19 Chest CT may be considered as a primary tool for the current COVID 19 detection in epidemic areas ',1 32163663,'Circulation of pantropic canine coronavirus in autochthonous and imported dogs Italy ','Canine coronavirus CCoV strains with the ability to spread to internal organs also known as pantropic CCoVs pCCoVs have been detected in domestic dogs and wild carnivores Our study focused on the detection and molecular characterization of pCCoV strains circulating in Italy during the period 2014 2017 in autochthonous dogs in dogs imported from eastern Europe or illegally imported from an unknown country Samples from the gut and internal organs of 352 dogs were screened for CCoV putative pCCoV strains belonging to subtype CCoV IIa were identified in the internal organs of 35 of the examined dogs Fifteen pCCoV strains were subjected to sequence and phylogenetic analyses showing that three strains 98960 1 2016 98960 3 2016 98960 4 2016 did not cluster either with Italian or European CCoVs being more closely related to alphacoronaviruses circulating in Asia with which they displayed a 94 96\% nucleotide identity in partial spike protein gene sequences The pCCoV positive samples were also tested for other canine viruses showing coinfections mainly with canine parvovirus ',0 32125453,'Imaging changes in severe COVID 19 pneumonia ',?,1 32161317,'A high ATP concentration enhances the cooperative translocation of the SARS coronavirus helicase nsP13 in the unwinding of duplex RNA ','Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nonstructural protein 13 SCV nsP13 a superfamily 1 helicase plays a central role in viral RNA replication through the unwinding of duplex RNA and DNA with a 5 single stranded tail in a 5 to 3 direction Despite its putative role in viral RNA replication nsP13 readily unwinds duplex DNA by cooperative translocation Herein nsP13 exhibited different characteristics in duplex RNA unwinding than that in duplex DNA nsP13 showed very poor processivity on duplex RNA compared with that on duplex DNA More importantly nsP13 inefficiently unwinds duplex RNA by increasing the 5 ss tail length As the concentration of nsP13 increased the amount of unwound duplex DNA increased and that of unwound duplex RNA decreased The accumulation of duplex RNA nsP13 complexes increased as the concentration of nsP13 increased An increased ATP concentration in the unwinding of duplex RNA relieved the decrease in duplex RNA unwinding Thus nsP13 has a strong affinity for duplex RNA as a substrate for the unwinding reaction which requires increased ATPs to processively unwind duplex RNA Our results suggest that duplex RNA is a preferred substrate for the helicase activity of nsP13 than duplex DNA at high ATP concentrations ',0 32191587,'Temporal Changes of CT Findings in 90 Patients with COVID 19 Pneumonia A Longitudinal Study ','Background CT may play a central role in the diagnosis and management of COVID 19 pneumonia Purpose To perform a longitudinal study to analyze the serial CT findings over time in patients with COVID 19 pneumonia Materials and Methods During January 16 to February 17 2020 90 patients male female 33 57 mean age 45 years with COVID 19 pneumonia were prospectively enrolled and followed up until they were discharged or died or until the end of the study A total of 366 CT scans were acquired and reviewed by 2 groups of radiologists for the patterns and distribution of lung abnormalities total CT scores and number of zones involved Those features were analyzed for temporal change Results CT scores and number of zones involved progressed rapidly peaked during illness days 6 11 median 5 and 5 and followed by persistence of high levels The predominant pattern of abnormalities after symptom onset was ground glass opacity 35 78 45\% to 49 79 62\% in different periods The percentage of mixed pattern peaked 30 78 38\% on illness days 12 17 and became the second most predominant pattern thereafter Pure ground glass opacity was the most prevalent sub type of ground glass opacity after symptom onset 20 50 40\% to 20 28 71\% The percentage of ground glass opacity with irregular linear opacity peaked on illness days 6 11 14 50 28\% and became the second most prevalent subtype thereafter The distribution of lesions was predominantly bilateral and subpleural 66 70 94\% patients discharged had residual disease on final CT scans median CT scores and zones involved 4 and 4 with ground glass opacity 42 70 60\% and pure ground glass opacity 31 42 74\% the most common pattern and subtype Conclusion The extent of lung abnormalities on CT peaked during illness days 6 11 The temporal changes of the diverse CT manifestations followed a specific pattern which might indicate the progression and recovery of the illness ',1 32054601,'Coronavirus online GP bookings should be stopped because of safety risks warns BMA ',?,1 32098289,'Short term Forecasts of the COVID 19 Epidemic in Guangdong and Zhejiang China February 13 23 2020 ','The ongoing COVID 19 epidemic continues to spread within and outside of China despite several social distancing measures implemented by the Chinese government Limited epidemiological data are available and recent changes in case definition and reporting further complicate our understanding of the impact of the epidemic particularly in the epidemic s epicenter Here we use previously validated phenomenological models to generate short term forecasts of cumulative reported cases in Guangdong and Zhejiang China Using daily reported cumulative case data up until 13 February 2020 from the National Health Commission of China we report 5 and 10 day ahead forecasts of cumulative case reports Specifically we generate forecasts using a generalized logistic growth model the Richards growth model and a sub epidemic wave model which have each been previously used to forecast outbreaks due to different infectious diseases Forecasts from each of the models suggest the outbreaks may be nearing extinction in both Guangdong and Zhejiang however the sub epidemic model predictions also include the potential for further sustained transmission particularly in Zhejiang Our 10 day forecasts across the three models predict an additional 65 81 cases upper bounds 169 507 in Guangdong and an additional 44 354 upper bounds 141 875 cases in Zhejiang by February 23 2020 In the best case scenario current data suggest that transmission in both provinces is slowing down ',1 31243124,'Comparative Analysis of Gene Expression in Virulent and Attenuated Strains of Infectious Bronchitis Virus at Subcodon Resolution ','Like all coronaviruses avian infectious bronchitis virus IBV possesses a long single stranded positive sense RNA genome 27 kb and has a complex replication strategy that includes the production of a nested set of subgenomic mRNAs sgmRNAs Here we used whole transcriptome sequencing RNASeq and ribosome profiling RiboSeq to delineate gene expression in the IBV M41 CK and Beau R strains at subcodon resolution RNASeq facilitated a comparative analysis of viral RNA synthesis and revealed two novel transcription junction sites in the attenuated Beau R strain one of which would generate a sgmRNA encoding a ribosomally occupied open reading frame dORF located downstream of the nucleocapsid coding region RiboSeq permitted quantification of the translational efficiency of virus gene expression and identified for the first time sites of ribosomal pausing on the genome Quantification of reads flanking the programmed ribosomal frameshifting PRF signal at the genomic RNA ORF1a ORF1b junction revealed that PRF in IBV is highly efficient 33 to 40\% Triplet phasing of RiboSeq data allowed precise determination of reading frames and revealed the translation of two ORFs ORF4b and ORF4c on sgmRNA IR which are widely conserved across IBV isolates Analysis of differential gene expression in infected primary chick kidney cells indicated that the host cell response to IBV occurs primarily at the level of transcription with global upregulation of immune related mRNA transcripts following infection and comparatively modest changes in the translation efficiencies of host genes Cellular genes and gene networks differentially expressed during virus infection were also identified giving insights into the host cell response to IBV infection IMPORTANCE< b> IBV is a major avian pathogen and presents a substantial economic burden to the poultry industry Improved vaccination strategies are urgently needed to curb the global spread of this virus and the development of suitable vaccine candidates will be aided by an improved understanding of IBV molecular biology Our high resolution data have enabled a precise study of transcription and translation in cells infected with both pathogenic and attenuated forms of IBV and expand our understanding of gammacoronaviral gene expression We demonstrate that gene expression shows considerable intraspecies variation with single nucleotide polymorphisms being associated with altered production of sgmRNA transcripts and our RiboSeq data sets enabled us to uncover novel ribosomally occupied ORFs in both strains The numerous cellular genes and gene networks found to be differentially expressed during virus infection provide insights into the host cell response to IBV infection ',0 32125458,'COVID 19 a novel coronavirus and a novel challenge for critical care ',?,1 32007152,'Offline 2019 nCoV outbreak early lessons ',?,1 32141280,' Analysis of myocardial injury in patients with COVID 19 and association between concomitant cardiovascular diseases and severity of COVID 19 ','Objective < b> To evaluate the cardiovascular damage of patients with COVID 19 and determine the correlation of serum N terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide NT proBNP and cardiac troponin I cTnI with the severity of COVID 19 and the impact of concomitant cardiovascular disease on severity of COVID 19 was also evaluated Methods < b> A cross sectional study was designed on 150 consecutive patients with COVID 19 in the fever clinic of Tongji Hospital in Wuhan from January to February in 2020 including 126 mild cases and 24 cases in critical care Both univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the correlation of past medical history including hypertension diabetes and coronary heart disease CHD as well as the levels of serum NT proBNP and cTnI to the disease severity of COVID 19 patients Results < b> Age hypersensitive C reactive protein hs CRP and serum creatinine levels of the patients were higher in critical care cases than in mild cases all P< i>< 0 05 Prevalence of male elevated NT proBNP and cTnI hypertension and coronary heart disease were significantly higher in critical cases care patients than in the mild cases all P< i>< 0 05 Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that age male elevated NT proBNP elevated cTnI elevated hs CRP elevated serum creatinine hypertension and CHD were significantly correlated with critical disease status all P< i>< 0 05 Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that elevated cTnI OR< i>=26 909 95\%CI< i> 4 086 177 226 P< i>=0 001 and CHD OR< i>=16 609 95\%CI< i> 2 288 120 577 P< i>=0 005 were the independent risk factors of critical disease status Conclusions < b> COVID 19 can significantly affect the heart function and lead to myocardial injury The past medical history of CHD and increased level of cTnI are two independent determinants of clinical disease status in patients with COVID 19 ',1 32024089,'Estimating the Unreported Number of Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV Cases in China in the First Half of January 2020 A Data Driven Modelling Analysis of the Early Outbreak ','In December 2019 an outbreak of respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV emerged in Wuhan China and has swiftly spread to other parts of China and a number of foreign countries The 2019 nCoV cases might have been under reported roughly from 1 to 15 January 2020 and thus we estimated the number of unreported cases and the basic reproduction number R< i>0< sub> of 2019 nCoV ',1 31345206,'Molecular detection and genetic characterization of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Mycoplama synoviae and infectious bronchitis virus in poultry in Myanmar ','In Southeast Asian countries including Myanmar poultry farming is a major industry In order to manage and maintain stable productivity it is important to establish policies for biosecurity Infectious respiratory diseases are a major threat to poultry farming Avian influenza and Newcastle disease have been reported in Myanmar but no scientific information is available for other respiratory pathogens such as mycoplasmas and infectious bronchitis virus IBV Identifying the genotypes and serotypes of IBVs is especially important to inform vaccination programs In this study we detected Mycoplasma gallisepticum MG M synoviae MS and IBV in several poultry farms in Myanmar ',0 31517973,'Evaluation of a Redesigned Personal Protective Equipment Gown ','In healthcare the goal of personal protective equipment PPE is to protect healthcare personnel HCP and patients from body fluids and infectious organisms via contact droplet or airborne transmission The critical importance of using PPE properly is highlighted by 2 potentially fatal viral infections severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus and Ebola virus where HCP became infected while caring for patients due to errors in the use of PPE However PPE in dealing with less dangerous but highly infectious organisms is important as well This work proposes a framework to test and evaluate PPE with a focus on gown design ',0 32033967,'In Beijing coronavirus 2019 nCoV has created a siege mentality ',?,1 32186171,' Using the big data ofinternet to understand coronavirus disease 2019 s symptom characteristics a big data study ','Objective < b> Analyzing the symptom characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 to improve its prevention Methods < b> Using Baidu Index Platform http index baidu com and the website of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention as data resources to obtain the search volume SV of keywords for symptoms associated with COVID 19 from January 1 to February 20 in each year from 2017 to 2020 in Hubei province and other top 10 impacted provinces in China and the epidemic data Data of 2020 were compared with the previous three years Data of Hubei province were compared with confirmed cases The differences and characteristics of the SV of COVID 19 related symptoms and the correlation between the SV of COVID 19 and new confirmed or suspected cases were analyzed and the hysteresis effects were discussed Results < b> Compared the data from January 1 to February 20 2020 with the SV for the same period of previous three years Hubei s SV for cough fever diarrhea chest tightness dyspnea and other symptoms were significantly increased The total SV of lower respiratory symptoms was significantly higher than that of upper respiratory symptoms P< 0 001 The SV of COVID 19 in Hubei province was significantly correlated with new confirmed or suspected cases R confirmed = 0 723 R suspected = 0 863 all P < 0 001 The results of the distributed lag model suggested that the patients who retrieved relevant symptoms on the Internet may begin to see a doctor in 2 3 days later and be diagnosed in 3 4 days later Conclusions < b> The total SV of lower respiratory symptoms is higher than that of upper respiratory symptoms and the SV of diarrhea also increased significantly It warns us to pay attention to not only the symptoms of lower respiratory tract but also the gastrointestinal symptoms especially diarrhea in patients with COVID 19 There is a relationship between Internet retrieval behavior and the number of new confirmed or suspected cases Big data has a certain role in the early warning of infectious diseases ',1 32075783,'Letter from China covid 19 on the grapevine on the internet and in commerce ',?,1 32164092,' Inhibitors of RAS Might Be a Good Choice for the Therapy of COVID 19 Pneumonia ','The novel coronavirus 2019 COVID 19 infected patients by binding human ACE2 leading to severe pneumonia and highly mortality rate in patients At present there is no definite and effective treatment for COVID 19 ACE2 plays an important role in the RAS and the imbalance between ACE Ang II AT1R pathway and ACE2 Ang 1 7 Mas receptor pathway in the RAS system will lead to multi system inflammation Increased ACE and Ang II are poor prognostic factors for severe pneumonia Animal studies have shown that RAS inhibitors could effectively relieve symptoms of acute severe pneumonia and respiratory failure The binding of COVID 19 and ACE2 resulted in the exhaustion of ACE2 and then ACE2 Ang 1 7 Mas receptor pathway was inhibited The balance of the RAS system was broken and this would lead to the exacerbation of acute severe pneumonia Therefore we speculate that ACEI and AT1R inhibitors could be used in patients with COVID 19 pneumonia under the condition of controlling blood pressure and might reduce the pulmonary inflammatory response and mortality ',0 32170559,'Combination of western medicine and Chinese traditional patent medicine in treating a family case of COVID 19 in Wuhan ','In December 2019 an outbreak of novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV occurred in Wuhan Hubei Province China By February 14 2020 it has led to 66 492 confirmed patients in China and high mortality up to 2 96\% 1123 37 914 in Wuhan Here we report the first family case of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 confirmed in Wuhan and treated using the combination of western medicine and Chinese traditional patent medicine Shuanghuanglian oral liquid SHL This report describes the identification diagnosis clinical course and management of three cases from a family suggests the expected therapeutic effects of SHL on COVID 19 and warrants further clinical trials ',1 32200399,'Mental Health Strategies to Combat the Psychological Impact of COVID 19 Beyond Paranoia and Panic ',?,1 31554686,'Broad Cross Species Infection of Cultured Cells by Bat HKU2 Related Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus and Identification of Its Replication in Murine Dendritic Cells In Vivo< i> Highlight Its Potential for Diverse Interspecies Transmission ','Outbreaks of severe diarrhea in neonatal piglets in Guangdong China in 2017 resulted in the isolation and discovery of a novel swine enteric alphacoronavirus SeACoV derived from the species Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2< i> Y Pan X Tian P Qin B Wang et al Vet Microbiol 211 15 21 2017 SeACoV was later referred to as swine acute diarrhea syndrome CoV SADS CoV by another group P Zhou H Fan T Lan X L Yang et al Nature 556 255 258 2018 The present study was set up to investigate the potential species barriers of SADS CoV in vitro< i> and in vivo< i> We first demonstrated that SADS CoV possesses a broad species tropism and is able to infect cell lines from diverse species including bats mice rats gerbils hamsters pigs chickens nonhuman primates and humans Trypsin contributes to but is not essential for SADS CoV propagation in vitro< i> Furthermore C57BL 6J mice were inoculated with the virus via oral or intraperitoneal routes Although the mice exhibited only subclinical infection they supported viral replication and prolonged infection in the spleen SADS CoV nonstructural proteins and double stranded RNA were detected in splenocytes of the marginal zone on the edge of lymphatic follicles indicating active replication of SADS CoV in the mouse model We identified that splenic dendritic cells DCs are the major targets of virus infection by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry approaches Finally we demonstrated that SADS CoV does not utilize known CoV receptors for cellular entry The ability of SADS CoV to replicate in various cells lines from a broad range of species and the unexpected tropism for murine DCs provide important insights into the biology of this bat origin CoV highlighting its possible ability to cross interspecies barriers IMPORTANCE< b> Infections with bat origin coronaviruses CoVs severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV SARS CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV MERS CoV have caused severe illness in humans after " host jump" events Recently a novel bat HKU2 like CoV named swine acute diarrhea syndrome CoV SADS CoV has emerged in southern China causing lethal diarrhea in newborn piglets It is important to assess the species barriers of SADS CoV infection since the animal hosts other than pigs and bats and zoonotic potential are still unknown An in vitro< i> susceptibility study revealed a broad species tropism of SADS CoV including various rodent and human cell lines We established a mouse model of SADS CoV infection identifying its active replication in splenic dendritic cells which suggests that SADS CoV has the potential to infect rodents These findings highlight the potential cross species transmissibility of SADS CoV although further surveillance in other animal populations is needed to fully understand the ecology of this bat HKU2 origin CoV ',0 32198004,'A patient with SARS CoV 2 infection during pregnancy in Qingdao China ',?,1 32141062,'Novel corona virus disease COVID 19 in pregnancy What clinical recommendations to follow ',?,1 31939251,'Molecular Detection of Gamma Coronaviruses in Bird Parks of Iran ','Gamma Coronaviruses GCoVs are distributed worldwide affecting a wide range of bird species the beluga whale and bottlenose dolphins Because of the limited proofreading capability in the viral encoded polymerase they emerge genetically diverse There has been no molecular surveillance data to describe the epidemiology of GCOVs in avian species The present study was conducted to detect GCOVs in Tehran birds& amp rsquo parks 2015 Cloacal swabs 267 samples from eight different bird species Chickens Gallus gallus Pheasant Phasianus colchicus Turkey Meleagris gallopavo Partridge Perdix perdix Quail Coturnix coturnix Duck Anas platyrhynchos Goose Anserini and Guinea fowl Numididae were collected the viral RNA was extracted the RT PCR was performed using QIAGEN one step RT PCR kit and the primers targeting & amp ldquo 3& amp #39 UTR& amp rdquo and & amp ldquo Nucleocapsid& amp rdquo genes The detection rate was approximately 8 99\% GCOVs were detected in the chicken quail pheasant turkey and the partridge with different prevalence rates Phylogenetic tree based on partial nucleotide sequences of the N gene clustered the samples into two groups It is the first report of GCOVs in non commercial birds in Iran According to our results GCOVs are circulating in different avian species and further studies are needed to isolate these viruses and evaluate their pathogenesis ',0 32198153,'Covid 19 15 000 deregistered doctors are told " Your NHS needs you" ',?,1 30637634,'The occurrence of polyomaviruses WUPyV and KIPyV among patients with severe respiratory infections ','In 2007 the new polyomaviruses WUPyV and KIPyV were identified in patients with acute respiratory infections The aim of this study was to investigate these viruses in hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory infection SARI A retrospective study was conducted with 251 patients from April 2009 to November 2010 using nasopharyngeal aspirates naso and oropharyngeal swab samples from hospitalized patients children < 12 years and adults who had SARI within 7 days of the onset of symptoms including fever > 38 8 degC dyspnea and cough Clinical and epidemiological information was obtained through standardized questionnaire Enrolled patients were initially suspected to have influenza A H1N1 pdm09 infections WUPyV and KIPyV were detected by real time PCR Samples were also tested for influenza A and B viruses human respiratory syncytial virus rhinovirus metapneumovirus coronavirus adenovirus and parainfluenza viruses WUPyV and KIPyV were detected in 6 77\% 4 78\% and 1 99\% respectively of hospitalized patients with SARI All samples from children showed coinfections rhinovirus was the most commonly detected Six adults had polyomavirus infection and four 1 6\% had monoinfection Of them 3 reported comorbidities including immunosuppression and 1 patient had worse outcome requiring ICU admission These preliminary data may suggest a possible role of polyomaviruses in SARI among immunocompromised adult patients ',0 31372921,'Emergence and genetic analysis of variant pathogenic 4 91 serotype 793 B infectious bronchitis virus in Egypt during 2019 ','Infectious bronchitis virus IBV affects both vaccinated and unvaccinated flocks worldwide with a significant impact on the poultry industry The aim of the present study is to characterize an emerging variant pathogenic IBV originating from field outbreaks in vaccinated Egyptian layer flock Samples were collected from disease suspected flock with a history of administration of live and inactivated IBV vaccines Ma5 type Virus propagation in embryonated chicken eggs ECEs after three successive passages revealed typical IBV lesions such as curling and dwarfism The reported isolate was identified by a real time reverse transcriptase PCR assay targeting nucleocapsid N gene and further characterized by full length spike S1 gene sequencing Phylogenetic analysis revealed clustering of the isolated virus within 4 91 genotype of GI 13 lineage Deduced amino acid sequences identity revealed 75 76\% and 88 90\% similarity with the currently used classic H120 Ma5 and M41 and variant vaccine strains 4 91 and CR88 in Egypt respectively Recombination analysis gave an evidence for distinct patterns of origin for the studied isolate providing another example of intra genotypic recombination among IBVs and the first example of recombination within the GI 13 lineage in the Egyptian field The studied isolate IBV CK EG Fadllah 10 2019 emerged as a result of recombination between the variant group Egy var I genotype GI 23 lineage as a major parent and the CR88 variant vaccine strain 4 91 genotype GI 13 lineage as minor parent Our data suggest that both mutation and recombination may be contributing to the emergence of IBV variants which ascertain the importance of disease monitoring in vaccinated flocks as well as re appropriation for the current vaccine strategies ',0 32134111,'Understanding COVID 19 new diagnostic guidelines a message of reassurance from an internal medicine doctor in Shanghai ',?,1 31687895,'Prevalence of selected cardiotropic pathogens in the myocardium of adult dogs with unexplained myocardial and rhythm disorders or with congenital heart disease ','To determine the prevalence of nucleic acid from selected cardiotropic pathogens in endomyocardial biopsy samples from dogs with unexplained myocardial and rhythm disorders UMRD and compare prevalence with that for a group of control dogs with congenital heart disease CHD ',0 31962139,'Preparedness and proactive infection control measures against the emerging novel coronavirus in China ',?,1 32105638,'Viral load of SARS CoV 2 in clinical samples ',?,1 32047895,'Consistent detection of 2019 novel coronavirus in saliva ','The 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV was detected in the self collected saliva of 91 7\% 11 12 of patients Serial saliva viral load monitoring generally showed a declining trend Live virus was detected in saliva by viral culture Saliva is a promising non invasive specimen for diagnosis monitoring and infection control in patients with 2019 nCoV infection ',1 32165057,' The novel coronavirus Covid 19 What are the ophthalmic risks ',?,1 31006635,'Diagnostic delays in Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus patients and health systems ','Although Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV diagnostic delays remain a major challenge in health systems the source of delays has not been recognized in the literature The aim of this study is to quantify patient and health system delays and to identify their associated factors ',0 32088333,'Lessons learned from the 2019 nCoV epidemic on prevention of future infectious diseases ','Only a month after the outbreak of pneumonia caused by 2019 nCoV more than forty thousand people were infected This put enormous pressure on the Chinese government medical healthcare provider and the general public but also made the international community deeply nervous On the 25th day after the outbreak the Chinese government implemented strict traffic restrictions on the area where the 2019 nCoV had originated Hubei province whose capital city is Wuhan Ten days later the rate of increase of cases in Hubei showed a significant difference p = 0 0001 compared with the total rate of increase in other provinces of China These preliminary data suggest the effectiveness of a traffic restriction policy for this pandemic thus far At the same time solid financial support and improved research ability along with network communication technology also greatly facilitated the application of epidemic prevention measures These measures were motivated by the need to provide effective treatment of patients and involved consultation with three major groups in policy formulation public health experts the government and the general public It was also aided by media and information technology as well as international cooperation This experience will provide China and other countries with valuable lessons for quickly coordinating and coping with future public health emergencies ',1 32182130,'Be Prepared ',?,1 32096366,' Dynamic changes of chest CT imaging in patients with corona virus disease 19 COVID 19 ','To analyze the dynamic changes of chest CT images of patients with corona virus disease 19 COVID 19 ',1 32080993,'The Author s Response Case of the Index Patient Who Caused Tertiary Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Korea the Application of Lopinavir Ritonavir for the Treatment of COVID 19 Pneumonia Monitored by Quantitative RT PCR ',?,1 32044122,'Strengthening ICU health security for a coronavirus epidemic ',?,1 32142639,'Guidelines for pregnant women with suspected SARS CoV 2 infection ',?,1 32111114,' Recommendations for the regulation of medical practices of burn treatment during the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 ','2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV is one of the beta coronaviruses and was identified as the pathogen of the severe " coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 " in 2019 China has formally included the 2019 nCoV in the statutory notification and control system for infectious diseases according to the Law of the People s Republic of China on the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases< i> Currently the national defending actions on the 2019 nCoV in China is in a critical period Burn Department is also confronted with risk of infection by the 2019 nCoV According to the guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of COVID 19 6 th trial edition < i> the latest relative literature at home and abroad the features of the COVID 19 recommendations for the COVID 19 prevention and control issued by the National Health Commission of China and management experience of diagnosis and treatment in the related disciplines we put forward recommendations for the medical practices of burn treatment during the outbreak of the COVID 19 in outpatient and emergency treatment inpatient treatment operation and ward management etc We hope these recommendations could benefit the professionals of the same occupation as us and related hospital managers improve the treatment of burn during the outbreak of the COVID 19 and avoid or reduce the risk of infection of medical staff ',1 31139937,'Epidemiology of respiratory viruses in Saudi Arabia toward a complete picture ','Acute lower respiratory tract infection is a major health problem that affects more than 15\% of the total population of Saudi Arabia each year Epidemiological studies conducted over the last three decades have indicated that viruses are responsible for the majority of these infections The epidemiology of respiratory viruses in Saudi Arabia is proposed to be affected mainly by the presence and mobility of large numbers of foreign workers and the gathering of millions of Muslims in Mecca during the Hajj and Umrah seasons Knowledge concerning the epidemiology circulation pattern and evolutionary kinetics of respiratory viruses in Saudi Arabia are scant with the available literature being inconsistent This review summarizes the available data on the epidemiology and evolution of respiratory viruses The demographic features associated with Middle East respiratory syndrome related coronavirus infections are specifically analyzed for a better understanding of the epidemiology of this virus The data support the view that continuous entry and exit of pilgrims and foreign workers with different ethnicities and socioeconomic backgrounds in Saudi Arabia is the most likely vehicle for global dissemination of respiratory viruses and for the emergence of new viruses or virus variants capable of greater dissemination ',0 32171059,'Early dynamics of transmission and control of COVID 19 a mathematical modelling study ','An outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 has led to 95 333 confirmed cases as of March 5 2020 Understanding the early transmission dynamics of the infection and evaluating the effectiveness of control measures is crucial for assessing the potential for sustained transmission to occur in new areas Combining a mathematical model of severe SARS CoV 2 transmission with four datasets from within and outside Wuhan we estimated how transmission in Wuhan varied between December 2019 and February 2020 We used these estimates to assess the potential for sustained human to human transmission to occur in locations outside Wuhan if cases were introduced ',1 32108359,'Development of epitope based peptide vaccine against novel coronavirus 2019 SARS COV 2 Immunoinformatics approach ','Recently a novel coronavirus SARS COV 2 emerged which is responsible for the recent outbreak in Wuhan China Genetically it is closely related to SARS CoV and MERS CoV The situation is getting worse and worse therefore there is an urgent need for designing a suitable peptide vaccine component against the SARS COV 2 Here we characterized spike glycoprotein to obtain immunogenic epitopes Next we chose 13 Major Histocompatibility Complex MHC I and 3 MHC II epitopes having antigenic properties These epitopes are usually linked to specific linkers to build vaccine components and molecularly dock on toll like receptor 5 to get binding affinity Therefore to provide a fast immunogenic profile of these epitopes we performed immunoinformatics analysis so that the rapid development of the vaccine might bring this disastrous situation to the end earlier ',1 31673694,'CEPI Driving Progress Towards Epidemic Preparedness And Response ','The Coalition of Epidemic Preparedness Innovations CEPI was formed in the aftermath of the 2014 15 Ebola outbreak in west Africa to support the development of vaccines that could improve the world s preparedness against outbreaks of epidemic infectious diseases Since its launch in 2017 CEPI has mobilised over US 750 million to support its mission to develop vaccines against agents such as Lassa Virus Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus and Nipah Virus as well as several rapid response vaccine platforms to accelerate response times to unexpected epidemic threats CEPI has also played a leading role in fostering institutional partnerships between public sector and private sector organisations to optimise allocation of resources for vaccine development against its priority pathogens CEPI s priorities include diversification of its current vaccine research and development investment portfolio to include additional pathogens such as Rift Valley Fever and Chikungunya establishment of technical and regulatory pathways for vaccine development across CEPI s portfolio development of sustainable manufacturing solutions for vaccine candidates nearing completion of safety and immunogenicity testing in humans and creation of investigational stockpiles of its vaccine candidates for use in emergency situations This commentary provides an overview of the global health challenges CEPI was established to address its achievements to date and indicates priorities for funding and coordination in the coming years ',0 32034637,'Clinical Features and Treatment of 2019 nCov Pneumonia Patients in Wuhan Report of A Couple Cases ',?,1 31259864,'Controversy around airborne versus droplet transmission of respiratory viruses implication for infection prevention ','Health agencies recommend transmission based precautions including contact droplet and airborne precautions to mitigate transmission of respiratory viruses in healthcare settings There is particular controversy over the importance of aerosol transmission and whether airborne precautions should be recommended for some respiratory viruses Here we review the current recommendations of transmission based precautions and the latest evidence on the aerosol transmission of respiratory viruses ',0 32202259,'Need for integrated surveillance at human animal interface for rapid detection & response to emerging coronavirus infections using One Health approach ',?,0 32151334,'What are the risks of COVID 19 infection in pregnant women ',?,1 32187464,'A Trial of Lopinavir Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid 19 ','No therapeutics have yet been proven effective for the treatment of severe illness caused by SARS CoV 2 ',1 32129670,'CT Imaging and Differential Diagnosis of COVID 19 ','Since the beginning of 2020 coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 has spread throughout China This study explains the findings from lung computed tomography images of some patients with COVID 19 treated in this medical institution and discusses the difference between COVID 19 and other lung diseases ',1 32162995,'Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 Emerging and Future Challenges for Dental and Oral Medicine ','The epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 originating in Wuhan China has become a major public health challenge for not only China but also countries around the world The World Health Organization announced that the outbreaks of the novel coronavirus have constituted a public health emergency of international concern As of February 26 2020 COVID 19 has been recognized in 34 countries with a total of 80 239 laboratory confirmed cases and 2 700 deaths Infection control measures are necessary to prevent the virus from further spreading and to help control the epidemic situation Due to the characteristics of dental settings the risk of cross infection can be high between patients and dental practitioners For dental practices and hospitals in areas that are potentially affected with COVID 19 strict and effective infection control protocols are urgently needed This article based on our experience and relevant guidelines and research introduces essential knowledge about COVID 19 and nosocomial infection in dental settings and provides recommended management protocols for dental practitioners and students in potentially affected areas ',1 31507196,'Efficacy and immunogenicity of a live L acidophilus expressing SAD epitope of transmissible gastroenteritis virus as an oral vaccine ','Transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV causes great economic loss to swine industry worldwide Vaccination is an important method to control the TGEV infection In this study a TGEV oral vaccine was generated by transferring a eukaryotic expression recombinant plasmid carrying the SAD A and D antigenic sites of the S protein epitope of TGEV into a swine origin Lactobacillus acidophilus L acidophilus In orally immunized BALB c mice the TGEV L acidophilus oral vaccine induced significantly higher level of SIgA antibodies specific to TGEV compared with the mice immunized with a commercial inactivated TGEV vaccine and similar levels of IgG specific to TGEV as the inactivated vaccine Furthermore the TGEV L acidophilus oral vaccine induced higher levels of IFN g which suggested that the vaccine was able to induce immune response In brief this novel TGEV L acidophilus oral vaccine could induce high levels of both mucosal and humoral immune responses which has a potential to be used in the pig industries in the future Keywords transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV live L acidophilus oral vaccine SIgA antibody IgG antibody IFN g IL 4 ',0 32097763,'AVNP2 protects against cognitive impairments induced by C6 glioma by suppressing tumour associated inflammation in rats ','Glioblastoma is a kind of malignant tumour and originates from the central nervous system In the last century some researchers and clinician have noticed that the psychosocial and neurocognitive functioning of patients with malignant gliomas can be impaired Many clinical studies have demonstrated that part of patients adults or children diagnosed with glioblastoma will suffer from cognitive deficiency during their clinical course especially in long term survivors Many nanoparticles NPs can inhibit the biological functions of tumours by modulating tumour associated inflammation which provokes angiogenesis and tumour growth As one of the best antiviral nanoparticles AVNPs AVNP2 is the 2nd generation of AVNP2 that have been conjugated to graphite graphene for improving physiochemical performance and reducing toxicity AVNP2 inactivates viruses such as the H1N1 and H5N1influenza viruses and even the SARS coronavirus while it inhibits bacteria such as MRSA and E coli As antimicrobials nanoparticles are considered to be one of the vectors for the administration of therapeutic compounds Yet little is known about their potential functionalities and toxicities to the neurotoxic effects of cancer Herein we explored the functionality of AVNP2 on inhibiting C6 in glioma bearing rats The novel object recognition test and open field test showed that AVNP2 significantly improved the neuro behaviour affected by C6 glioma AVNP2 also alleviated the decline of long term potentiation LTP and the decreased density of dendritic spines in the CA1 region induced by C6 Western blot assay and immunofluorescence staining showed that the expressions of synaptic related proteins PSD 95 and SYP were increased and these findings were in accordance with the results mentioned above It revealed that the sizes of tumours in C6 glioma bearing rats were smaller after treatment with AVNP2 The decreased expression of inflammatory factors IL 1b IL 6 and TNF a by Western blotting assay and ELISA angiogenesis protein VEGF by Western blotting assay and other related proteins BDNF NF kB iNOS and COX 2 by Western blotting assay in peri tumour tissue indicated that AVNP2 could control tumour associated inflammation thus efficiently ameliorating the local inflammatory condition and to some extent inhibiting angiogenesis in C6 bearing rats In conclusion our results suggested that AVNP2 could have an effect on the peri tumor environment obviously restraining the growth progress of gliomas and eventually improving cognitive levels in C6 bearing rats ',0 32014632,'Camelid type I interferons Identification and functional characterization of interferon alpha from the dromedary camel Camelus dromedarius ','Investigations into the molecular immune response of dromedary camel a key livestock species of the arid have been limited due to the lack of species specific reagents Here we describe for the first time the identification and characterization of type I IFNs of dromedary camel which are the most important cytokines in the innate host immune response against viruses We cloned camel IFN a coding sequences and identified a total of eleven subtypes The canonical IFN a subtype designated as IFN a1 contained a 555 bp Open Reading Frame encoding a protein of 184 amino acids Recombinant IFN a1 protein was produced in E coli and purified from inclusion bodies Recombinant camel IFN a1 induced the mRNA expression of interferon stimulated genes ISGs in camel kidney cells The purified protein also showed potent in vitro antiviral activity against Camelpox Virus in kidney cells The identified camel IFN a protein and the subtypes will facilitate a better understanding of the host immune response to viral infections in camel and the development of potential antiviral biologicals for zoonotic diseases for which camel act as a reservoir ',0 31436895,'Characteristics of flavonoids as potent MERS CoV 3C like protease inhibitors ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV is a zoonotic virus transmitted between animals and human beings It causes MERS with high mortality rate However no vaccine or specific treatment is currently available Since antiviral activity of some flavonoids is known we applied a flavonoid library to probe inhibitory compounds against MERS CoV 3C like protease 3CLpro Herbacetin isobavachalcone quercetin 3 b d glucoside and helichrysetin were found to block the enzymatic activity of MERS CoV 3CLpro The binding of the four flavonoids was also confirmed independently using a tryptophan based fluorescence method The systematic comparison of the binding affinity of flavonoids made it possible to infer their scaffolds and functional groups required to bind with MERS CoV 3CLpro An induced fit docking analysis revealed that S1 and S2 sites play a role in interaction with flavonoids The experimental and computational study showed that flavonol and chalcone are favourite scaffolds to bind with the catalytic site of MERS CoV 3CLpro It was also deduced that some flavonoid derivatives with hydrophobic or carbohydrate attached to their core structures have a good inhibitory effect Therefore we suggest that flavonoids with these characteristics can be used as templates to develop potent MERS CoV 3CLpro inhibitors ',0 32020029,'Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV in vitro ',?,1 31438486,'Discovery and Characterization of Novel RNA Viruses in Aquatic North American Wild Birds ','Wild birds are recognized viral reservoirs but our understanding about avian viral diversity is limited We describe here three novel RNA viruses that we identified in oropharyngeal cloacal swabs collected from wild birds The complete genome of a novel gull metapneumovirus GuMPV B29 was determined Phylogenetic analyses indicated that this virus could represent a novel avian metapneumovirus AMPV sub group intermediate between AMPV C and the subgroup of the other AMPVs This virus was detected in an American herring 1 24 4 2\% and great black backed 4 26 15 4\% gulls A novel gull coronavirus GuCoV B29 was detected in great black backed 3 26 11 5\% and American herring 2 24 8 3\% gulls Phylogenetic analyses of GuCoV B29 suggested that this virus could represent a novel species within the genus Gammacoronavirus< i> close to other recently identified potential novel avian coronaviral species One GuMPV GuCoV co infection was detected A novel duck calicivirus DuCV 2 B6 was identified in mallards 2 5 40\% and American black ducks 7 26 26 9\% This virus of which we identified two different types was fully sequenced and was genetically closest to other caliciviruses identified in Anatidae but more distant to other caliciviruses from birds in the genus Anas< i> These discoveries increase our knowledge about avian virus diversity and host distributions ',0 31232001,' Porcine deltacoronavirus induces mitochondrial apoptosis in ST cells ','Porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV is a newly emerging enteropathogenic swine coronavirus causing acute diarrhea and vomiting in pigs The apoptosis of ST cells induced by PDCoV infection was studied in this research In ST cells caspase activity assay showed that the activity of caspase 3 caspase 8 and caspase 9 increased significantly with the infection of PDCoV but not observed in UV irradiated PDCoV infected cells indicating that PDCoV infection activated both endogenous and exogenous apoptotic pathways in ST cells and the induction of apoptosis depended on viral replication To further investigate the endogenous apoptosis induced by PDCoV cytochrome C and apoptosis inducing factors in cytoplasm and mitochondria were detected Compared with normal cells the amount of cytochrome C released from mitochondria to cytoplasm increased significantly in PDCoV infected cells and the release increased with the prolongation of infection while the apoptosis inducing factor was always localized to mitochondria suggesting that PDCoV induced apoptosis was initiated through caspase dependent mitochondrial apoptosis pathway by promoting cytochrome C in the mitochondrial membrane gap into the cytosol In conclusion this study reveals the mechanism of PDCoV inducing apoptosis ',0 32131537,'Optimization Method for Forecasting Confirmed Cases of COVID 19 in China ','In December 2019 a novel coronavirus called COVID 19 was discovered in Wuhan China and has spread to different cities in China as well as to 24 other countries The number of confirmed cases is increasing daily and reached 34 598 on 8 February 2020 In the current study we present a new forecasting model to estimate and forecast the number of confirmed cases of COVID 19 in the upcoming ten days based on the previously confirmed cases recorded in China The proposed model is an improved adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system ANFIS using an enhanced flower pollination algorithm FPA by using the salp swarm algorithm SSA In general SSA is employed to improve FPA to avoid its drawbacks i e getting trapped at the local optima The main idea of the proposed model called FPASSA ANFIS is to improve the performance of ANFIS by determining the parameters of ANFIS using FPASSA The FPASSA ANFIS model is evaluated using the World Health Organization WHO official data of the outbreak of the COVID 19 to forecast the confirmed cases of the upcoming ten days More so the FPASSA ANFIS model is compared to several existing models and it showed better performance in terms of Mean Absolute Percentage Error MAPE Root Mean Squared Relative Error RMSRE Root Mean Squared Relative Error RMSRE coefficient of determination R 2 and computing time Furthermore we tested the proposed model using two different datasets of weekly influenza confirmed cases in two countries namely the USA and China The outcomes also showed good performances ',1 32123347,'The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronavirus classifying 2019 nCoV and naming it SARS CoV 2 ',?,1 32117569,'Therapeutic strategies in an outbreak scenario to treat the novel coronavirus originating in Wuhan China ','A novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV originating in Wuhan China presents a potential respiratory viral pandemic to the world population Current efforts are focused on containment and quarantine of infected individuals Ultimately the outbreak could be controlled with a protective vaccine to prevent 2019 nCoV infection While vaccine research should be pursued intensely there exists today no therapy to treat 2019 nCoV upon infection despite an urgent need to find options to help these patients and preclude potential death Herein I review the potential options to treat 2019 nCoV in patients with an emphasis on the necessity for speed and timeliness in developing new and effective therapies in this outbreak I consider the options of drug repurposing developing neutralizing monoclonal antibody therapy and an oligonucleotide strategy targeting the viral RNA genome emphasizing the promise and pitfalls of these approaches Finally I advocate for the fastest strategy to develop a treatment now which could be resistant to any mutations the virus may have in the future The proposal is a biologic that blocks 2019 nCoV entry using a soluble version of the viral receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 ACE2 fused to an immunoglobulin Fc domain providing a neutralizing antibody with maximal breath to avoid any viral escape while also helping to recruit the immune system to build lasting immunity The sequence of the ACE2 Fc protein is provided to investigators allowing its possible use in recombinant protein expression systems to start producing drug today to treat patients under compassionate use while formal clinical trials are later undertaken Such a treatment could help infected patients before a protective vaccine is developed and widely available in the coming months to year s ',1 32195702,'Novel Coronavirus 2019 and Anesthesiology ',?,1 32023685,' Potential antiviral therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus ','The recent outbreak of respiratory illness in Wuhan China is caused by a novel coronavirus named 2019 nCoV which is genetically close to a bat derived coronavirus 2019 nCoV is categorized as beta genus coronavirus same as the two other strains severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV Antiviral drugs commonly used in clinical practice including neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir paramivir zanamivir etc ganciclovir acyclovir and ribavirin are invalid for 2019 nCoV and not recommended Drugs are possibly effective for 2019 nCoV include remdesivir lopinavir ritonavir lopinavir ritonavir combined with interferon b convalescent plasma and monoclonal antibodies But the efficacy and safety of these drugs for 2019 nCoV pneumonia patients need to be assessed by further clinical trials ',1 32172672,'A tug of war between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and host antiviral defence lessons from other pathogenic viruses ','World Health Organization has declared the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern The virus was named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses Human infection with SARS CoV 2 leads to a wide range of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic mild moderate to severe The severe cases present with pneumonia which can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome The outbreak provides an opportunity for real time tracking of an animal coronavirus that has just crossed species barrier to infect humans The outcome of SARS CoV 2 infection is largely determined by virus host interaction Here we review the discovery zoonotic origin animal hosts transmissibility and pathogenicity of SARS CoV 2 in relation to its interplay with host antiviral defense A comparison with SARS CoV Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus community acquired human coronaviruses and other pathogenic viruses including human immunodeficiency viruses is made We summarize current understanding of the induction of a proinflammatory cytokine storm by other highly pathogenic human coronaviruses their adaptation to humans and their usurpation of the cell death programmes Important questions concerning the interaction between SARS CoV 2 and host antiviral defence including asymptomatic and presymptomatic virus shedding are also discussed ',1 32121543,'Eco Virological Preliminary Study of Potentially Emerging Pathogens in Hedgehogs Erinaceus europaeus< i> Recovered at a Wildlife Treatment and Rehabilitation Center in Northern Italy ','The Western European Hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus< i> is one of the four hedgehog species belonging to the genus Erinaceus< i> Among them E amurensis< i> is extant in East Asia s areas only whereas E europaeu< i>s E roumanicus< i> and E concolor< i> are mainly found in Europe E europaeus< i> is endemically distributed from western to central and southern Europe including Italy Western European hedgehogs ecological and feeding habits along with their high population densities notable synanthropic attitudes frequent contacts with sympatric wild and domestic species including humans implicate the possible involvement of E europaeus< i> in the ecology of potentially emerging viruses such as coronaviruses influenza A and influenza D viruses canine distemper virus pestiviruses and Aujeszky s disease virus We examined 24 E europaeus< i> individuals found injured in urban and rural areas of Northern Italy Of the 24 fecal samples collected and tested for the above mentioned pathogens by both PCR based and virus isolation methods 14 were found PCR positive for betacoronaviruses belonging to lineage C and related to the known Erinaceus< i> coronaviruses EriCoVs as determined by partial sequencing of the virus genome Our findings suggest that hedgehogs could be considered natural reservoirs of CoVs and also act as chronic shedding carriers of these potentially emerging RNA viruses ',1 30849176,'The Etiological Role of Common Respiratory Viruses in Acute Respiratory Infections in Older Adults A Systematic Review and Meta analysis ','Acute respiratory tract infections ARI constitute a substantial disease burden in adults and elderly individuals We aimed to identify all case control studies investigating the potential role of respiratory viruses in the etiology of ARI in older adults aged 65 years We conducted a systematic literature review across 7 databases of case control studies published from 1996 to 2017 that investigated the viral profile of older adults with and those without ARI We then computed a pooled odds ratio OR with a 95\% confidence interval and virus specific attributable fraction among the exposed AFE for 8 common viruses respiratory syncytial virus RSV influenza virus Flu parainfluenza virus PIV human metapneumovirus HMPV adenovirus AdV rhinovirus RV bocavirus BoV and coronavirus CoV From the 16 studies included there was strong evidence of possible causal attribution for RSV OR 8 5 95\% CI 3 9 18 5 AFE 88\% Flu OR 8 3 95\% CI 4 4 15 9 AFE 88\% PIV OR not available AFE approximately 100\% HMPV OR 9 8 95\% CI 2 3 41 0 AFE 90\% AdV OR not available AFE approximately 100\% RV OR 7 1 95\% CI 3 7 13 6 AFE 86\% and CoV OR 2 8 95\% CI 2 0 4 1 AFE 65\% in older adults presenting with ARI compared with those without respiratory symptoms ie asymptomatic individuals or healthy older adults However there was no significant difference in the detection of BoV in cases and controls This review supports RSV Flu PIV HMPV AdV RV and CoV as important causes of ARI in older adults and provides quantitative estimates of the absolute proportion of virus associated ARI cases to which a viral cause can be attributed Disease burden estimates should take into account the appropriate AFE estimates for older adults that we report ',0 31589656,'Development of a recombinant replication deficient rabies virus based bivalent vaccine against MERS CoV and rabies virus and its humoral immunogenicity in mice ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV is an emerging virus that causes severe disease with fatal outcomes however there are currently no approved vaccines or specific treatments against MERS CoV Here we developed a novel bivalent vaccine against MERS CoV and rabies virus RV using the replication incompetent P gene deficient RV RVDP which has been previously established as a promising and safe viral vector MERS CoV spike glycoprotein comprises S1 and S2 subunits with the S1 subunit being a primary target of neutralizing antibodies Recombinant RVDP which expresses S1 fused with transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains together with 14 amino acids from the ectodomains of the RV glycoprotein RV G was developed using a reverse genetics method and named RVDP MERS S1 Following generation of RVDP MERS S1 and RVDP our analysis revealed that they shared similar growth properties with the expression of S1 in RVDP MERS S1 infected cells confirmed by immunofluorescence and western blot and the immunogenicity and pathogenicity evaluated using mouse infection experiments We observed no rabies associated signs or symptoms in mice inoculated with RVDP MERS S1 Moreover virus specific neutralizing antibodies against both MERS CoV and RV were induced in mice inoculated intraperitoneally with RVDP MERS S1 These findings indicate that RVDP MERS S1 is a promising and safe bivalent vaccine candidate against both MERS CoV and RV ',0 32107911,' The importance of strengthening the ability of fundamental disease prevention and control system from the perspective of the epidemic situation of COVID 19 ','COVID 19 has been in epidemic for nearly two months The prevention and control measures have achieved remarkable results From the response and disposal process of this epidemic it is exposed that fundamental disease prevention and control system are insufficient in human resources and ability of laboratory testing It is suggested that the disease control institutions should strengthen the construction of these aspects in future ',1 31819541,'Estimation Of Direct Medical Costs Of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection A Single Center Retrospective Chart Review Study ','Among the countries affected by Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS Saudi Arabia was impacted the most with 2 058 cases reported as of June 2019 However the impact of the MERS epidemic on the Saudi economy is unknown ',0 32043982,'2019 nCoV epidemic address mental health care to empower society ',?,1 32200663,'Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 and Cardiovascular Disease ',?,0 32028773,'Fighting the novel coronavirus the publication of the Chinese expert consensus on the perinatal and neonatal management for the prevention and control of the 2019 novel coronavirus infection First edition ',?,1 30984127,'Recent Aspects on the Pathogenesis Mechanism Animal Models and Novel Therapeutic Interventions for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infections ','Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV is an emerging zoonotic virus considered as one of the major public threat with a total number of 2 298 laboratory confirmed cases and 811 associated deaths reported by World Health Organization as of January 2019 The transmission of the virus was expected to be from the camels found in Middle Eastern countries via the animal and human interaction The genome structure provided information about the pathogenicity and associated virulent factors present in the virus Recent studies suggested that there were limited insight available on the development of novel therapeutic strategies to induce immunity against the virus The severities of MERS CoV infection highlight the necessity of effective approaches for the development of various therapeutic remedies Thus the present review comprehensively and critically illustrates the recent aspects on the epidemiology of the virus the structural and functional features of the viral genome viral entry and transmission major mechanisms of pathogenesis and associated virulent factors current animal models detection methods and novel strategies for the development of vaccines against MERS CoV The review further illustrates the molecular and computational virtual screening platforms which provide insights for the identification of putative drug targets and novel lead molecules toward the development of therapeutic remedies ',0 32189218,'The impact of high flow nasal cannula HFNC on coughing distance implications on its use during the novel coronavirus disease outbreak ',?,1 30652967,'Two critical N terminal epitopes of the nucleocapsid protein contribute to the cross reactivity between porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus ','Both porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus PEDV and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV which cause high mortality in piglets and produce similar clinical symptoms and histopathological morphology belong to the genus Alphacoronavirus Serological diagnosis plays an important role in distinguishing pathogen species Together with the spike S protein the nucleocapsid N protein is one of the immunodominant regions among coronaviruses In this study two way antigenic cross reactivity between the N proteins of PEDV and TGEV was observed by indirect immunofluorescence assay IFA and Western blot analysis Furthermore the PEDV N protein harbouring truncations of amino acids aa 1 to 170 or aa 125 to 301 was demonstrated to cross react with the anti TGEV N polyclonal antibody PAb whereas the truncation expressing aa 302 to 401 resulted in a specific reaction with the anti PEDV N PAb but not with the anti TGEV N PAb Mutants of the PEDV N protein were generated based on sequence alignment and structural analysis we then confirmed that the N terminal residues 58 RWRMRRGERIE 68 and 78 LGTGPHAD 85 contributed to the cross reactivity All the results provide vital clues for the development of precise diagnostic assays for porcine coronaviruses ',0 32192297,' Chemotherapy strategy for colorectal cancer under the outbreak of corona virus disease 2019 ','The outbreak of corona virus disease 2019 COVID 19 makes the medical treatment of colorectal cancers difficult Cancer patients are more susceptible to infection and tumor history is defined as an important factor of poor prognosis which challenges both doctors and patients For metastatic colorectal cancer CRC patients maintenance therapy is the optimal choice The patients with tumor progression or poor biological behavior should receive or continue combination chemotherapy Adjuvant chemotherapy should reduce the intensity of treatment and shorten the therapy time Fever patients during chemotherapy need to receive differential diagnosis and screening according to national standards Patients with stable diseases and good general conditions may delay imaging examination Clinicians should make individual clinical decisions based on the specifics of each patient during epidemic situation ',1 32179910,'Clinical outcome of 55 asymptomatic cases at the time of hospital admission infected with SARS Coronavirus 2 in Shenzhen China ','An epidemic caused by SARS Coronavirus 2 infection has spread unexpectedly in Wuhan Hubei Province China since December 2019 It is rarely reported about asymptomatic cases screened from close contacts We study epidemiological and clinical outcome of 55 asymptomatic carriers who were laboratory confirmed positive for the SARS Coronavirus 2 by testing the nucleic acid of the pharyngeal swab samples The evidence showed that asymptomatic carriers occurred more often in middle aged people who had close contact with infected family members The majority of the cases developed to be mild and ordinary COVID 19 during hospital ',1 32104884,'Nepal s First Case of COVID 19 and public health response ',?,1 30815285,'An updated roadmap for MERS CoV research and product development focus on diagnostics ','Diagnostics play a central role in the early detection and control of outbreaks and can enable a more nuanced understanding of the disease kinetics and risk factors for the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV one of the high priority pathogens identified by the WHO In this review we identified sources for molecular and serological diagnostic tests used in MERS CoV detection case management and outbreak investigations as well as surveillance for humans and animals camels and summarised the performance of currently available tests diagnostic needs and associated challenges for diagnostic test development and implementation A more detailed understanding of the kinetics of infection of MERS CoV is needed in order to optimise the use of existing assays Notably MERS CoV point of care tests are needed in order to optimise supportive care and to minimise transmission risk However for new test development sourcing clinical material continues to be a major challenge to achieving assay validation Harmonisation and standardisation of laboratory methods are essential for surveillance and for a rapid and effective international response to emerging diseases Routine external quality assessment along with well characterised and up to date proficiency panels would provide insight into MERS CoV diagnostic performance worldwide A defined set of Target Product Profiles for diagnostic technologies will be developed by WHO to address these gaps in MERS CoV outbreak management ',0 31513753,'A serological survey of canine respiratory coronavirus in New Zealand ','Aims < b> To determine the seroprevalence of canine respiratory coronavirus CRCoV in New Zealand dogs and to explore associations with age sex breed month and geographical region of sampling and reported presence of clinical signs suggestive of respiratory disease Methods < b> A total of 1 015 canine serum samples were randomly selected from submissions to a diagnostic laboratory between March and December 2014 and were analysed for CRCoV antibodies using a competitive ELISA Logistic regression analysis was used to determine associations between seroprevalence of CRCoV and breed category age sex sampling month region and reported health status of dogs Results < b> Overall 538 1 015 53 0\% samples were seropositive for CRCoV with 492 921 53 4\% positive dogs in the North Island and 46 94 49\% in the South Island Age of dog sampling month region and presence of abnormal respiratory signs were included in the initial logistic regression model Seroprevalence was higher in dogs aged 3 compared with 2 years p < 0 01 The lowest seroprevalence was observed in July 30 105 28 5\% and August 32 100 32\% and the highest in June 74 100 74\% Seroprevalence in dogs from Auckland was higher than in dogs from the Hawkes Bay Manawatu Marlborough and Waikato regions p < 0 05 Abnormal respiratory signs coughing nasal discharge or sneezing were reported for 28 1 015 2 8\% dogs sampled Seroprevalence for CRCoV tended to be higher among dogs with respiratory signs 67 9 95\% CI = 47 6 83 4 \% than dogs with no reported respiratory signs 52 6 95\% CI = 49 5 55 7 \% Conclusions < b> Serological evidence of infection with CRCoV was present in more than half of the dogs tested from throughout New Zealand Differences in CRCoV seroprevalence between regions and lack of seasonal pattern indicate that factors other than external temperatures may be important in the epidemiology of CRCoV in New Zealand Clinical relevance < b> Our data suggest that CRCoV should be included in investigations of cases of infectious canine tracheobronchitis particularly if these occur among dogs vaccinated with current vaccines which do not include CRCoV antigens ',0 32127517,'Transmission routes of 2019 nCoV and controls in dental practice ','A novel b coronavirus 2019 nCoV caused severe and even fetal pneumonia explored in a seafood market of Wuhan city Hubei province China and rapidly spread to other provinces of China and other countries The 2019 nCoV was different from SARS CoV but shared the same host receptor the human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 ACE2 The natural host of 2019 nCoV may be the bat Rhinolophus affinis as 2019 nCoV showed 96 2\% of whole genome identity to BatCoV RaTG13 The person to person transmission routes of 2019 nCoV included direct transmission such as cough sneeze droplet inhalation transmission and contact transmission such as the contact with oral nasal and eye mucous membranes 2019 nCoV can also be transmitted through the saliva and the fetal oral routes may also be a potential person to person transmission route The participants in dental practice expose to tremendous risk of 2019 nCoV infection due to the face to face communication and the exposure to saliva blood and other body fluids and the handling of sharp instruments Dental professionals play great roles in preventing the transmission of 2019 nCoV Here we recommend the infection control measures during dental practice to block the person to person transmission routes in dental clinics and hospitals ',1 32184490,'Coronavirus three things all governments and their science advisers must do now ',?,1 31462558,'Peptidoglycan Associated Cyclic Lipopeptide Disrupts Viral Infectivity ','Enteric viruses exploit bacterial components including lipopolysaccharides LPS and peptidoglycan PG to facilitate infection in humans Because of their origin in the bat enteric system we wondered if severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV or Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV MERS CoV also use bacterial components to modulate infectivity To test this question we incubated CoVs with LPS and PG and evaluated infectivity finding no change following LPS treatment However PG from Bacillus subtilis< i> reduced infection > 10 000 fold while PG from other bacterial species failed to recapitulate this Treatment with an alcohol solvent transferred inhibitory activity to the wash and mass spectrometry revealed surfactin a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic as the inhibitory compound This antibiotic had robust dose and temperature dependent inhibition of CoV infectivity Mechanistic studies indicated that surfactin disrupts CoV virion integrity and surfactin treatment of the virus inoculum ablated infection in vivo< i> Finally similar cyclic lipopeptides had no effect on CoV infectivity and the inhibitory effect of surfactin extended broadly to enveloped viruses including influenza Ebola Zika Nipah chikungunya Una Mayaro Dugbe and Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever viruses Overall our results indicate that peptidoglycan associated surfactin has broad viricidal activity and suggest that bacteria by products may negatively modulate virus infection IMPORTANCE< b> In this article we consider a role for bacteria in shaping coronavirus infection Taking cues from studies of enteric viruses we initially investigated how bacterial surface components might improve CoV infection Instead we found that peptidoglycan associated surfactin is a potent viricidal compound that disrupts virion integrity with broad activity against enveloped viruses Our results indicate that interactions with commensal bacterial may improve or disrupt viral infections highlighting the importance of understanding these microbial interactions and their implications for viral pathogenesis and treatment ',0 31158256,'Human coronavirus alone or in co infection with rhinovirus C is a risk factor for severe respiratory disease and admission to the pediatric intensive care unit A one year study in Southeast Brazil ','We aimed to assess the profile of respiratory viruses in young children hospitalized for acute lower respiratory tract infection ALRI and its association with disease severity defined as need for pediatric intensive care unit PICU admission ',0 30827386,'Novel genotype of infectious bronchitis virus isolated in China ','Recombination events are known to contribute to the emergence of novel infectious bronchitis virus IBV genotypes In this study we carried out detailed phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparisons based on 74 complete nucleotide sequences of the IBV S1 gene including strain I0636 16 and 73 representative sequences from each genotype and lineage The results showed that strain I0636 16 represented a novel genotype designated as lineage 1 within genotype VII GVII 1 Further comparative genomic analysis revealed at least two recombination sites that replaced the spike gene in a lineage 18 within genotype I GI 18 like virus with an as yet unidentified sequence likely derived from another IBV strain resulting a novel serotype with a lower affinity to the respiratory tract in chickens To the best of our knowledge this provides the first evidence for recombination leading to replacement of the complete spike gene and the emergence of a novel genotype serotype with a lower affinity to the respiratory tract in chickens comparing to one of its parental virus ck CH LGX 111119 These results emphasize the importance of limiting exposure to novel IBVs that may serve as a source of genetic material for emerging viruses as well as the importance of IBV surveillance in chicken flocks ',0 32195687,'American Association for Bronchology and Interventional Pulmonology AABIP Statement on the Use of Bronchoscopy and Respiratory Specimen Collection in Patients with Suspected or Confirmed COVID 19 Infection ',?,1 30900977,'Sequential Emergence and Wide Spread of Neutralization Escape Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Mutants South Korea 2015 ','The unexpectedly large outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome in South Korea in 2015 was initiated by an infected traveler and amplified by several " superspreading" events Previously we reported the emergence and spread of mutant Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus bearing spike mutations I529T or D510G with reduced affinity to human receptor CD26 during the outbreak To assess the potential association of spike mutations with superspreading events we collected virus genetic information reported during the outbreak and systemically analyzed the relationship of spike sequences and epidemiology We found sequential emergence of the spike mutations in 2 superspreaders In vivo virulence of the mutant viruses seems to decline in human patients as assessed by fever duration in affected persons In addition neutralizing activity against these 2 mutant viruses in serum samples from mice immunized with wild type spike antigen were gradually reduced suggesting emergence and wide spread of neutralization escapers during the outbreak ',0 32044814,'Clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus cases in tertiary hospitals in Hubei Province ','A novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV causing an outbreak of pneumonia in Wuhan Hubei province of China was isolated in January 2020 This study aims to investigate its epidemiologic history and analyze the clinical characteristics treatment regimens and prognosis of patients infected with 2019 nCoV during this outbreak ',1 31881873,'Prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of porcine diarrhea associated viruses in southern China from 2012 to 2018 ','In China large scale outbreaks of severe diarrhea caused by viruses have occurred in pigs since late 2010 To investigate the prevalence and genetic evolution of diarrhea associated viruses responsible for the outbreaks a total of 2987 field diarrheal samples collected from 168 pig farms in five provinces in Southern China during 2012 2018 were tested ',0 30666925,'International Biological Reference Preparations for Epidemic Infectious Diseases ','Recent years have seen unprecedented investment in research and development for countermeasures for high threat pathogens including specific and ambitious objectives for development of diagnostics therapeutics and vaccines The inadequate availability of biological reference materials for these pathogens poses a genuine obstacle in pursuit of these objectives and the lack of a comprehensive and equitable framework for developing reference materials is a weakness We outline the need for internationally standardized biological materials for high threat pathogens as a core element of global health security We also outline the key components of a framework for addressing this deficiency ',0 32031264,'Evolving status of the 2019 novel coronavirus infection Proposal of conventional serologic assays for disease diagnosis and infection monitoring ',?,1 32118641,'From SARS CoV to 2019 nCoV Outbreak Similarities in the Early Epidemics and Prediction of Future Trends ',?,1 32070465,'First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 in France surveillance investigations and control measures January 2020 ','A novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 causing a cluster of respiratory infections coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 in Wuhan China was identified on 7 January 2020 The epidemic quickly disseminated from Wuhan and as at 12 February 2020 45 179 cases have been confirmed in 25 countries including 1 116 deaths Strengthened surveillance was implemented in France on 10 January 2020 in order to identify imported cases early and prevent secondary transmission Three categories of risk exposure and follow up procedure were defined for contacts Three cases of COVID 19 were confirmed on 24 January the first cases in Europe Contact tracing was immediately initiated Five contacts were evaluated as at low risk of exposure and 18 at moderate high risk As at 12 February 2020 two cases have been discharged and the third one remains symptomatic with a persistent cough and no secondary transmission has been identified Effective collaboration between all parties involved in the surveillance and response to emerging threats is required to detect imported cases early and to implement adequate control measures ',1 31986242,'Medical Journals and the 2019 nCoV Outbreak ',?,1 31883090,'Quantification of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus RNA in Tissues by Quantitative Real Time RT PCR ','Since the emergence of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV in 2012 more than 2280 confirmed human infections and 800 associated deaths had been reported to the World Health Organization MERS CoV is a single stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Coronaviridae family MERS CoV infection leads to a variety of clinical outcomes in humans ranging from asymptomatic and mild infection to severe acute lung injury and multi organ failure and death To study the pathogenesis of MERS CoV infection and development of medical countermeasures MCMs for MERS a number of genetically modified mouse models have been developed including various versions of transgenic mice expressing the human DPP4 viral receptor Tracking and quantifying viral infection among others in permissive hosts is a key endpoint for studying MERS pathogenesis and evaluating the efficacy of selected MCMs developed for MERS In addition to quantifying infectious progeny virus which requires high containment biosafety level BSL 3 laboratory here we outlined an established real time quantitative RT PCR RT qPCR based procedure to unequivocally quantify MERS CoV specific RNAs within the lungs of infected human DPP4 hDPP4 transgenic hDPP4 Tg mice under a standard BSL 2 laboratory ',0 32073631,'Changes of CT Findings in a 2019 Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV pneumonia patient ',?,1 32091533,'Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 Outbreak in China Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention ',?,1 32075786,'Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus SARS Cov 2 outside of Wuhan China retrospective case series ','To study the clinical characteristics of patients in Zhejiang province China infected with the 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS Cov 2 responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 covid 2019 ',1 32086938,'The SARS MERS and novel coronavirus COVID 19 epidemics the newest and biggest global health threats what lessons have we learned ','To provide an overview of the three major deadly coronaviruses and identify areas for improvement of future preparedness plans as well as provide a critical assessment of the risk factors and actionable items for stopping their spread utilizing lessons learned from the first two deadly coronavirus outbreaks as well as initial reports from the current novel coronavirus COVID 19 epidemic in Wuhan China ',1 32187257,'On the possibility of interrupting the coronavirus COVID 19 epidemic based on the best available scientific evidence ',?,1 32146245,'Psychological crisis intervention during the outbreak period of new coronavirus pneumonia from experience in Shanghai ','Since the middle of December 2019 human to human transmission of novel coronavirus pneumonia NCP has occurred among close contacts At the same time greater attention should be paid to psychological crisis intervention PCI among affected populations for the timely prevention of inestimable damage from a secondary psychological crisis PCI has been initiated via remote telephone and internet and onsite medical services to help medical workers patients and others affected to overcome any psychological difficulties This paper outlines experiences based on the work of the Shanghai Medical Team ',1 31272038,'Case fatality rate and viral aetiologies of acute respiratory tract infections in HIV positive and negative people in Africa The VARIAFRICA HIV systematic review and meta analysis ','To set priorities for efficient control of acute respiratory tract infection ARTI in Africa it is necessary to have accurate estimate of its burden especially among HIV infected populations ',0 32188598,'Covid 19 how doctors and healthcare systems are tackling coronavirus worldwide ',?,1 32180173,'Lidocaine during intubation and extubation in patients with coronavirus disease COVID 19 ',?,1 32111295,'Wuhan novel coronavirus COVID 19 why global control is challenging ',?,1 30679277,'Human coronaviruses OC43 and HKU1 bind to 9 O< i> acetylated sialic acids via a conserved receptor binding site in spike protein domain A ','Human betacoronaviruses OC43 and HKU1 are endemic respiratory pathogens and while related originated from independent zoonotic introductions OC43 is in fact a host range variant of the species Betacoronavirus 1< i> and more closely related to bovine coronavirus BCoV its presumptive ancestor and porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus PHEV The b1 coronaviruses b1CoVs and HKU1 employ glycan based receptors carrying 9 O< i> acetylated sialic acid 9 O< i> Ac Sia Receptor binding is mediated by spike protein S the main determinant of coronavirus host specificity For BCoV a crystal structure for the receptor binding domain S1A< sup> is available and for HKU1 a cryoelectron microscopy structure of the complete S ectodomain However the location of the receptor binding site RBS arguably the single most important piece of information is unknown Here we solved the 3 0 A crystal structure of PHEV S1A< sup> We then took a comparative structural analysis approach to map the b1CoV S RBS using the general design of 9 O< i> Ac Sia binding sites as blueprint backed up by automated ligand docking structure guided mutagenesis of OC43 BCoV and PHEV S1A< sup> and infectivity assays with BCoV S pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis viruses The RBS is not exclusive to OC43 and related animal viruses but is apparently conserved and functional also in HKU1 S1A< sup> The binding affinity of the HKU1 S RBS toward short sialoglycans is significantly lower than that of OC43 which we attribute to differences in local architecture and accessibility and which may be indicative for differences between the two viruses in receptor fine specificity Our findings challenge reports that would map the OC43 RBS elsewhere in S1A< sup> and that of HKU1 in domain S1B< sup> ',0 31095648,'The coronavirus macrodomain is required to prevent PARP mediated inhibition of virus replication and enhancement of IFN expression ','ADP ribosylation is a ubiquitous post translational addition of either monomers or polymers of ADP ribose to target proteins by ADP ribosyltransferases usually by interferon inducible diphtheria toxin like enzymes known as PARPs While several PARPs have known antiviral activities these activities are mostly independent of ADP ribosylation Consequently less is known about the antiviral effects of ADP ribosylation Several viral families including Coronaviridae Togaviridae and Hepeviridae encode for macrodomain proteins that bind to and hydrolyze ADP ribose from proteins and are critical for optimal replication and virulence These results suggest that macrodomains counter cellular ADP ribosylation but whether PARPs or alternatively other ADP ribosyltransferases cause this modification is not clear Here we show that pan PARP inhibition enhanced replication and inhibited interferon production in primary macrophages infected with macrodomain mutant but not wild type coronavirus Specifically knockdown of two abundantly expressed PARPs PARP12 and PARP14 led to increased replication of mutant but did not significantly affect wild type virus PARP14 was also important for the induction of interferon in mouse and human cells indicating a critical role for this PARP in the regulation of innate immunity In summary these data demonstrate that the macrodomain is required to prevent PARP mediated inhibition of coronavirus replication and enhancement of interferon production ',0 32191676,'Natural small molecules as inhibitors of coronavirus lipid dependent attachment to host cells a possible strategy for reducing SARS COV 2 infectivity ','Viral infectivity depends on interactions between components of the host cell plasma membrane and the virus envelope Here we review strategies that could help stem the advance of the SARS COV 2 epidemic ',1 32147944,'Clinical strategies for treating pediatric cancer during the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus infection ',?,1 32112857,'COVID 19 Zoonotic aspects ',?,1 31118011,'Longitudinal study of humoral immunity to bovine coronavirus virus shedding and treatment for bovine respiratory disease in pre weaned beef calves ','Bovine coronavirus BCV is associated with respiratory infections in cattle of all ages however a temporal study to evaluate the effect of BCV immunity on virus shedding and bovine respiratory disease BRD incidence in pre weaned beef calves has not been reported Thus we report here a prospective study in three herds of crossbred beef calves n = 817 with endemic BCV Serial blood samples for measurement of serum anti BCV antibody titers and nasal swabs for detection of BCV and other common viral and bacterial BRD pathogens were collected from all calves or subsets of calves at predetermined times from birth through weaning The calves were monitored for BRD and those that developed signs of respiratory disease were sampled for diagnostic testing To discover additional risk factors that could have influenced BRD development sequence analysis of the BCV strain s circulating in each herd and the prevalence of common opportunistic bacterial pathogens in the upper respiratory tract of sick and apparently healthy cattle were also evaluated ',0 32147538,'Recurrence of positive SARS CoV 2 RNA in COVID 19 A case report ','The ongoing outbreak of COVID 19 that began in Wuhan China has constituted a Public Health Emergency of International Concern with cases confirmed in multiple countries Currently patients are the main source of infection We report a confirmed case of COVID 19 whose oropharyngeal swab test of SARS CoV 2 RNA turned positive in convalescence This case highlights the importance of dynamic surveillance of SARS CoV 2 RNA for infectivity assessment ',1 32157847,' How to understand the histopathology of SARS and COVID 19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome ','Bing Li Xue Shi Ren Shi Ji Bing Yan Jiu Ji Bing De Ji Chu Xue Ke Zhi Yi Mu Qian Dui Yu Tu Fa De Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Gan Ran De Bing Li Xue Zheng Ju Shang Bu Duo Zuo Wei SARSYi Qing De Qin Li Zhe Hui Gu Zong Jie SARSDe Xing Tai Xue Gai Bian Ye Xu Dui Wo Men Ren Shi Xin Guan Bing Du Gan Ran You Suo Bang Zhu ',1 32132140,'Proposal for prevention and control of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease in newborn infants ',?,1 31823248,'Recent Research on Occupational Animal Exposures and Health Risks A Narrative Review ','In the last year an increasing number of studies have reported on methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA transmission in Africa and Asia and in migrant workers We reviewed original research on occupational health and safety of animal workers published from January 1 2018 through June 30 2019 with a targeted focus on infectious disease studies published in these populations ',0 32179659,'COVID 19 in Children Initial Characterization of the Pediatric Disease ',?,1 32174267,'Era of molecular diagnosis for pathogen identification of unexplained pneumonia lessons to be learned ','Unexplained pneumonia UP caused by a novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 emerged in China in late December 2019 and has infected more than 9000 cases by 31 January 2020 Shanghai reported the first imported case of COVID 19 Coronavirus Disease 2019 in 20 January 2020 A combinative approach of real time RT PCR CRISPR based assay and metagenomic next generation sequencing mNGS were used to diagnose this unexplained pneumonia patient Real time RT PCR and CRISPR based assay both reported positive This sample belonged to Betacoronavirus and shared a more than 99\% nucleotide nt identity with the Wuhan SARS CoV 2 isolates We further compared pros and cons of common molecular diagnostics in UP In this study we illustrated the importance of combining molecular diagnostics to rule out common pathogens and performed mNGS to obtain unbiased potential pathogen result for the diagnosis of UP ',1 31481063,'Viral respiratory tract infections in young children with cystic fibrosis a prospective full year seasonal study ','Viral respiratory tract infections are common during early childhood How they impact cystic fibrosis lung disease history in young children is poorly known The principal aim of our study was to determinate respiratory tract infections frequency in this cystic fibrosis young population Secondary outcomes were nature of viral agents recovered and impact of such infections ',0 30593369,'The enhanced replication of an S intact PEDV during coinfection with an S1 NTD del PEDV in piglets ','Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV variants having a large deletion in the N terminal domain of the S1 subunit of spike S protein were designated as S1 NTD del PEDVs They replicate well in experimentally infected pigs However on farms they often co infect pigs with the PEDV containing an intact S protein S intact PEDV We aimed to characterize viral replication and pathogenesis in neonatal gnotobiotic pigs infected simultaneously with the two types of PEDV using two recombinant PEDVs icPC22A and its S1 NTD del form icPC22A S1D197 Additionally viral replication was compared in Vero and IPEC DQ cells at the presence of bovine mucin BM porcine gastric mucin PGM swine bile and bile acids during inoculation In the pigs coinfected with icPC22A and icPC22A S1D197 icPC22A replicated to a higher peak titer than its infection of pigs without the presence of icPC22A S1D197 The severity of diarrhea and intestinal atrophy were similar between icPC22A and the coinfection groups but were significantly higher than icPC22A S1D197 group In Vero and IPEC DQ cells certain concentrations of BM PGM bile and bile acids increased significantly the infectivity of icPC22A but had no or negative effects on icPC22A S1D197 These results indicated that the replication of the S intact PEDV was enhanced during coinfection in piglets This observation may be explained partially by the fact that mucin bile and bile acids in gastrointestinal tract had facilitating effects on the infection of S intact PEDV but no inhibition effects on S1 NTD del PEDV ',0 30982320,'Effect of Fc Fusion on Folding and Immunogenicity of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV induces severe respiratory impairment with a reported mortality rate of ~36\% in humans The absence of clinically available MERS CoV vaccines and treatments to date has resulted in uncontrolled incidence and propagation of the virus In vaccine design fusion with the IgG Fc domain is reported to increase the immunogenicity of various vaccine antigens However limited reports have documented the potential negative effects of Fc fusion on vaccine antigens To determine whether Fc fusion affects the immunogenicity of MERS CoV antigen we constructed a Fcassociated MERS CoV spike protein eS770 Fc 110 kDa whereby human IgG4 Fc domain was fused to MERS CoV spike protein eS770 via a Gly Pro linker using baculovirus as the expression system For comparative analyses two eS770 proteins lacking the IgG4 Fc domain were generated using the IdeS protease eS770 DFc or His tag attachment eS770 His and the immunogenicity of the above constructs were examined following intramuscular immunization in mice Contrary to expectations non Fc spike proteins eS770 DFc eS770 His 90 kDa showed higher immunogenicity than the Fc fusion protein eS770 Fc Moreover unlike non Fc spike proteins eS770 Fc immunization did not elicit neutralizing antibodies against MERSCoV The lower immunogenicity of Fc fused eS770 was related to alterations in the structural conformation of the spike protein Taken together our results indicate that IgG Fc fusion reduces the immunogenicity of eS770 by interfering with the proper folding structure ',0 31978944,'Another Decade Another Coronavirus ',?,1 30761909,'Genetic and antigenic heterogeneity of infectious bronchitis virus in South America implications for control programmes ','Infectious bronchitis virus IBV is a persistent sanitary problem for the South American poultry industry despite extensive vaccination The IBV single stranded RNA genome has high rates of mutation and recombination that generate a notorious virus variability Since most IBV vaccines are type specific there is a need for constant surveillance of the circulating lineages and knowledge about their genetic and antigenic properties Here we present an integrative analysis that provides the pattern of genetic variation of the South American IBV strains and information about their antigenic characteristics The genetic analysis was performed using the S1 complete coding sequences of all available South American strains including newly obtained Argentine and Uruguayan field samples Our phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses evidence that three main lineages GI 1 GI 11 and GI 16 are extensively circulating in South American flocks Strains of the GI 1 lineage Massachusetts type were detected in Argentina Brazil Chile and Colombia The GI 11 lineage is an exclusively South American lineage that emerged in the 1950s and is the predominant lineage in Brazil and Uruguay at present The GI 16 lineage emerged around 1979 and is currently circulating in most South American territories Argentina Chile Uruguay Colombia and Peru The virus cross neutralization test performed here reveals very low antigenic relatedness between GI 11 and GI 16 lineages i e they are different serotypes The results of this study extend our knowledge about the present and past IBV variability in South America and provide relevant elements to improve the control programmes by considering the genetic and antigenic attributes of IBV ',0 32193638,'Chest CT manifestations of new coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 a pictorial review ','Coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 outbreak first reported in Wuhan China has rapidly swept around the world just within a month causing global public health emergency In diagnosis chest computed tomography CT manifestations can supplement parts of limitations of real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction RT PCR assay Based on a comprehensive literature review and the experience in the frontline we aim to review the typical and relatively atypical CT manifestations with representative COVID 19 cases at our hospital and hope to strengthen the recognition of these features with radiologists and help them make a quick and accurate diagnosis Key Points Ground glass opacities consolidation reticular pattern and crazy paving pattern are typical CT manifestations of COVID 19 Emerging atypical CT manifestations including airway changes pleural changes fibrosis nodules etc were demonstrated in COVID 19 patients CT manifestations may associate with the progression and prognosis of COVID 19 ',1 30809323,'Epidemic Models of Contact Tracing Systematic Review of Transmission Studies of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ','The emergence and reemergence of coronavirus epidemics sparked renewed concerns from global epidemiology researchers and public health administrators Mathematical models that represented how contact tracing and follow up may control Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SARS and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MERS transmissions were developed for evaluating different infection control interventions estimating likely number of infections as well as facilitating understanding of their likely epidemiology We reviewed mathematical models for contact tracing and follow up control measures of SARS and MERS transmission Model characteristics epidemiological parameters and intervention parameters used in the mathematical models from seven studies were summarized A major concern identified in future epidemics is whether public health administrators can collect all the required data for building epidemiological models in a short period of time during the early phase of an outbreak Also currently available models do not explicitly model constrained resources We urge for closed loop communication between public health administrators and modelling researchers to come up with guidelines to delineate the collection of the required data in the midst of an outbreak and the inclusion of additional logistical details in future similar models ',0 30799795,'Design Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel C5 Modified Pyrimidine Ribofuranonucleosides as Potential Antitumor or and Antiviral Agents ','Nucleoside analogues are well known antitumor antiviral and chemotherapeutic agents Alterations on both their sugar and the heterocyclic parts may lead to significant changes in the spectrum of their biological action and the degree of selective toxicity as well as in their physicochemical properties ',0 32185669,'COVID 19 pneumonia infection control protocol inside computed tomography suites ','A novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causes a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan China It spread rapidly and globally CT imaging is helpful for the evaluation of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 pneumonia Infection control inside the CT suites is also important to prevent hospital related transmission of COVID 19 We present our experience with infection control protocol for COVID 19 inside the CT suites ',1 30658643,'A new immunochromatographic assay for on site detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus based on monoclonal antibodies prepared by using cell surface fluorescence immunosorbent assay ','Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV is a highly effective pathogen that can cause death of new born piglet resulting in big economical loss in pig farming industry For rapid detection of PEDV a new immunochromatographic assay ICA based on monoclonal antibodies mAbs was developed in this study ',0 31817037,'A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing Two Outbreaks of Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome MERS in Saudi Arabia and South Korea ','In 2012 an emerging viral infection was identified in Saudi Arabia that subsequently spread to 27 additional countries globally though cases may have occurred elsewhere The virus was ultimately named Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV and has been endemic in Saudi Arabia since 2012 As of September 2019 2468 laboratory confirmed cases with 851 associated deaths have occurred with a case fatality rate of 34 4\% according to the World Health Organization An imported case of MERS occurred in South Korea in 2015 stimulating a multi month outbreak Several distinguishing factors emerge upon epidemiological and sociological analysis of the two outbreaks including public awareness of the MERS outbreak and transmission and synchronization of governing healthcare bodies South Korea implemented a stringent healthcare model that protected patients and healthcare workers alike through prevention and high levels of public information In addition many details about MERS CoV virology transmission pathological progression and even the reservoir remain unknown This paper aims to delineate the key differences between the two regional outbreaks from both a healthcare and personal perspective including differing hospital practices information and public knowledge cultural practices and reservoirs among others Further details about differing emergency outbreak responses public information and guidelines put in place to protect hospitals and citizens could improve the outcome of future MERS outbreaks ',0 32059800,'Minimise nosocomial spread of 2019 nCoV when treating acute respiratory failure ',?,1 31118119,'The Role of Stress Granules and the Nonsense mediated mRNA Decay Pathway in Antiviral Defence ','Eukaryotic cells have evolved a number of survival tactics and quality control pathways that are able to counter intrinsic error prone mechanisms and allow for maintenance of cellular homeostasis in the face of external stresses This review will discuss the role of two cellular eukaryotic processes that are vital for maintenance of cellular homeostasis 1 the nonsense mediated mRNA decay NMD pathway and 2 the transient formation of stress granules SG and explore the current literature on their roles in antiviral defence Within the NCCR RNA & Disease the laboratories of Proffs O Muhlemann and Volker Thiel teamed up to unravel the roles of NMD and SGs and their interconnections in defending cells from alphavirus and coronavirus infections ',0 31986264,'Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan China ','A recent cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan China was caused by a novel betacoronavirus the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV We report the epidemiological clinical laboratory and radiological characteristics and treatment and clinical outcomes of these patients ',1 30758768,'Whole genome characterisation of quail deltacoronavirus detected in Poland ','Quail deltacoronavirus QdCoV described for the first time in the United Arab Emirates in 2018 belongs to the same deltacoronavirus species as viruses discovered in swine and tree sparrows The full length genome of QdCoV detected in quails with enteritis in Poland has similar organization as Middle Eastern viruses although there is no NSP7c gene The overall degree of nucleotide sequence identity was 92 4 92 6\% between Polish PL G032 2015 and Middle Eastern UAE HKU30 QdCoV isolates The sequences of the individual genes show similar nucleotide identities in the range of 91 4 94 7\% with the exception of the S gene with lower identity of 85 6 85 7\% The most variable part of the S gene is its fragment encoding the N terminal domain of the S protein which is responsible for receptor binding The amino acid homology in this region between PL G032 2015 and UAE HKU30 QdCoVs was 74 5 74 7\% In contrast the C terminal domain of the S protein which is responsible for membrane fusion had an amino acid homology of 96 9\% In the phylogenetic tree PL G032 2015 branched separately but clustered with the UAE HKU30 QdCoV isolates These data suggest that PL G032 2015 could be a new genetic serologic variant of QdCoV ',0 32173574,'Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus COVID 19 infection a systematic review and meta analysis ','An outbreak of Novel Coronavirus COVID 19 in Wuhan China the epidemic is more widespread than initially estimated with cases now confirmed in multiple countries ',1 32158035,'Medicine s Challenges Vaping and Coronavirus ',?,1 32016738,?,?,1 32153170,' Clinical characteristics and influencing factors of patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia combined with liver injury in Shaanxi region ','Objective < b> To understand the clinical characteristics change of liver function influencing factors and prognosis in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 19 COVID 19 combined with liver injury Methods < b> The general conditions biochemical indicators of liver blood clotting mechanism routine blood test UGT1A1 28 gene polymorphism and other data of 40 cases with COVID 19 admitted to the isolation ward of Tangdu Hospital were retrospectively analyzed The clinical characteristics influencing factors and prognosis of liver injury in patients with liver injury group and those with normal liver function group were compared The mean of two samples in univariate analysis was compared by t test and analysis of variance The counting data was measured by kh< i> 2 tests The non normal distribution measurement data were described by the median and the non parametric test was used Statistically significant influencing factors were used as the independent variables in univariate analysis Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the main influencing factors of liver injury Results < b> Of the 40 cases 25 were male 62 5\% and 15 were female 37 5\% aged 22 to 83 53 87 + 15 84 years Liver injury was occurred in 22 cases 55\% during the course of the disease Alanine aminotransferase ALT and aspartate aminotransferase AST level was initially increased 4 4 to 3 5 times of the normal value along with decrease of albumin in the second week and the difference was statistically significant P< i> < 0 001 Ten cases 43 5\% had highest abnormal total blood bilirubin 54 1 mmol L There was no correlation between the increase in transaminase and the increase in total blood bilirubin R< i> = 0 006 P< i> = 0 972 Three cases had prothrombin activity PTA of 50\% 10 cases had elevated FDP and 13 cases had elevated D dimer all of whom were severe or critically ill Liver function injury was more likely to occur in patients who used many types of drugs and large amounts of hormones P< i> = 0 002 P< i> = 0 031 and there was no correlation with the TA6TA7 mutation in the UGT1A1 28 gene locus Multiple regression analysis showed that the occurrence of liver injury was only related to critical illness The liver function of all patients had recovered within one week after conventional liver protection treatment Conclusion < b> COVID 19 combined with liver function injury may be due to the slight elevation of transaminase mostly around the second week of the disease course Severe patients have a higher proportion of liver injury and critical type is an independent risk factor for liver injury ',1 32003000,'The novel Chinese coronavirus 2019 nCoV infections Challenges for fighting the storm ',?,1 32107200,'Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus SARS Cov 2 outside of Wuhan China retrospective case series ',?,1 32164080,' Potential antiviral therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus ','The recent outbreak of respiratory illness in Wuhan China is caused by a novel coronavirus named 2019 nCoV which is genetically close to a bat derived coronavirus 2019 nCoV is categorized as beta genus coronavirus same as the two other strains severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV Antiviral drugs commonly used in clinical practice including neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir paramivir zanamivir etc ganciclovir acyclovir and ribavirin are invalid for 2019 nCoV and not recommended Drugs are possibly effective for 2019 nCoV include remdesivir lopinavir ritonavir lopinavir ritonavir combined with interferon b convalescent plasma and monoclonal antibodies But the efficacy and safety of these drugs for 2019 nCoV pneumonia patients need to be assessed by further clinical trials ',0 32101683,'Audio Interview Preparing for the Spread of Covid 19 ',?,1 32179124,'Clinical laboratory and imaging features of COVID 19 A systematic review and meta analysis ','An epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 began in December 2019 in China leading to a Public Health Emergency of International Concern PHEIC Clinical laboratory and imaging features have been partially characterized in some observational studies No systematic reviews on COVID 19 have been published to date ',1 31142135,'Avian influenza H9N2 subtype in Ghana virus characterization and evidence of co infection ','Between November 2017 and February 2018 Ghanaian poultry producers reported to animal health authorities a dramatic increase in mortality rate and a relevant drop in egg production in several layer hen farms Laboratory investigations revealed that the farms had been infected by the H9N2 influenza subtype Virological and molecular characterization of the viruses identified in Ghana is described here for the first time Whole genome analysis showed that the viruses belong to the G1 lineage and cluster with viruses identified in North and West Africa The low pathogenicity of the virus was confirmed by the intravenous pathogenicity index assay Further investigations revealed co infection with infectious bronchitis virus of the GI 19 lineage which very likely explained the severity of the disease observed during the outbreaks The H9N2 outbreaks in Ghana highlight the importance of performing a differential diagnosis and an in depth characterization of emerging viruses In addition the detection of a potentially zoonotic subtype such as the H9N2 in a region where highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx is currently circulating highlights the urgency of implementing enhanced monitoring strategies and supporting improved investments in regional diagnostic technologies RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS< b> Influenza A H9N2 subtype was detected in layer hens in Ghana in 2017 2018 Whole genome characterization of seven H9N2 viruses was performed Phylogenetic trees revealed that the H9N2 viruses belong to the G1 lineage The HA protein possesses the amino acid mutations 226L and 155T Co infection with infectious bronchitis virus of the GI 19 lineage was identified ',0 32192247,'Covid 19 The right amount of wolf ',?,1 32075877,'Cryo EM structure of the 2019 nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation ','The outbreak of a novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV represents a pandemic threat that has been declared a public health emergency of international concern The CoV spike S glycoprotein is a key target for vaccines therapeutic antibodies and diagnostics To facilitate medical countermeasure development we determined a 3 5 angstrom resolution cryo electron microscopy structure of the 2019 nCoV S trimer in the prefusion conformation The predominant state of the trimer has one of the three receptor binding domains RBDs rotated up in a receptor accessible conformation We also provide biophysical and structural evidence that the 2019 nCoV S protein binds angiotensin converting enzyme 2 ACE2 with higher affinity than does severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS CoV S Additionally we tested several published SARS CoV RBD specific monoclonal antibodies and found that they do not have appreciable binding to 2019 nCoV S suggesting that antibody cross reactivity may be limited between the two RBDs The structure of 2019 nCoV S should enable the rapid development and evaluation of medical countermeasures to address the ongoing public health crisis ',1 32118389,' Clinical analysis of 31 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children from six provinces autonomous region of northern China ','Objective < b> To analyze the epidemiological history clinical manifestations treatment and the short term prognosis of 31 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV infection in children from six provinces autonomous region in northern China Methods < b> A retrospective analysis of the epidemiological history clinical symptoms signs laboratory examinations chest imaging treatment and the short term prognosis of 31 cases of 2019 nCoV was conducted The patients were diagnosed between January 25th 2020 and February 21st 2020 in 21 hospitals in 17 cities of six provinces autonomous region of Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia Hebei Henan and Shandong Results < b> The age of the 31 children with 2019 nCoV infection was 7 years and 1 month 6 months 17 years Nine cases 29\% were imported cases Other 21 cases 68\% had contact with confirmed infected adults One case 3\% had contact with asymptomatic returnees from Wuhan Among the 31 children 28 patients 90\% were family cluster cases The clinical types were asymptomatic type in 4 cases 13\% mild type in 13 cases 42\% and common type in 14 cases 45\% No severe or critical type existed The most common symptom was fever n< i>=20 65\% including 1 case of high fever 9 cases of moderate fever 10 cases of low fever Fever lasted from 1 day to 9 days The fever of fifteen cases lasted for 3 d while in other 5 cases lasted > 3 d Other symptoms included cough n< i>=14 45\% fatigue n< i>=3 10\% and diarrhea n< i>=3 9\% Pharyngalgia runny nose dizziness headache and vomiting were rare In the early stage the total leukocytes count in peripheral blood decreased in 2 cases 6\% the lymphocytes count decreased in 2 cases 6\% and the platelet count increased in 2 cases 6\% Elevation of C reactive protein 10\% 3 30 erythrocyte sedimentation rate 19\% 4 21 procalcitonin 4\% 1 28 liver enzyme 22\% 6 27 and muscle enzyme 15\% 4 27 occurred in different proportions Renal function and blood glucose were normal There were abnormal chest CT changes in 14 cases including 9 cases with patchy ground glass opacities and nodules mostly located in the lower lobe of both lungs near the pleural area After receiving supportive treatment the viral nucleic acid turned negative in 25 cases within 7 23 days Among them 24 children 77\% recovered and were discharged from hospital No death occurred Conclusions < b> In this case series 2019 nCoV infections in children from six provinces autonomous region in northern China are mainly caused by close family contact Clinical types are asymptomatic mild and common types Clinical manifestations and laboratory examination results are nonspecific Close contact history of epidemiology nucleic acid detection and chest imaging are important bases for diagnosis After general treatment the short term prognosis is good ',1 32184128,'Is Romania ready to face the novel coronavirus COVID 19 outbreak The role of incoming travelers and that of Romanian diaspora ',?,1 32096692,'Anesthesia Procedure of Emergency Operation for Patients with Suspected or Confirmed COVID 19 ',?,1 31077252,'Simultaneous detection and differentiation of canine parvovirus and feline parvovirus by high resolution melting analysis ','Canine parvovirus CPV and feline parvovirus FPV are causative agents of diarrhea in dogs and cats which manifests as depression vomiting fever loss of appetite leucopenia and diarrhea in young animals CPV and FPV can single or mixed infect cats and cause disease To diagnose sick animals effectively an effective virus diagnostic and genome typing method with high sensitivity and specificity is required ',0 32079577,'Coronavirus Wales tests 90\% of suspected patients in their own home ',?,1 32175070,'Positive Screening for Wuhan Novel Coronavirus Infection at International Airport What s the Final Diagnosis for Positive Cases ',?,1 30985968,'Emerging respiratory infections threatening public health in the Asia Pacific region A position paper of the Asian Pacific Society of Respirology ','In past decades we have seen several epidemics of respiratory infections from newly emerging viruses most of which originated in animals These emerging infections including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV and the pandemic influenza A H1N1 and avian influenza AI viruses have seriously threatened global health and the economy In particular MERS CoV and AI A H7N9 are still causing infections in several areas and some clustering of cases of A H5N1 and A H7N9 may imply future possible pandemics Additionally given the inappropriate use of antibiotics and international travel the spread of carbapenem resistant Gram negative bacteria is also a significant concern These infections with epidemic or pandemic potential present a persistent threat to public health and a huge burden on healthcare services in the Asia Pacific region Therefore to enable efficient infection prevention and control more effective international surveillance and collaboration systems in the context of the One Health approach are necessary ',0 32101396,'Nanoplasmonic On Chip PCR for Rapid Precision Molecular Diagnostics ','Emerging molecular diagnosis requires ultrafast polymerase chain reaction PCR on chip for rapid precise detection of infectious diseases in the point of care test Here we report nanoplasmonic on chip PCR for rapid precision molecular diagnostics The nanoplasmonic pillar arrays NPA comprise gold nanoislands on the top and sidewall of large scale glass nanopillar arrays The nanoplasmonic pillars enhance light absorption of a white light emitting diode LED over the whole visible range due to strong electromagnetic hotspots between the nanoislands As a result they effectively induce photothermal heating for ultrafast PCR thermal cycling The temperature profile of NPA exhibits 30 cycles between 98 and 60 degC for a total of 3 min and 30 s during the cyclic excitation of white LED light The experimental results also demonstrate the rapid DNA amplification of both 0 1 ng mL 1< sup> of l DNA in 20 thermal cycles and 0 1 ng mL 1< sup> of complementary DNA of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in 30 thermal cycles using a conventional PCR volume of 15 mL This nanoplasmonic PCR technique provides a new opportunity for rapid precision molecular diagnostics ',0 31992543,'The coronavirus outbreak the central role of primary care in emergency preparedness and response ',?,1 32188728,'Structure Guided Mutagenesis Alters Deubiquitinating Activity and Attenuates Pathogenesis of a Murine Coronavirus ','Coronaviruses express a multifunctional papain like protease termed PLP2 PLP2 acts as a protease that cleaves the viral replicase polyprotein and a deubiquitinating DUB enzyme which removes ubiquitin moieties from ubiquitin conjugated proteins Previous in vitro< i> studies implicated PLP2 DUB activity as a negative regulator of the host interferon IFN response but the role of DUB activity during virus infection was unknown Here we used X ray structure guided mutagenesis and functional studies to identify amino acid substitutions within the ubiquitin binding surface of PLP2 that reduced DUB activity without affecting polyprotein processing activity We engineered a DUB mutation Asp1772 to Ala into a murine coronavirus and evaluated the replication and pathogenesis of the DUB mutant virus DUBmut in cultured macrophages and in mice We found that the DUBmut virus replicates similarly as the wild type virus in cultured cells but the DUBmut virus activates an IFN response at earlier times compared to the wild type virus infection in macrophages consistent with DUB activity negatively regulating the IFN response We compared the pathogenesis of the DUBmut virus to the wild type virus and found that the DUBmut infected mice had a statistically significant reduction p< 0 05 in viral titer in livers and spleens at day 5 post infection albeit both wild type and DUBmut virus infections resulted in similar liver pathology Overall this study demonstrates that structure guided mutagenesis aids the identification of critical determinants of PLP2 ubiquitin complex and that PLP2 DUB activity plays a role as an interferon antagonist in coronavirus pathogenesis IMPORTANCE< b> Coronaviruses employ a genetic economy by encoding multifunctional proteins that function in viral replication and also modify the host environment to disarm the innate immune response The coronavirus papain like protease 2 PLP2 domain possesses protease activity which cleaves the viral replicase polyprotein and also DUB activity de conjugating ubiquitin ubiquitin like molecules from modified substrates using identical catalytic residues To separate the DUB activity from the protease activity we employed a structure guided mutagenesis approach and identified residues that are important for ubiquitin binding We found that mutating the ubiquitin binding residues results in a PLP2 that has reduced DUB activity but retains protease activity We engineered a recombinant murine coronavirus to express the DUB mutant and showed that the DUB mutant virus activated an earlier type I interferon response in macrophages and exhibited reduced replication in mice The results of this study demonstrate that PLP2 DUB is an interferon antagonist and a virulence trait of coronaviruses ',1 32188484,'Host susceptibility to severe COVID 19 and establishment of a host risk score findings of 487 cases outside Wuhan ',?,1 31329652,'Superior immune responses induced by intranasal immunization with recombinant adenovirus based vaccine expressing full length Spike protein of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV causes an acute and severe lower respiratory illness as well as vomiting diarrhea and renal failure Because no licensed MERS CoV vaccines are currently available preventive and therapeutic measures are urgently needed The surface spike S glycoprotein of MERS CoV which binds to the cellular receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4 DPP4 is considered as a major target for MERS CoV vaccine development Here we designed recombinant replication deficient adenovirus based vaccines expressing the N terminal domain rAd NTD and receptor binding domain rAd RBD of the MERS CoV S1 subunit and full length Spike protein rAd Spike We found that immunization with candidate vaccines via intranasal route induced S1 specific IgG antibodies and neutralizing antibodies against MERS spike pseudotyped virus Especially rAd Spike induced the highest neutralizing antibody titer and the strongest cytokine induced T cell responses among the three candidate vaccines To compare the immune responses induced by different administration routes rAd Spike was administered via intranasal sublingual or intramuscular route All these administration routes exhibited neutralizing effects in the serum MERS CoV specific neutralizing IgA antibodies in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were only induced by intranasal and sublingual administration but not by intramuscular administration Intranasal administration with rAd Spike also created resident memory CD8 T cells in the airway and lung parenchyma Taken together our results showed that both the humoral and cellular immune responses are highly induced by rAd Spike administration suggesting that rAd Spike may confer protection against MERS CoV infection ',0 31497405,'Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and the One Health concept ','Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV is one of the major threats to the healthcare systems in some countries especially in the Arabian Peninsula MERS CoV is considered an ideal example of the One Health concept This is due to the animals especially dromedary camels play important roles in the transmission and sustainability of the virus and the virus can be transmitted through aerosols of infected patients into the environment However there is some debate regarding the origin of MERS CoV either from bats or other unknown reservoirs The dromedary camel is the only identified animal reservoir to date These animals play important roles in sustaining the virus in certain communities and may act as an amplifier of the virus by secreting it in their body fluids especially in nasal and rectal discharges MERS CoV has been detected in the nasal and rectal secretions of infected camels and MERS CoV of this origin has full capacity to infect human airway epithelium in both in vitro and in vivo models Other evidence confirms the direct transmission of MERS CoV from camels to humans though the role of camel meat and milk products has yet to be well studied Human to human transmission is well documented through contact with an active infected patient or some silently infected persons Furthermore there are some significant risk factors of individuals in close contact with a positive MERS CoV patient including sleeping in the same patient room removing patient waste urine stool and sputum and touching respiratory secretions from the index case Outbreaks within family clusters have been reported whereby some blood relative patients were infected through their wives in the same house were not infected Some predisposing genetic factors favor MERS CoV infection in some patients which is worth investigating in the near future The presence of other comorbidities may be another factor Overall there are many unknown confirmed aspects of the virus human animal network Here the most recent advances in this context are discussed and the possible reasons behind the emergence and sustainability of MERS CoV in certain regions are presented Identification of the exact mechanism of transmission of MERS CoV from camels to humans and searching for new reservoir s are of high priority This will reduce the shedding of the virus into the environment and thus the risk of human infection can be mitigated ',0 30826285,'Early respiratory viral infections in infants with cystic fibrosis ','Viral infections contribute to morbidity in cystic fibrosis CF but the impact of respiratory viruses on the development of airway disease is poorly understood ',0 32100486,'2019 Novel Coronavirus COVID 19 Pneumonia Serial Computed Tomography Findings ','From December 2019 Coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 pneumonia formerly known as the 2019 novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV broke out in Wuhan China In this study we present serial CT findings in a 40 year old female patient with COVID 19 pneumonia who presented with the symptoms of fever chest tightness and fatigue She was diagnosed with COVID 19 infection confirmed by real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction CT showed rapidly progressing peripheral consolidations and ground glass opacities in both lungs After treatment the lesions were shown to be almost absorbed leaving the fibrous lesions ',1 32175719,'Impact of COVID 19 outbreak on rehabilitation services and Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine PRM physicians activities in Italy An official document of the Italian PRM Society SIMFER ',?,1 31559953,'Vaccine against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus ',?,0 31652591,'The S2 Subunit of QX type Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus Spike Protein Is an Essential Determinant of Neurotropism ','Some coronaviruses CoVs have an extra furin cleavage site RRKR S furin S2 site upstream of the fusion peptide in the spike protein which plays roles in virion adsorption and fusion Mutation of the S2 site of QX genotype QX type infectious bronchitis virus IBV spike protein S in a recombinant virus background results in higher pathogenicity pronounced neural symptoms and neurotropism when compared with conditions in wild type IBV WT IBV infected chickens In this study we present evidence suggesting that recombinant IBV with a mutant S2 site furin S2 site leads to higher mortality Infection with mutant IBV induces severe encephalitis and breaks the blood brain barrier The results of a neutralization test and immunoprotection experiment show that an original serum and vaccine can still provide effective protection in vivo and in vitro This is the first demonstration of IBV induced neural symptoms in chickens with encephalitis and the furin S2 site as a determinant of neurotropism ',0 32158961,'First two months of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease COVID 19 epidemic in China real time surveillance and evaluation with a second derivative model ','Similar to outbreaks of many other infectious diseases success in controlling the novel 2019 coronavirus infection requires a timely and accurate monitoring of the epidemic particularly during its early period with rather limited data while the need for information increases explosively ',1 31961300,'Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Transmission ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV infection causes a spectrum of respiratory illness from asymptomatic to mild to fatal MERS CoV is transmitted sporadically from dromedary camels to humans and occasionally through human to human contact Current epidemiologic evidence supports a major role in transmission for direct contact with live camels or humans with symptomatic MERS but little evidence suggests the possibility of transmission from camel products or asymptomatic MERS cases Because a proportion of case patients do not report direct contact with camels or with persons who have symptomatic MERS further research is needed to conclusively determine additional mechanisms of transmission to inform public health practice and to refine current precautionary recommendations ',0 31978293,'A Novel Coronavirus Emerging in China Key Questions for Impact Assessment ',?,1 32075791,'Covid 19 a puzzle with many missing pieces ',?,1 32167173,'The potential chemical structure of anti SARS CoV 2 RNA dependent RNA polymerase ','An outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 occurred in Wuhan and it has rapidly spread to almost all parts of the world For coronaviruses RNA dependent RNA polymerase RdRp is an important protease that catalyzes the replication of RNA from RNA template and is an attractive therapeutic target In this study we screened these chemical structures from traditional Chinese medicinal compounds proven to show antiviral activity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV and the similar chemical structures through a molecular docking study to target RdRp of SARS CoV 2 SARS CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV We found that theaflavin has a lower idock score in the catalytic pocket of RdRp in SARS CoV 2 9 11 kcal mol SARS CoV 8 03 kcal mol and MERS CoV 8 26 kcal mol from idock To confirm the result we discovered that theaflavin has lower binding energy of 8 8 kcal mol when it docks in the catalytic pocket of SARS CoV 2 RdRp by using the Blind Docking server Regarding contact modes hydrophobic interactions contribute significantly in binding and additional hydrogen bonds were found between theaflavin and RdRp Moreover one p cation interaction was formed between theaflavin and Arg553 from the Blind Docking server Our results suggest that theaflavin could be a potential SARS CoV 2 RdRp inhibitor for further study ',1 31578288,'Small Molecule Antiviral b d N< i>4< sup> Hydroxycytidine Inhibits a Proofreading Intact Coronavirus with a High Genetic Barrier to Resistance ','Coronaviruses CoVs have emerged from animal reservoirs to cause severe and lethal disease in humans but there are currently no FDA approved antivirals to treat the infections One class of antiviral compounds nucleoside analogues mimics naturally occurring nucleosides to inhibit viral replication While these compounds have been successful therapeutics for several viral infections mutagenic nucleoside analogues such as ribavirin and 5 fluorouracil have been ineffective at inhibiting CoVs This has been attributed to the proofreading activity of the viral 3 5 exoribonuclease ExoN b d N< i>4< sup> Hydroxycytidine NHC EIDD 1931 Emory Institute for Drug Development has recently been reported to inhibit multiple viruses Here we demonstrate that NHC inhibits both murine hepatitis virus MHV 50\% effective concentration EC50< sub> = 0 17 mM and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV MERS CoV EC50< sub> = 0 56 mM with minimal cytotoxicity NHC inhibited MHV lacking ExoN proofreading activity similarly to wild type WT MHV suggesting an ability to evade or overcome ExoN activity NHC inhibited MHV only when added early during infection decreased viral specific infectivity and increased the number and proportion of G A and C U transition mutations present after a single infection Low level NHC resistance was difficult to achieve and was associated with multiple transition mutations across the genome in both MHV and MERS CoV These results point to a virus mutagenic mechanism of NHC inhibition in CoVs and indicate a high genetic barrier to NHC resistance Together the data support further development of NHC for treatment of CoVs and suggest a novel mechanism of NHC interaction with the CoV replication complex that may shed light on critical aspects of replication IMPORTANCE< b> The emergence of coronaviruses CoVs into human populations from animal reservoirs has demonstrated their epidemic capability pandemic potential and ability to cause severe disease However no antivirals have been approved to treat these infections Here we demonstrate the potent antiviral activity of a broad spectrum ribonucleoside analogue b d N< i>4< sup> hydroxycytidine NHC against two divergent CoVs Viral proofreading activity does not markedly impact sensitivity to NHC inhibition suggesting a novel interaction between a nucleoside analogue inhibitor and the CoV replicase Further passage in the presence of NHC generates only low level resistance likely due to the accumulation of multiple potentially deleterious transition mutations Together these data support a mutagenic mechanism of inhibition by NHC and further support the development of NHC for treatment of CoV infections ',0 31002068,'Risk Factors for MERS CoV Seropositivity among Animal Market and Slaughterhouse Workers Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates 2014 2017 ','Camel contact is a recognized risk factor for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV infection Because specific camel exposures associated with MERS CoV seropositivity are not fully understood we investigated worker camel interactions and MERS CoV seroprevalence We assessed worker seroprevalence in 2 slaughterhouses and 1 live animal market in Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates during 2014 2017 and administered an epidemiologic survey in 2016 and 2017 Across 3 sampling rounds during 2014 2017 we sampled 100 235 workers and 6\% 19\% were seropositive for MERS CoV at each sampling round One 1 4\% of 70 seronegative workers tested at multiple rounds seroconverted On multivariable analyses working as a camel salesman handling live camels or their waste and having diabetes were associated with seropositivity among all workers whereas handling live camels and either administering medications or cleaning equipment was associated with seropositivity among market workers Characterization of high risk exposures is critical for implementation of preventive measures ',0 31186042,'Quality of life reported by survivors after hospitalization for Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS ','Data are lacking on impact of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MERS on health related quality of life HRQoL among survivors ',0 32196406,'COVID 19 Coronavirus ','This strain of coronavirus is a new one and scientists do not yet know all there is to know about it While these common sense points will always be helpful it is important that you keep up to date with the advice being given by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC < b> and NHS England< b> and how it might affect you personally These suggestions have been produced using the most up to date advice available to us from our Scientific and Medical Advisors and are not intended to replace or supersede advice you may have been given from your health care professional ',1 32027035,'Transmission dynamics and evolutionary history of 2019 nCoV ','To investigate the time origin genetic diversity and transmission dynamics of the recent 2019 nCoV outbreak in China and beyond a total of 32 genomes of virus strains sampled from China Thailand and the USA with sampling dates between 24 December 2019 and 23 January 2020 were analyzed Phylogenetic transmission network and likelihood mapping analyses of the genome sequences were performed On the basis of the likelihood mapping analysis the increasing tree like signals from 0\% to 8 2\% 18 2\% and 25 4\% over time may be indicative of increasing genetic diversity of 2019 nCoV in human hosts We identified three phylogenetic clusters using the Bayesian inference framework and three transmission clusters using transmission network analysis with only one cluster identified by both methods using the above genome sequences of 2019 nCoV strains The estimated mean evolutionary rate for 2019 nCoV ranged from 1 7926 x 10 3< sup> to 1 8266 x 10 3< sup> substitutions per site per year On the basis of our study undertaking epidemiological investigations and genomic data surveillance could positively impact public health in terms of guiding prevention efforts to reduce 2019 nCOV transmission in real time ',1 32087098,'Enteric involvement of coronaviruses is faecal oral transmission of SARS CoV 2 possible ',?,1 32145323,'Understanding the emerging coronavirus what it means for health security and infection prevention ',?,1 31883089,'Antigen Capture Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detecting Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Humans ','The Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS is the second novel zoonotic disease infecting humans caused by coronavirus CoV in this century To date more than 2200 laboratory confirmed human cases have been identified in 27 countries and more than 800 MERS CoV associated deaths have been reported since its outbreak in 2012 Rapid laboratory diagnosis of MERS CoV is the key to successful containment and prevention of the spread of infection Though the gold standard for diagnosing MERS CoV infection in humans is still nucleic acid amplification test NAAT of the up E region an antigen capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ELISA could also be of use for early diagnosis in less developed locations In the present method a step by step guide to perform a MERS CoV nucleocapsid protein NP capture ELISA using two NP specific monoclonal antibodies is provided for readers to develop their in house workflow or diagnostic kit for clinical use and for mass screening project of animals e g dromedaries and bats to better understand the spread and evolution of the virus ',0 31810359,'A Recombinant Influenza A H1N1 Carrying A Short Immunogenic Peptide of MERS CoV as Bivalent Vaccine in BALB c Mice ','Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV became a global human health threat since its first documentation in humans in 2012 An efficient vaccine for the prophylaxis of humans in hotspots of the infection e g Saudi Arabia is necessary but no commercial vaccines are yet approved In this study a chimeric DNA construct was designed to encode an influenza A H1N1 NA protein which is flanking immunogenic amino acids aa 736 761 of MERS CoV spike protein Using the generated chimeric construct a novel recombinant vaccine strain against pandemic influenza A virus H1N1pdm09 and MERS CoV was generated chimeric bivalent 5 + 3 The chimeric bivalent 5 + 3 vaccine strain comprises a recombinant PR8 based vaccine expressing the PB1 HA and chimeric NA of pandemic 2009 H1N1 Interestingly an increase in replication efficiency of the generated vaccine strain was observed when compared to the PR8 based 5 + 3 H1N1pdm09 vaccine strain that lacks the MERS CoV spike peptide insert In BALB c mice the inactivated chimeric bivalent vaccine induced potent and specific neutralizing antibodies against MERS CoV and H1N1pdm09 This novel approach succeeded in developing a recombinant influenza virus with potential use as a bivalent vaccine against H1N1pdm09 and MERS CoV This approach provides a basis for the future development of chimeric influenza based vaccines against MERS CoV and other viruses ',0 32149771,'A case of 2019 novel coronavirus infected pneumonia with twice negative 2019 nCoV nucleic acid testing within 8 days ',?,1 32078801,'The Novel Coronavirus Outbreak What We Know and What We Don t ',?,1 32185921,' Challenges and countermeasures on Chinese malaria elimination programme during the coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 outbreak ','Since the end of 2019 the coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 has been extensively epidemic in China which not only seriously threatens the safety and health of Chinese people but also challenges the management of other infectious diseases Currently there are still approximately three thousand malaria cases imported into China every year If the diagnosis and treatment of malaria cases as well as the investigation and response of the epidemic foci are not carried out timely it may endanger patients lives and cause the possible of secondary transmission which threatens the achievements of malaria elimination in China Due to the extensive spread and high transmission ability of the COVID 19 there is a possibility of virus infections among malaria cases during the medical care seeking behaviors and among healthcare professionals during clinical diagnosis and treatment sample collection and testing and epidemiological surveys This paper analyzes the challenges of the COVID 19 for Chinese malaria elimination programme and proposes the countermeasures in response to the COVID 19 outbreak so as to provide the reference for healthcare professionals ',1 32190575,'CT imaging of two cases of one family cluster 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV pneumonia inconsistency between clinical symptoms amelioration and imaging sign progression ',?,1 31419711,'Characterization of a novel bat HKU2 like swine enteric alphacoronavirus SeACoV infection in cultured cells and development of a SeACoV infectious clone ','Swine enteric alphacoronavirus SeACoV also known as swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus SADS CoV belongs to the species Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2 Herein we report on the primary characterization of SeACoV in vitro Four antibodies against the SeACoV spike membrane nucleocapsid and nonstructural protein 3 capable of reacting with viral antigens in SeACoV infected Vero cells were generated We established a DNA launched SeACoV infectious clone based on the cell adapted passage 10 virus and rescued the recombinant virus with a unique genetic marker in cultured cells Six subgenomic mRNAs containing the leader body junction sites including a bicistronic mRNA encoding the accessory NS7a and NS7b genes were experimentally identified in SeACoV infected cells Cellular ultrastructural changes induced by SeACoV infection were visualized by electron microscopy The availability of the SeACoV infectious clone and a panel of antibodies against different viral proteins will facilitate further studies on understanding the molecular mechanisms of SeACoV replication and pathogenesis ',0 32199889,'Should biologics for psoriasis be interrupted in the era of COVID 19 ',?,1 32200398,'The Novel Coronavirus SARS CoV 2 Epidemic ',?,1 32046816,'Effectiveness of airport screening at detecting travellers infected with novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV ','We evaluated effectiveness of thermal passenger screening for 2019 nCoV infection at airport exit and entry to inform public health decision making In our baseline scenario we estimated that 46\% 95\% confidence interval 36 to 58 of infected travellers would not be detected depending on incubation period sensitivity of exit and entry screening and proportion of asymptomatic cases Airport screening is unlikely to detect a sufficient proportion of 2019 nCoV infected travellers to avoid entry of infected travellers ',1 32173256,'SARS Coronavirus Redux ','As an atypical pneumonia began to appear in December 2019 Zhou et al worked with remarkable speed to identify the associated virus determine its relationship to animal viruses and evaluate factors conferring infection susceptibility and resistance These foundational results are being advanced to control the current worldwide human coronavirus epidemic ',1 32004690,'Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV Surveillance and testing in North England from 2012 to 2019 ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV emerged in Saudi Arabia in 2012 and caused an epidemic in the Middle East Public Health England PHE Manchester is one of the two PHE centres in the UK that perform testing for MERS CoV The results of the PHE Manchester MERS surveillance from 2012 to 2019 are presented in this report ',0 32169673,'Genetic evolution analysis of 2019 novel coronavirus and coronavirus from other species ','The Corona Virus Disease 2019 COVID 19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 is a Public Health Emergency of International Concern However so far there are still controversies about the source of the virus and its intermediate host Here we found the novel coronavirus was closely related to coronaviruses derived from five wild animals including Paguma larvata Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Civet Aselliscus stoliczkanus and Rhinolophus sinicus and was in the same branch of the phylogenetic tree However genome and ORF1a homology show that the virus is not the same coronavirus as the coronavirus derived from these five animals whereas the virus has the highest homology with Bat coronavirus isolate RaTG13 ',1 32061198,' Inhibitors of RAS Might Be a Good Choice for the Therapy of COVID 19 Pneumonia ','The novel coronavirus 2019 COVID 19 infected patients by binding human ACE2 leading to severe pneumonia and highly mortality rate in patients At present there is no definite and effective treatment for COVID 19 ACE2 plays an important role in the RAS and the imbalance between ACE Ang II AT1R pathway and ACE2 Ang 1 7 Mas receptor pathway in the RAS system will lead to multi system inflammation Increased ACE and Ang II are poor prognostic factors for severe pneumonia Animal studies have shown that RAS inhibitors could effectively relieve symptoms of acute severe pneumonia and respiratory failure The binding of COVID 19 and ACE2 resulted in the exhaustion of ACE2 and then ACE2 Ang 1 7 Mas receptor pathway was inhibited The balance of the RAS system was broken and this would lead to the exacerbation of acute severe pneumonia Therefore we speculate that ACEI and AT1R inhibitors could be used in patients with COVID 19 pneumonia under the condition of controlling blood pressure and might reduce the pulmonary inflammatory response and mortality ',1 32179701,'Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus SARS CoV2 ','Estimation of the prevalence and contagiousness of undocumented novel coronavirus SARS CoV2 infections is critical for understanding the overall prevalence and pandemic potential of this disease Here we use observations of reported infection within China in conjunction with mobility data a networked dynamic metapopulation model and Bayesian inference to infer critical epidemiological characteristics associated with SARS CoV2 including the fraction of undocumented infections and their contagiousness We estimate 86\% of all infections were undocumented 95\% CI 82\% 90\% prior to 23 January 2020 travel restrictions Per person the transmission rate of undocumented infections was 55\% of documented infections 46\% 62\% yet due to their greater numbers undocumented infections were the infection source for 79\% of documented cases These findings explain the rapid geographic spread of SARS CoV2 and indicate containment of this virus will be particularly challenging ',1 32112549,' Medical diagnosis and treatment strategies for malignant tumors of the digestive system during the outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia ','Since the outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia in December 2019 the diagnosis and treatment of patients with cancer have been facing great challenges Although oncologists are not fighting on the front line to against the epidemic during this special period we should not only protect patients their families and medical staff from the infection of novel Coronavirus but also minimize the impact of the epidemic on the diagnosis and the treatment of patients with cancer Combining the guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of tumors with our clinical experience in this epidemic period we discuss the strategies for diagnosis treatment and follow up of malignant tumors of the digestive system in this article ',1 32088339,'The basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV estimation based on exponential growth in the early outbreak in China from 2019 to 2020 A reply to Dhungana ',?,1 31801868,'Trypsin Treatment Unlocks Barrier for Zoonotic Bat Coronavirus Infection ','Traditionally the emergence of coronaviruses CoVs has been attributed to a gain in receptor binding in a new host Our previous work with severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS like viruses argued that bats already harbor CoVs with the ability to infect humans without adaptation These results suggested that additional barriers limit the emergence of zoonotic CoV In this work we describe overcoming host restriction of two Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS like bat CoVs using exogenous protease treatment We found that the spike protein of PDF2180 CoV a MERS like virus found in a Ugandan bat could mediate infection of Vero and human cells in the presence of exogenous trypsin We subsequently show that the bat virus spike can mediate the infection of human gut cells but is unable to infect human lung cells Using receptor blocking antibodies we show that infection with the PDF2180 spike does not require MERS CoV receptor DPP4 and antibodies developed against the MERS spike receptor binding domain and S2 portion are ineffective in neutralizing the PDF2180 chimera Finally we found that the addition of exogenous trypsin also rescues HKU5 CoV a second bat group 2c CoV Together these results indicate that proteolytic cleavage of the spike not receptor binding is the primary infection barrier for these two group 2c CoVs Coupled with receptor binding proteolytic activation offers a new parameter to evaluate the emergence potential of bat CoVs and offers a means to recover previously unrecoverable zoonotic CoV strains IMPORTANCE< b> Overall our studies demonstrate that proteolytic cleavage is the primary barrier to infection for a subset of zoonotic coronaviruses Moving forward the results argue that both receptor binding and proteolytic cleavage of the spike are critical factors that must be considered for evaluating the emergence potential and risk posed by zoonotic coronaviruses In addition the findings also offer a novel means to recover previously uncultivable zoonotic coronavirus strains and argue that other tissues including the digestive tract could be a site for future coronavirus emergence events in humans ',0 32146554,'Containing 2019 nCoV Wuhan coronavirus ','The novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV first appeared in December 2019 in Wuhan China While most of the initial cases were linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market person to person transmission has been verified Given that a vaccine cannot be developed and deployed for at least a year preventing further transmission relies upon standard principles of containment two of which are the isolation of known cases and the quarantine of persons believed at high risk of exposure This note presents probability models for assessing the effectiveness of case isolation and quarantine within a community during the initial phase of an outbreak with illustrations based on early observations from Wuhan ',1 32184276,'Helen Salisbury What might we learn from the covid 19 pandemic ',?,1 31106678,'The Causes of Canine Myocarditis and Myocardial Fibrosis Are Elusive by Targeted Molecular Testing Retrospective Analysis and Literature Review ','Myocarditis can cause death or permanent heart damage As epidemiologic and etiopathologic data for canine myocarditis are lacking we performed a retrospective study using nucleic acid extracted from archived 2007 to 2015 tissues from myocarditis cases and control dogs without myocardial lesions Heart tissue from pediatric juvenile and adult dogs was tested with a comprehensive panel of conventional and real time polymerase chain reaction PCR assays targeting recognized agents of canine myocarditis based on a literature review and informed by the comparative epidemiology of human myocarditis The PCR screen which included canine parvovirus 2 CPV 2 canine distemper virus canine herpesvirus Borrelia spp< i> West Nile virus adenovirus parainfluenza virus pneumovirus respiratory coronavirus influenza virus Bartonella spp< i> Rickettsia spp< i> Mycoplasma spp< i> and Neospora caninum< i> did not detect agents in 35 of 66 cases 53\% 95\% confidence interval CI 41\% 65\% and was frequently negative in adults 21 26 by comparison agents were not detected in 27 of 57 controls 47\% 95\% CI 35\% 60\% Canine distemper virus herpesvirus adenovirus coronavirus parainfluenza virus Mycoplasma haemocanis< i> and N caninum< i> were occasionally detected in both cases and controls thus PCR detection was not considered to indicate causation We previously reported that CPV 2 continues to be associated with myocarditis in young dogs despite widespread vaccination in adults CPV 2 was detected in 2 of 26 cases and 4 of 22 controls As several agents were similarly detected in cases and controls it is unclear if these are cardiopathogenic incidental or latent West Nile virus was detected at the analytic limit in 1 adult case We did not detect Borrelia spp< i> Bartonella spp< i> Rickettsia spp< i> or influenza A virus in the myocarditis cases These data demonstrate the limitations of current targeted diagnostic tests and the need for additional research to identify unknown agents and develop testing strategies for canine myocarditis ',0 32108093,'Strategies shift as coronavirus pandemic looms ',?,1 32102928,'Diarrhoea may be underestimated a missing link in 2019 novel coronavirus ',?,1 32198713,'A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus 2019 nCoV Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility ',?,1 32054045,'Initial Cluster of Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV Infections in Wuhan China Is Consistent with Substantial Human to Human Transmission ','Reanalysis of the epidemic curve from the initial cluster of cases with novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV in December 2019 indicates substantial human to human transmission It is possible that the common exposure history at a seafood market in Wuhan originated from the human to human transmission events within the market and the early strong emphasis that market exposure indicated animal to human transmission was potentially the result of observer bias To support the hypothesis of zoonotic origin of 2019 nCoV stemming from the Huanan seafood market the index case should have had exposure history related to the market and the virus should have been identified from animals sold at the market As these requirements remain unmet zoonotic spillover at the market must not be overemphasized ',1 31653070,'Identification of a Novel Betacoronavirus Merbecovirus< i> in Amur Hedgehogs from China ','While dromedaries are the immediate animal source of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MERS epidemic viruses related to MERS coronavirus MERS CoV have also been found in bats as well as hedgehogs To elucidate the evolution of MERS CoV related viruses and their interspecies transmission pathway samples were collected from different mammals in China A novel coronavirus related to MERS CoV Erinaceus amurensis< i> hedgehog coronavirus HKU31 Ea< i> HedCoV HKU31 was identified from two Amur hedgehogs Genome analysis supported that Ea< i> HedCoV HKU31 represents a novel species under Merbecovirus< i> being most closely related to Erinaceus< i> CoV from European hedgehogs in Germany with 79 6\% genome sequence identity Compared to other members of Merbecovirus< i> Ea< i> HedCoV HKU31 possessed unique non structural proteins and putative cleavage sites at ORF1ab Phylogenetic analysis showed that Ea< i> HedCoV HKU31 and BetaCoV Erinaceus VMC DEU 2012 were closely related to NeoCoV and BatCoV PREDICT from African bats in the spike region suggesting that the latter bat viruses have arisen from recombination between CoVs from hedgehogs and bats The predicted HKU31 receptor binding domain RBD possessed only one out of 12 critical amino acid residues for binding to human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 hDPP4 the MERS CoV receptor The structural modeling of the HKU31 RBD hDPP4 binding interphase compared to that of MERS CoV and Tylonycteris< i> bat CoV HKU4 Ty< i> BatCoV HKU4 suggested that HKU31 RBD is unlikely to bind to hDPP4 Our findings support that hedgehogs are an important reservoir of Merbecovirus< i> with evidence of recombination with viruses from bats Further investigations in bats hedgehogs and related animals are warranted to understand the evolution of MERS CoV related viruses ',0 32026147,'Diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children a pressing issue ',?,1 32007143,'Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan China a descriptive study ','In December 2019 a pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV emerged in Wuhan China We aimed to further clarify the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 2019 nCoV pneumonia ',1 32093461,'A Novel Approach of Consultation on 2019 Novel Coronavirus COVID 19 Related Psychological and Mental Problems Structured Letter Therapy ',?,1 30929566,'3 Trifluoromethylpyrazolones derived nucleosides Synthesis and antiviral evaluation ','Dengue DENV viral infection is a global public health problem that infrequently develops life threatening diseases such as dengue hemorrhagic fever DFS and dengue shock syndrome DSS Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV is a highly pathogenic human corona virus with 38\% fatality rate of infected patients A series of 4 arylhydrazono 5 trifluoromethyl pyrazolones their ribofuranosyl and 5 deoxyribofuranosyl nucleosides were synthesized geometry optimized using Density functional theory DFT and evaluated for their antiviral activity 2 Nitrophenylhydrazonopyra zolone derivative 5 showed significant activity against MERS CoV EC50< sub> = 4 6 mM The nucleoside analog 8 showed moderate activity against DENV 2 EC50< sub> = 10 mM while the activity was abolished with the corresponding 5 deoxyribonucleoside analogs The identified hits in this study set this category of compounds for further future optimizations ',0 32118371,'The third coronavirus epidemic in the third millennium what s next ',?,1 31724441,'Inhibition of SARS CoV 3CL protease by flavonoids ','There were severe panics caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SARS and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Therefore researches targeting these viruses have been required Coronaviruses CoVs have been rising targets of some flavonoids The antiviral activity of some flavonoids against CoVs is presumed directly caused by inhibiting 3C like protease 3CLpro Here we applied a flavonoid library to systematically probe inhibitory compounds against SARS CoV 3CLpro Herbacetin rhoifolin and pectolinarin were found to efficiently block the enzymatic activity of SARS CoV 3CLpro The interaction of the three flavonoids was confirmed using a tryptophan based fluorescence method too An induced fit docking analysis indicated that S1 S2 and S3 sites are involved in binding with flavonoids The comparison with previous studies showed that Triton X 100 played a critical role in objecting false positive or overestimated inhibitory activity of flavonoids With the systematic analysis the three flavonoids are suggested to be templates to design functionally improved inhibitors ',0 31351923,'First clinical trial of a MERS coronavirus DNA vaccine ',?,0 32144097,'What can early Canadian experience screening for COVID 19 teach us about how to prepare for a pandemic ',?,1 31883095,'Development of a Mouse Adapted MERS Coronavirus ','First identified in 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV is a novel virus that can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS multiorgan failure and death with a case fatality rate of ~35\% An animal model that supports MERS CoV infection and causes severe lung disease is useful to study pathogenesis and evaluate therapies and vaccines The murine dipeptidyl peptidase 4 Dpp4 protein is not a functional receptor for MERS CoV thus mice are resistant to MERS CoV infection We generated human DPP4 knock in hDPP4 KI mice by replacing exons 10 12 at the mouse Dpp4 locus with exons 10 12 from the human DPP4 gene The resultant human DPP4 KI mice are permissive to MERS CoV HCoV EMC 2012 strain infection but develop no disease To generate a mouse model with associated morbidity and mortality from respiratory disease we serially passaged HCoV EMC 2012 strain in the lungs of young hDPP4 KI mice After 30 in vivo passages an adapted virus clone was isolated and designated MERSMA< sub>6 1 2 This virus clone produced significantly higher titers than the parental clone in the lungs of hDPP4 KI mice and caused diffuse lung injury and a fatal respiratory infection In this chapter we will describe in detail the procedures used to mouse adapt MERS CoV by serial passage of the virus in lungs We also describe the methods used to isolate virus clones and characterize virus infection ',0 30882305,'Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection Dynamics and Antibody Responses among Clinically Diverse Patients Saudi Arabia ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV shedding and antibody responses are not fully understood particularly in relation to underlying medical conditions clinical manifestations and mortality We enrolled MERS CoV positive patients at a hospital in Saudi Arabia and periodically collected specimens from multiple sites for real time reverse transcription PCR and serologic testing We conducted interviews and chart abstractions to collect clinical epidemiologic and laboratory information We found that diabetes mellitus among survivors was associated with prolonged MERS CoV RNA detection in the respiratory tract Among case patients who died development of robust neutralizing serum antibody responses during the second and third week of illness was not sufficient for patient recovery or virus clearance Fever and cough among mildly ill patients typically aligned with RNA detection in the upper respiratory tract RNA levels peaked during the first week of illness These findings should be considered in the development of infection control policies vaccines and antibody therapeutics ',0 32047128,'Distinct Roles for Sialoside and Protein Receptors in Coronavirus Infection ','Coronaviruses CoVs are common human and animal pathogens that can transmit zoonotically and cause severe respiratory disease syndromes CoV infection requires spike proteins which bind viruses to host cell receptors and catalyze virus cell membrane fusion Several CoV strains have spike proteins with two receptor binding domains an S1A that engages host sialic acids and an S1B that recognizes host transmembrane proteins As this bivalent binding may enable broad zoonotic CoV infection we aimed to identify roles for each receptor in distinct infection stages Focusing on two betacoronaviruses murine JHM CoV and human Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV we found that virus particle binding to cells was mediated by sialic acids however the transmembrane protein receptors were required for a subsequent virus infection These results favored a two step process in which viruses first adhere to sialic acids and then require subsequent engagement with protein receptors during infectious cell entry However sialic acids sufficiently facilitated the later stages of virus spread through cell cell membrane fusion without requiring protein receptors This virus spread in the absence of the prototype protein receptors was increased by adaptive S1A mutations Overall these findings reveal roles for sialic acids in virus cell binding viral spike protein directed cell cell fusion and resultant spread of CoV infections IMPORTANCE< b> CoVs can transmit from animals to humans to cause serious disease This zoonotic transmission uses spike proteins which bind CoVs to cells with two receptor binding domains Here we identified the roles for the two binding processes in the CoV infection process Binding to sialic acids promoted infection and also supported the intercellular expansion of CoV infections through syncytial development Adaptive mutations in the sialic acid binding spike domains increased the intercellular expansion process These findings raise the possibility that the lectin like properties of many CoVs contribute to facile zoonotic transmission and intercellular spread within infected organisms ',0 32167823,'Potential global pandemics the role of the WHO and other public health bodies ','In light of the emergence of the new coronavirus in China Emeritus Professor Alan Glasper< b> from the University of Southampton discusses the response strategies adopted by international and national public health agencies ',1 30634958,'Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of attenuated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PC22A strain in conventional weaned pigs ','Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV causes diarrhea in all ages of pigs with 50 100\% mortality rates in neonatal piglets In the United States inactivated and subunit PEDV vaccines for pregnant sows are available but fail to induce sufficient protection in neonatal piglets farrowed from PEDV naive sows A safe and efficacious live attenuated vaccine that can prime mucosal immune responses is urgently needed In this study we evaluated the safety and efficacy of two attenuated PEDV vaccine candidates the emerging non S INDEL PEDV strain PC22A at the 100th cell culture passage level Clone no 4 P100C4 and at the 120th passage level P120 in weaned pigs ',0 32173458,'Experience of different upper respiratory tract sampling strategies for detection of COVID 19 ',?,1 31995857,'Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan China of Novel Coronavirus Infected Pneumonia ','The initial cases of novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV infected pneumonia NCIP occurred in Wuhan Hubei Province China in December 2019 and January 2020 We analyzed data on the first 425 confirmed cases in Wuhan to determine the epidemiologic characteristics of NCIP ',1 32175437,'The role of CT for Covid 19 patient s management remains poorly defined ',?,1 30646528,'Genetic Diversity and Phylodynamics of Avian Coronaviruses in Egyptian Wild Birds ','Avian coronaviruses ACoVs are continuously evolving and causing serious economic consequences in the poultry industry and around the globe Owing to their extensive genetic diversity and high mutation rates controlling ACoVs has become a challenge In this context the potential contribution of wild birds in the disease dynamics especially in domesticated birds remains largely unknown In the present study five hundred fifty seven n< i> = 557 cloacal fecal swabs were collected from four different wild bird species from eight Egyptian governorates during 2016 and a total of fourteen positive isolates were used for phylodynamics and evolutionary analysis Genetic relatedness based on spike S1 gene demonstrated the clustering of majority of these isolates where nine isolates grouped within Egy variant 2 IS 885 genotype and five isolates clustered within Egy variant 1 IS 1494 06 genotype Interestingly these isolates showed noticeable genetic diversity and were clustered distal to the previously characterized Egy variant 1 and Egy variant 2 in Egyptian commercial poultry The S1 gene based comparison of nucleotide identity percentages revealed that all fourteen isolates reported in this study were genetically related to the variant GI 23 lineage with 92 100\% identity Taken together our results demonstrate that ACoVs are circulating in Egyptian wild birds and highlight their possible contributions in the disease dynamics The study also proposes that regular monitoring of the ACoVs in wild birds is required to effectively assess the role of wild birds in disease spread and the emergence of ACoVs strains in the country ',0 32179125,'Testing the repatriated for SARS Cov2 Should laboratory based quarantine replace traditional quarantine ','An ongoing epidemic of respiratory diseases caused by a novel coronavirus COVID 2019 SARS CoV2 started in Wuhan Hubei in China at the end of December 2019 The French government decided to repatriate the 337 French nationals living in Wuhan and place them in quarantine in their home country We decided to test them all for SARS Cov2 twice in order to reduce anxiety among the population and decision makers ',1 32196426,'Seasonality of Respiratory Viral Infections ','The seasonal cycle of respiratory viral diseases has been widely recognized for thousands of years as annual epidemics of the common cold and influenza disease hit the human population like clockwork in the winter season in temperate regions Moreover epidemics caused by viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV and the newly emerging SARS CoV 2 occur during the winter months The mechanisms underlying the seasonal nature of respiratory viral infections have been examined and debated for many years The two major contributing factors are the changes in environmental parameters and human behavior Studies have revealed the effect of temperature and humidity on respiratory virus stability and transmission rates More recent research highlights the importance of the environmental factors especially temperature and humidity in modulating host intrinsic innate and adaptive immune responses to viral infections in the respiratory tract Here we review evidence of how outdoor and indoor climates are linked to the seasonality of viral respiratory infections We further discuss determinants of host response in the seasonality of respiratory viruses by highlighting recent studies in the field Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology< i> Volume 7 is September 29 2020 Please see http www annualreviews org page journal pubdates for revised estimates ',1 32118646,'Voice from China nomenclature of the novel coronavirus and related diseases ',?,1 31081548,'The spectrum of viral pathogens in children with severe acute lower respiratory tract infection A 3 year prospective study in the pediatric intensive care unit ','No comprehensive analysis is available on the viral etiology and clinical characterization among children with severe acute lower respiratory tract infection SALRTI in Southern China ',0 30918076,'Analysis of Coronavirus Temperature Sensitive Mutants Reveals an Interplay between the Macrodomain and Papain Like Protease Impacting Replication and Pathogenesis ','Analysis of temperature sensitive ts mutant viruses is a classic method allowing researchers to identify genetic loci involved in viral replication and pathogenesis Here we report genetic analysis of a ts strain of mouse hepatitis virus MHV tsNC11 focusing on the role of mutations in the macrodomain MAC and the papain like protease 2 PLP2 domain of nonstructural protein 3 nsp3 a component of the viral replication complex Using MHV reverse genetics we generated a series of mutant viruses to define the contributions of macrodomain and PLP2 specific mutations to the ts phenotype Viral replication kinetics and efficiency of plating analysis performed at permissive and nonpermissive temperatures revealed that changes in the macrodomain alone were both necessary and sufficient for the ts phenotype Interestingly mutations in the PLP2 domain were not responsible for the temperature sensitivity but did reduce the frequency of reversion of macrodomain mutants Coimmunoprecipitation studies are consistent with an interaction between the macrodomain and PLP2 Expression studies of the macrodomain PLP2 portion of nsp3 indicate that the ts mutations enhance proteasome mediated degradation of the protein Furthermore we found that during virus infection the replicase proteins containing the MAC and PLP2 mutations were more rapidly degraded at the nonpermissive temperature than were the wild type proteins Importantly we show that the macrodomain and PLP2 mutant viruses trigger production of type I interferon in vitro< i> and are attenuated in mice further highlighting the importance of the macrodomain PLP2 interplay in viral pathogenesis IMPORTANCE< b> Coronaviruses CoVs are emerging human and veterinary pathogens with pandemic potential Despite the established and predicted threat these viruses pose to human health there are currently no approved countermeasures to control infections with these viruses in humans Viral macrodomains enzymes that remove posttranslational ADP ribosylation of proteins and viral multifunctional papain like proteases enzymes that cleave polyproteins and remove polyubiquitin chains via deubiquitinating activity are two important virulence factors Here we reveal an unanticipated interplay between the macrodomain and the PLP2 domain that is important for replication and antagonizing the host innate immune response Targeting the interaction of these enzymes may provide new therapeutic opportunities to treat CoV disease ',0 31333767,'Characteristics and outcome of viral pneumonia caused by influenza and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections A 4 year experience from a tertiary care center ','After the emergence of new influenza viruses the morbidity and mortality of viral pneumonia have received a great attention ',0 31585640,'Integrin avb3 enhances replication of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus on Vero E6 and porcine intestinal epithelial cells ','The entry mechanism of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV remains unclear especially the virus receptor Our previous study revealed a potential correlation between integrin avb3 and PEDV infection In the current study the effect of overexpression silencing antibody inhibition and co expression with porcine aminopeptidase N pAPN of integrin avb3 on PEDV infection was investigated and analyzed in African green monkey Vero E6 cells and porcine intestinal epithelial cells IECs using the classical strain CV777 and variant strain HM2017 of PEDV Integrin avb3 significantly enhanced the replication of the classical and variant strains of PEDV in Vero E6 cells and IECs The integrin av and b3 subunits were both involved in the enhancement of PEDV infection the Arg Gly Asp peptides targeting integrin avb3 significantly inhibited replication of PEDV in Vero E6 cells and co expression of integrin avb3 with pAPN significantly enhanced replication of PEDV in Vero E6 and BHK 21 cells These results demonstrate that integrin avb3 enhances PEDV replication in Vero E6 cells and IECs These data provide novel insights into the entry mechanism of PEDV ',0 32088344,'COVID 19 A critical care perspective informed by lessons learnt from other viral epidemics ',?,1 31978945,'A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China 2019 ','In December 2019 a cluster of patients with pneumonia of unknown cause was linked to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan China A previously unknown betacoronavirus was discovered through the use of unbiased sequencing in samples from patients with pneumonia Human airway epithelial cells were used to isolate a novel coronavirus named 2019 nCoV which formed a clade within the subgenus sarbecovirus Orthocoronavirinae subfamily Different from both MERS CoV and SARS CoV 2019 nCoV is the seventh member of the family of coronaviruses that infect humans Enhanced surveillance and further investigation are ongoing Funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China and the National Major Project for Control and Prevention of Infectious Disease in China ',1 31883087,'Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Based Lambda Red Recombination with the I SceI Homing Endonuclease for Genetic Alteration of MERS CoV ','Over the past two decades several coronavirus CoV infectious clones have been engineered allowing for the manipulation of their large viral genomes ~30 kb using unique reverse genetic systems These reverse genetic systems include targeted recombination in vitro ligation vaccinia virus vectors and bacterial artificial chromosomes BACs Quickly after the identification of Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV MERS CoV both in vitro ligation and BAC based reverse genetic technologies were engineered for MERS CoV to study its basic biological properties develop live attenuated vaccines and test antiviral drugs Here I will describe how lambda red recombination can be used with the MERS CoV BAC to quickly and efficiently introduce virtually any type of genetic modification point mutations insertions deletions into the MERS CoV genome and recover recombinant virus ',0 32113507,'Lessons for managing high consequence infections from first COVID 19 cases in the UK ',?,1 31614169,'Preparation of virus like particle mimetic nanovesicles displaying the S protein of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus using insect cells ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV first emerged in 2012 and over 2000 infections and 800 deaths have been confirmed in 27 countries However to date no commercial vaccine is available In this study structural proteins of MERS CoV were expressed in silkworm larvae and Bm5 cells for the development of vaccine candidates against MERS CoV and diagnostic methods The spike S protein of MERS CoV lacking its transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains SDTM was secreted into the hemolymph of silkworm larvae using a bombyxin signal peptide and purified using affinity chromatography The purified SDTM forms small nanoparticles as well as the full length S protein and has the ability to bind human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 DPP4 which is a receptor of MERS CoV These results indicate that bioactive SDTM was expressed in silkworm larvae To produce MERS CoV like particles MERS CoV LPs the coexpression of spike proteins was performed in Bm5 cells and envelope E and membrane M proteins secreted E and M proteins extracellularly suggesting that MERS CoV LPs may be formed However this S protein was not displayed on virus like particles VLPs even though E and M proteins were secreted into the culture supernatant By surfactant treatment and mechanical extrusion using S protein or three structural protein expressing Bm5 cells S protein displaying nanovesicles with diameters of approximately 100 200 nm were prepared and confirmed by immuno TEM The mechanical extrusion method is favorable for obtaining uniform recombinant protein displaying nanovesicles from cultured cells The purified SDTM from silkworm larvae and S protein displaying nanovesicles from Bm5 cells may lead to the development of nanoparticle based vaccines against MERS CoV and the diagnostic detection of MERS CoV ',0 31090444,'Investigation of suspected Newcastle disease ND outbreaks in Egypt uncovers a high virus velogenic ND virus burden in small scale holdings and the presence of multiple pathogens ','Highly contagious Newcastle disease ND is associated with devastating outbreaks with highly variable clinical signs among gallinaceous birds In this study we aimed to verify clinical ND suspicions in poultry holdings in Egypt suffering from respiratory distress and elevated mortality comparing two groups of ND vaccinated poultry holdings in three governorates Besides testing for Newcastle disease virus NDV samples were screened for infectious bronchitis virus IBV and avian influenza virus AIV by RT qPCR as well as by non directed cell culture approach on LMH cells Virulent NDV was confirmed only in group A n< i> = 16 comprising small scale holdings Phylogenetic analysis of the fusion protein gene of 11 NDV positive samples obtained from this group assigned all viruses to genotype 2 VIIb and point to four different virus populations that were circulating at the same time in one governorate indicating independent epidemiological events In group B comprising large commercial broiler farms n< i> = 10 virulent NDV was not present although in six farms NDV vaccine type virus genotype 2 II was detected Besides in both groups co infections by IBV n< i> = 10 AIV H9 n< i> = 3 and or avian reovirus ARV n< i> = 5 and avian astrovirus AastVs n< i> = 1 could be identified Taken together the study confirmed clinical ND suspicion in small scale holdings pointing to inefficient vaccination practices in this group A However it also highlighted that even in an endemic situation like ND in Egypt in cases of suspected ND vaccine failure clinical ND suspicion has to be verified by pathotype specific diagnostic tests RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS< b> Velogenic NDV circulates in small scale poultry holdings in Egypt Viral transmission occurred among neighbouring farms and over long distances Co infections with multiple pathogens were identified Pathotype specific diagnostic tests are essential to verify ND suspicions ',0 32185635,'Successful containment of COVID 19 the WHO Report on the COVID 19 outbreak in China ',?,1 32179567,'Covid 19 outbreak could last until spring 2021 and see 7 9 million hospitalised in the UK ',?,1 32062189,'Unveiling patterns of viral pathogen infection in free ranging carnivores of northern Portugal using a complementary methodological approach ','Pathogen surveillance in free ranging carnivores presents challenges due to their low densitie and secretive nature We combined molecular and serological assays to investigate infections by viral pathogens Canine parvovirus CPV Canine distemper virus CDV and Canine coronavirus CCoV in Portuguese carnivores Canis lupus Vulpes vulpes Lutra lutra Martes foina M martes Meles meles and Genetta genetta over a period of 16 years Additionally we explored spatio temporal patterns of virus occurrence in Canis lupus Our study identified CPV DNA in all carnivore species with an overall prevalence of 91 9 \% CPV was detected in all sampled years and seasons in Canis lupus supporting its enzootic nature CDV RNA was mainly detected in the Canidae family with viral nucleic acid recorded between 2005 and 2008 with a peak prevalence of 67 \% among the wolf population followed by a sharp decline suggesting an epizootic behaviour of the virus Antibodies show that mustelids and viverrids were often exposed to CDV CCoV was first recorded by molecular methods in wolf samples in 2002 remaining in the wolf populations with marked fluctuations over time The dual serological and molecular approach provided important epidemiological data on pathogens of wild carnivores in Portugal These programmes should also include monitoring of other potential reservoir hosts such as domestic cats and dogs ',0 32175814,'Radiology Department Preparedness for COVID 19 Radiology< i> Scientific Expert Panel ',?,1 32074444,'SARS CoV 2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients ',?,1 31546302,'Functional Characterization and Proteomic Analysis of Porcine Deltacoronavirus Accessory Protein NS7 ','Porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV is an emerging swine enteric coronavirus that causes diarrhea in neonatal piglets Like other coronaviruses PDCoV encodes at least three accessory or species specific proteins however the biological roles of these proteins in PDCoV replication remain undetermined As a first step toward understanding the biology of the PDCoV accessory proteins we established a stable porcine cell line constitutively expressing the PDCoV NS7 protein in order to investigate the functional characteristics of NS7 for viral replication Confocal microscopy and subcellular fractionation revealed that the NS7 protein was extensively distributed in the mitochondria Proteomic analysis was then conducted to assess the expression dynamics of the host proteins in the PDCoV NS7 expressing cells Highresolution two dimensional gel electrophoresis initially identified 48 protein spots which were differentially expressed in the presence of NS7 Seven of these spots including two upregulated and five down regulated protein spots showed statistically significant alterations and were selected for subsequent protein identification The affected cellular proteins identified in this study were classified into functional groups involved in various cellular processes such as cytoskeleton networks and cell communication metabolism and protein biosynthesis A substantial down regulation of a actinin 4 was confirmed in NS7 expressing and PDCoV infected cells These proteomic data will provide insights into the understanding of specific cellular responses to the accessory protein during PDCoV infection ',0 32175797,'Can the Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 Affect the Eyes A Review of Coronaviruses and Ocular Implications in Humans and Animals ','In December 2019 a novel coronavirus CoV epidemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 emerged from China This virus causes the coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 Since then there have been anecdotal reports of ocular infection The ocular implications of human CoV infections have not been widely studied However CoVs have been known to cause various ocular infections in animals Clinical entities such as conjunctivitis anterior uveitis retinitis and optic neuritis have been documented in feline and murine models In this article the current evidence suggesting possible human CoV infection of ocular tissue is reviewed The review article will also highlight animal CoVs and their associated ocular infections We hope that this article will serve as a start for further research into the ocular implications of human CoV infections ',1 32169565,'An Invited Commentary on " World Health Organization declares global emergency A review of the 2019 novel Coronavirus COVID 19 " Emergency or new reality ',?,1 32149036,'Identification of Coronavirus Isolated from a Patient in Korea with COVID 19 ','Following reports of patients with unexplained pneumonia at the end of December 2019 in Wuhan China the causative agent was identified as coronavirus SARS CoV 2 and the 2019 novel coronavirus disease was named COVID 19 by the World Health Organization Putative patients with COVID 19 have been identified in South Korea and attempts have been made to isolate the pathogen from these patients ',1 32181904,'Under the epidemic situation of COVID 19 should special attention to pregnant women be given ','The sudden outbreak and spread of COVID 19 in this spring led to a serious challenge to the global public health system So far the number of cases in the mainland of China has exceeded 80 000 In addition to China s neighboring countries like Japan South Korea Thailand and India severe outbreaks have occurred in Italy and many other countries around the world As dated on 12th< sup> Mar WHO statistics showed that the confirmed cases reported outside China rise to more than 30 000 No epidemiological data on the prevalence and proportion of severe cases in pregnant women has been reported till now This commentary gives some opinions on the issues that may be faced by three groups of pregnant population i e late pregnancy early and middle pregnancy and pregnant medical staff Hoping to provide ideas for the development of relevant research and policy making This article is protected by copyright All rights reserved ',1 32146921,'The time varying serial interval of the coronavirus disease COVID 19 and its gender specific difference A data driven analysis using public surveillance data in Hong Kong and Shenzhen China from January 10 to February 15 2020 ',?,1 32065055,'Potent binding of 2019 novel coronavirus spike protein by a SARS coronavirus specific human monoclonal antibody ','The newly identified 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV has caused more than 11 900 laboratory confirmed human infections including 259 deaths posing a serious threat to human health Currently however there is no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine Considering the relatively high identity of receptor binding domain RBD in 2019 nCoV and SARS CoV it is urgent to assess the cross reactivity of anti SARS CoV antibodies with 2019 nCoV spike protein which could have important implications for rapid development of vaccines and therapeutic antibodies against 2019 nCoV Here we report for the first time that a SARS CoV specific human monoclonal antibody CR3022 could bind potently with 2019 nCoV RBD KD of 6 3 nM The epitope of CR3022 does not overlap with the ACE2 binding site within 2019 nCoV RBD These results suggest that CR3022 may have the potential to be developed as candidate therapeutics alone or in combination with other neutralizing antibodies for the prevention and treatment of 2019 nCoV infections Interestingly some of the most potent SARS CoV specific neutralizing antibodies e g m396 CR3014 that target the ACE2 binding site of SARS CoV failed to bind 2019 nCoV spike protein implying that the difference in the RBD of SARS CoV and 2019 nCoV has a critical impact for the cross reactivity of neutralizing antibodies and that it is still necessary to develop novel monoclonal antibodies that could bind specifically to 2019 nCoV RBD ',1 32157230,'Why does the coronavirus spread so easily between people ',?,1 31592229,'Circular RNA CircEZH2 Suppresses Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus induced Opening of Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore via Targeting MiR 22 in IPEC J2 ','Transmissible gastroenteritis TGE is a contagious and infectious disease that is characterized by severe vomiting and diarrhea of swine especially piglet and caused by transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus TGEV TGEV infection provokes mitochondrial damage of porcine intestinal epthelial cell IPEC which is responsible for inflammation and cell death In our previous study we have demonstrated that circular RNA circEZH2 was down regulated during TGEV infection and promoted the activation of nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells NF kB via targeting miR 22 in porcine intestinal epithelial cell line IPEC J2 Activation of NF kB is an important factor for mitochondrial damage Mitochondrial permeability transition pore mPTP opening is a key reason for mitochondrial damage So we speculate that circEZH2 may regulate TGEV induced mPTP opening via NF kB pathway In the present study we found that mPTP opening of IPEC J2 was occured during TGEV infection and suppressed by circEZH2 via attaching miR 22 Hexokinase 2 HK2 and interleukin 6 IL 6 were identified as the targets of miR 22 Silencing HK2 enhanced TGEV induced mPTP opening while no effect on NF kB pathway Silencing IL 6 promoted TGEV induced mPTP opening and inhibited NF kB pathway Inhibitor of NF kB increased TGEV induced mPTP opening The data revealed that TGEV induced mPTP opening was regulated via two pathways circEZH2 miR 22 HK2 axis and circEZH2 miR 22 IL 6 NF kB axis ',0 32031568,'Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of Novel Coronavirus Infections Involving 13 Patients Outside Wuhan China ',?,1 32112886,'Characteristics of COVID 19 infection in Beijing ','Since the first case of a novel coronavirus COVID 19 infection pneumonia was detected in Wuhan China a series of confirmed cases of the COVID 19 were found in Beijing We analyzed the data of 262 confirmed cases to determine the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of COVID 19 in Beijing ',1 32191260,'Securing the Safety Net and Protecting Public Health During a Pandemic Medicaid s Response to COVID 19 ',?,1 31306402,'Respiratory Virus Epidemiology Among US Infants With Severe Bronchiolitis Analysis of 2 Multicenter Multiyear Cohort Studies ','In 2 multicenter cohort studies of 2912 infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis during 2007 2014 the 5 most common pathogens were RSV 76 5\% rhinovirus 23 8\% coronavirus 6 9\% adenovirus 6 4\% and human metapneumovirus 6 0\% Hospitalization months significantly differed for these common pathogens P 0 01 except for coronavirus P = 0 30 There was a significant heterogeneity in temporal patterns by region in RSV A and B both P < 0 001 ',0 32156144,'Protocol for the development of a rapid advice guideline for prevention management and care of children with 2019 novel coronavirus infection ',?,1 31727042,'The global burden of premature mortality due to the Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS using standard expected years of life lost 2012 to 2019 ','It has been 8 years since the first case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV was reported in Saudi Arabia and the disease is still being reported in 27 countries however there is no international study to estimate the overall burden related of this emerging infectious disease The present study was conducted to assess the burden of premature mortality due to Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS worldwide ',0 31553909,'Structural Definition of a Neutralization Sensitive Epitope on the MERS CoV S1 NTD ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV emerged into the human population in 2012 and has caused substantial morbidity and mortality Potently neutralizing antibodies targeting the receptor binding domain RBD on MERS CoV spike S protein have been characterized but much less is known about antibodies targeting non RBD epitopes Here we report the structural and functional characterization of G2 a neutralizing antibody targeting the MERS CoV S1 N terminal domain S1 NTD Structures of G2 alone and in complex with the MERS CoV S1 NTD define a site of vulnerability comprising two loops each of which contain a residue mutated in G2 escape variants Cell surface binding studies and in vitro competition experiments demonstrate that G2 strongly disrupts the attachment of MERS CoV S to its receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4 DPP4 with the inhibition requiring the native trimeric S conformation These results advance our understanding of antibody mediated neutralization of coronaviruses and should facilitate the development of immunotherapeutics and vaccines against MERS CoV ',0 32152595,'The race to unravel the biggest coronavirus outbreak in the United States ',?,1 30658691,'Antiviral activity of itraconazole against type I feline coronavirus infection ','Feline coronaviruses FCoVs are the causative agents of severe systemic disease feline infectious peritonitis FIP in domestic and wild cats FCoVs have been classified into serotypes I and II Type I FCoV is the dominant serotype approximately 70 90\% worldwide Therefore it is necessary to provide antiviral agents for type I FCoV infection In this study we demonstrated that itraconazole ICZ practically used for fungal infections in cats inhibits the type I FCoV infection ICZ also exhibited antiviral effect in cells after viral infection suggesting that ICZ could potentially be used as a therapeutic ',0 32056235,'Does SARS CoV 2 has a longer incubation period than SARS and MERS ','The outbreak of a novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 since December 2019 in Wuhan the major transportation hub in central China became an emergency of major international concern While several etiological studies have begun to reveal the specific biological features of this virus the epidemic characteristics need to be elucidated Notably a long incubation time was reported to be associated with SARS CoV 2 infection leading to adjustments in screening and control policies To avoid the risk of virus spread all potentially exposed subjects are required to be isolated for 14 days which is the longest predicted incubation time However based on our analysis of a larger dataset available so far we find there is no observable difference between the incubation time for SARS CoV 2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV highlighting the need for larger and well annotated datasets ',1 32162476,'Diabetes and COVID 19 ',?,1 31864417,'Antiviral activity of interleukin 11 as a response to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection ','Interleukin 11 IL 11 a well known anti inflammatory factor provides protection from intestinal epithelium damage caused by physical or chemical factors However little is known of the role of IL 11 during viral infections In this study IL 11 expression at mRNA and protein levels were found to be high in Vero cells and the jejunum of piglets during porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV infection while IL 11 expression was found to be positively correlated with the level of viral infection Pretreatment with recombinant porcine IL 11 pIL 11 was found to suppress PEDV replication in Vero E6 cells while IL 11 knockdown promoted viral infection Furthermore pIL 11 was found to inhibit viral infection by preventing PEDV mediated apoptosis of cells by activating the IL 11 STAT3 signaling pathway Conversely application of a STAT3 phosphorylation inhibitor significantly antagonized the anti apoptosis function of pIL 11 and counteracted its inhibition of PEDV Our data suggest that IL 11 is a newfound PEDV inducible cytokine and its production enhances the anti apoptosis ability of epithelial cells against PEDV infection The potential of IL 11 to be used as a novel therapeutic against devastating viral diarrhea in piglets deserves more attention and study ',0 31291305,'Effectiveness of zinc supplementation on diarrhea and average daily gain in pre weaned dairy calves A double blind block randomized placebo controlled clinical trial ','The objective of this clinical trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of zinc supplementation on diarrhea and average daily weight gain ADG in pre weaned dairy calves A total of 1 482 healthy Holstein heifer and bull calves from a large California dairy were enrolled at 24 to 48 hours of age until hutch exit at approximately 90 days of age Calves were block randomized by time to one of three treatments 1 placebo 2 zinc methionine ZM or 3 zinc sulfate ZS administered in milk once daily for 14 days Serum total protein at enrollment and body weight at birth treatment end and hutch exit were measured Fecal consistency was assessed daily for 28 days post enrollment For a random sample of 127 calves serum zinc concentrations before and after treatment and a fecal antigen ELISA at diarrhea start and resolution for Escherichia coli K99 rotavirus coronavirus and Cryptosporidium parvum were performed Linear regression showed that ZM treated bull calves had 22 g increased ADG compared to placebo treated bulls P = 0 042 ZM treated heifers had 9 g decreased ADG compared to placebo treated heifers P = 0 037 after adjusting for average birth weight Sex stratified models showed that high birth weight heifers treated with ZM gained more than placebo treated heifers of the same birth weight which suggests a dose response effect rather than a true sex specific effect of ZM on ADG Cox regression showed that ZM and ZS treated calves had a 14 7\% P = 0 015 and 13 9\% P = 0 022 reduced hazard of diarrhea respectively compared to placebo treated calves Calves supplemented for at least the first five days of diarrhea with ZM and ZS had a 21 4\% P = 0 027 and 13 0\% P = 0 040 increased hazard of cure from diarrhea respectively compared to placebo treated calves Logistic regression showed that the odds of microbiological cure at diarrhea resolution for rotavirus C parvum or any single fecal pathogen was not different between treatment groups Zinc supplementation delayed diarrhea and expedited diarrhea recovery in pre weaned calves Additionally zinc improved weight gain differentially in bulls compared to heifers indicating a research need for sex specific dosing ',0 32134278,'Perspectives on monoclonal antibody therapy as potential therapeutic intervention for Coronavirus disease 19 COVID 19 ','Last decade witnessed the outbreak of many life threatening human pathogens including Nipah Ebola Chikungunya Zika Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV Severe Acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV and more recently novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV or SARS CoV 2 The disease condition associated with novel coronavirus referred to as Coronavirus disease COVID 19 The emergence of novel coronavirus in 2019 in Wuhan China marked the third highly pathogenic coronavirus infecting humans in the 21st century The continuing emergence of coronaviruses at regular intervals poses a significant threat to human health and economy Ironically even after a decade of research on coronavirus still there are no licensed vaccines or therapeutic agents to treat coronavirus infection which highlights an urgent need to develop effective vaccines or post exposure prophylaxis to prevent future epidemics Several clinical genetic and epidemiological features of COVID 19 resemble SARS CoV infection Hence the research advancements on SARS CoV treatment might help scientific community in quick understanding of this virus pathogenesis and develop effective therapeutic prophylactic agents to treat and prevent this infection Monoclonal antibodies represent the major class of biotherapeutics for passive immunotherapy to fight against viral infection The therapeutic potential of monoclonal antibodies has been well recognized in the treatment of many diseases Here we summarize the potential monoclonal antibody based therapeutic intervention for COVID 19 by considering the existing knowledge on the neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against similar coronaviruses SARS CoV and MERS CoV Further research on COVID 19 pathogenesis could identify appropriate therapeutic targets to develop specific anti virals against this newly emerging pathogen ',1 32189081,'AI Driven Tools for Coronavirus Outbreak Need of Active Learning and Cross Population Train Test Models on Multitudinal Multimodal Data ','The novel coronavirus COVID 19 outbreak which was identified in late 2019 requires special attention because of its future epidemics and possible global threats Beside clinical procedures and treatments since Artificial Intelligence AI promises a new paradigm for healthcare several different AI tools that are built upon Machine Learning ML algorithms are employed for analyzing data and decision making processes This means that AI driven tools help identify COVID 19 outbreaks as well as forecast their nature of spread across the globe However unlike other healthcare issues for COVID 19 to detect COVID 19 AI driven tools are expected to have active learning based cross population train test models that employs multitudinal and multimodal data which is the primary purpose of the paper ',1 32059047,'A realistic two strain model for MERS CoV infection uncovers the high risk for epidemic propagation ','Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV causes severe acute respiratory illness with a case fatality rate CFR of 35 5\% The highest number of MERS CoV cases are from Saudi Arabia the major worldwide hotspot for this disease In the absence of neither effective treatment nor a ready to use vaccine and with yet an incomplete understanding of its epidemiological cycle prevention and containment measures can be derived from mathematical models of disease epidemiology We constructed 2 strain models to predict past outbreaks in the interval 2012 2016 and derive key epidemiological information for Macca Madina and Riyadh We approached variability in infection through three different disease incidence functions capturing social behavior in response to an epidemic e g Bilinear BL Non monotone NM and Saturated SAT models The best model combination successfully anticipated the total number of MERS CoV clinical cases for the 2015 2016 season and accurately predicted both the number of cases at the peak of seasonal incidence and the overall shape of the epidemic cycle The evolution in the basic reproduction number R0 warns that MERS CoV may easily take an epidemic form The best model correctly captures this feature indicating a high epidemic risk 1 R0 2 5 in Riyadh and Macca and confirming the alleged co circulation of more than one strain Accurate predictions of the future MERS CoV peak week as well as the number of cases at the peak are now possible These results indicate public health agencies should be aware that measures for strict containment are urgently needed before new epidemics take off in the region ',0 31696565,'Amotosalen and ultraviolet A light efficiently inactivate MERS coronavirus in human platelet concentrates ','This study aimed to assess the efficacy of the INTERCEPTtm Blood System amotosalen ultraviolet A UVA light to reduce the risk of Middle East respiratory syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV transmission by human platelet concentrates ',0 30791410,'Enhanced Ability of Oligomeric Nanobodies Targeting MERS Coronavirus Receptor Binding Domain ','Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS coronavirus MERS CoV an infectious coronavirus first reported in 2012 has a mortality rate greater than 35\% Therapeutic antibodies are key tools for preventing and treating MERS CoV infection but to date no such agents have been approved for treatment of this virus Nanobodies Nbs are camelid heavy chain variable domains with properties distinct from those of conventional antibodies and antibody fragments We generated two oligomeric Nbs by linking two or three monomeric Nbs Mono Nbs targeting the MERS CoV receptor binding domain RBD and compared their RBD binding affinity RBD receptor binding inhibition stability and neutralizing and cross neutralizing activity against MERS CoV Relative to Mono Nb dimeric Nb Di Nb and trimeric Nb Tri Nb had significantly greater ability to bind MERS CoV RBD proteins with or without mutations in the RBD thereby potently blocking RBD MERS CoV receptor binding The engineered oligomeric Nbs were very stable under extreme conditions including low or high pH protease pepsin chaotropic denaturant urea and high temperature Importantly Di Nb and Tri Nb exerted significantly elevated broad spectrum neutralizing activity against at least 19 human and camel MERS CoV strains isolated in different countries and years Overall the engineered Nbs could be developed into effective therapeutic agents for prevention and treatment of MERS CoV infection ',0 31522710,'Structural insights into coronavirus entry ','Coronaviruses CoVs have caused outbreaks of deadly pneumonia in humans since the beginning of the 21st century The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV emerged in 2002 and was responsible for an epidemic that spread to five continents with a fatality rate of 10\% before being contained in 2003 with additional cases reported in 2004 The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV emerged in the Arabian Peninsula in 2012 and has caused recurrent outbreaks in humans with a fatality rate of 35\% SARS CoV and MERS CoV are zoonotic viruses that crossed the species barrier using bats palm civets and dromedary camels respectively No specific treatments or vaccines have been approved against any of the six human coronaviruses highlighting the need to investigate the principles governing viral entry and cross species transmission as well as to prepare for zoonotic outbreaks which are likely to occur due to the large reservoir of CoVs found in mammals and birds Here we review our understanding of the infection mechanism used by coronaviruses derived from recent structural and biochemical studies ',0 32196933,'Coronaviruses and immunosuppressed patients The facts during the third epidemic ','Following the outbreak in China the Lombardy region of Italy has become one of the areas of highest incidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 As the outbreak grew to a pandemic many centres worldwide raised the concern that immunocompromised patients may be at high risk of developing a severe respiratory disease called COVID 19 Unlike common viral agents such as Adenovirus Rhinovirus Norovirus Influenza Respiratory Syncytial Virus Coronaviruses have not shown to cause a more severe disease in immunosuppressed patients For this family of viruses the host innate immune response appears the main driver of lung tissue damage during infection ',1 32163140,'Serial interval in determining the estimation of reproduction number of the novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 during the early outbreak ',?,1 32032614,'Novel coronavirus is putting the whole world on alert ',?,1 32203294,'Fast portable tests come online to curb coronavirus pandemic ',?,0 31073993,'Synthesis and anti coronavirus activity of a series of 1 thia 4 azaspiro 4 5 decan 3 one derivatives ','A series of 1 thia 4 azaspiro 4 5 decan 3 ones bearing an amide group at C 4 and various substitutions at C 2 and C 8 were synthesized and evaluated against human coronavirus and influenza virus Compounds 7m 7n 8k 8l 8m 8n and 8p were found to inhibit human coronavirus 229E replication The most active compound was N 2 methyl 8 tert butyl 3 oxo 1 thia 4 azaspiro 4 5 decan 4 yl 3 phenylpropanamide 8n with an EC50< sub> value of 5 5 uM comparable to the known coronavirus inhibitor Z N 3 4 4 bromophenyl 4 hydroxypiperidin 1 yl 3 oxo 1 phenylprop 1 en 2 yl benzamide K22 Compound 8n and structural analogs were devoid of anti influenza virus activity although their scaffold is shared with a previously discovered class of H3 hemagglutinin specific influenza virus fusion inhibitors These findings point to the 1 thia 4 azaspiro 4 5 decan 3 one scaffold as a versatile chemical structure with high relevance for antiviral drug development ',0 32092911,'Rigidity of the Outer Shell Predicted by a Protein Intrinsic Disorder Model Sheds Light on the COVID 19 Wuhan 2019 nCoV Infectivity ','The world is currently witnessing an outbreak of a new coronavirus spreading quickly across China and affecting at least 24 other countries With almost 65 000 infected a worldwide death toll of at least 1370 as of 14 February 2020 and with the potential to affect up to two thirds of the world population COVID 19 is considered by the World Health Organization WHO to be a global health emergency The speed of spread and infectivity of COVID 19 also known as Wuhan 2019 nCoV are dramatically exceeding those of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV In fact since September 2012 the WHO has been notified of 2494 laboratory confirmed cases of infection with MERS CoV whereas the 2002 2003 epidemic of SARS affected 26 countries and resulted in more than 8000 cases Therefore although SARS MERS and COVID 19 are all the result of coronaviral infections the causes of the coronaviruses differ dramatically in their transmissibility It is likely that these differences in infectivity of coronaviruses can be attributed to the differences in the rigidity of their shells which can be evaluated using computational tools for predicting intrinsic disorder predisposition of the corresponding viral proteins ',1 32118392,' Cardiac manifestations of patients with COVID 19 pneumonia and related treatment recommendations ','Yin Qi 2002Nian Yan Zhong Ji Xing Hu Xi Zong He Zheng SARS He 2012Nian Zhong Dong Hu Xi Zong He Zheng MERS De Guan Zhuang Bing Du CoV Bei Zheng Shi Shi Cong Dong Wu Chuan Bo Zhi Ren Lei De Er 2019Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du 2019 nCov Yin Qi Liao Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan De Bao Fa Ze Zai Ci Zheng Ming CoVDui Ren Lei Jian Kang Ju You Zhong Da De Wei Xie 2019 nCovChu Gan Ran Hu Xi Xi Tong Wai Yan Jiu Bao Dao Qi Dui Xin Xie Guan Xi Tong Ye You Qin Hai Zuo Yong Ben Wen Dui 2019 nCovDe Ji Yin Zu Jie Gou Gong Neng Yi Ji Gan Ran Zhe De Bing Li Sheng Li Xue He Xin Zang Biao Xing Te Zheng Xin Zang Sun Shang De Qian Zai Ji Zhi Xiang Guan Zhi Liao Ce Lue Jin Xing Liao Shu Li Jing Shi Lin Chuang Yi Sheng Zhu Yi 2019 nCovDui Xin Zang De Qian Zai Feng Xian Jia Qiang Xin Zang Gong Neng Guan Li ',1 32192561,'Pharmacy Services and the Novel Coronavirus ','Pharmacists around the world can expect to be affected by the coronavirus especially those who provide care for older people who are at a much higher risk for grave consequences from the virus It is critical that pharmacists maintain awareness of the evolving pandemic and access reliable information to remain familiar with developments ',1 32061284,'Africa prepares for coronavirus ',?,1 30729994,'Construction and characterization of porcine single chain fragment variable antibodies that neutralize transmissible gastroenteritis virus in vitro ','Transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV infection causes severe diarrhea in piglets and imposes a significant economic burden on pig farms Single chain fragment variable scFv antibodies effectively inhibit virus infection and could be a potential therapeutic reagent for preventing disease In this study a recombinant scFv antibody phage display library was constructed from peripheral blood lymphocytes of piglets infected with TGEV The library was screened with four rounds of biopanning using purified TGEV antigen and scFv antibodies that bound to TGEV were obtained The scFv gene was subcloned into the pET 28a + and the constituted plasmid was introduced into Escherichia coli BL21 DE3 for protein expression All three scFv clones identified had neutralizing activity against TGEV An immunofluorescence assay and western blot analysis demonstrated that two scFv antibodies reacted with the spike protein of TGEV These results indicate that scFv antibodies provide protection against viral infection in vitro and may be a therapeutic candidate for both prevention and treatment of TGEV infection in swine ',0 32005675,'Response to the emerging novel coronavirus outbreak ',?,1 32132744,'Data sharing for novel coronavirus COVID 19 ',?,1 32163699,'History in a Crisis Lessons for Covid 19 ',?,1 31455974,' Coronaviruses as the cause of respiratory infections ','There are six human pathogenic coronaviruses CoV which mainly cause infections of the respiratory system In everyday clinical practice it is helpful to know the relevance and characteristics of these pathogens ',0 32133153,'Comparative genetic analysis of the novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV SARS CoV 2 receptor ACE2 in different populations ',?,1 30863824,'First Complete Genome Sequence of a Feline Alphacoronavirus 1 Strain from Brazil ','We identified a strain of Alphacoronavirus 1 FCoV SB22 from a pool of fecal samples from domestic cats from a rural settlement in the municipality of Santa Barbara Para Brazil The nucleotide identity with feline coronavirus was 91 5\% The present study reports the first complete genome sequence of a feline coronavirus from Brazil ',0 31430248,'Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Saudi Arabia 2017 2018 ','We characterized exposures and demographics of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus cases reported to the Saudi Arabia Ministry of Health during July 1 October 31 2017 and June 1 September 16 2018 Molecular characterization of available specimens showed that circulating viruses during these periods continued to cluster within lineage 5 ',0 31505321,'Coronavirus genomic RNA packaging ','RNA viruses carry out selective packaging of their genomes in a variety of ways many involving a genomic packaging signal The first coronavirus packaging signal was discovered nearly thirty years ago but how it functions remains incompletely understood This review addresses the current state of knowledge of coronavirus genome packaging which has mainly been studied in two prototype species mouse hepatitis virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus Despite the progress that has been made in the mapping and characterization of some packaging signals there is conflicting evidence as to whether the viral nucleocapsid protein or the membrane protein plays the primary role in packaging signal recognition The different models for the mechanism of genomic RNA packaging that have been prompted by these competing views are described Also discussed is the recent exciting discovery that selective coronavirus genome packaging is critical for in vivo evasion of the host innate immune response ',0 32184216,'Covid 19 Trump sought to buy vaccine developer exclusively for US say German officials ',?,1 32081700,'What are we doing in the dermatology outpatient department amidst the raging of the 2019 novel coronavirus ',?,1 32192424,'COVID 19 Australia Epidemiology Report 7 Reporting week ending 19 00 AEDT 14 March 2020 ','This is the seventh epidemiological report for coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 reported in Australia as at 19 00 Australian Eastern Daylight Time AEDT 14 March 2020 It includes data on COVID 19 cases diagnosed in Australia the international situation and a review of current evidence ',1 31350613,'Complete genome sequences of novel S deletion variants of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus identified from a recurrent outbreak on Jeju Island South Korea ','Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV is a deadly epizootic swine coronavirus that is of importance to the world pork industry Since the re emergence of the virulent genotype 2b G2b in 2014 Jeju Island in South Korea has faced periodic outbreaks leading to the occurrence of endemics in provincial herds In this study we examined the complete genome sequences and molecular characteristics of novel G2b PEDV variants with a two amino acid deletion in the neutralizing epitope of the spike S gene which were concurrently identified on a re infected farm and its neighboring farm on Jeju Island Whole genome sequencing of the Jeju S DEL isolates KNU 1829 and KNU 1830 revealed the presence of a continuous 9 nucleotide deletion within the nonstructural protein coding region Their genomes were 28 023 nucleotides in length 15 nucleotides shorter than those of the classical G2b PEDV strains The two S DEL isolates had 96 4 99 2\% and 98 3 99 7\% identity at the S gene and full genome level respectively to other global G2b PEDV strains Genetic and antigenic analyses indicated that the S DEL isolates are most closely related to the primary strain identified from the initial exposure at the same farm but the virus appears to undergo continuous evolution possibly leading to antigenic drift under recurrent or endemic pressure This study provides important information about the antigenic diversity of PEDV circulating in the endemic areas which arises from continuous non lethal mutations to ensure viral fitness in the host environment ',0 32156682,'Covid 19 What s the current advice for UK doctors ',?,1 31936749,'A Tale of Two Viruses The Distinct Spike Glycoproteins of Feline Coronaviruses ','Feline coronavirus FCoV is a complex viral agent that causes a variety of clinical manifestations in cats commonly known as feline infectious peritonitis FIP It is recognized that FCoV can occur in two different serotypes However differences in the S protein are much more than serological or antigenic variants resulting in the effective presence of two distinct viruses Here we review the distinct differences in the S proteins of these viruses which are likely to translate into distinct biological outcomes We introduce a new concept related to the non taxonomical classification and differentiation among FCoVs by analyzing and comparing the genetic structural and functional characteristics of FCoV and the FCoV S protein among the two serotypes and FCoV biotypes Based on our analysis we suggest that our understanding of FIP needs to consider whether the presence of these two distinct viruses has implications in clinical settings ',0 32023340,'Reporting Epidemic Growth and Reproduction Numbers for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV Epidemic ',?,1 32151714,'COVID 19 Therapeutic and Prevention ',?,1 32001631,'New coronavirus threat galvanizes scientists ',?,1 32189460,'There may be virus in conjunctival secretion of patients with COVID 19 ',?,1 31936476,'Isolation and Identification of Porcine Deltacoronavirus and Alteration of Immunoglobulin Transport Receptors in the Intestinal Mucosa of PDCoV Infected Piglets ','Porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV is a porcine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes watery diarrhea vomiting and frequently death in piglets causing serious economic losses to the pig industry The strain CHN JS 2017 was isolated and identified by cytopathology immunofluorescence assays transmission electron microscopy and sequence analysis A nucleotide sequence alignment showed that the whole genome of CHN JS 2017 is 97 4\% 99 6\% identical to other PDCoV strains The pathogenicity of the CHN JS 2017 strain was investigated in orally inoculated five day old piglets the piglets developed acute watery diarrhea but all recovered and survived CHN JS 2017 infection induced microscopic lesions were observed and viral antigens were detected mainly by immunohistochemical staining in the small intestine The neonatal Fc receptor FcRn and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor pIgR are crucial immunoglobulin Ig receptors for the transcytosis ofimmunoglobulin G IgG IgA or IgM Importantly CHN JS 2017 infected five day old piglets could significantly down regulate the expression of FcRn pIgR and nuclear factor kappa B NF kB in the intestinal mucosa Note that the level of FcRn mRNA in the intestinal mucosa of normal piglets is positively correlated with pIgR and NF kB At the same time the expressions of FcRn pIgR and NF kB mRNA are also positively correlated in infected piglets These results may help explain the immunological and pathological changes associated with porcine deltacorononirus infection ',0 31305027,'Failure to detect MERS CoV RNA in urine of naturally infected dromedary camels ',?,0 31981224,'Coronavirus infections and immune responses ','Coronaviruses CoVs are by far the largest group of known positive sense RNA viruses having an extensive range of natural hosts In the past few decades newly evolved Coronaviruses have posed a global threat to public health The immune response is essential to control and eliminate CoV infections however maladjusted immune responses may result in immunopathology and impaired pulmonary gas exchange Gaining a deeper understanding of the interaction between Coronaviruses and the innate immune systems of the hosts may shed light on the development and persistence of inflammation in the lungs and hopefully can reduce the risk of lung inflammation caused by CoVs In this review we provide an update on CoV infections and relevant diseases particularly the host defense against CoV induced inflammation of lung tissue as well as the role of the innate immune system in the pathogenesis and clinical treatment ',1 31849416,'Recombinant adenoviral vaccine encoding the spike 1 subunit of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus< i> elicits strong humoral and cellular immune responses in mice ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus< i> MERS CoV has rapidly spread throughout the Middle East since its discovery in 2012 The virus poses a significant global public health threat with potentially devastating effects In this study a recombinant adenoviral based vaccine encoding the spike 1 S1 subunit of the MERS CoV genome was constructed and its humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated in mice ',0 32140538,'The novel Coronavirus SARS CoV 2 is a one health issue ',?,1 32202256,'Lopinavir ritonavir combination therapy amongst symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 patients in India Protocol for restricted public health emergency use ','As of February 29 2020 more than 85 000 cases of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 have been reported from China and 53 other countries with 2 924 deaths On January 30 2020 the first laboratory confirmed case of COVID was reported from Kerala India In view of the earlier evidence about effectiveness of repurposed lopinavir ritonavir against severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS coronavirus CoV as well as preliminary docking studies conducted by the ICMR National Institute of Virology Pune the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization approved the restricted public health use of lopinavir ritonavir combination amongst symptomatic COVID 19 patients detected in the country Hospitalized adult patients with laboratory confirmed SARS CoV 2 infection with any one of the following criteria will be eligible to receive lopinavir ritonavir for 14 days after obtaining written informed consent i respiratory distress with respiratory rate 22 min or SpO2 of < 94 per cent ii lung parenchymal infiltrates on chest X ray iii hypotension defined as systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg or need for vasopressor inotropic medication iv new onset organ dysfunction and v high risk groups age > 60 yr diabetes mellitus renal failure chronic lung disease and immunocompromised persons Patients will be monitored to document clinical hospital length of stay and mortality at 14 28 and 90 days laboratory presence of viral RNA in serial throat swab samples and safety adverse events and serious adverse events outcomes Treatment outcomes amongst initial cases would be useful in providing guidance about the clinical management of patients with COVID 19 If found useful in managing initial SARS CoV 2 infected patients further evaluation using a randomized control trial design is warranted to guide future therapeutic use of this combination ',0 32088335,'Comments on " Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV in China from 2019 to 2020 A data driven Analysis in the early phase of the outbreak" ',?,1 32151613,'And now for something completely different from 2019 nCoV and COVID 19 to 2020 nMan ',?,1 31631785,'GILT restricts the cellular entry mediated by the envelope glycoproteins of SARS CoV Ebola virus and Lassa fever virus ','Interferons IFNs control viral infections by inducing expression of IFN stimulated genes ISGs that restrict distinct steps of viral replication We report herein that gamma interferon inducible lysosomal thiol reductase GILT a lysosome associated ISG restricts the infectious entry of selected enveloped RNA viruses Specifically we demonstrated that GILT was constitutively expressed in lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts and its expression could be further induced by type II interferon While overexpression of GILT inhibited the entry mediated by envelope glycoproteins of SARS coronavirus SARS CoV Ebola virus EBOV and Lassa fever virus LASV depletion of GILT enhanced the entry mediated by these viral envelope glycoproteins Furthermore mutations that impaired the thiol reductase activity or disrupted the N linked glycosylation a posttranslational modification essential for its lysosomal localization largely compromised GILT restriction of viral entry We also found that the induction of GILT expression reduced the level and activity of cathepsin L which is required for the entry of these RNA viruses in lysosomes Our data indicate that GILT is a novel antiviral ISG that specifically inhibits the entry of selected enveloped RNA viruses in lysosomes via< i> disruption of cathepsin L metabolism and function and may play a role in immune control and pathogenesis of these viruses ',0 32169830,'Bearing the brunt of covid 19 older people in low and middle income countries ',?,1 32031583,'Molecular Diagnosis of a Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV Causing an Outbreak of Pneumonia ','A novel coronavirus of zoonotic origin 2019 nCoV has recently been identified in patients with acute respiratory disease This virus is genetically similar to SARS coronavirus and bat SARS like coronaviruses The outbreak was initially detected in Wuhan a major city of China but has subsequently been detected in other provinces of China Travel associated cases have also been reported in a few other countries Outbreaks in health care workers indicate human to human transmission Molecular tests for rapid detection of this virus are urgently needed for early identification of infected patients ',1 32096567,'Understanding of COVID 19 based on current evidence ','Since December 2019 a series of unexplained pneumonia cases have been reported in Wuhan China On 12 January 2020 the World Health Organization WHO temporarily named this new virus as the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV On 11 February 2020 the WHO officially named the disease caused by the 2019 nCoV as coronavirus disease COVID 19 The COVID 19 epidemic is spreading all over the world especially in China Based on the published evidence we systematically discuss the characteristics of COVID 19 in the hope of providing a reference for future studies and help for the prevention and control of the COVID 19 epidemic ',1 32166940,' 2019 novel coronavirus angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and cardiovascular drugs ','2019Nian Di Wu Yi Chu Xian Liao You 2019Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du 2019 nCoV Yin Fa De Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan COVID 19 Gai Yi Qing Zai Duan Shi Jian Nei Xun Su Man Yan Yan Zhong Wei Xie Zhao Gong Gong Wei Sheng An Quan Mu Qian COVID 19Shang Wu You Xiao De Zhi Liao Shou Duan Xie Guan Jin Zhang Su Zhuan Hua Mei 2 ACE2 Zuo Wei Shou Ti Jie Dao 2019 nCoVJin Ru Xi Bao Shi Mu Qian Zui You Ke Neng Fang Zhi COVID 19De Ba Dian Zhi Yi Zhong Lao Nian Ren Shi COVID 19De Yi Gan Ren Qun Duo Ban You Ji Chu Ji Bing Qie Da Bu Fen Wei Xin Xie Guan Ji Bing Yin Ci Zhe Bu Fen Ren Geng Rong Yi Fa Zhan Wei Zhong Zheng He Wei Zhong Zheng Zao Cheng Yan Zhong De Lin Chuang Hou Guo ACE2Shi Shen Su Xie Guan Jin Zhang Su Xi Tong Zhong Yao De Zu Cheng Bu Fen Yi Ci Xi Tong Wei Ba Dian De ACEYi Zhi Ji He Xie Guan Jin Zhang Su Shou Ti Zu Duan Ji Deng Yao Wu Shi Mu Qian Lin Chuang Zhi Liao Gao Xie Ya Xin Ji Zhong Gou He Xin Li Shuai Jie Deng Xin Xie Guan Ji Bing De Zui Zhu Yao De Yao Wu Zhi Yi Ben Wen Xi Tong De Jie Shao Liao COVID 19Yi Ji Shen Su Xie Guan Jin Zhang Su Xi Tong Xiang Guan Yao Wu Ji Qi Lin Chuang Ying Yong Bing Qie Fen Xi Liao Shen Su Xie Guan Jin Zhang Su Xi Tong Xiang Guan Yao Wu Zai COVID 19Fang Zhi Zhong De Jie Zhi Yi Ji Bing Fa Xin Xie Guan Ji Bing De COVID 19Huan Zhe Yong Yao Fang Mian Xu Yao Zhu Yi De Wen Ti ',1 32184206,'Covid 19 Doctors warn of humanitarian catastrophe at Europe s largest refugee camp ',?,1 31968702,'Characterization of the Immune Response of MERS CoV Vaccine Candidates Derived from Two Different Vectors in Mice ','Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS is an acute high mortality rate severe infectious disease caused by an emerging MERS coronavirus MERS CoV that causes severe respiratory diseases The continuous spread and great pandemic potential of MERS CoV make it necessarily important to develop effective vaccines We previously demonstrated that the application of Gram positive enhancer matrix GEM particles as a bacterial vector displaying the MERS CoV receptor binding domain RBD is a very promising MERS vaccine candidate that is capable of producing potential neutralization antibodies We have also used the rabies virus RV as a viral vector to design a recombinant vaccine by expressing the MERS CoV S1 spike protein on the surface of the RV In this study we compared the immunological efficacy of the vaccine candidates in BALB c mice in terms of the levels of humoral and cellular immune responses The results show that the rabies virus vector based vaccine can induce remarkably earlier antibody response and higher levels of cellular immunity than the GEM particles vector However the GEM particles vector based vaccine candidate can induce remarkably higher antibody response even at a very low dose of 1 ug These results indicate that vaccines constructed using different vaccine vector platforms for the same pathogen have different rates and trends in humoral and cellular immune responses in the same animal model This discovery not only provides more alternative vaccine development platforms for MERS CoV vaccine development but also provides a theoretical basis for our future selection of vaccine vector platforms for other specific pathogens ',0 32202261,'Prudent public health intervention strategies to control the coronavirus disease 2019 transmission in India A mathematical model based approach ',' Coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 has raised urgent questions about containment and mitigation particularly in countries where the virus has not yet established human to human transmission The objectives of this study were to find out if it was possible to prevent or delay the local outbreaks of COVID 19 through restrictions on travel from abroad and if the virus has already established in country transmission to what extent would its impact be mitigated through quarantine of symptomatic patients " ',0 32056509,'HIV 1 did not contribute to the 2019 nCoV genome ',?,1 32198985,'Guide to the Forensic Pathology Practice on Death Cases Related to Corona Virus Disease 2019 COVID 19 Trial Draft ','Autopsy is of great significance to the elucidation of the pathological changes pathogenesis and cause of death of corona virus disease 2019 COVID 19 and can provide theoretical basis for more scientific and accurate prevention and control of the outbreak Based on related laws and regulations such as Law of the People s Republic of China on Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases the clinical manifestations and epidemiological characteristics of COVID 19 and the related guidelines on the prevention and control of the outbreak combined with the practical work of forensic pathology examination the Guide to the Forensic Pathology Practice on Death Cases Related to Corona Virus Disease 2019 COVID 19 Trial Draft has been developed This guide includes information on the background investigation of the cases autopsy room requirements personal prevention and protections external examinations autopsy auxiliary examinations and so on This guide can be used as a reference by forensic and pathological examination institutions as well as examination staff ',1 32172242,'Coronavirus Epidemic and Extracorporeal Therapies in Intensive Care si vis pacem para bellum ',?,1 32127123,'Differential diagnosis of illness in patients under investigation for the novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 Italy February 2020 ','A novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 has been identified as the causative pathogen of an ongoing outbreak of respiratory disease now named COVID 19 Most cases and sustained transmission occurred in China but travel associated cases have been reported in other countries including Europe and Italy Since the symptoms are similar to other respiratory infections differential diagnosis in travellers arriving from countries with wide spread COVID 19 must include other more common infections such as influenza and other respiratory tract diseases ',1 32024636,'Novel coronavirus Australian GPs raise concerns about shortage of face masks ',?,1 32092391,'Novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV cases in Hong Kong and implications for further spread ',?,1 31950289,'Recombinant adenovirus carrying a core neutralizing epitope of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and heat labile enterotoxin B of Escherichia coli as a mucosal vaccine ','Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV targets the intestinal mucosa in pigs To protect against PEDV invasion a mucosal vaccine is utilized effectively In this study we generated a recombinant adenovirus vaccine encoding the heat labile enterotoxin B LTB and the core neutralizing epitope COE of PEDV rAd LTB COE The fusion protein LTB COE was successfully expressed by the recombinant adenovirus in HEK293 cells and the immunogenicity of the vaccine candidate was assessed in BALB c mice and piglets Three intramuscular or oral vaccinations with rAd LTB COE at two week intervals induced robust humoral and mucosal immune responses Moreover a cell mediated immune response was promoted in immunized mice and the neutralizing antibody inhibited both the vaccine strain and the emerging PEDV isolate Immunization experiments in piglets revealed that rAd LTB COE was immunogenic and induced good immune responses in piglets Further studies are required to evaluate the efficacy of rAd LTB COE against a highly virulent PEDV challenge ',0 32174129,'Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 A Systematic Review of Imaging Findings in 919 Patients ','OBJECTIVE < b> Available information on CT features of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 is scattered in different publications and a cohesive literature review has yet to be compiled MATERIALS AND METHODS < b> This article includes a systematic literature search of PubMed Embase Elsevier Google Scholar and the World Health Organization database RESULTS < b> Known features of COVID 19 on initial CT include bilateral multilobar ground glass opacification GGO with a peripheral or posterior distribution mainly in the lower lobes and less frequently within the right middle lobe Atypical initial imaging presentation of consolidative opacities superimposed on GGO may be found in a smaller number of cases mainly in the elderly population Septal thickening bronchiectasis pleural thickening and subpleural involvement are some of the less common findings mainly in the later stages of the disease Pleural effusion pericardial effusion lymphadenopathy cavitation CT halo sign and pneumothorax are uncommon but may be seen with disease progression Follow up CT in the intermediate stage of disease shows an increase in the number and size of GGOs and progressive transformation of GGO into multifocal consolidative opacities septal thickening and development of a crazy paving pattern with the greatest severity of CT findings visible around day 10 after the symptom onset Acute respiratory distress syndrome is the most common indication for transferring patients with COVID 19 to the ICU and the major cause of death in this patient population Imaging patterns corresponding to clinical improvement usually occur after week 2 of the disease and include gradual resolution of consolidative opacities and decrease in the number of lesions and involved lobes CONCLUSION < b> This systematic review of current literature on COVID 19 provides insight into the initial and follow up CT characteristics of the disease ',1 32135586,' First case of severe childhood novel coronavirus pneumonia in China ','1Li Zhu Su Wei " Jian Duan Fu Xie Ou Tu 6 d Fa Re Ban Hu Xi Ji Cu Ban Tian " De Huan Er Jiu Zhen Yu Wu Yi Er Tong Yi Yuan Zhong Zheng Yi Xue Ke Zhen Duan Wei Er Tong Wei Zhong Xing Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan NCP Yi " Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan " Er Tong " Wei Zhong Xing " Wei Guan Jian Ci Jian Suo Jie Zhi 2020Nian 2Yue 8Ri Zhong Guo Zhi Wang Wei Pu Wang Mo Fang Deng Xiang Guan Shu Ju Ku Wei Jian Bao Dao Ben Li Wei Zhong Guo Shou Li Wei Zhong Xing NCPHuan Er Yi Xiao Hua Dao Zheng Zhuang Qi Bing Zao Qi Hu Xi Dao Zheng Zhuang Bu Ming Xian Kuai Su Jin Zhan Wei Ji Xing Hu Xi Jiong Po Zong He Zheng Nong Du Zheng Xiu Ke Bing Ban You Ji Xing Shen Shuai Jie Huan Er Zao Qi Lian Xu 2Ci Yan Shi Zi 2019Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du 2019 nCoV He Suan Jian Ce Yin Xing Dui Yu Zhong Zheng Yi Si Bing Li Jian Yi Cai Ji Xia Hu Xi Dao Yang Ben Huo Zhong Fu Cai Ji Shang Hu Xi Dao Yang Ben Jin Xing Jian Ce Ti Wai Lian Xu Xie Ye Jing Hua Ji Zhu Ke Jin Zao Ying Yong Dao Wei Zhong Xing NCPHuan Er De Jiu Zhi Zhong ',1 32171076,'Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID 19 in Wuhan China a retrospective cohort study ','Since December 2019 Wuhan China has experienced an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID 19 have been reported but risk factors for mortality and a detailed clinical course of illness including viral shedding have not been well described ',1 32113583,'Evaluation of novel multiplex qPCR assays for diagnosis of pathogens associated with the bovine respiratory disease complex ','Bovine respiratory disease complex is the most common disease requiring the use of antimicrobials in industrial calf production worldwide Pathogenic bacteria Mannheimia haemolytica Mh Pasteurella multocida Pm Histophilus somni Hs and Mycoplasma bovis and a range of viruses bovine respiratory syncytial virus bovine coronavirus bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine herpesvirus type 1 are associated with this complex As most of these pathogens can be present in healthy and diseased calves simple detection of their presence in diseased calves carries low predictive value In other multi agent diseases of livestock quantification of pathogens has added substantially to the predictive value of microbiological diagnosis The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of two recently developed quantitative PCR qPCR kits Pneumo4B and Pneumo4V to detect and quantify these bacterial and viral pathogens respectively Test efficiencies of the qPCR assays based on nucleic acid dilution series of target bacteria and viruses were 93 106\% and 91 104\% respectively with assay detection limits of 10 50 copies of nucleic acids All 44 strains of target bacteria were correctly identified with no false positive reactions in 135strains of non target bacterial species Based on standard curves of log10< sub> CFU versus cycle threshold Ct values quantification was possible over a 5 log range of bacteria In 92 tracheal aspirate samples the kappa values for agreement between Pneumo4B and bacterial culture were 0 64 0 84 for Mh Pm and Hs In an additional 84 tracheal aspirates agreement between Pneumo4B or Pneumo 4V and certified diagnostic qPCR assays was moderate 0 57 for M bovis and high 0 71 0 90 for viral pathogens Thus Pneumo4 kits specifically detected and quantified the relevant pathogens ',0 32152010,'Covid 19 out of hours providers are drafted in to manage non urgent patients in community ',?,1 31234918,'Comparing the yield of oropharyngeal swabs and sputum for detection of 11 common pathogens in hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract infection ','Advances in molecular laboratory techniques are changing the prospects for the diagnosis of viral infectious diseases Multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay multiplex PCR can detect dozens of pathogens simultaneously greatly reducing turnaround time TAT and improving detection sensitivity But as a double edged sword due to the high sensitivity of PCR the type of respiratory specimens is critical to diagnosis In this work we performed a head to head comparison to evaluate the multiplex PCR yields between two samples sputum and flocked oropharyngeal swabs OPS ',0 31705922,'Non invasive bioluminescence imaging of HCoV OC43 infection and therapy in the central nervous system of live mice ','Human coronaviruses HCoVs are important pathogens that cause upper respiratory tract infections and have neuroinvasive abilities however little is known about the dynamic infection process of CoVs in vivo and there are currently no specific antiviral drugs to prevent or treat HCoV infection Here we verified the replication ability and pathogenicity of a reporter HCoV OC43 strain expressing Renilla luciferase Rluc rOC43 ns2DelRluc in mice with different genetic backgrounds C57BL 6 and BALB c Additionally we monitored the spatial and temporal progression of HCoV OC43 through the central nervous system CNS of live BALB c mice after intranasal or intracerebral inoculation with rOC43 ns2DelRluc We found that rOC43 ns2DelRluc was fatal to suckling mice after intranasal inoculation and that viral titers and Rluc expression were detected in the brains and spinal cords of mice infected with rOC43 ns2DelRluc Moreover viral replication was initially observed in the brain by non invasive bioluminescence imaging before the infection spread to the spinal cord of BALB c mice consistent with its tropism in the CNS Furthermore the Rluc readout correlated with the HCoV replication ability and protein expression which allowed quantification of antiviral activity in live mice Additionally we validated that chloroquine strongly inhibited rOC43 ns2DelRluc replication in vivo These results provide new insights into the temporal and spatial dissemination of HCoV OC43 in the CNS and our methods provide an extremely sensitive platform for evaluating the efficacy of antiviral therapies to treat neuroinvasive HCoVs in live mice ',0 31647831,'The respiratory virome and exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ','Exacerbations are major contributors to morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD and respiratory bacterial and viral infections are an important trigger However using conventional diagnostic techniques a causative agent is not always found Metagenomic next generation sequencing mNGS allows analysis of the complete virome but has not yet been applied in COPD exacerbations ',0 30619295,'Clara Cell 10 kDa Protein Alleviates Murine Hepatitis Virus Strain 3 Induced Fulminant Hepatitis by Inhibiting Fibrinogen Like Protein 2 Expression ','Background < b> Fulminant hepatitis FH is a serious threat to human life accompanied by massive and rapid necroinflammation Kupffer cells the major immune cell population involved in innate immune responses are considered to be central for FH Fibrinogen like protein 2 Fgl2 is a pro coagulant protein that is substantially induced in macrophages upon viral infection and Fgl2 depletion represses murine hepatitis virus strain 3 MHV 3 infection Clara cell 10 kDa CC10 protein is a secretory protein with anti inflammatory properties in allergic rhinitis and asthma However its mechanisms of action and pathogenic roles in other disease are still unclear In this study we aimed to determine the role of CC10 in FH and the regulation of Fgl2 by CC10 Methods < b> A mouse FH model was established by peritoneal injection of MHV 3 The mice received CC10 protein through tail vein injection before viral infection Survival rate liver function liver histology fibrin deposition and necrosis were examined The regulatory effect of CC10 on Fgl2 expression was investigated using THP 1 cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro< i> Results < b> In the mouse FH model induced by MHV 3 the survival rate increased from 0 to 12 5\% in the CC10 group compared to that in the saline only control group Meanwhile the levels of ALT and AST in serum were significantly decreased and liver damage was reduced Furthermore hepatic Fgl2 TNF a and IL 1b expression was obviously downregulated together with fibrin deposition and hepatocyte apoptosis was reduced after administration of CC10 protein In vitro< i> CC10 was found to significantly inhibit the expression of Fgl2 in IFN g treated THP 1 cells and MHV 3 infected mouse peritoneal macrophages by western blot and real time PCR However there was no direct interaction between CC10 and Fgl2 as shown by co immunoprecipitation Microarray investigations suggested that HMG box transcription factor 1 HBP1 was significantly low in CC10 treated and IFN g primed THP 1 cells HBP1 siRNA treatment abrogated the inhibitory effect of CC10 on Fgl2 expression in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial cells HUVECs Conclusion < b>CC10 protects against MHV 3 induced FH via suppression of Fgl2 expression in macrophages Such effects may be mediated by the transcription factor HBP1 ',0 30654269,'Emerging and re emerging coronaviruses in pigs ','Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus SADS CoV are emerging reemerging coronaviruses CoVs They cause acute gastroenteritis in neonatal piglets Sequence analyses suggest that PEDV and SADS CoV may have originated from bat CoVs and PDCoV from a sparrow CoV reaffirming the interspecies transmission of CoVs The clinical signs and pathogenesis of the three viruses are similar Necrosis of infected intestinal epithelial cells occurs causing villous atrophy that results in malabsorptive diarrhea The severe diarrhea and vomiting may lead to dehydration and death of piglets Natural infection induces protective immunity but there is no cross protection among the three viruses Besides strict biosecurity measures individual vaccines are needed for each virus for disease prevention and control ',0 32181483,'Correlation between travellers departing from Wuhan before the Spring Festival and subsequent spread of COVID 19 to all provinces in China ','We found a strong correlation between travel volumes departing from Wuhan Hubei Province before the Spring Festival and the extent of amplification of the outbreak of COVID 19 in China in 2020 with 100 top cities Almost 70\% of exportations were within cities in Hubei province ',1 32199073,'COVID 19 battle during the toughest sanctions against Iran ',?,1 32180140,'Clinical features of pediatric patients with COVID 19 a report of two family cluster cases ','Coronovirus disease 2019 COVID 19 has spread rapidly across the globe People of all ages are susceptible to COVID 19 However literature reports on pediatric patients are limited ',1 32072795,' The way to reduce the" false negative results" of 2019 novel coronavirus nucleic acid detection ','He Suan Jian Ce Shi Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan novel coronavirus pneumonia NCP Que Zhen De Zhong Yao Shou Duan Dan Shi Mu Qian Lin Chuang Shang Fan Ying Cun Zai Jiao Gao Bi Li He Suan Jian Ce " Jia Yin Xing " De Wen Ti Ben Wen Jiang Ming Que He Suan Jian Ce " Jia Yin Xing " De Gai Nian He Suan Jian Ce Wei Shi Yao Ke Yi Zuo Wei Gan Ran Que Zhen " Jia Yin Xing " Bing Fen Xi Zao Cheng He Suan Jian Ce " Jia Yin Xing " De Yuan Yin Zai He Suan Jian Ce Ji Chu Shang Bu Chong SARS CoV 2Bing Du Te Yi Xing IgM IgGKang Ti De Lian He Dong Tai Duo Ci Jian Ce Ke Yi Ming Xian Jian Shao You Bing Du Xing Fei Yan Lin Chuang Zheng Zhuang He Ying Xiang Xue Zheng Ju Dan He Suan Duo Ci Huo Shi Zhong Jian Ce Wei Yin Xing De Lin Chuang Ceng Mian Shang De " Jia Yin Xing " Dui Lin Chuang Zhen Duan Bing Li De Zui Zhong Que Zhen He Zhun Que Xing Ping Jie Ju You Zhong Yao Yi Yi ',1 32143519,'Prediction of Epidemic Spread of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Driven by Spring Festival Transportation in China A Population Based Study ','After the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV outbreak we estimated the distribution and scale of more than 5 million migrants residing in Wuhan after they returned to their hometown communities in Hubei Province or other provinces at the end of 2019 by using the data from the 2013 2018 China Migrants Dynamic Survey CMDS We found that the distribution of Wuhan s migrants is centred in Hubei Province approximately 75\% at a provincial level gradually decreasing in the surrounding provinces in layers with obvious spatial characteristics of circle layers and echelons The scale of Wuhan s migrants whose origins in Hubei Province give rise to a gradient reduction from east to west within the province and account for 66\% of Wuhan s total migrants are from the surrounding prefectural level cities of Wuhan The distribution comprises 94 districts and counties in Hubei Province and the cumulative percentage of the top 30 districts and counties exceeds 80\% Wuhan s migrants have a large proportion of middle aged and high risk individuals Their social characteristics include nuclear family migration 84\% migration with families of 3 4 members 71\% a rural household registration 85\% and working or doing business 84\% as the main reason for migration Using a quasi experimental analysis framework we found that the size of Wuhan s migrants was highly correlated with the daily number of confirmed cases Furthermore we compared the epidemic situation in different regions and found that the number of confirmed cases in some provinces and cities in Hubei Province may be underestimated while the epidemic situation in some regions has increased rapidly The results are conducive to monitoring the epidemic prevention and control in various regions ',1 31118255,'Engineering a Live Attenuated Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Vaccine Candidate via Inactivation of the Viral 2 O< i> Methyltransferase and the Endocytosis Signal of the Spike Protein ','Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV causes high mortality in neonatal piglets however effective and safe vaccines are still not available We hypothesized that inactivation of the 2 O< i> methyltransferase 2 O< i> MTase activity of nsp16 and the endocytosis signal of the spike protein attenuates PEDV yet retains its immunogenicity in pigs We generated a recombinant PEDV KDKE4A< sup> with quadruple alanine substitutions in the catalytic tetrad of the 2 O< i> MTase using a virulent infectious cDNA clone icPC22A as the backbone Next we constructed another mutant KDKE4A< sup> SYA by abolishing the endocytosis signal of the spike protein of KDKE4A< sup> Compared with icPC22A the KDKE4A< sup> and KDKE4A< sup> SYA mutants replicated less efficiently in vitro< i> but induced stronger type I and type III interferon responses The pathogenesis and immunogenicities of the mutants were evaluated in gnotobiotic piglets The virulence of KDKE4A< sup> SYA and KDKE4A< sup> was significantly reduced compared with that of icPC22A Mortality rates were 100\% 17\% and 0\% in the icPC22A KDKE4A< sup> and KDKE4A< sup> SYA inoculated groups respectively At 21 days postinoculation dpi all surviving pigs were challenged orally with a high dose of icPC22A The KDKE4A< sup> SYA and KDKE4A< sup> inoculated pigs were protected from the challenge because no KDKE4A< sup> SYA and one KDKE4A< sup> inoculated pig developed diarrhea whereas all the pigs in the mock inoculated group had severe diarrhea and 33\% of them died Furthermore we serially passaged the KDKE4A< sup> SYA mutant in pigs three times and did not find any reversion of the introduced mutations The data suggest that KDKE4A< sup> SYA may be a PEDV vaccine candidate IMPORTANCE< b> PEDV is the most economically important porcine enteric viral pathogen and has caused immense economic losses in the pork industries in many countries Effective and safe vaccines are desperately required but still not available 2 O< i> MTase nsp16 is highly conserved among coronaviruses CoVs and the inactivation of nsp16 in live attenuated vaccines has been attempted for several betacoronaviruses We show that inactivation of both 2 O< i> MTase and the endocytosis signal of the spike protein is an approach to designing a promising live attenuated vaccine for PEDV The in vivo< i> passaging data also validated the stability of the KDKE4A< sup> SYA mutant KDKE4A< sup> SYA warrants further evaluation in sows and their piglets and may be used as a platform for further optimization Our findings further confirmed that nsp16 can be a universal target for CoV vaccine development and will aid in the development of vaccines against other emerging CoVs ',0 32154911,'COVID 19 Presents High Risk to Older Persons ',?,1 32074480,'COVID 19 Australia Epidemiology Report 3 Reporting week ending 19 00 AEDT 15 February 2020 ','This is the third epidemiological report for coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 previously known as novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV from the virus now known as SARS CoV 2 reported in Australia as at 19 00 Australian Eastern Daylight Time AEDT 15 February 2020 It includes data on the COVID 19 Australian cases the international situation and current information on the severity transmission and spread ',1 32129508,'Hematologic parameters in patients with COVID 19 infection ',?,1 32015560,'Communication collaboration and cooperation can stop the 2019 coronavirus ',?,1 32025790,'Imaging changes in patients with 2019 nCov ',?,1 30861289,'Endemic infection can shape exposure to novel pathogens Pathogen co occurrence networks in the Serengeti lions ','Pathogens are embedded in a complex network of microparasites that can collectively or individually alter disease dynamics and outcomes Endemic pathogens that infect an individual in the first years of life for example can either facilitate or compete with subsequent pathogens thereby exacerbating or ameliorating morbidity and mortality Pathogen associations are ubiquitous but poorly understood particularly in wild populations We report here on 10 years of serological and molecular data in African lions leveraging comprehensive demographic and behavioural data to test if endemic pathogens shape subsequent infection by epidemic pathogens We combine network and community ecology approaches to assess broad network structure and characterise associations between pathogens across spatial and temporal scales We found significant non random structure in the lion pathogen co occurrence network and identified both positive and negative associations between endemic and epidemic pathogens Our results provide novel insights on the complex associations underlying pathogen co occurrence networks ',0 32186172,' Thoughts and practice on the treatment of severe and critical new coronavirus pneumonia ','Severe and critical coronavirus pneumonia 2019 COVID 19 often occurs in elder patients with multiple comorbidities and severe hypoxemia events are an important factor in the deterioration of some cases The critical type of COVID 19 could progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome and multi organ dysfunction which are the most important causes of death Early start with non invasive ventilation NIV against the possible physiological abnormalities could be helpful to improve prognosis Close monitoring of oxygenation reducing patients oxygen consumption active psychological intervention and rapidly dealing with severe hypoxemia events are the key factors for the successful treatment of NIV In addition active adjuvant therapy is also important such as correcting coagulation dysfunction providing proper nutritional support accurate volume control and safe individualized blood glucose monitoring and control ',1 32038520,'Regulation of the ER Stress Response by the Ion Channel Activity of the Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus Envelope Protein Modulates Virion Release Apoptosis Viral Fitness and Pathogenesis ','Coronavirus CoV envelope E protein is a small structural protein critical for virion morphogenesis and release The recently characterized E protein ion channel activity EIC has also been implicated in modulating viral pathogenesis In this study we used infectious bronchitis coronavirus IBV as a model to study EIC Two recombinant IBVs rIBVs harboring EIC inactivating mutations rT16A and rA26F were serially passaged and several compensatory mutations were identified in the transmembrane domain TMD Two rIBVs harboring these putative EIC reverting mutations rT16A A26V and rA26F F14N were recovered Compared with the parental rIBV p65 control all four EIC mutants exhibited comparable levels of intracellular RNA synthesis structural protein production and virion assembly Our results showed that the IBV EIC contributed to the induction of ER stress response as up regulation of ER stress related genes was markedly reduced in cells infected with the EIC defective mutants EIC defective mutants also formed smaller plaques released significantly less infectious virions into the culture supernatant and had lower levels of viral fitness in cell culture Significantly all these defective phenotypes were restored in cells infected with the putative EIC revertants EIC mutations were also implicated in regulating IBV induced apoptosis induction of pro inflammatory cytokines and viral pathogenicity in vivo< i> Taken together this study highlights the importance of CoV EIC in modulating virion release and various aspects of CoV host interaction ',0 31928696,'Sero prevalence cross species infection and serological determinants of prevalence of Bovine Coronavirus in Cattle Sheep and Goats in Ghana ','Cattle goats and sheep are dominant livestock species in sub Saharan Africa with sometimes limited information on the prevalence of major infectious diseases Restrictions due to notifiable epizootics complicate the exchange of samples in surveillance studies and suggest that laboratory capacities should be established domestically Bovine Coronavirus BCoV causes mainly enteric disease in cattle Spillover to small ruminants is possible Here we established BCoV serology based on a recombinant immunofluorescence assay for cattle goats and sheep and studied the seroprevalence of BCoV in these species in four different locations in the Greater Accra Volta Upper East and Northern provinces of Ghana The whole sampling and testing was organized and conducted by a veterinary school in Kumasi Ashanti Region of Ghana Among sampled sheep n = 102 goats n = 66 and cattle n = 1495 the seroprevalence rates were 25 8 \% 43 1 \% and 55 8 \% For cattle seroprevalence was significantly higher on larger farms 82 2 \% vs 17 8 \% comparing farms with > 50 or < 50 animals p = 0 027 Highest prevalence was seen in the Northern province with dry climate but no significant trend following the north south gradient of sampling sites was detected Our study identifies a considerable seroprevalence for BCoV in Ghana and provides further support for the spillover of BCoV to small ruminants in settings with mixed husbandry and limited separation between species ',0 30562987,'Development of Small Molecule MERS CoV Inhibitors ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV with potential to cause global pandemics remains a threat to the public health security and economy In this review we focus on advances in the research and development of small molecule MERS CoV inhibitors targeting different stages of the MERS CoV life cycle aiming to prevent or treat MERS CoV infection ',0 32144591,'What we do when a COVID 19 patient needs an operation operating room preparation and guidance ',?,1 32081428,'Structure analysis of the receptor binding of 2019 nCoV ','2019 nCoV is a newly identified coronavirus with high similarity to SARS CoV We performed a structural analysis of the receptor binding domain RBD of spike glycoprotein responsible for entry of coronaviruses into host cells The RBDs from the two viruses share 72\% identity in amino acid sequences and molecular simulation reveals highly similar ternary structures However 2019 nCoV has a distinct loop with flexible glycyl residues replacing rigid prolyl residues in SARS CoV Molecular modeling revealed that 2019 nCoV RBD has a stronger interaction with angiotensin converting enzyme 2 ACE2 A unique phenylalanine F486 in the flexible loop likely plays a major role because its penetration into a deep hydrophobic pocket in ACE2 ACE2 is widely expressed with conserved primary structures throughout the animal kingdom from fish amphibians reptiles birds to mammals Structural analysis suggests that ACE2 from these animals can potentially bind RBD of 2019 nCoV making them all possible natural hosts for the virus 2019 nCoV is thought to be transmitted through respiratory droplets However since ACE2 is predominantly expressed in intestines testis and kidney fecal oral and other routes of transmission are also possible Finally antibodies and small molecular inhibitors that can block the interaction of ACE2 with RBD should be developed to combat the virus ',1 32161414,'Nigeria responds to COVID 19 first case detected in sub Saharan Africa ',?,1 31020540,'Protection conferred by a vaccine derived from an inactivated Egyptian variant of infectious bronchitis virus a challenge experiment ','The current study investigated the protective efficacy of a formalin inactivated infectious bronchitis virus IBV vaccine derived from the field strain KP729422 which exhibits low S1 spike protein sequence homology 77 1 79 8\% with the currently used vaccine strains in Egypt Two week old specific pathogen free chickens were subcutaneously inoculated with a single dose of the vaccine containing 106 7< sup> 50\% embryo infective dose EID50< sub> of the inactivated virus At 6 weeks of age the chickens were challenged with 104< sup> EID50< sub> of the same virus strain via the oculonasal route In comparison with the unvaccinated challenged group the vaccinated chickens had significantly higher IBV neutralizing antibody titers and exhibited efficient protection against challenge on the basis of tracheal ciliary activity However the challenge virus was recovered from the kidneys and tracheas of these chickens at rates of 40\% and 60\% respectively These findings suggest that a single application of the vaccine may provide sufficient clinical and respiratory protection but may not ensure complete protection against infection by the challenge virus ',0 32069388,'Evidence of SARS CoV 2 Infection in Returning Travelers from Wuhan China ',?,1 30955800,'Cholesterol 25 hydroxylase negatively regulates porcine intestinal coronavirus replication by the production of 25 hydroxycholesterol ','Cholesterol 25 hydroxylase CH25H has been shown lately to be a host restriction factor that encodes an enzyme which catalyzes the oxidized form of cholesterol to 25 hydroxycholesterol 25HC A series of studies have shown that 25HC activity in hosts plays a vital role in inhibiting viral infection In this study we explored the antiviral effect of CH25H and 25HC on porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV which causes high mortality rates in newborn piglets with severe diarrhea and considerable financial loss in the swine industry worldwide Our results showed that PEDV infection downregulated the expression of CH25H in Vero cells An overexpression and knockdown assay indicated that CH25H has significant antiviral action against PEDV and a CH25H mutant CH25H M that lacks hydroxylase activity also retains antiviral activity to a lesser extent Furthermore 25HC had a broad spectrum antiviral effect against different PEDV strains by blocking viral entry In addition CH25H and 25HC inhibited the replication of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV Taken together CH25H as a natural host restriction factor could inhibit PEDV and TGEV infection ',0 31399732,'Protective effects of hypericin against infectious bronchitis virus induced apoptosis and reactive oxygen species in chicken embryo kidney cells ','Avian infectious bronchitis virus IBV a coronavirus causes infectious bronchitis leading to enormous economic loss in the poultry industry worldwide Hypericin HY is an excellent compound that has been investigated in antiviral antineoplastic and antidepressant To investigate the inhibition effect of HY on IBV infection in chicken embryo kidney CEK cells 3 different experimental designs pre treatment of cells prior to IBV infection direct treatment of IBV infected cells and pre treatment of IBV prior to cell infection were used Quantitative real time PCR qRT PCR immunofluorescence assay IFA flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy were performed and virus titer was determined by TCID50 The results revealed that HY had a good anti IBV effect when HY directly treated the IBV infected cells and virus infectivity decreased in a dose dependent manner Furthermore HY inhibited IBV induced apoptosis in CEK cells and significantly reduced the mRNA expression levels of Fas FasL JNK Bax Caspase 3 and Caspase 8 and significantly increased Bcl 2 mRNA expression level in CEK cells In addition HY treatment could decrease IBV induced reactive oxygen species ROS generation in CEK cells These results suggested that HY showed potential antiviral activities against IBV infection involving the inhibition of apoptosis and ROS generation in CEK cells ',0 31802683,'Attenuation and amino acid changes in infectious bronchitis virus Iranian 793 B serotype during serial passaging in embryonated chicken eggs ','The use of live attenuated vaccine LAV is the main method for controlling infectious bronchitis IB It is advisable to develop a LAV using a dominant serotype in the region in the case of vaccine failure Since 793 B serotype is one of the most predominant circulating IB viruses in Iran attenuation of three Iranian 793 B isolates IR 773 2001 IR 794 2002 and IR 520 2002 was done by serial passaging in specific pathogen free SPF embryonated chicken eggs up to 90 passages to assess the degree of their attenuation to achieve a native LAV in the future Virulence and pathogenicity of passage levels 15 and 90 of isolates 773 and 794 were compared using histopathology ciliostasis and potency tests The results showed a decrease in the virulence and pathogenicity of the isolates at passage 90 compared to passage 15 although this decrease in pathogenicity was very mild and viruses after passage 90 were not adequately attenuated Each isolate underwent some amino acid changes at passage 90 In case of isolate 773 it was 5 aa changes while in isolate 794 it was 19 aa changes Some amino acid changes resulted in change into amino acid with different hydrophobicity characteristics No amino acid change was found at passage level 15 compared to wild type viruses Interestingly we did not find previously reported change in amino acid 95 in passage levels 15 and 90 Keywords infectious bronchitis live attenuated vaccine 793 B serotype pathogenicity attenuation nucleotide sequencing ',0 31129785,'Porcine deltacoronavirus nucleocapsid protein antagonizes IFN b production by impairing dsRNA and PACT binding to RIG I ','Porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV is an emerging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes watery diarrhea vomiting and mortality in newborn piglets Previous studies have suggested that PDCoV infection antagonizes RIG I like receptor RLR mediated IFN b production to evade host innate immune defense and PDCoV encoded nonstructural protein nsp5 and accessory protein NS6 are associated with this process However whether the structural protein s of PDCoV also antagonize IFN b production remains unclear In this study we found that PDCoV nucleocapsid N protein the most abundant viral structural protein suppressed Sendai virus SEV induced IFN b production and transcription factor IRF3 activation but did not block IFN b production induced by overexpressing RIG I MDA5 Furthermore study revealed that PDCoV N protein interacted with RIG I and MDA5 in an in vitro overexpression system and evident interactions between N protein and RIG I could be detected in the context of PDCoV infection which interfered with the binding of dsRNA and protein activator of protein kinase R PACT to RIG I Together our results demonstrate that PDCoV N protein is an IFN antagonist and utilizes diverse strategies to attenuate RIG I recognition and activation ',0 32144111,'Covid 19 GP surgeries close for two weeks after staff test positive ',?,1 32098875,'Covid 19 surge in cases in Italy and South Korea makes pandemic look more likely ',?,1 30802342,'Antigens under cover The preservation and demasking of selected antigens for successful poststaining immunocytochemistry of effusion brain smears and lymph node aspirates ','In clinical cytology the applicability of an ancillary test such as immunocytochemistry is too often limited by low sample volume poor cell representation and sample preservation Diagnosticians often read Romanowsky stained cytology although specific techniques such as immunocytochemistry are often essential for a definitive diagnosis ',0 32164401,' COVID 19 Pandemic global epidemiological trends and China s subsequent preparedness and responses ','The outbreak of COVID 19 has spread quickly across 114 countries territories areas in six continents worldwide and has been announced as a pandemic by WHO This study analyzed global COVID 19 epidemiological trends examined impact of the pandemic on global health security diplomacy and social environment in China and provided short and long term strategic policy recommendations for China s subsequent preparedness and responses ',1 32071447,'More than 80 clinical trials launch to test coronavirus treatments ',?,1 32179860,'Don t rush to deploy COVID 19 vaccines and drugs without sufficient safety guarantees ',?,1 31133031,'Coronavirus envelope protein current knowledge ','Coronaviruses CoVs primarily cause enzootic infections in birds and mammals but in the last few decades have shown to be capable of infecting humans as well The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS in 2003 and more recently Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS has demonstrated the lethality of CoVs when they cross the species barrier and infect humans A renewed interest in coronaviral research has led to the discovery of several novel human CoVs and since then much progress has been made in understanding the CoV life cycle The CoV envelope E protein is a small integral membrane protein involved in several aspects of the virus life cycle such as assembly budding envelope formation and pathogenesis Recent studies have expanded on its structural motifs and topology its functions as an ion channelling viroporin and its interactions with both other CoV proteins and host cell proteins ',0 32132184,'Structural basis for the recognition of the SARS CoV 2 by full length human ACE2 ','Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 ACE2 is the cellular receptor for SARS coronavirus SARS CoV and the new coronavirus SARS CoV 2 that is causing the serious epidemic COVID 19 Here we present cryo EM structures of full length human ACE2 in the presence of a neutral amino acid transporter B0< sup>AT1 with or without the receptor binding domain RBD of the surface spike glycoprotein S protein of SARS CoV 2 both at an overall resolution of 2 9 A with a local resolution of 3 5 A at the ACE2 RBD interface The ACE2 B0< sup>AT1 complex is assembled as a dimer of heterodimers with the Collectrin like domain CLD of ACE2 mediating homo dimerization The RBD is recognized by the extracellular peptidase domain PD of ACE2 mainly through polar residues These findings provide important insights to the molecular basis for coronavirus recognition and infection ',1 32171390,'Real estimates of mortality following COVID 19 infection ',?,1 31089148,'Comparative Analysis of Eleven Healthcare Associated Outbreaks of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Mers Cov from 2015 to 2017 ','Since its emergence in 2012 2 260 cases and 803 deaths due to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV have been reported to the World Health Organization Most cases were due to transmission in healthcare settings sometimes causing large outbreaks We analyzed epidemiologic and clinical data of laboratory confirmed MERS CoV cases from eleven healthcare associated outbreaks in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Republic of Korea between 2015 2017 We quantified key epidemiological differences between outbreaks Twenty five percent n = 105 422 of MERS cases who acquired infection in a hospital setting were healthcare personnel In multivariate analyses age 65 OR 4 8 95\%CI 2 6 8 7 and the presence of underlying comorbidities OR 2 7 95\% CI 1 3 5 7 were associated with increased mortality whereas working as healthcare personnel was protective OR 0 07 95\% CI 0 01 0 34 At the start of these outbreaks the reproduction number ranged from 1 0 to 5 7 it dropped below 1 within 2 to 6 weeks This study provides a comprehensive characterization of MERS HCA outbreaks Our results highlight heterogeneities in the epidemiological profile of healthcare associated outbreaks The limitations of our study stress the urgent need for standardized data collection for high threat respiratory pathogens such as MERS CoV ',0 32199182,'The emotional impact of Coronavirus 2019 nCoV new Coronavirus disease ','A novel form of Coronavirus 2019 nCoV in Wuhan has created a confused and rapidly evolving situation In this situational framework patients and front line healthcare workers are vulnerable ',1 32164079,' Early detection and disease assessment of patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia ','In December 2019 the outbreak of novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV in Wuhan China attracting attention worldwidely The novel coronavirus has the characteristics of rapid transmission atypical clinical symptoms and easy to affect both lungs leading to missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis as well as difficult to detection and assessment at early stage Fever cough myalgia weakness dyspnea and imagings may be helpful for the early detection of novel coronavirus pneumonia At the same time the rate of disease progression fever CT manifestations hypoxia degree age basic diseases and laboratory indicators can also be used to evaluate the severity of the novel coronavirus pneumonia ',0 31614869,'Generation of a Nebulizable CDR Modified MERS CoV Neutralizing Human Antibody ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV induces severe aggravating respiratory failure in infected patients frequently resulting in mechanical ventilation As limited therapeutic antibody is accumulated in lung tissue following systemic administration inhalation is newly recognized as an alternative possibly better route of therapeutic antibody for pulmonary diseases The nebulization process however generates diverse physiological stresses and thus the therapeutic antibody must be resistant to these stresses remain stable and form minimal aggregates We first isolated a MERS CoV neutralizing antibody that is reactive to the receptor binding domain RBD of spike S glycoprotein To increase stability we introduced mutations into the complementarity determining regions CDRs of the antibody In the HCDRs excluding HCDR3 in this clone two hydrophobic residues were replaced with Glu two residues were replaced with Asp and four residues were replaced with positively charged amino acids In LCDRs only two Leu residues were replaced with Val These modifications successfully generated a clone with significantly greater stability and equivalent reactivity and neutralizing activity following nebulization compared to the original clone In summary we generated a MERS CoV neutralizing human antibody that is reactive to recombinant MERS CoV S RBD protein for delivery via a pulmonary route by introducing stabilizing mutations into five CDRs ',0 31859605,'Genetic manipulation of porcine deltacoronavirus reveals insights into NS6 and NS7 functions a novel strategy for vaccine design ','Porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV is an emerging swine coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea resulting in high mortality in neonatal piglets Despite widespread outbreaks in many countries no effective PDCoV vaccines are currently available Here we generated for the first time a full length infectious cDNA clone of PDCoV We further manipulated the infectious clone by replacing the NS6 gene with a green fluorescent protein GFP to generate rPDCoV DNS6 GFP likewise rPDCoV DNS7 was constructed by removing the ATG start codons of the NS7 gene Growth kinetics studies suggest that rPDCoV DNS7 could replicate similarly to that of the wild type PDCoV whereas rPDCoV DNS6 GFP exhibited a substantial reduction of viral titer in vitro< i> and in vivo< i> Piglets inoculated with rPDCoV DNS7 or wild type PDCoV showed similar diarrheic scores and pathological injury In contrast rPDCoV DNS6 GFP infected piglets did not show any clinical signs indicating that the NS6 protein is an important virulence factor of PDCoV and that the NS6 deficient mutant virus might be a promising live attenuated vaccine candidate Taken together the reverse genetics platform described here not only provides more insights into the role of PDCoV accessory proteins in viral replication and pathogenesis but also allows the development of novel vaccines against PDCoV infection ',0 32167533,'What Does the Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 Mean for Families ',?,1 32171189,' Consideration and prevention for the aerosol transmission of 2019 novel coronavirus ','Novel coronavirus pneumonia broke out from Wuhan and spreading to the whole nation and world since Dec 2019 It is now the critical stage to fight against the virus Previous epidemiological investigations and animal experiments suggest aerosol could perform as virus transmitter Based on the clinical observation the possibility of aerosol transmission of 2019 novel coronavirus has aroused a lot of attention This study focuses on the feature of aerosol transmission and the pathogens involved in We analyzed the possibility of aerosol transmission for the novel coronavirus Relevant strategies to prevent novel coronavirus pneumonia are established serving as references to the medical personnel and general public during their work or daily life Chin J Ophthalmol 2020 56 < i> ',0 32151274,'Preparing for COVID 19 early experience from an intensive care unit in Singapore ',?,1 31412613,'Establishment of Primary Transgenic Human Airway Epithelial Cell Cultures to Study Respiratory Virus Host Interactions ','Primary human airway epithelial cell hAEC cultures represent a universal platform to propagate respiratory viruses and characterize their host interactions in authentic target cells To further elucidate specific interactions between human respiratory viruses and important host factors in the airway epithelium it is important to make hAEC cultures amenable to genetic modification However the short and finite lifespan of primary cells in cell culture creates a bottleneck for the genetic modification of these cultures In the current study we show that the incorporation of the Rho associated protein kinase ROCK inhibitor Y 27632 during cell propagation extends the life span of primary human cells in vitro and thereby facilitates the incorporation of lentivirus based expression systems Using fluorescent reporters for fluorescence activated cell sorting FACS based sorting we generated homogenously fluorescent hAEC cultures that differentiate normally after lentiviral transduction As a proof of principle we demonstrate that host gene expression can be modulated post differentiation via inducible short hairpin sh RNA mediated knockdown Importantly functional characterization of these transgenic hAEC cultures with exogenous poly I C as a proxy for virus infection demonstrates that such modifications do not influence the host innate immune response Moreover the propagation kinetics of both human coronavirus 229E HCoV 229E and human respiratory syncytial virus hRSV were not affected Combined these results validate our newly established protocol for the genetic modification of hAEC cultures thereby unlocking a unique potential for detailed molecular characterization of virus host interactions in human respiratory epithelium ',0 32066206,' Countermeasures and treatment for aortic acute syndrome with novel coronavirus pneumonia ','The novel coronavirus pneumonia NCP has cost a great loss to the health and economic property of Chines people Under such a special circumstance how to deal with such patients with acute aortic syndrome has become a serious challenge Rapid diagnosis of concomitant NCP safe and effective transportation implementation of the interventional procedure protection of vascular surgical team and postoperative management and follow up of such patients have become urgent problems for us Combined with the latest novel government documents the literature and the experiences from Wuhan we answered the above questions briefly and plainly It also hopes to inspire the national vascular surgeons to manage critical emergencies in vascular surgery and even routine vascular diseases with NCP as a final point to limit the severe epidemic situation and minimize the damage of NCP ',1 31072653,'Evaluation of the sick returned traveler ','Infections are common during travel and frontline physicians frequently must evaluate sick returned travelers Sick travelers can be clinically challenging due to the wide range of endemic diseases in different geographic regions To guide the diagnostic and treatment plan consideration of endemic and emerging infections in the region of travel as well as careful review of the travelers exposures and preventative measures are necessary Routine laboratory tests and cultures cannot confirm many tropical infections and pathogen directed testing is typically required Common tropical infections that can be severe such as malaria dengue and enteric fever should always be considered in the diagnostic evaluation Providers should also be vigilant for rare but highly pathogenic emerging infections such as Ebola virus disease and Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS ',0 32005618,'Seroprevalence of MERS CoV in healthy adults in western Saudi Arabia 2011 2016 ','The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV is a newly recognized zoonotic coronavirus Current evidence confirms the role of dromedaries in primary human infections but does not explain the sporadic community cases However asymptomatic or subclinical cases could represent a possible source of infection in the community ',0 32153166,' Provisional guidelines on autopsy practice for deaths associated with COVID 19 ',?,1 32167747,'Evidence of the COVID 19 Virus Targeting the CNS Tissue Distribution Host Virus Interaction and Proposed Neurotropic Mechanisms ','The recent outbreak of coronavirus infectious disease 2019 COVID 19 has gripped the world with apprehension and has evoked a scare of epic proportion regarding its potential to spread and infect humans worldwide As we are in the midst of an ongoing pandemic of COVID 19 scientists are struggling to understand how it resembles and differs from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV at the genomic and transcriptomic level In a short time following the outbreak it has been shown that similar to SARS CoV COVID 19 virus exploits the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 ACE2 receptor to gain entry inside the cells This finding raises the curiosity of investigating the expression of ACE2 in neurological tissue and determining the possible contribution of neurological tissue damage to the morbidity and mortality caused by COIVD 19 Here we investigate the density of the expression levels of ACE2 in the CNS the host virus interaction and relate it to the pathogenesis and complications seen in the recent cases resulting from the COVID 19 outbreak Also we debate the need for a model for staging COVID 19 based on neurological tissue involvement ',1 32171063,'Adoption of COVID 19 triage strategies for low income settings ',?,1 32196544,'Supporting Clinicians During the COVID 19 Pandemic ',?,1 32142972,'Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 A critical care perspective beyond China ',?,1 32156675,'Covid 19 Portugal closes all medical schools after 31 cases confirmed in the country ',?,1 32113196,' Study on assessing early epidemiological parameters of coronavirus disease epidemic in China ','Objective < b> To study the early dynamics of the epidemic of coronavirus disease COVID 19 in China from 15 to 31 January 2020 and estimate the corresponding epidemiological parameters incubation period generation interval and basic reproduction number of the epidemic Methods < b> By means of Weibull Gamma and Lognormal distributions methods we estimated the probability distribution of the incubation period and generation interval data obtained from the reported COVID 19 cases Moreover the AIC criterion was used to determine the optimal distribution Considering the epidemic is ongoing the exponential growth model was used to fit the incidence data of COVID 19 from 10 to 31 January 2020 and exponential growth method maximum likelihood method and SEIR model were used to estimate the basic reproduction number Results < b> Early COVID 19 cases kept an increase in exponential growth manner before 26 January 2020 then the increase trend became slower The average incubation period was 5 01 95\%CI< i> 4 31 5 69 days the average generation interval was 6 03 95\%CI< i> 5 20 6 91 days The basic reproduction number was estimated to be 3 74 95\%CI< i> 3 63 3 87 3 16 95\%CI< i> 2 90 3 43 and 3 91 95\%CI< i> 3 71 4 11 by three methods respectively Conclusions < b> The Gamma distribution fits both the generation interval and incubation period best and the mean value of generation interval is 1 02 day longer than that of incubation period The relatively high basic reproduction number indicates that the epidemic is still serious Based on our analysis the turning point of the epidemic would be seen on 26 January the growth rate would be lower afterwards ',1 32201500,'Membrane binding proteins of coronaviruses ','Coronaviruses CoVs infect many species causing a variety of diseases with a range of severities Their members include zoonotic viruses with pandemic potential where therapeutic options are currently limited Despite this diversity CoVs share some common features including the production in infected cells of elaborate membrane structures Membranes represent both an obstacle and aid to CoV replication and in consequence virus encoded structural and nonstructural proteins have membrane binding properties The structural proteins encounter cellular membranes at both entry and exit of the virus while the nonstructural proteins reorganize cellular membranes to benefit virus replication Here the role of each protein in membrane binding is described to provide a comprehensive picture of their role in the CoV replication cycle ',0 32183934,'Post discharge surveillance and positive virus detection in two medical staff recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 China January to February 2020 ','Since December 2019 62 medical staff of Zhongnan Hospital in Wuhan China have been hospitalised with coronavirus disease 2019 During the post discharge surveillance after clinical recovery swabs were positive in two asymptomatic cases 3 23\% Case 1 had presented typical clinical and radiological manifestations on admission while manifestation in Case 2 was very mild In conclusion a small proportion of recovered patients may test positive after discharge and post discharge surveillance and isolation need to be strengthened ',1 32169498,'Vicarious traumatization in the general public members and non members of medical teams aiding in COVID 19 control ','Since December 2019 more than 79 000 people have been diagnosed with infection of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 COVID 19 A large number of medical staff was sent to Wuhan city and Hubei province to aid COVID 19 control Psychological stress especially vicarious traumatization caused by the COVID 19 pandemic should not be ignored To address this concern the study employed a total of 214 general public and 526 nurses i e 234 front line nurses and 292 non front line nurses to evaluate vicarious traumatization scores via a mobile app based questionnaire Front line nurses are engaged in the process of providing care for patients with COVID 19 The results showed that the vicarious traumatization scores for front line nurses including scores for physiological and psychological responses were significantly lower than those of non front line nurses P < 0 001 Interestingly the vicarious traumatization scores of the general public were significantly higher than those of the front line nurses P < 0 001 however no statistical difference was observed compared to the scores of non front line nurses P > 0 05 Therefore increased attention should be paid to the psychological problems of the medical staff especially non front line nurses and general public under the situation of the spread and control of COVID 19 Early strategies that aim to prevent and treat vicarious traumatization in medical staff and general public are extremely necessary ',1 32186277,'Rapidly increasing cumulative incidence of coronavirus disease COVID 19 in the European Union European Economic Area and the United Kingdom 1 January to 15 March 2020 ','The cumulative incidence of coronavirus disease COVID 19 cases is showing similar trends in European Union European Economic Area countries and the United Kingdom confirming that while at a different stage depending on the country the COVID 19 pandemic is progressing rapidly in all countries Based on the experience from Italy countries hospitals and intensive care units should increase their preparedness for a surge of patients with COVID 19 who will require healthcare and in particular intensive care ',1 31264704,'Molecular epidemiology of infectious bronchitis virus and avian metapneumovirus in Greece ','Respiratory diseases like infectious bronchitis virus IBV and avian metapneumovirus aMPV have been held accountable for major losses for poultry production Nevertheless scarce information was present dealing with the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of these infections in Greece and the efficacy of currently applied control strategies To fill this gap a specific epidemiological study was designed A total of 106 broiler and layer farms including 10 backyard and 96 commercial flocks were sampled between March 2016 and May 2017 and the obtained tracheal swabs were tested for IBV and aMPV using RT PCR based techniques followed by sequencing For each farm data regarding production type flock features clinical signs and vaccination program were also recorded Different associations between vaccination protocol production type animal category birds density age presence of clinical signs and IBV and or aMPV infection were tested Both IBV and aMPV field strain prevalence were proven high approximately 20 and 30\% respectively being the GI 19 lineage 14 out of 19 73 6\% and B subtype 30 out of 30 100\% the most commonly detected IBV and aMPV genetic types Infection with IBV field strains was significantly associated with clinical sign presence odds ratio = 8 55 95CI = 2 17 42 90 Remarkably only the vaccination protocol involving a double vaccination at 1 D of age was proven protective against IBV induced symptomatology with the odds of developing disease being 4 14 95CI = 1 34 14 51 times lower No association was demonstrated between aMPV infection and clinical outbreaks or between aMPV and IBV detection suggesting the marginal role of the former pathogen in poultry farming Globally the present study provides the first detailed investigation of the epidemiological scenario of 2 viruses traditionally considered of pivotal relevance in poultry farming and demonstrates that remarkable benefits could be obtained with just minor adjustments in vaccination protocols ',0 31775197,'Enhancement of antigen specific humoral immune responses and protein solubility through conjugation of bacterial flagellin Vibrio vulnificus< i> FlaB to the N terminus of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus surface protein antigen S0 ','Porcine epidemic diarrhea PED is a highly contagious enteric swine disease The large economic impact of PED on the swine industry worldwide has made the development of an effective PED vaccine a necessity S0 a truncated region of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV spike protein has been suggested as a candidate antigen for PED subunit vaccines however poor solubility problems when the protein is expressed in Escherichia coli< i> and the inherent problems of subunit vaccines such as low immunogenicity remain Flagellin has been widely used as a fusion partner to enhance the immunogenicity and solubility of many difficult to express proteins however the conjugation effect of flagellin varies depending on the target antigen or the position of the fusion placement Here we conjugated flagellin Vibrio vulnificus< i> FlaB to the N and C termini of S0 and evaluated the ability of the fusion to enhance the solubility and immunogenicity of S0 Flagellin conjugation in the presence of the trigger factor chaperone tig< i> greatly improved the solubility of the fusion protein up to 99\% regardless of its conjugation position Of importance flagellin conjugated to the N terminus of S0 significantly enhanced S0 specific humoral immune responses compared to other recombinant antigens in Balb c mice The mechanism of this phenomenon was investigated through in vitro< i> and in vivo< i> studies These findings provide important information for the development of a novel PED vaccine and flagellin based immunotherapeutics ',0 31930543,'Inactivation of three emerging viruses severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever virus and Nipah virus in platelet concentrates by ultraviolet C light and in plasma by methylene blue plus visible light ','Emerging viruses like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever virus CCHFV and Nipah virus NiV have been identified to pose a potential threat to transfusion safety In this study the ability of the THERAFLEX UV Platelets and THERAFLEX MB Plasma pathogen inactivation systems to inactivate these viruses in platelet concentrates and plasma respectively was investigated ',0 32027573,'Emerging 2019 Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV Pneumonia ','BackgroundThe chest CT findings of patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV pneumonia have not previously been described in detail PurposeTo investigate the clinical laboratory and imaging findings of emerging 2019 nCoV pneumonia in humans Materials and MethodsFifty one patients 25 men and 26 women age range 16 76 years with laboratory confirmed 2019 nCoV infection by using real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction underwent thin section CT The imaging findings clinical data and laboratory data were evaluated ResultsFifty of 51 patients 98\% had a history of contact with individuals from the endemic center in Wuhan China Fever 49 of 51 96\% and cough 24 of 51 47\% were the most common symptoms Most patients had a normal white blood cell count 37 of 51 73\% neutrophil count 44 of 51 86\% and either normal 17 of 51 35\% or reduced 33 of 51 65\% lymphocyte count CT images showed pure ground glass opacity GGO in 39 of 51 77\% patients and GGO with reticular and or interlobular septal thickening in 38 of 51 75\% patients GGO with consolidation was present in 30 of 51 59\% patients and pure consolidation was present in 28 of 51 55\% patients Forty four of 51 86\% patients had bilateral lung involvement while 41 of 51 80\% involved the posterior part of the lungs and 44 of 51 86\% were peripheral There were more consolidated lung lesions in patients 5 days or more from disease onset to CT scan versus 4 days or fewer 431 of 712 lesions vs 129 of 612 lesions P< i> < 001 Patients older than 50 years had more consolidated lung lesions than did those aged 50 years or younger 212 of 470 vs 198 of 854 P< i> < 001 Follow up CT in 13 patients showed improvement in seven 54\% patients and progression in four 31\% patients ConclusionPatients with fever and or cough and with conspicuous ground glass opacity lesions in the peripheral and posterior lungs on CT images combined with normal or decreased white blood cells and a history of epidemic exposure are highly suspected of having 2019 Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV pneumonia c RSNA 2020 ',1 30918070,'Identification and Characterization of a Human Coronavirus 229E Nonstructural Protein 8 Associated RNA 3 Terminal Adenylyltransferase Activity ','Coronavirus nonstructural protein 8 nsp8 has been suggested to have diverse activities including noncanonical template dependent polymerase activities Here we characterized a recombinant form of the human coronavirus 229E HCoV 229E nsp8 and found that the protein has metal ion dependent RNA 3 terminal adenylyltransferase TATase activity while other nucleotides were not or very inefficiently transferred to the 3 ends of single stranded and fully double stranded acceptor RNAs Using partially double stranded RNAs very efficient TATase activity was observed if the opposite template strand contained a short 5 oligo U sequence while very little if any activity was detected for substrates with other homopolymeric or heteropolymeric sequences in the 5 overhang The oligo U assisted templated TATase activity on partial duplex RNAs was confirmed for two other coronavirus nsp8 proteins suggesting that the activity is conserved among coronaviruses Replacement of a conserved Lys residue with Ala abolished the in vitro< i> RNA binding and TATase activities of nsp8 and caused a nonviable phenotype when the corresponding mutation was introduced into the HCoV 229E genome confirming that these activities are mediated by nsp8 and critical for viral replication In additional experiments we obtained evidence that nsp8 has a pronounced specificity for adenylate and is unable to incorporate guanylate into RNA products which strongly argues against the previously proposed template dependent RNA polymerase activity of this protein Given the presence of an oligo U stretch at the 5 end of coronavirus minus strand RNAs it is tempting to speculate but remains to be confirmed that the nsp8 mediated TATase activity is involved in the 3 polyadenylation of viral plus strand RNAs IMPORTANCE< b> Previously coronavirus nsp8 proteins were suggested to have template dependent RNA polymerase activities resembling those of RNA primases or even canonical RNA dependent RNA polymerases while more recent studies have suggested an essential cofactor function of nsp8 plus nsp7 for nsp12 mediated RNA dependent RNA polymerase activity In an effort to reconcile conflicting data from earlier studies the study revisits coronavirus nsp8 associated activities using additional controls and proteins The data obtained for three coronavirus nsp8 proteins provide evidence that the proteins share metal ion dependent RNA 3 polyadenylation activities that are greatly stimulated by a short oligo U stretch in the template strand In contrast nsp8 was found to be unable to select and incorporate appropriate matching nucleotides to produce cRNA products from heteropolymeric and other homooligomeric templates While confirming the critical role of nsp8 in coronavirus replication the study amends the list of activities mediated by coronavirus nsp8 proteins in the absence of other proteins ',0 32020836,'RNA based mNGS approach identifies a novel human coronavirus from two individual pneumonia cases in 2019 Wuhan outbreak ','From December 2019 an outbreak of unusual pneumonia was reported in Wuhan with many cases linked to Huanan Seafood Market that sells seafood as well as live exotic animals We investigated two patients who developed acute respiratory syndromes after independent contact history with this market The two patients shared common clinical features including fever cough and multiple ground glass opacities in the bilateral lung field with patchy infiltration Here we highlight the use of a low input metagenomic next generation sequencing mNGS approach on RNA extracted from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid BALF It rapidly identified a novel coronavirus named 2019 nCoV according to World Health Organization announcement which was the sole pathogens in the sample with very high abundance level 1 5\% and 0 62\% of total RNA sequenced The entire viral genome is 29 881 nt in length GenBank MN988668 and MN988669 Sequence Read Archive database Bioproject accession PRJNA601736 and is classified into b coronavirus genus Phylogenetic analysis indicates that 2019 nCoV is close to coronaviruses CoVs circulating in Rhinolophus Horseshoe bats such as 98 7\% nucleotide identity to partial RdRp gene of bat coronavirus strain BtCoV 4991 GenBank KP876546 370 nt sequence of RdRp and lack of other genome sequence and 87 9\% nucleotide identity to bat coronavirus strain bat SL CoVZC45 and bat SL CoVZXC21 Evolutionary analysis based on ORF1a 1b S and N genes also suggests 2019 nCoV is more likely a novel CoV independently introduced from animals to humans ',1 32203711,'Planning and provision of ECMO services for severe ARDS during the COVID 19 pandemic and other outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases ','WHO interim guidelines recommend offering extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ECMO to eligible patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS related to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 The number of patients with COVID 19 infection who might develop severe ARDS that is refractory to maximal medical management and require this level of support is currently unknown Available evidence from similar patient populations suggests that carefully selected patients with severe ARDS who do not benefit from conventional treatment might be successfully supported with venovenous ECMO The need for ECMO is relatively low and its use is mostly restricted to specialised centres globally Providing complex therapies such as ECMO during outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases has unique challenges Careful planning judicious resource allocation and training of personnel to provide complex therapeutic interventions while adhering to strict infection control measures are all crucial components of an ECMO action plan ECMO can be initiated in specialist centres or patients can receive ECMO during transportation from a centre that is not specialised for this procedure to an expert ECMO centre Ensuring that systems enable safe and coordinated movement of critically ill patients staff and equipment is important to improve ECMO access ECMO preparedness for the COVID 19 pandemic is important in view of the high transmission rate of the virus and respiratory related mortality ',0 31675523,'LGP2 plays a critical role in MDA5 mediated antiviral activity against duck enteritis virus ','Duck viral enteritis DEV is a DNA virus that leads to heavy economic losses in the commercial duck industry As a key cytoplasmic sensor melanoma differentiation associated gene 5 MDA5 can recognize viral RNA and enhance the antiviral immune response Retinoic acid inducible gene I RIG I and MDA5 both belong to the RIG I like receptors family and RIG I is known to be involved in the anti DEV signaling pathway However the role of MDA5 in DEV infection remains unclear In this study we used overexpression and knockdown methods to determine if MDA5 affected DEV infection in ducks We confirmed that DEV infection was significantly suppressed in MDA5 overexpressing DEF cells while knockdown of MDA5 by siRNA markedly enhanced DEV growth We demonstrated that overexpression of duck MDA5 significantly upregulated expression of interferon IFN stimulated genes including myxovirus resistance protein Mx IFN induced oligodenylate synthetase like OASL IFN induced transmembrane protein 1 IFITM1 and IFN b In addition the transcriptional level of MDA5 was upregulated both in vivo and in vitro upon DEV infection We also showed that there was an association between MDA5 and laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 LGP2 in antiviral signaling LGP2 functioned as a concentration dependent switch between MDA5 specific enhancement and interference Overall these findings indicated that MDA5 restricted DEV replication and LGP2 plays a critical role in MDA5 mediated antiviral activity against DEV ',0 31297469,'Stochastic and spatio temporal analysis of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome outbreak in South Korea 2015 ','South Korea was free of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MERS until 2015 The MERS outbreak in South Korea during 2015 was the largest outbreak of the Coronavirus outside the Middle East The major characteristic of this outbreak is inter or intra hospital transmission This recent MERS outbreak in South Korea is examined and assessed in this paper The main objectives of the study is to characterize the pattern of the MERS outbreak in South Korea based on a basic reproductive ratio the probability of ultimate extinction of the disease and the spatio temporal proximity of occurrence between patients The survival function method and stochastic branching process model are adapted to calculate the basic reproductive ratio and the probability of ultimate extinction of the disease We further investigate the occurrence pattern of the outbreak using a spatio temporal autocorrelation function ',0 30943371,'SARS coronavirus protein nsp1 disrupts localization of Nup93 from the nuclear pore complex ','Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nonstructural protein 1 nsp1 is a key factor in virus induced down regulation of host gene expression In infected cells nsp1 engages in a multipronged mechanism to inhibit host gene expression by binding to the 40S ribosome to block the assembly of translationally competent ribosome and then inducing endonucleolytic cleavage and the degradation of host mRNAs Here we report a previously undetected mechanism by which nsp1 exploits the nuclear pore complex and disrupts the nuclear cytoplasmic transport of biomolecules We identified members of the nuclear pore complex from the nsp1 associated protein assembly and found that the expression of nsp1 in HEK cells disrupts Nup93 localization around the nuclear envelope without triggering proteolytic degradation while the nuclear lamina remains unperturbed Consistent with its role in host shutoff nsp1 alters the nuclear cytoplasmic distribution of an RNA binding protein nucleolin Our results suggest that nsp1 alone can regulate multiple steps of gene expression including nuclear cytoplasmic transport ',0 32145186,'Mitigate the effects of home confinement on children during the COVID 19 outbreak ',?,1 30830861,'Anti spike IgG causes severe acute lung injury by skewing macrophage responses during acute SARS CoV infection ','Newly emerging viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome CoVs MERS CoV and H7N9 cause fatal acute lung injury ALI by driving hypercytokinemia and aggressive inflammation through mechanisms that remain elusive In SARS CoV macaque models we determined that anti spike IgG S IgG in productively infected lungs causes severe ALI by skewing inflammation resolving response Alveolar macrophages underwent functional polarization in acutely infected macaques demonstrating simultaneously both proinflammatory and wound healing characteristics The presence of S IgG prior to viral clearance however abrogated wound healing responses and promoted MCP1 and IL 8 production and proinflammatory monocyte macrophage recruitment and accumulation Critically patients who eventually died of SARS hereafter referred to as deceased patients displayed similarly accumulated pulmonary proinflammatory absence of wound healing macrophages and faster neutralizing antibody responses Their sera enhanced SARS CoV induced MCP1 and IL 8 production by human monocyte derived wound healing macrophages whereas blockade of FcgR reduced such effects Our findings reveal a mechanism responsible for virus mediated ALI define a pathological consequence of viral specific antibody response and provide a potential target for treatment of SARS CoV or other virus mediated lung injury ',0 30873724,'Respiratory viruses identified in western Canadian beef cattle by metagenomic sequencing and their association with bovine respiratory disease ','Bovine respiratory disease BRD causes considerable economic losses in North America The pathogenesis involves interactions between bacteria viruses environment and management factors Primary viral infection can increase the risk of secondary fatal bacterial infection The objective of this study was to use metagenomic sequencing to characterize the respiratory viromes of paired nasal swabs and tracheal washes from western Canadian feedlot cattle with or without BRD A total of 116 cattle 116 nasal swabs and 116 tracheal washes were analysed The presence of influenza D virus IDV bovine rhinitis A virus BRAV bovine rhinitis B virus BRBV bovine coronavirus BCV and bovine respiratory syncytial virus BRSV was associated with BRD Agreement between identification of viruses in nasal swabs and tracheal washes was generally weak indicating that sampling location may affect detection of infection This study reported several viruses for the first time in Canada and provides a basis for further studies investigating candidate viruses important to the prevention of BRD ',0 32134116,'Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia COVID 19 implicate special control measures ','By Feb 27th< sup> 2020 the outbreak of COVID 19 caused 82623 confirmed cases and 2858 deaths globally more than Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SARS 8273 cases 775 deaths and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MERS 1139 cases 431 deaths caused in 2003 and 2013 respectively COVID 19 has spread to 46 countries internationally Total fatality rate of COVID 19 is estimated at 3 46\% by far based on published data from Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention China CDC Average incubation period of COVID 19 is around 6 4 days ranges from 0 24 days The basic reproductive number R0< sub> of COVID 19 ranges from 2 3 5 at the early phase regardless of different prediction models which is higher than SARS and MERS A study from China CDC showed majority of patients 80 9\% were considered asymptomatic or mild pneumonia but released large amounts of viruses at the early phase of infection which posed enormous challenges for containing the spread of COVID 19 Nosocomial transmission was another severe problem 3019 health workers were infected by Feb 12 2020 which accounted for 3 83\% of total number of infections and extremely burdened the health system especially in Wuhan Limited epidemiological and clinical data suggest that the disease spectrum of COVID 19 may differ from SARS or MERS We summarize latest literatures on genetic epidemiological and clinical features of COVID 19 in comparison to SARS and MERS and emphasize special measures on diagnosis and potential interventions This review will improve our understanding of the unique features of COVID 19 and enhance our control measures in the future This article is protected by copyright All rights reserved ',1 31992880,'China coronavirus Six questions scientists are asking ',?,1 31556108,'The intestinal microbiome in dogs and cats with diarrhoea as detected by a faecal polymerase chain reaction based panel in Perth Western Australia ','This study reports the prevalence of potential faecal pathogens in the microbiome detected in a cohort of cats and dogs with diarrhoea in Perth Western Australia Records from a commercial diagnostic laboratory using faecal PCR testing between July 2014 and August 2015 were reviewed Of 289 feline faecal samples reviewed Salmonella spp 1 7\% Campylobacter spp 47 6\% Clostridium perfringens 81 3\% Giardia spp 11 1\% Toxoplasma gondii 1 2\% Tritrichomonas foetus 4 8\% panleukopenia virus 6 5\% and coronavirus 39 5\% were detected In dogs Salmonella spp 5 4\% Campylobacter spp 36 3\% C perfringens 85 4\% Giardia spp 6 2\% parvovirus 9 4\% coronavirus 4 7\% and distemper virus 1 5\% were detected ',0 32083638,'Processing of the SARS CoV pp1a ab nsp7 10 region ','Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus is the causative agent of a respiratory disease with a high case fatality rate During the formation of the coronaviral replication transcription complex essential steps include processing of the conserved polyprotein nsp7 10 region by the main protease Mpro and subsequent complex formation of the released nsp s Here we analyzed processing of the coronavirus nsp7 10 region using native mass spectrometry showing consumption of substrate rise and fall of intermediate products and complexation Importantly there is a clear order of cleavage efficiencies which is influenced by the polyprotein tertiary structure Furthermore the predominant product is an nsp7+8 2 2 hetero tetramer with nsp8 scaffold In conclusion native MS opposed to other methods can expose the processing dynamics of viral polyproteins and the landscape of protein interactions in one set of experiments Thereby new insights into protein interactions essential for generation of viral progeny were provided with relevance for development of antivirals ',1 31077561,'Prevalence of a novel bovine coronavirus strain with a recombinant hemagglutinin esterase gene in dairy calves in China ','Bovine coronavirus BCoV is the causative agent of diarrhoea in newborn calves winter dysentery in adult cattle and respiratory tract illnesses in cattle across the world In this study a total of 190 faecal samples from dairy calves with diarrhoea were collected from 14 farms in six Chinese provinces and BCoV was detected in 18 95\% 36 190 of the samples by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction Full length spike hemagglutinin esterase HE nucleocapsid and transmembrane genes were simultaneously cloned from 13 clinical samples eight farms in four provinces and most of the BCoV strains showed a unique evolutionary pattern based on the phylogenetic analysis of these genes Interesting 10 of the 13 strains were identified as HE recombinant strains and these strains had experienced the same recombination event and carried the same recombination sites located between the esterase and lectin domain They also shared an identical aa variant F181V in the R2 loop Moreover 9 10 strains displayed another identical aa variant P S158A in the adjacent R1 loop of the HE gene which differs from the other available BCoV HE sequences in the GenBank database Our results showed that BCoV is widely circulating in dairy cattle in China contributing to the diagnosis and control of dairy calves diarrhoea Furthermore a BCoV strain that carries a recombinant HE gene has spread in dairy calves in China To the best of our knowledge this is the first description of an HE recombination event occurring in BCoV this is also the first description of the molecular prevalence of BCoV in China Our findings will enhance current understanding about the genetic evolution of BCoV ',0 32172487,'Back to the spring of Wuhan facts and hope of COVID 19 outbreak ',?,1 32181990,'Successful recovery of COVID 19 pneumonia in a renal transplant recipient with long term immunosuppression ','The current outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 has raised great concern worldwide but its impact on transplant recipients is unknown We report here the clinical features and therapeutic course of the first reported renal transplant recipient with confirmed COVID 19 pneumonia This is a 52 year old man who received kidney transplantation 12 years ago His overall clinical characteristics symptoms laboratory examinations and chest CT were similar to those of non transplanted COVID 19 patients Following a treatment regimen consisting of reduced immunosuppressant use and low dose methylprednisolone based therapy the COVID 19 pneumonia in this long term immunosuppressive patient was successfully recovered This effectively treated case has reference value for the future treatment of other transplant patients with COVID 19 pneumonia ',1 32113509,'COVID 19 combining antiviral and anti inflammatory treatments ',?,1 32143502,'Insights into the Recent 2019 Novel Coronavirus SARS CoV 2 in Light of Past Human Coronavirus Outbreaks ','Coronaviruses CoVs are RNA viruses that have become a major public health concern since the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoV SARS CoV outbreak in 2002 The continuous evolution of coronaviruses was further highlighted with the emergence of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome CoV MERS CoV outbreak in 2012 Currently the world is concerned about the 2019 novel CoV SARS CoV 2 that was initially identified in the city of Wuhan China in December 2019 Patients presented with severe viral pneumonia and respiratory illness The number of cases has been mounting since then As of late February 2020 tens of thousands of cases and several thousand deaths have been reported in China alone in addition to thousands of cases in other countries Although the fatality rate of SARS CoV 2 is currently lower than SARS CoV the virus seems to be highly contagious based on the number of infected cases to date In this review we discuss structure genome organization entry of CoVs into target cells and provide insights into past and present outbreaks The future of human CoV outbreaks will not only depend on how the viruses will evolve but will also depend on how we develop efficient prevention and treatment strategies to deal with this continuous threat ',1 32171872,'Arbidol combined with LPV r versus LPV r alone against Corona Virus Disease 2019 A retrospective cohort study ','Corona Virus Disease 2019 COVID 19 due to the 2019 novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 emerged in Wuhan city and rapidly spread throughout China We aimed to compare arbidol and lopinavir ritonavir LPV r treatment for patients with COVID 19 with LPV r only ',1 32078596,'COVID 19 another infectious disease emerging at the animal human interface ',?,1 32160996,'Covid 19 UK ramps up testing by 500\% as health minister tests positive for virus ',?,1 32105304,'Positive RT PCR Test Results in Patients Recovered From COVID 19 ',?,1 32169866,'Covid 19 GPs call for same personal protective equipment as hospital doctors ',?,1 32156331,'Updated rapid risk assessment from ECDC on the outbreak of COVID 19 increased transmission globally ',?,1 32165414,'Covid 19 GPs call for appraisals and CQC inspections to be suspended ',?,1 32104115,'Syndromic Surveillance System for MERS CoV as New Early Warning and Identification Approach ','This commentary presents a novel outlook for public health authorities in the affected countries to detect and respond quickly to the emerging public health threats such as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV Implementing an innovative electronic surveillance system called syndromic surveillance system is essential for global health security ',0 32149035,'Effectiveness for the Response to COVID 19 The MERS Outbreak Containment Procedures ',?,1 32102279,'Assessing the Impact of Reduced Travel on Exportation Dynamics of Novel Coronavirus Infection COVID 19 ','The impact of the drastic reduction in travel volume within mainland China in January and February 2020 was quantified with respect to reports of novel coronavirus COVID 19 infections outside China Data on confirmed cases diagnosed outside China were analyzed using statistical models to estimate the impact of travel reduction on three epidemiological outcome measures i the number of exported cases ii the probability of a major epidemic and iii the time delay to a major epidemic From 28 January to 7 February 2020 we estimated that 226 exported cases 95\% confidence interval 86 449 were prevented corresponding to a 70 4\% reduction in incidence compared to the counterfactual scenario The reduced probability of a major epidemic ranged from 7\% to 20\% in Japan which resulted in a median time delay to a major epidemic of two days Depending on the scenario the estimated delay may be less than one day As the delay is small the decision to control travel volume through restrictions on freedom of movement should be balanced between the resulting estimated epidemiological impact and predicted economic fallout ',1 32035028,'Genome Composition and Divergence of the Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV Originating in China ','An in depth annotation of the newly discovered coronavirus 2019 nCoV genome has revealed differences between 2019 nCoV and severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS or SARS like coronaviruses A systematic comparison identified 380 amino acid substitutions between these coronaviruses which may have caused functional and pathogenic divergence of 2019 nCoV ',1 32005086,'An emerging coronavirus causing pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan China calling for developing therapeutic and prophylactic strategies ',?,1 31896597,'Host AAA+ ATPase TER94 Plays Critical Roles in Building the Baculovirus Viral Replication Factory and Virion Morphogenesis ','TER94 is a multifunctional AAA+ ATPase crucial for diverse cellular processes especially protein quality control and chromatin dynamics in eukaryotic organisms Many viruses including coronavirus herpesvirus and retrovirus coopt host cellular TER94 for optimal viral invasion and replication Previous proteomics analysis identified the association of TER94 with the budded virions BVs of baculovirus an enveloped insect large DNA virus Here the role of TER94 in the prototypic baculovirus Autographa californica< i> multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus AcMNPV life cycle was investigated In virus infected cells TER94 accumulated in virogenic stroma VS at the early stage of infection and subsequently partially rearranged in the ring zone region In the virions TER94 was associated with the nucleocapsids of both BV and occlusion derived virus ODV Inhibition of TER94 ATPase activity significantly reduced viral DNA replication and BV production Electron immunoelectron microscopy revealed that inhibition of TER94 resulted in the trapping of nucleocapsids within cytoplasmic vacuoles at the nuclear periphery for BV formation and blockage of ODV envelopment at a premature stage within infected nuclei which appeared highly consistent with its pivotal function in membrane biogenesis Further analyses showed that TER94 was recruited to the VS or subnuclear structures through interaction with viral early proteins LEF3 and helicase whereas inhibition of TER94 activity blocked the proper localization of replication related viral proteins and morphogenesis of VS providing an explanation for its role in viral DNA replication Taken together these data indicated the crucial functions of TER94 at multiple steps of the baculovirus life cycle including genome replication BV formation and ODV morphogenesis IMPORTANCE< b> TER94 constitutes an important AAA+ ATPase that associates with diverse cellular processes including protein quality control membrane fusion of the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum network nuclear envelope reformation and DNA replication To date little is known regarding the role s of TER94 in the baculovirus life cycle In this study TER94 was found to play a crucial role in multiple steps of baculovirus infection including viral DNA replication and BV and ODV formation Further evidence showed that the membrane fission fusion function of TER94 is likely to be exploited by baculovirus for virion morphogenesis Moreover TER94 could interact with the viral early proteins LEF3 and helicase to transport and further recruit viral replication related proteins to establish viral replication factories This study highlights the critical roles of TER94 as an energy supplying chaperon in the baculovirus life cycle and enriches our knowledge regarding the biological function of this important host factor ',0 31767069,'Attenuation and characterization of porcine enteric alphacoronavirus strain GDS04 via serial cell passage ','Porcine enteric alphacoronavirus PEAV is a newly identified swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes watery diarrhea in newborn piglets In this study an original highly virulent PEAV strain GDS04 was serially passaged in Vero cells The virus titers and sizes of syncytia increased gradually with the cell passages Newborn piglets were orally inoculated with PEAV P15 P67 and P100 Compared with P15 and P67 P100 resulted in only mild clinical signs and intestinal lesions in piglets The virus shedding in feces and viral antigens in intestinal tract were markedly reduced in P100 inoculated piglets Importantly all P100 inoculated newborn piglets survived indicating that P100 was an attenuated variant Sequence analysis revealed that the virulent strain GDS04 had four one six and eleven amino acid differences in membrane nucleocapsid spike and ORF1ab proteins respectively from P100 Furthermore more differences in the predicted three dimensional structure of S protein between GDS04 and P100 were observed indicating that these differences might be associated with the pathogenicity of PEAV Collectively our research successfully prepared a PEAV attenuated variant which might serve as a live attenuated vaccine candidate against PEAV infection ',0 32166128,'The novel coronavirus outbreak what can be learned from China in public reporting ','The new coronavirus outbreak gets everyone s attention China s national actions against the outbreak have contributed great contributions to the world China has been learning from practice for better reporting and is fast to adapt itself In this article we discuss China s practice in public reporting and its implications to global health Confirmed cases dynamic suspected cases recovered cases and deaths have been reported both in accumulative numbers and their daily updates Some ratio indictors reporting fatality rate recovery rate etc trend reporting and global surveillance have been applied as well Some improvements can still be made It is necessary to further explore the influential factors behind the indicators for interventions Recommendations are made to the World Health Organization and other countries for better public reporting and surveillance ',1 32043983,'Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019 nCoV lung injury ',?,1 30568804,'Identification and characterization of Coronaviridae genomes from Vietnamese bats and rats based on conserved protein domains ','The Coronaviridae< i> family of viruses encompasses a group of pathogens with a zoonotic potential as observed from previous outbreaks of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus Accordingly it seems important to identify and document the coronaviruses in animal reservoirs many of which are uncharacterized and potentially missed by more standard diagnostic assays A combination of sensitive deep sequencing technology and computational algorithms is essential for virus surveillance especially for characterizing novel or distantly related virus strains Here we explore the use of profile Hidden Markov Model defined Pfam protein domains Pfam domains encoded by new sequences as a Coronaviridae< i> sequence classification tool The encoded domains are used first in a triage to identify potential Coronaviridae< i> sequences and then processed using a Random Forest method to classify the sequences to the Coronaviridae< i> genus level The application of this algorithm on Coronaviridae< i> genomes assembled from agnostic deep sequencing data from surveillance of bats and rats in Dong Thap province Vietnam identified thirty four Alphacoronavirus< i> and eleven Betacoronavirus< i> genomes This collection of bat and rat coronaviruses genomes provided essential information on the local diversity of coronaviruses and substantially expanded the number of coronavirus full genomes available from bat and rats and may facilitate further molecular studies on this group of viruses ',0 31969714,'Rapid outbreak response requires trust ',?,1 32087621,' The keypoints in treatment of the critical novel coronavirus pneumonia patient ','The novel coronavirus pneumonia new coronavirus pneumonia NCP has been prevalent in Wuhan and spread rapidly to all of our country Some cases can develop into ARDS or even death We will share the treatment experience of severe NCP with the first line treatment experience The best respiratory support mode should be selected but the timing of intubation and protection during intubation are two difficulties patients with high level peep and poor effect in prone position can be given ECMO support For NCP patients with mechanical ventilation reasonable sedation and analgesia strategies should be formulated delirium should not be ignored In addition there is up regulation of inflammatory factors in patients with severe NCP but the effect of renal replacement therapy needs to be further confirmed by clinical research ',1 32167153,'Soluble angiotensin converting enzyme 2 a potential approach for coronavirus infection therapy ','A new coronavirus referred to as SARS CoV 2 is responsible for the recent outbreak of severe respiratory disease This outbreak first detected in Wuhan China in December 2019 has spread to other regions of China and to 25 other countries as of January 2020 It has been known since the 2003 SARS epidemic that the receptor critical for SARS CoV entry into host cells is the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 ACE2 The S1 domain of the spike protein of SARS CoV attaches the virus to its cellular receptor ACE2 on the host cells We thought that it is timely to explain the connection between the SARS CoV SARS CoV 2 ACE2 and the rationale for soluble ACE2 as a potential therapy ',1 32192295,' Several suggestions of operation for colorectal cancer under the outbreak of corona virus disease 2019 in China ','Pneumonia caused by 2019 nCoV infection has been reported in Wuhan since December 2019 and spread rapidly across the country The radical operation of colorectal cancer is semi elective operation Patients with colorectal cancer should receive operation as soon as possible after elective operation is resumed in each hospital 2019 nCoV virus can be transmitted by asymptomatic infectors and it has been confirmed to be transmitted by droplets and contact However fecal oral transmission and aerosol transmission have not been excluded Based on our experience with laparoscopic colorectal operation we propose some surgery strategies for colorectal cancer patients under the corona virus disease 2019 COVID 19 situation the screening process should be strictly carried out before surgery to reduce the risk of nosocomial infection in the later stage laparoscopic assisted surgery is recommended for radical surgery for patients with colorectal cancer strict aerosol management must be made during the operation natural orifice specimen extraction surgery and transanal total mesorectal excision are should be performed prudently scientific and reasonable prophylactic stoma should be done personnel protection in surgical ward and operation room must be strengthened ',1 32075782,'Coronaviruses in animals and humans ',?,0 32061333,'Protecting health care workers from subclinical coronavirus infection ',?,1 32159317,' Comparison of epidemic characteristics between SARS in2003 and COVID 19 in 2020 in Guangzhou ','Objective < b> By analyzing the epidemic characteristics and related indicators of SARS 2003 and COVID 19 2020 to explore the reasons for the similarities and differences of the two epidemics so as to provide reference for epidemic prevention and control Methods < b> The general situation clinical classification activity history contact history family members contact and incidence of the two infectious diseases in Guangzhou were collected and used to analyze the time characteristics occupational characteristics age characteristics and other key indicators of the two diseases including the number of cases composition ratio \% mean median crude mortality etc Results < b> A total of 1 072 cases of SARS 2003 were included in the study 353 of which were severe cases with the incidence of 30 13\% 43 cases of death were reported with a mortality rate of 4 01\% The average age was 46 years old and 26 31\% of the cases were medical staff The interval time between first report to continuous zero reports was 129 days As to COVID 19 2020 a total of 346 cases were included 58 of which were severe cases with the incidence of 16 67\% One case of death was reported with a mortality rate of 0 29\% The average age was 38 years old and no hospital infection among medical staff was reported The interval time between first report to continuous zero reports was 35 days Conclusions < b> The prevention and control strategies for COVID 19 2010 are more effective compared to that of SARS 2003 and the emergency response procedures are worth to be evaluated and summarized ',1 32183941,'A Sequence Homology and Bioinformatic Approach Can Predict Candidate Targets for Immune Responses to SARS CoV 2 ','Effective countermeasures against the recent emergence and rapid expansion of the 2019 novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 require the development of data and tools to understand and monitor its spread and immune responses to it However little information is available about the targets of immune responses to SARS CoV 2 We used the Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource IEDB to catalog available data related to other coronaviruses This includes SARS CoV which has high sequence similarity to SARS CoV 2 and is the best characterized coronavirus in terms of epitope responses We identified multiple specific regions in SARS CoV 2 that have high homology to the SARS CoV virus Parallel bioinformatic predictions identified a priori potential B and T cell epitopes for SARS CoV 2 The independent identification of the same regions using two approaches reflects the high probability that these regions are promising targets for immune recognition of SARS CoV 2 These predictions can facilitate effective vaccine design against this virus of high priority ',1 32027631,'Initial Public Health Response and Interim Clinical Guidance for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak United States December 31 2019 February 4 2020 ','On December 31 2019 Chinese health officials reported a cluster of cases of acute respiratory illness in persons associated with the Hunan seafood and animal market in the city of Wuhan Hubei Province in central China On January 7 2020 Chinese health officials confirmed that a novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV was associated with this initial cluster 1 As of February 4 2020 a total of 20 471 confirmed cases including 2 788 13 6\% with severe illness and 425 deaths 2 1\% had been reported by the National Health Commission of China 2 Cases have also been reported in 26 locations outside of mainland China including documentation of some person to person transmission and one death 2 As of February 4 11 cases had been reported in the United States On January 30 the World Health Organization WHO Director General declared that the 2019 nCoV outbreak constitutes a Public Health Emergency of International Concern +< sup> On January 31 the U S Department of Health and Human Services HHS Secretary declared a U S public health emergency to respond to 2019 nCoV SS< sup> Also on January 31 the president of the United States signed a " Proclamation on Suspension of Entry as Immigrants and Nonimmigrants of Persons who Pose a Risk of Transmitting 2019 Novel Coronavirus " which limits entry into the United States of persons who traveled to mainland China to U S citizens and lawful permanent residents and their families 3 CDC multiple other federal agencies state and local health departments and other partners are implementing aggressive measures to slow transmission of 2019 nCoV in the United States 4 5 These measures require the identification of cases and their contacts in the United States and the appropriate assessment and care of travelers arriving from mainland China to the United States These measures are being implemented in anticipation of additional 2019 nCoV cases in the United States Although these measures might not prevent the eventual establishment of ongoing widespread transmission of the virus in the United States they are being implemented to 1 slow the spread of illness 2 provide time to better prepare health care systems and the general public to be ready if widespread transmission with substantial associated illness occurs and 3 better characterize 2019 nCoV infection to guide public health recommendations and the development of medical countermeasures including diagnostics therapeutics and vaccines Public health authorities are monitoring the situation closely As more is learned about this novel virus and this outbreak CDC will rapidly incorporate new knowledge into guidance for action by CDC and state and local health departments ',1 32080992,'Letter to the Editor Case of the Index Patient Who Caused Tertiary Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Korea the Application of Lopinavir Ritonavir for the Treatment of COVID 19 Pneumonia Monitored by Quantitative RT PCR ',?,1 31694296,'The Porcine Deltacoronavirus Replication Organelle Comprises Double Membrane Vesicles and Zippered Endoplasmic Reticulum with Double Membrane Spherules ','Porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV was first identified in Hong Kong in 2012 from samples taken from pigs in 2009 PDCoV was subsequently identified in the USA in 2014 in pigs with a history of severe diarrhea The virus has now been detected in pigs in several countries around the world Following the development of tissue culture adapted strains of PDCoV it is now possible to address questions regarding virus host cell interactions for this genera of coronavirus Here we presented a detailed study of PDCoV induced replication organelles All positive strand RNA viruses induce the rearrangement of cellular membranes during virus replication to support viral RNA synthesis forming the replication organelle Replication organelles for the Alpha < i> Beta< i> and Gammacoronavirus< i> genera have been characterized All coronavirus genera induced the formation of double membrane vesicles DMVs In addition Alpha< i> and Betacoronaviruses< i> induce the formation of convoluted membranes while Gammacoronaviruses< i> induce the formation of zippered endoplasmic reticulum ER with tethered double membrane spherules However the structures induced by Deltacoronaviruses< i> particularly the presence of convoluted membranes or double membrane spherules are unknown Initially the dynamics of PDCoV strain OH FD22 replication were assessed with the onset of viral RNA synthesis protein synthesis and progeny particle release determined Subsequently virus induced membrane rearrangements were identified in infected cells by electron microscopy As has been observed for all other coronaviruses studied to date PDCoV replication was found to induce the formation of double membrane vesicles Significantly however PDCoV replication was also found to induce the formation of regions of zippered endoplasmic reticulum small associated tethered vesicles and double membrane spherules These structures strongly resemble the replication organelle induced by avian Gammacoronavirus< i> infectious bronchitis virus ',0 32133825,' Characteristics causes diagnosis and treatment of coagulation dysfunction in patients with COVID 19 ',?,1 31144002,'Alphacoronavirus Detection in Lungs Liver and Intestines of Bats from Brazil ','Bats are flying mammals distributed worldwide known to host several types of Coronavirus CoV Since they were reported as the probable source of spillover of highly pathogenic CoV into the human population investigating the circulation of this virus in bats around the world became of great importance We analyzed samples from 103 bats from two distinct regions in Brazil Coronavirus from the Alphacoronavirus genus was detected in 12 animals 11 from Sao Jose do Rio Preto SP region and 1 from Barreiras BA region resulting in a prevalence of 17 18\% and 2 56\% respectively The virus was detected not only in intestines but also in lungs and liver Phylogenetic analysis based on nsP12 genomic region suggests that the sequences group according to host family and sampling location Studies on the circulation of these viruses in bats remain important to understand the ecology and evolutionary relationship of these pathogens ',0 32165541,'Enhanced isolation of SARS CoV 2 by TMPRSS2 expressing cells ','A novel betacoronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 which caused a large respiratory outbreak in Wuhan China in December 2019 is currently spreading across many countries globally Here we show that a TMPRSS2 expressing VeroE6 cell line is highly susceptible to SARS CoV 2 infection making it useful for isolating and propagating SARS CoV 2 Our results reveal that in common with SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV SARS CoV 2 infection is enhanced by TMPRSS2 ',1 32161092,'The emergence of a novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 their biology and therapeutic options ','The new decade of the 21st< sup> century 2020 started with the emergence of novel coronavirus known as SARS CoV 2 that caused an epidemic of coronavirus disease COVID 19 in Wuhan China It is the third highly pathogenic and transmissible coronavirus after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV emerged in humans The source of origin transmission to humans and mechanisms associated with the pathogenicity of SARS CoV 2 are not clear yet however its resemblance with SARS CoV and several other bat coronaviruses was recently confirmed through genome sequencing related studies The development of therapeutic strategies is necessary in order to prevent further epidemics and cure infected people In this Review we summarize current information about the emergence origin diversity and epidemiology of three pathogenic coronaviruses with a specific focus on the current outbreak in Wuhan China Furthermore we discuss the clinical features and potential therapeutic options that may be effective against SARS CoV 2 ',1 32056397,'Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Outbreak in 2019 Computed Tomographic Findings in Two Cases ','Since the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV or officially named by the World Health Organization as COVID 19 outbreak in Wuhan Hubei Province China in 2019 there have been a few reports of its imaging findings Here we report two confirmed cases of 2019 nCoV pneumonia with chest computed tomography findings of multiple regions of patchy consolidation and ground glass opacities in both lungs These findings were characteristically located along the bronchial bundle or subpleural lungs ',1 32023687,' Pulmonary rehabilitation guidelines in the principle of 4S for patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV ','A recent epidemic of pneumonia cases in Wuhan China was caused by a novel coronavirus with strong infectivity the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV The article provides the pulmonary rehabilitation PR methods in the principle of 4S simple safe satisfy save for patients with pneumonia caused by the novel coronavirus shows how to establish a ventilative and convectional PR environment to prevent the spread of virus through droplets how to guide the patients to carry out PR how to carry out respiratory muscle training effective cough expectoration sneeze general exercise digestive function rehabilitation and psychological rehabilitation and how to clean and disinfect the PR environment ',1 32199142,'Asymptomatic SARS CoV 2 infected patients with persistent negative CT findings ',?,1 32120965,'Outbreak of Novel Coronavirus SARS Cov 2 First Evidences From International Scientific Literature and Pending Questions ','On 31 December 2019 a cluster of 27 pneumonia cases of unknown etiology was reported by Chinese health authorities in Wuhan City China ',1 32141588,'Coronavirus Disease 2019 outbreak preparedness and readiness of countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region ','On 31 December 2019 a cluster of acute respiratory illness was reported from China and later confirmed as novel coronavirus on 7 January 2020 This virus is the same member of the coronavirus family that caused the severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS CoV reported in China 2003 and Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS CoV reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012 The initial cases have been linked to a live seafood market in Wuhan China and the specific animal source is yet to be determined The detection of this new virus in humans without knowing the source of the infection has raised greatly heightened concerns not only in China but also internationally To date the outbreak has spread to most provinces in China and 25 other countries within a relatively short period Consequent to its spread Dr Tedros Ghebreyesus Director General of the World Health Organization WHO declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern PHEIC on 30 January 2020 ',1 31562757,'Activation of C Type Lectin Receptor and RIG I Like Receptors Contributes to Proinflammatory Response in Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infected Macrophages ','Human infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV poses an ongoing threat to public health worldwide The studies of MERS patients with severe disease and experimentally infected animals showed that robust viral replication and intensive proinflammatory response in lung tissues contribute to high pathogenicity of MERS CoV We sought to identify pattern recognition receptor PRR signaling pathway s that mediates the inflammatory cascade in human macrophages upon MERS CoV infection ',0 30602691,'Drivers of MERS CoV Emergence in Qatar ','MERS CoV Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus antibodies were detected in camels since 1983 but the first human case was only detected in 2012 This study sought to identify and quantify possible drivers for the MERS CoV emergence and spillover to humans A list of potential human animal and environmental drivers for disease emergence were identified from literature Trends in possible drivers were analyzed from national and international databases and through structured interviews with experts in Qatar The discovery and exploitation of oil and gas led to a 5 fold increase in Qatar GDP coupled with a 7 fold population growth in the past 30 years The lifestyle gradually transformed from Bedouin life to urban sedentary life along with a sharp increase in obesity and other comorbidities Owing to substantial governmental support camel husbandry and competitions flourished exacerbating the already rapidly occurring desertification that forced banning of free grazing in 2005 Consequently camels were housed in compact barns alongside their workers The transition in husbandry leading to high density camel farming along with increased exposure to humans combined with the increase of camel movement for the racing and breeding industry have led to a convergence of factors driving spillover of MERS CoV from camels to humans ',0 31373532,'Evaluation of polymorphisms in inflammatory mediator and cellular adhesion genes as risk factors for feline infectious peritonitis ','Feline infectious peritonitis FIP is a high mortality infectious disease Single nucleotide polymorphisms SNPs in the genes encoding interferon gamma IFNG< i> tumour necrosis factor alpha TNFA< i> and dendritic cell specific intercellular adhesion molecule grabbing non integrin DC SIGN CD209< i> have been associated with increased and decreased risk of developing FIP This study was designed to determine whether these associations were present in a UK population of pedigree cats using samples from cats euthanased with a confirmed diagnosis FIP n = 22 non FIP n = 10 or clinically healthy cats over 11 years of age n = 3 ',0 32192233,'Co infection with SARS CoV 2 and Human Metapneumovirus ','The novel coronavirus now called SARS CoV 2 initially discovered in Wuhan China has now become a global pandemic We describe a patient presenting to an Emergency Department in Rhode Island on March 12 2020 with cough and shortness of breath after a trip to Jamaica The patient underwent nasopharyngeal swab for a respiratory pathogen panel as well as SARS CoV 2 RT PCR When the respiratory pathogen panel was positive for human metapneumovirus the patient was treated and discharged SARS CoV 2 RT PCR came back positive 24 hours later Although respiratory viral co infection is thought to be relatively uncommon in adults this case reflects that SARS CoV 2 testing algorithms that exclude patients who test positive for routine viral pathogens may miss SARS CoV 2 co infected patients ',1 32178774,'COVID 19 ECMO and lymphopenia a word of caution ',?,1 32153518,'MiR 10a 5p Mediated Syndecan 1 Suppression Restricts Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus Replication ','Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus PHEV is a single stranded RNA coronavirus that causes nervous dysfunction in the infected hosts and leads to widespread alterations in the host transcriptome by modulating specific microRNA miRNA levels MiRNAs contribute to RNA virus pathogenesis by promoting antiviral immune response enhancing viral replication or altering miRNA mediated host gene regulation Thus exploration of the virus miRNA interactions occurring in PHEV infected host may lead to the identification of novel mechanisms combating the virus life cycle or pathogenesis Here we discovered that the expression of miR 10a 5p was constitutively up regulated by PHEV in both the N2a cells in vitro< i> and mice brain in vivo< i> Treatment with miR 10a 5p mimics allowed miR 10a 5p enrichment and resulted in a significant restriction in PHEV replication suggesting widespread negative regulation of the RNA virus infection by miR 10a 5p The outcomes were also evidenced by miR 10a 5p inhibitor over expression Luciferase reporter quantitative real time PCR qRT PCR and western blotting analysis further showed that Syndecan 1 SDC1 a cell surface proteoglycan associated with host defense mechanisms acts as a target gene of miR 10a 5p during PHEV infection Naturally siRNA mediated knockdown of SDC1 leads to a reduction in viral replication implying that SDC1 expression is likely a favorable condition for viral replication Together the findings demonstrated that the abundant miR 10a 5p leads to downstream suppression of SDC1 and it functions as an antiviral mechanism in the PHEV induced disease providing a potential strategy for the prevention and treatment of PHEV infection in the future work ',0 30803120,'Study on inactivation of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus porcine sapelovirus 1 and adenovirus in the production and storage of laboratory spray dried porcine plasma ','Evaluation of the thermal and physical conditions for inactivation of adenovirus AdV porcine sapelovirus 1 PSV1 and the economically important viruses porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus PEDV and porcine circovirus 2 PCV2 in the production of spray dried porcine plasma SDPP ',0 30763593,'Immunoprofiling of peripheral blood from infectious bronchitis virus vaccinated MHC B chicken lines Monocyte MHC II expression as a potential correlate of protection ','Vaccination programs are implemented in poultry farms to limit outbreaks and spread of infectious bronchitis virus IBV which is a substantial economic burden in the poultry industry Immune correlates used to predict vaccine efficacy have proved difficult to find for IBV vaccine induced protection To find correlates of IBV vaccine induced protection hence we employed a flow cytometric assay to quantify peripheral leucocyte subsets and expression of cell surface markers of six different non vaccinated and vaccinated Major Histocompatibility Complex MHC haplotypes Non vaccinated and vaccinated MHC haplotypes presented differential leucocyte composition and IBV viral load A strong effect of MHC B but not vaccination on several leucocyte subsets resulted in positive correlations with IBV viral load based on MHC haplotype ranking In addition a strong effect of MHC B and vaccination on monocyte MHC II expression showed that animals with highest monocyte MHC II expression had weakest vaccine induced protection In conclusion we found several interesting MHC B related immune correlates of protection and that flow cytometric analysis can be employed to study correlates of IBV vaccine induced protection ',0 32145156,'The ongoing crises in China illustrate that the assessment of epidemics in isolation is no longer sufficient ',?,1 32133832,' Potential false positive rate among the asymptomatic infected individuals in close contacts of COVID 19 patients ','Objective < b> As the prevention and control of COVID 19continues to advance the active nucleic acid test screening in the close contacts of the patients has been carrying out in many parts of China However the false positive rate of positive results in the screening has not been reported up to now But to clearify the false positive rate during screening is important in COVID 19 control and prevention Methods < b> Point values and reasonable ranges of the indicators which impact the false positive rate of positive results were estimated based on the information available to us at present The false positive rate of positive results in the active screening was deduced and univariate and multivariate probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to understand the robustness of the findings Results < b> When the infection rate of the close contacts and the sensitivity and specificity of reported results were taken as the point estimates the positive predictive value of the active screening was only 19 67\% in contrast the false positive rate of positive results was 80 33\% The multivariate probabilistic sensitivity analysis results supported the base case findings with a 75\% probability for the false positive rate of positive results over 47\% Conclusions < b> In the close contacts of COVID 19 patients nearly half or even more of the asymptomatic infected individuals reported in the active nucleic acid test screening might be false positives ',1 31428074,'Recent Advances in the Vaccine Development Against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ','Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS is a deadly viral respiratory disease caused by MERS coronavirus MERS CoV infection To date there is no specific treatment proven effective against this viral disease In addition no vaccine has been licensed to prevent MERS CoV infection thus far Therefore our current review focuses on the most recent studies in search of an effective MERS vaccine Overall vaccine candidates against MERS CoV are mainly based upon the viral spike S protein due to its vital role in the viral infectivity although several studies focused on other viral proteins such as the nucleocapsid N protein envelope E protein and non structural protein 16 NSP16 have also been reported In general the potential vaccine candidates can be classified into six types viral vector based vaccine DNA vaccine subunit vaccine nanoparticle based vaccine inactivated whole virus vaccine and live attenuated vaccine which are discussed in detail Besides the immune responses and potential antibody dependent enhancement of MERS CoV infection are extensively reviewed In addition animal models used to study MERS CoV and evaluate the vaccine candidates are discussed intensively ',0 31961273,'Tick paralysis in a free ranging bobcat Lynx rufus< i> ','A free ranging male bobcat Lynx rufus< i> was evaluated because of signs of pelvic limb paralysis ',0 32064855,' Analysis of the first cluster of cases in a family of novel coronavirus pneumonia in Gansu Province ','The epidemiological history and clinical characteristics of 7 cases of COVID 19 and 1 case of close contact in the first family aggregation epidemic of COVID 19 in Gansu Province were analyzed The first patient A developed on January 22 2020 with a history of residence in Wuhan and confirmed severe cases of NCP on January 24 2020 patient B on January 23 2020 diagnosed on January 31 severe cases patient C asymptomatic diagnosed on January 27 patient D asymptomatic diagnosed on January 27 patient E on January 24 diagnosed on January 28 patient F asymptomatic diagnosed on January 31 Patient G was asymptomatic and was diagnosed on January 31 In close contact H was asymptomatic PCR test was negative and asymptomatic and he was discharged early Among the 7 patients 1 case died of B aggravation and the other patients condition was effectively controlled after active treatment Except for the discharged cases 5 cases were positive for COVID 19 specific IgM antibody and 1 case was negative In this clustering outbreak 4 patients remained asymptomatic but PCR and IgM antibodies were positive indicating that asymptomatic patients may be the key point to control the epidemic Specific IgM antibody screening for patients whose pharyngeal swab nucleic acid test is negative but with ground glass like lung lesions is very important for early detection and early isolation ',1 30824541,'A proline insertion deletion in the spike glycoprotein fusion peptide of mouse hepatitis virus strongly alters neuropathology ','Fusion peptides FPs in spike proteins are key players mediating early events in cell to cell fusion vital for intercellular viral spread A proline residue located at the central FP region has often been suggested to have a distinctive role in this fusion event The spike glycoprotein from strain RSA59 PP of mouse hepatitis virus MHV contains two central consecutive prolines in the FP Here we report that deletion of one of these proline residues resulting in RSA59 P significantly affected neural cell syncytia formation and viral titers postinfection in vitro< i> Transcranial inoculation of C57Bl 6 mice with RSA59 PP or RSA59 P yielded similar degrees of necrotizing hepatitis and meningitis but only RSA59 PP produced widespread encephalitis that extended deeply into the brain parenchyma By day 6 postinfection both virus variants were mostly cleared from the brain Interestingly inoculation with the RSA59 P carrying MHV significantly reduced demyelination at the chronic stage We also found that the presence of two consecutive prolines in FP promotes a more ordered compact and rigid structure in the spike protein These effects on FP structure were due to proline s unique stereochemical properties intrinsic to its secondary amino acid structure revealed by molecular dynamics and NMR experiments We therefore propose that the differences in the severity of encephalitis and demyelination between RSA59 PP and RSA59 P arise from the presence or absence respectively of the two consecutive prolines in FP Our studies define a structural determinant of MHV entry in the brain parenchyma important for altered neuropathogenesis ',0 32197096,'COVID 19 in pregnant women Authors reply ',?,1 32170625,'Co infections of SARS CoV 2 with multiple common respiratory pathogens in infected patients ',?,1 32160122,'All roads lead to coronavirus ',?,1 30925168,'Bayesian inference of transmission chains using timing of symptoms pathogen genomes and contact data ','There exists significant interest in developing statistical and computational tools for inferring who infected whom in an infectious disease outbreak from densely sampled case data with most recent studies focusing on the analysis of whole genome sequence data However genomic data can be poorly informative of transmission events if mutations accumulate too slowly to resolve individual transmission pairs or if there exist multiple pathogens lineages within host and there has been little focus on incorporating other types of outbreak data We present here a methodology that uses contact data for the inference of transmission trees in a statistically rigorous manner alongside genomic data and temporal data Contact data is frequently collected in outbreaks of pathogens spread by close contact including Ebola virus EBOV severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis TB and routinely used to reconstruct transmission chains As an improvement over previous ad hoc approaches we developed a probabilistic model that relates a set of contact data to an underlying transmission tree and integrated this in the outbreaker2 inference framework By analyzing simulated outbreaks under various contact tracing scenarios we demonstrate that contact data significantly improves our ability to reconstruct transmission trees even under realistic limitations on the coverage of the contact tracing effort and the amount of non infectious mixing between cases Indeed contact data is equally or more informative than fully sampled whole genome sequence data in certain scenarios We then use our method to analyze the early stages of the 2003 SARS outbreak in Singapore and describe the range of transmission scenarios consistent with contact data and genetic sequence in a probabilistic manner for the first time This simple yet flexible model can easily be incorporated into existing tools for outbreak reconstruction and should permit a better integration of genomic and epidemiological data for inferring transmission chains ',0 30858034,'Acquisition of respiratory viruses and presence of respiratory symptoms in French pilgrims during the 2016 Hajj A prospective cohort study ','Viral respiratory tract infections are frequent among Hajj pilgrims However it is still not known whether viruses are responsible for the symptoms observed in sick pilgrims or whether they only colonize sick and asymptomatic pilgrims ',0 32105632,'Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS CoV 2 pneumonia in Wuhan China a single centered retrospective observational study ','An ongoing outbreak of pneumonia associated with the severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 started in December 2019 in Wuhan China Information about critically ill patients with SARS CoV 2 infection is scarce We aimed to describe the clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS CoV 2 pneumonia ',1 32171865,'Clinical and CT Imaging Features of the COVID 19 Pneumonia Focus on Pregnant Women and Children ','The ongoing outbreak of COVID 19 pneumonia is globally concerning We aimed to investigate the clinical and CT features in the pregnant women and children with this disease which have not been well reported ',1 32170017,'Impact of international travel and border control measures on the global spread of the novel 2019 coronavirus outbreak ','The novel coronavirus outbreak COVID 19 in mainland China has rapidly spread across the globe Within 2 mo since the outbreak was first reported on December 31 2019 a total of 566 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SARS CoV 2 cases have been confirmed in 26 other countries Travel restrictions and border control measures have been enforced in China and other countries to limit the spread of the outbreak We estimate the impact of these control measures and investigate the role of the airport travel network on the global spread of the COVID 19 outbreak Our results show that the daily risk of exporting at least a single SARS CoV 2 case from mainland China via international travel exceeded 95\% on January 13 2020 We found that 779 cases 95\% CI 632 to 967 would have been exported by February 15 2020 without any border or travel restrictions and that the travel lockdowns enforced by the Chinese government averted 70 5\% 95\% CI 68 8 to 72 0\% of these cases In addition during the first three and a half weeks of implementation the travel restrictions decreased the daily rate of exportation by 81 3\% 95\% CI 80 5 to 82 1\% on average At this early stage of the epidemic reduction in the rate of exportation could delay the importation of cases into cities unaffected by the COVID 19 outbreak buying time to coordinate an appropriate public health response ',1 32129582,' Noninvasive Respiratory Support for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Enough is Enough ','Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Yi Dao Zhi Ji Xing Hu Xi Jiong Po Zong He Zheng ARDS Yi Dui Sheng Ming An Quan Gou Cheng Ji Da De Wei Xie Wu Chuang Hu Xi Fu Zhu Zhi Liao Shi Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan Yin Qi ARDSDe Chang Gui Zhi Liao Shou Duan Dan Zai Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan Zhi Liao Zhong Wang Wang Cun Zai Guo Du Shi Yong Wu Chuang Hu Xi Gong Neng Zhi Chi Zhi Liao Er Dao Zhi Qi Guan Cha Guan Yan Chi Jin Er Ying Xiang Huan Zhe De Lin Chuang Yu Hou Yin Ci Liao Jie Wu Chuang Tong Qi Shi Yong De Zhi Zheng He Jin Ji Zao Qi Shi Bie Wu Chuang Tong Qi Zhi Liao Shi Bai De Wei Xian Yin Su Gua Shi Zhong Zhi Wu Chuang Tong Qi Zhuan Wei You Chuang Tong Qi Shi Mu Qian Lin Chuang Yi Shi Zhi Liao Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan Ji Xu Guan Zhu De Wen Ti ',1 32142938,'Nonstructural proteins NS7b and NS8 are likely to be phylogenetically associated with evolution of 2019 nCoV ','The seventh novel human infecting Betacoronavirus that causes pneumonia 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV originated in Wuhan China The evolutionary relationship between 2019 nCoV and the other human respiratory illness causing coronavirus is not closely related We sought to characterize the relationship of the translated proteins of 2019 nCoV with other species of Orthocoronavirinae A phylogenetic tree was constructed from the genome sequences A cluster tree was developed from the profiles retrieved from the presence and absence of homologs of ten 2019 nCoV proteins The combined data were used to characterize the relationship of the translated proteins of 2019 nCoV to other species of Orthocoronavirinae Our analysis reliably suggests that 2019 nCoV is most closely related to BatCoV RaTG13 and belongs to subgenus Sarbecovirus of Betacoronavirus together with SARS coronavirus and Bat SARS like coronavirus The phylogenetic profiling cluster of homolog proteins of one annotated 2019 nCoV protein against other genome sequences revealed two clades of ten 2019 nCoV proteins Clade 1 consisted of a group of conserved proteins in Orthocoronavirinae comprising Orf1ab polyprotein Nucleocapsid protein Spike glycoprotein and Membrane protein Clade 2 comprised six proteins exclusive to Sarbecovirus and Hibecovirus Two of six Clade 2 nonstructural proteins NS7b and NS8 were exclusively conserved among 2019 nCoV BetaCoV RaTG and BatSARS like Cov NS7b and NS8 have previously been shown to affect immune response signaling in the SARS CoV experimental model Thus we speculated that knowledge of the functional changes in the NS7b and NS8 proteins during evolution may provide important information to explore the human infective property of 2019 nCoV ',1 32162081,'Chest computed tomography in children with COVID 19 respiratory infection ','Infection with COVID 19 is currently rare in children ',1 31234434,'Susceptibility of Chickens to Porcine Deltacoronavirus Infection ','Porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV is a novel swine enteropathogenic coronavirus with worldwide distribution PDCoV belongs to the Deltacoronavirus< i> DCoV genus which mainly includes avian coronaviruses CoVs PDCoV has the potential to infect human and chicken cells in vitro and also has limited infectivity in calves However the origin of PDCoV in pigs the host range and cross species infection of PDCoV still remain unclear To determine whether PDCoV really has the ability to infect chickens in vivo the three lines of chicken embryos and specific pathogen free SPF chickens were inoculated with PDCoV HNZK 02 strain to investigate PDCoV infection in the current study Our results indicated that PDCoV can infect chicken embryos and could be continuously passaged on them Furthermore we observed that PDCoV inoculated chickens showed mild diarrhea symptoms and low fecal viral RNA shedding PDCoV RNA could also be detected in multiple organs lung kidney jejunum cecum and rectum and intestinal contents of PDCoV inoculated chickens until 17 day post inoculation by real time quantitative PCR qRT PCR A histology analysis indicated that PDCoV caused mild lesions in the lung kidney and intestinal tissues These results prove the susceptibility of chickens to PDCoV infection which might provide more insight about the cross species transmission of PDCoV ',0 32189175,'CT image of novel coronavirus pneumonia a case report ','Knowledge of CT characteristics of COVID 19 pneumonia might be helpful to the early diagnosis and treatment of patients and to control the spread of infection ',1 32190890,'Safety Considerations in the Laboratory Testing of Specimens Suspected or Known to Contain the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 ',?,1 32049600,'Use of Chest CT in Combination with Negative RT PCR Assay for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus but High Clinical Suspicion ',?,1 31358421,'A systematic risk based strategy to select personal protective equipment for infectious diseases ','Personal protective equipment PPE is a primary strategy to protect health care personnel HCP from infectious diseases When transmission based PPE ensembles are not appropriate HCP must recognize the transmission pathway of the disease and anticipate the exposures to select PPE Because guidance for this process is extremely limited we proposed a systematic risk based approach to the selection and evaluation of PPE ensembles to protect HCP against infectious diseases ',0 32023682,' 2019 nCoV new challenges from coronavirus ','The outbreak of pneumonia caused by the novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV in Wuhan Hubei province of China at the end of 2019 shaped tremendous challenges to China s public health and clinical treatment The virus belongs to the b genus Coronavirus in the family Corornaviridae and is closely related to SARS CoV and MERS CoV causing severe symptoms of pneumonia The virus is transmitted through droplets close contact and other means and patients in the incubation period could potentially transmit the virus to other persons According to current observations 2019 nCoV is weaker than SARS in pathogenesis but has stronger transmission competence it s mechanism of cross species spread might be related with angiotensin converting enzyme II ACE2 which is consistent with the receptor SARS CoV After the outbreak of this disease Chinese scientists invested a lot of energy to carry out research by developing rapid diagnostic reagents identifying the characters of the pathogen screening out clinical drugs that may inhibit the virus and are rapidly developing vaccines The emergence of 2019 nCoV reminds us once again of the importance of establishing a systematic coronavirus surveillance network It also poses new challenges to prevention and control of the emerging epidemic and rapidly responses on scientific research ',1 30935509,'Prevalence phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of porcine deltacoronavirus in Henan province China ','Porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV is a novel porcine enteric coronavirus that causes diarrhea vomiting and dehydration in piglets This newly virus has spread rapidly and has caused serious economic losses for pig industry since the outbreak in USA in 2014 In this study 430 faecal and intestinal samples 143 faecal samples and 287 intestinal samples were collected from individual pigs with diarrhea and 211 serum samples were also collected from the sows with mild diarrhea in 17 regions in Henan province China from April 2015 to March 2018 The RT PCR detection indicated that the infection of PDCoV was high up to 23 49\% 101 430 and co infection with PEDV were common 60 40\% 61 101 in Henan pigs The prevalence of PDCoV in suckling piglets was the highest 36 43\% 94 258 We also found that PDCoV could be detected in sows faeces and sera while the sows showed mild self limited diarrhea in clinic The complete genomes of 4 PDCoV Henan strains CH 01 HNZK 02 HNZK 04 HNZK 06 were sequenced and analyzed Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete genome spike and nucleocapsid gene sequences revealed that the PDCoV Henan strains were closely related to other PDCoV reference strains that located in the Chinese clade Furthermore the phylogenetic analysis showed PDCoV CH 01 strain was closely related to CHN HB 2014 strain and HKU15 44 strain while the other PDCoV Henan strains were more related to PDCoV CHJXNI2 and CH SXD1 2015 strains indicating that the ancestor of these sequenced strains may different These results would support the understanding of the prevalence and evolution characteristics of PDCoV in China ',0 32203355,'How much is coronavirus spreading under the radar ',?,0 31275265,'Overview of Current Therapeutics and Novel Candidates Against Influenza Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infections ','Emergence and re emergence of respiratory virus infections represent a significant threat to global public health as they occur seasonally and less frequently such as in the case of influenza virus as pandemic infections Some of these viruses have been in the human population for centuries and others had recently emerged as a public health problem Influenza viruses have been affecting the human population for a long time now however their ability to rapidly evolve through antigenic drift and antigenic shift causes the emergence of new strains A recent example of these events is the avian origin H7N9 influenza virus outbreak currently undergoing in China Human H7N9 influenza viruses are resistant to amantadines and some strains are also resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors greatly limiting the options for treatment Respiratory syncytial virus RSV may cause a lower respiratory tract infection characterized by bronchiolitis and pneumonia mainly in children and the elderly Infection with RSV can cause severe disease and even death imposing a severe burden for pediatric and geriatric health systems worldwide Treatment for RSV is mainly supportive since the only approved therapy a monoclonal antibody is recommended for prophylactic use in high risk patients The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV is a newly emerging respiratory virus The virus was first recognized in 2012 and it is associated with a lower respiratory tract disease that is more severe in patients with comorbidities No licensed vaccines or antivirals have been yet approved for the treatment of MERS CoV in humans It is clear that the discovery and development of novel antivirals that can be used alone or in combination with existing therapies to treat these important respiratory viral infections are critical In this review we will describe some of the novel therapeutics currently under development for the treatment of these infections ',0 31440227,'The Curious Case of the Nidovirus Exoribonuclease Its Role in RNA Synthesis and Replication Fidelity ','Among RNA viruses the order Nidovirales< i> stands out for including viruses with the largest RNA genomes currently known Nidoviruses employ a complex RNA synthesizing machinery comprising a variety of non structural proteins nsps One of the postulated drivers of the expansion of nidovirus genomes is the presence of a proofreading 3 to 5 exoribonuclease ExoN belonging to the DEDDh family ExoN may enhance the fidelity of RNA synthesis by correcting nucleotide incorporation errors made by the RNA dependent RNA polymerase Here we review our current understanding of ExoN evolution structure and function Most experimental data are derived from studies of the ExoN domain of coronaviruses CoVs which were triggered by the bioinformatics based identification of ExoN in the genome of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV and its relatives in 2003 Although convincing data supporting the proofreading hypothesis have been obtained from biochemical assays and studies with CoV mutants lacking ExoN functionality the features of ExoN from most other nidovirus families remain to be characterized Remarkably viable ExoN knockout mutants were obtained only for two CoVs mouse hepatitis virus MHV and SARS CoV whose RNA synthesis and replication kinetics were mildly affected by the lack of ExoN function In several other CoV species ExoN inactivation was not tolerated and knockout mutants could not be rescued when launched using a reverse genetics system This suggests that ExoN is also critical for primary viral RNA synthesis a property that poorly matches the profile of an enzyme that would merely boost long term replication fidelity In CoVs ExoN resides in a bifunctional replicase subunit nsp14 whose C terminal part has N7 guanine methyltransferase activity The crystal structure of SARS CoV nsp14 has shed light on the interplay between these two domains and on nsp14 s interactions with nsp10 a co factor that strongly enhances ExoN activity in vitro< i> assays Further elucidation of the structure function relationships of ExoN and its interactions with other viral and or host members of the CoV replication machinery will be key to understanding the enzyme s role in viral RNA synthesis and pathogenesis and may contribute to the design of new approaches to combat emerging nidoviruses ',0 32119647,'Laboratory abnormalities in patients with COVID 2019 infection ',?,1 32130973,'A potential role for integrins in host cell entry by SARS CoV 2 ',?,1 32105633,'Staff safety during emergency airway management for COVID 19 in Hong Kong ',?,1 32081636,'Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 and coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 The epidemic and the challenges ','The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 previously provisionally named 2019 novel coronavirus or 2019 nCoV disease COVID 19 in China at the end of 2019 has caused a large global outbreak and is a major public health issue As of 11 February 2020 data from the World Health Organization WHO have shown that more than 43 000 confirmed cases have been identified in 28 countries regions with > 99\% of cases being detected in China On 30 January 2020 the WHO declared COVID 19 as the sixth public health emergency of international concern SARS CoV 2 is closely related to two bat derived severe acute respiratory syndrome like coronaviruses bat SL CoVZC45 and bat SL CoVZXC21 It is spread by human to human transmission via droplets or direct contact and infection has been estimated to have mean incubation period of 6 4 days and a basic reproduction number of 2 24 3 58 Among patients with pneumonia caused by SARS CoV 2 novel coronavirus pneumonia or Wuhan pneumonia fever was the most common symptom followed by cough Bilateral lung involvement with ground glass opacity was the most common finding from computed tomography images of the chest The one case of SARS CoV 2 pneumonia in the USA is responding well to remdesivir which is now undergoing a clinical trial in China Currently controlling infection to prevent the spread of SARS CoV 2 is the primary intervention being used However public health authorities should keep monitoring the situation closely as the more we can learn about this novel virus and its associated outbreak the better we can respond ',1 31034780,'Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ORF3a protein activates the NLRP3 inflammasome by promoting TRAF3 dependent ubiquitination of ASC ','Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV is capable of inducing a storm of proinflammatory cytokines In this study we show that the SARS CoV open reading frame 3a ORF3a accessory protein activates the NLRP3 inflammasome by promoting TNF receptor associated factor 3 TRAF3 mediated ubiquitination of apoptosis associated speck like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain ASC SARS CoV and its ORF3a protein were found to be potent activators of pro IL 1b gene transcription and protein maturation the 2 signals required for activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome ORF3a induced pro IL 1b transcription through activation of NF kB which was mediated by TRAF3 dependent ubiquitination and processing of p105 ORF3a induced elevation of IL 1b secretion was independent of its ion channel activity or absent in melanoma 2 but required NLRP3 ASC and TRAF3 ORF3a interacted with TRAF3 and ASC colocalized with them in discrete punctate structures in the cytoplasm and facilitated ASC speck formation TRAF3 dependent K63 linked ubiquitination of ASC was more pronounced in SARS CoV infected cells or when ORF3a was expressed Taken together our findings reveal a new mechanism by which SARS CoV ORF3a protein activates NF kB and the NLRP3 inflammasome by promoting TRAF3 dependent ubiquitination of p105 and ASC Siu K L Yuen K S Castano Rodriguez C Ye Z W Yeung M L Fung S Y Yuan S Chan C P Yuen K Y Enjuanes L Jin D Y Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ORF3a protein activates the NLRP3 inflammasome by promoting TRAF3 dependent ubiquitination of ASC ',0 32171952,'The SARS CoV 2 outbreak what we know ','There is a current worldwide outbreak of the novel coronavirus Covid 19 coronavirus disease 2019 the pathogen called SARS CoV 2 previously 2019 nCoV which originated from Wuhan in China and has now spread to 6 continents including 66 countries as of 24 00 on March 2 2020 Governments are under increased pressure to stop the outbreak spiraling into a global health emergency At this stage preparedness transparency and sharing of information are crucial to risk assessments and beginning outbreak control activities This information should include reports from outbreak site and from laboratories supporting the investigation This paper aggregates and consolidates the epidemiology clinical manifestations diagnosis treatments and preventions of this new type of coronavirus ',1 32078595,'SARS CoV 2 a novel deadly virus in a globalised world ',?,1 30991905,'Development of a Model of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea in Microminipigs ','Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV induces an often fatal gastrointestinal disease in piglets In this study we performed a PEDV infection experiment with the Microminipig the smallest of experimental minipigs as a novel small animal model We orally inoculated a neonatal Microminipig with an intestinal homogenate of a PEDV infected pig and housed it in a small cage originally designed for rats in an animal biosafety level 2 facility The infected Microminipig showed the typical signs of porcine epidemic diarrhea PED such as watery diarrhea loss of appetite and weight loss We also recognized a high amount of excreted PEDV in its rectal swabs and villus atrophy of the small intestine These results suggest that the Microminipig is a good small animal model for PED which may contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of PEDV ',0 31382996,'Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus inhibits NF kB activity via nonstructural protein 3 to evade host immune system ','Transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV a member of the family Coronaviridae causes lethal watery diarrhea in piglets Previous studies have revealed that the coronaviruses develop various strategies to evade the host innate immunity through the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B NF kB signaling pathway However the ability of TGEV to inhibit the host innate immune response by modulating the NF kB signaling pathway is not clear ',0 32132700,'Coronavirus nixes conference twilight zone beckons and a faded star brightens ',?,1 32181901,'A guideline for homology modeling of the proteins from newly discovered betacoronavirus 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV ','During an outbreak of respiratory diseases including atypical pneumonia in Wuhan a previously unknown b coronavirus was detected in patients The newly discovered coronavirus is similar to some b coronaviruses found in bats but different from previously known SARS CoV and MERS CoV High sequence identities and similarities between 2019 nCoV and SARS CoV was found In this work we searched the homologous templates of all nonstructural and structural proteins of 2019 nCoV Among the nonstructural proteins the leader protein nsp1 the papain like protease nsp3 the nsp4 the 3C like protease nsp5 the nsp7 the nsp8 the nsp9 the nsp10 the RNA directed RNA polymerase nsp12 the helicase nsp13 the guanine N7 methyltransferase nsp14 the uridylate specific endoribonuclease nsp15 the 2 O methyltransferase nsp16 and the ORF7a protein could be built on the basis of homology templates Among the structural proteins the spike protein S protein the envelope protein E protein and the nucleocapsid protein N protein can be constructed based on the crystal structures of the proteins from SARS CoV It is known that PL Pro 3CL Pro and RdRp are important targets for design antiviral drugs against 2019 nCoV And S protein is critical target candidate for inhibitor screening or vaccine design against 2019 nCoV because coronavirus replication is initiated by the binding of S protein to cell surface receptors It is believed that these proteins should be useful for further structure based virtual screening and related computer aided drug development and vaccine design This article is protected by copyright All rights reserved ',1 31410357,'Severe Immune Thrombocytopenia Complicated by Intracerebral Haemorrhage Associated with Coronavirus Infection A Case Report and Literature Review ','Immune thrombocytopenic purpura ITP is an autoimmune disorder that causes isolated thrombocytopenia Many viruses have been identified as triggering the autoimmune process including HIV MCV EBV parvovirus rubella and measles However ITP in association with coronavirus infection has not previously been reported We describe the case of a healthy man who presented with severe ITP complicated by intracranial haemorrhage following upper respiratory tract infection An infection screen revealed coronavirus infection ',0 31472338,'Ambient ammonia does not appear to inhibit the immune response to infectious bronchitis virus vaccination and protection from homologous challenge in broiler chickens ','Commercial broilers are commonly exposed to gaseous ammonia NH3< sub> originating from degradation of nitrogen containing excreta in the litter during the grow out period Ammonia concentrations in the air are higher in poorly ventilated houses and appear to coincide with the elevated incidence of respiratory disease occurring during the winter months This study examined the effect of NH3< sub> on the immune response to infectious bronchitis virus IBV vaccination and protection against homologous serotype challenge in commercial broiler chickens One day old chicks were administered IBV vaccine and exposed to 30 60 ppm of NH3< sub> At 28 DOA birds were challenged oculonasally with a pathogenic homologous IBV and protection was measured by viral detection clinical signs ciliostasis and presence of airsacculitis IBV specific serum IgG and lacrimal fluid IgA titers as well as Harderian gland HG immune cell phenotypes were evaluated Ammonia exposure was associated with an increased incidence of airsacculitis among non vaccinated challenged birds Vaccinated NH3< sub> exposed birds were completely protected from IBV challenge Ammonia had subtle effects on cilia morphology and function but did not affect vaccine or challenge virus replication and clearance clinical signs ciliostasis tracheal histopathology scores or immune responses In the HG of vaccinated birds the percent of leukocytes MHC I+< sup> MHC IIhi< sup> expression IgM+< sup> expression and CD8+< sup> expression was increased while mucosal IgA and serum IgG titers were nominal Non vaccinated IBV challenged birds exhibited an increased percent of leukocytes MHC I+< sup> MHC IIhi< sup> expression and IgM+< sup> expression in the HG at 5 dpc followed by increased mucosal IgA and serum IgG titers and CD8+< sup> expression at 10 14 dpc In contrast vaccinated IBV challenged birds had a minimal increase in MHC I+< sup> MHC IIhi< sup> expression and serum IgG antibody titers in vaccinated birds increased rapidly The results indicate that commercial broilers exposed to moderate levels of ambient NH3< sub> are equally protected against IBV challenge if appropriately vaccinated and the absence of robust immune activation in vaccinated challenged birds suggests that the challenge virus was efficiently neutralized before establishing infection In contrast ambient NH3< sub> exposure was associated with a higher incidence of airsacculitis in non vaccinated challenged birds despite the apparent lack of differences in the immune response between birds in the NH3< sub> exposed and NH3< sub> control groups ',0 32074550,'Breakthrough Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID 19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies ','The coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 virus is spreading rapidly and scientists are endeavoring to discover drugs for its efficacious treatment in China Chloroquine phosphate an old drug for treatment of malaria is shown to have apparent efficacy and acceptable safety against COVID 19 associated pneumonia in multicenter clinical trials conducted in China The drug is recommended to be included in the next version of the Guidelines for the Prevention Diagnosis and Treatment of Pneumonia Caused by COVID 19 issued by the National Health Commission of the People s Republic of China for treatment of COVID 19 infection in larger populations in the future ',1 32100062,'Challenges and countermeasures for organ donation during the SARS CoV 2 epidemic the experience of Sichuan Provincial People s Hospital ',?,1 30584196,'Clinical and Laboratory Findings of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection ','There is a paucity of data regarding the differentiating characteristics of patients with laboratory confirmed and those negative for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV in South Korea This hospital based retrospective study compared MERS CoV positive and MERS CoV negative patients A total of seven positive patients and 55 negative patients with a median age of 43 years P = 0 845 were included No statistical differences were observed with respect to their sex and the presence of comorbidities At the time of admission headache 28 6\% vs 3 6\% odds ratio OR 10 60 95\% confidence interval CI 1 22 92 27 myalgia 57 1\% vs 9 1\% OR 13 33 95\% CI 2 30 77 24 and diarrhea 57 1\% vs 14 5\% OR 7 83 95\% CI 1 47 41 79 were common among MERS CoV positive patients MERS CoV positive patients were more likely to have a low platelet count 164 + 76 57 vs 240 + 79 87 and eosinophil 0 27 + 0 43 vs 2 13 + 2 01 P = 0 003 Chest radiography with diffuse bronchopneumonia was more frequent in MERS CoV positive patients than in negative patients 100\% vs 62 5\% P = 0 491 The symptoms of headache myalgia and diarrhea as well as laboratory characteristics including low platelet counts and eosinophil and chest X ray showing diffuse bronchopneumonia might enhance the ability to detect patients in South Korea infected with MERS CoV ',0 32167508,'Impact of New Coronavirus Epidemics on HIV Infected Patients',?,0 31765674,'Decoupling deISGylating and deubiquitinating activities of the MERS virus papain like protease ','Coronavirus papain like proteases PLPs or PLpro such as the one encoded in the genome of the infectious Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MERS virus have multiple enzymatic activities that promote viral infection PLpro acts as a protease and processes the large coronavirus polyprotein for virus replication PLpro also functions as both a deubiquitinating DUB and deISGylating deISG enzyme and removes ubiquitin Ub and interferon stimulated gene 15 ISG15 from cellular proteins Both DUB and deISG activities are implicated in suppressing innate immune responses however the precise role of each activity in this process is still unclear due in part to the difficulties in separating each activity In this study we determine the first structure of MERS PLpro in complex with the full length human ISG15 to a resolution of 2 3 A This structure and available structures of MERS PLpro Ub complexes were used as molecular guides to design PLpro mutants that lack either or both DUB deISG activities We tested 13 different PLpro mutants for protease DUB and deISG activitites using fluorescence based assays Results show that we can selectively modulate DUB activity at amino acid positions 1649 and 1653 while mutation of Val1691 or His1652 of PLpro to a positive charged residue completely impairs both DUB deISG activities These mutant enzymes will provide new functional tools for delineating the importance of DUB versus deISG activity in virus infected cells and may serve as potential candidates for attenuating the MERS virus in vivo for modified vaccine design efforts ',0 32035430,' Recommendations on extracorporeal life support for critically ill patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia ','Along with the sharp increase of confirmed cases novel coronavirus infection more critically ill cases require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ECMO support Based on the clinical data of novel coronavirus pneumonia NCP as well as the dada from previous clinical studies and the recommendations from the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization ELSO the committee board of the Chinese Society of Extracorporeal Life Support CSECLS made this recommendations to guide clinical ECMO application in the patients with NCP ',1 32057211,' An update on the epidemiological characteristics of novel coronavirus pneumonia COVID 19 ','Through literature review and group discussion Special Expert Group for Control of the Epidemic of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia of the Chinese Preventive Medicine Association formulated an update on the epidemiological characteristics of novel coronavirus pneumonia NCP The initial source of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV was the Huanan seafood market in Wuhan Hubei province China with pangolins as a potential animal host Currently the main source of infection is NCP patients and asymptomatic carriers may also be infectious The virus is believed transmitted mostly via droplets or contact People are all generally susceptible to the virus The average incubation period was 5 2 days and the basic reproductive number R 0 was 2 2 at the onset of the outbreak Most NCP patients were clinically mild cases The case fatality rate was 2 38\% and elderly men with underlying diseases were at a higher risk of death Strategies for prevention and control of NCP include improving epidemic surveillance quarantining the source of infection speeding up the diagnosis of suspected cases optimizing the management of close contacts tightening prevention and control of cluster outbreaks and hospital infection preventing possible rebound of the epidemic after people return to work from the Chinese Spring Festival holiday and strengthening community prevention and control ',1 31082454,'Pathogenicity of a GI 22 genotype infectious bronchitis virus isolated in China and protection against it afforded by GI 19 vaccine ','Avian infectious bronchitis IB is a globally circulating bird disease caused by infectious bronchitis virus IBV In China the most prevalent IBV genotype is GI 19 QX like because the protective efficiency of the classical IBV vaccine is low and new GI 19 vaccines are under development In 2018 a GI 22 genotype strain CK CH LGD 2018 abbreviated LGD was isolated in northern China which caused 10\% 30\% morality in H120 vaccinated chickens A phylogenetic analysis showed that this new isolate displays novel features compared with other earlier isolated reference strains To monitor the epidemic trend of IBV in China the pathogenicity of LGD was first evaluated in 1 day old specific pathogen free chickens LGD induced classical IBV damage in the trachea and kidney whereas it also infected and damaged the bursa of Fabricius an important immune organ of chickens The efficacy of our earlier developed GI 19 vaccine strain SZ200 against LGD was also evaluated in this study The GI 19 genotype vaccine provided sufficient protection against the new GI 22 genotype strain and may be a promising candidate vaccine with which to control both wild GI 19 and GI 22 strains in the future ',0 32079150,'Incubation Period and Other Epidemiological Characteristics of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infections with Right Truncation A Statistical Analysis of Publicly Available Case Data ','The geographic spread of 2019 novel coronavirus COVID 19 infections from the epicenter of Wuhan China has provided an opportunity to study the natural history of the recently emerged virus Using publicly available event date data from the ongoing epidemic the present study investigated the incubation period and other time intervals that govern the epidemiological dynamics of COVID 19 infections Our results show that the incubation period falls within the range of 2 14 days with 95\% confidence and has a mean of around 5 days when approximated using the best fit lognormal distribution The mean time from illness onset to hospital admission for treatment and or isolation was estimated at 3 4 days without truncation and at 5 9 days when right truncated Based on the 95th percentile estimate of the incubation period we recommend that the length of quarantine should be at least 14 days The median time delay of 13 days from illness onset to death 17 days with right truncation should be considered when estimating the COVID 19 case fatality risk ',1 32107254,'Covid 19 Trump says risk to Americans is " very low" ',?,1 31838791,'Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Encoded ORF8b Inhibits RIG I Like Receptors in a Differential Mechanism ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV belongs to the beta coronavirus subfamily and causes severe morbidity and mortality in humans especially when infected patients have underlying diseases such chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD Previously we demonstrated that MERS CoV encoded ORF8b strongly inhibits MDA5 and RIG I mediated induction of the interferon beta IFN b promoter activities Here we report that ORF8b seem to regulate MDA5 or RIG I differentially as protein levels of MDA5 were significantly down regulated while those of RIG I were largely unperturbed In addition ORF8b seemed to efficiently suppress phosphorylation of IRF3 at the residues of 386 and 396 in cells transfected with RIG I while total endogenous levels of IRF3 remained largely unchanged Furthermore ORF8b was able to inhibit all forms of RIG I full length RIG I 1 734 and RIG I 1 228 last of which contains only the CARD domains Taken together it is tempting to postulate that ORF8b may interfere with the CARD CARD interactions between RIG I and MAVS Further detailed analysis is required to delineate the mechanisms of how ORF8b inhibits the MDA5 RIG I receptor signaling pathway ',0 32040985,' Be alert to superposed effect of seasonal influenza while fighting against novel coronavirus pneumonia ','The novel coronavirus pneumonia NCP continues to spread throughout the country and the prevention and control of the epidemic has entered a critical period However southern cities with severe outbreaks are about to enter the seasonal influenza season We should strengthen the epidemiological investigation optimize the laboratory testing strategy take effective measures strengthen the prevention and control of influenza epidemic and minimize the interference to the new coronavirus epidemic ',1 31607599,'Influenza vaccination and respiratory virus interference among Department of Defense personnel during the 2017 2018 influenza season ','Receiving influenza vaccination may increase the risk of other respiratory viruses a phenomenon known as virus interference Test negative study designs are often utilized to calculate influenza vaccine effectiveness The virus interference phenomenon goes against the basic assumption of the test negative vaccine effectiveness study that vaccination does not change the risk of infection with other respiratory illness thus potentially biasing vaccine effectiveness results in the positive direction This study aimed to investigate virus interference by comparing respiratory virus status among Department of Defense personnel based on their influenza vaccination status Furthermore individual respiratory viruses and their association with influenza vaccination were examined ',0 32149485,' Clinical features of respiratory coronavirus infections and relationship to otolaryngology ','2019Nian 12Yue Wu Yi Shi Fa Sheng Bu Ming Yuan Yin Bing Du Xing Fei Yan Shi Jie Wei Sheng Zu Zhi Jiang Gai Bing Yuan Ti Ming Ming Wei 2019Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du 2019 nCoV You Ci Bing Du Gan Ran Dao Zhi De Ji Bing Ming Ming Wei 2019Guan Zhuang Bing Du Ji Bing COVID 19 Guan Zhuang Bing Du Ke Fen Wei 4Chong Shu Qi Zhong aHe bShu Yi Zhi Ke Gan Ran Ren Lei Ben Wen Yi 2019 nCoVWei Zhong Dian Jiu Yi Zhi De Ji Chong Hu Xi Dao Guan Zhuang Bing Du Gan Ran De Lin Chuang Te Zheng Yi Ji Yu Er Bi Yan Hou Ke De Guan Lian Zuo Yi Zong Shu Wei Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Yi Sheng Zai Lin Chuang Shang Dui Xiang Guan Ji Bing De Jian Bie He Yu Fang Ti Gong Can Kao ',1 32020111,'Coronavirus outbreak what s next ',?,1 32100667,'Passengers destinations from China low risk of Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV transmission into Africa and South America ','Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV SARS COV 2 was detected in humans during the last week of December 2019 at Wuhan city in China and caused 24 554 cases in 27 countries and territories as of 5 February 2020 The objective of this study was to estimate the risk of transmission of 2019 nCoV through human passenger air flight from four major cities of China Wuhan Beijing Shanghai and Guangzhou to the passengers destination countries We extracted the weekly simulated passengers end destination data for the period of 1 31 January 2020 from FLIRT an online air travel dataset that uses information from 800 airlines to show the direct flight and passengers end destination We estimated a risk index of 2019 nCoV transmission based on the number of travellers to destination countries weighted by the number of confirmed cases of the departed city reported by the World Health Organization WHO We ranked each country based on the risk index in four quantiles 4th quantile being the highest risk and 1st quantile being the lowest risk During the period 388 287 passengers were destined for 1297 airports in 168 countries or territories across the world The risk index of 2019 nCoV among the countries had a very high correlation with the WHO reported confirmed cases 0 97 According to our risk score classification of the countries that reported at least one Coronavirus infected pneumonia COVID 19 case as of 5 February 2020 24 countries were in the 4th quantile of the risk index two in the 3rd quantile one in the 2nd quantile and none in the 1st quantile Outside China countries with a higher risk of 2019 nCoV transmission are Thailand Cambodia Malaysia Canada and the USA all of which reported at least one case In pan Europe UK France Russia Germany and Italy in North America USA and Canada in Oceania Australia had high risk all of them reported at least one case In Africa and South America the risk of transmission is very low with Ethiopia South Africa Egypt Mauritius and Brazil showing a similar risk of transmission compared to the risk of any of the countries where at least one case is detected The risk of transmission on 31 January 2020 was very high in neighbouring Asian countries followed by Europe UK France Russia and Germany Oceania Australia and North America USA and Canada Increased public health response including early case recognition isolation of identified case contract tracing and targeted airport screening public awareness and vigilance of health workers will help mitigate the force of further spread to naive countries ',1 32115733,'Coronavirus disease COVID 19 and neonate What neonatologist need to know ','Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 cause china epidemics with high morbidity and mortality the infection has been transmitted to other countries About three neonates and more than 230 children cases are reported The disease condition of the main children was mild There is currently no evidence that SARS CoV 2 can be transmitted transplacentally from mother to the newborn The treatment strategy for children with Coronavirus disease COVID 19 is based on adult experience Thus far no deaths have been reported in the pediatric age group This review describes the current understanding of COVID 19 infection in newborns and children ',1 31500728,'Peptides with 16R in S2 protein showed broad reactions with sera against different types of infectious bronchitis viruses ','Vaccination plays a vital role in controlling diseases caused by chicken infectious bronchitis virus IBV The continuously variant antigenicity of IBV limits the application of current vaccine strategies and serological diagnostic systems S2 protein is an invariant that harbors broad neutralizing epitopes However little is known about the key amino acids that contribute to the broad spectrum S2 epitopes In this study we aimed to elucidate the specific amino acids contributing to S2 epitopes Site mutagenesis and peptide based enzyme linked immunosorbent assays ELISAs showed that 16R in S2 protein was a key amino acid mediating the antigenicity of S2 protein S2 derived peptides with 16R but not those with 16 K could react with sera against different types of IBVs Notably a commercial ELISA kit for detection of antibodies against IBV did not react with sera against all types of IBVs Taken together these data demonstrated that S2 derived peptides with 16R could be used as novel marker based antigens for developing both broad spectrum vaccines and serological diagnostic kits to control IBV ',0 31924756,'Comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir and combination lopinavir ritonavir and interferon beta against MERS CoV ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV is the causative agent of a severe respiratory disease associated with more than 2468 human infections and over 851 deaths in 27 countries since 2012 There are no approved treatments for MERS CoV infection although a combination of lopinavir ritonavir and interferon beta LPV RTV IFNb is currently being evaluated in humans in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Here we show that remdesivir RDV and IFNb have superior antiviral activity to LPV and RTV in vitro In mice both prophylactic and therapeutic RDV improve pulmonary function and reduce lung viral loads and severe lung pathology In contrast prophylactic LPV RTV IFNb slightly reduces viral loads without impacting other disease parameters Therapeutic LPV RTV IFNb improves pulmonary function but does not reduce virus replication or severe lung pathology Thus we provide in vivo evidence of the potential for RDV to treat MERS CoV infections ',0 31447457,'Feline coronavirus isolates from a part of Brazil insights into molecular epidemiology and phylogeny inferred from the 7b gene ','The Feline coronavirus FCoV can lead to Feline infectious peritonitis FIP which the precise cause is still unknown The theory of internal mutation suggests that a less virulent biotype of FCoV FECV would lead to another more pathogenic biotype FIPV capable of causing FIP In this work the 7b gene was amplified from 51 domestic cat plasma samples by semi nested PCR and tested through phylogenetic and phylogeographical approaches The 7b gene of Brazilian isolates displayed high conservation a strong correlation between the geographic origin of the viral isolates and their genealogy and its evolution was possibly shaped by a combination of high rates of nucleotide substitution and purifying selection ',0 32105614,'Chinese medical staff request international medical assistance in fighting against COVID 19 ',?,1 31387326,'Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV in Dromedary Camels in Africa and Middle East ',' < b> Dromedary camels are the natural reservoirs of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV Camels are mostly bred in East African countries then exported into Africa and Middle East for consumption To understand the distribution of MERS CoV among camels in North Africa and the Middle East we conducted surveillance in Egypt Senegal Tunisia Uganda Jordan Saudi Arabia and Iraq We also performed longitudinal studies of three camel herds in Egypt and Jordan to elucidate MERS CoV infection and transmission Between 2016 and 2018 a total of 4027 nasal swabs and 3267 serum samples were collected from all countries Real time PCR revealed that MERS CoV RNA was detected in nasal swab samples from Egypt Senegal Tunisia and Saudi Arabia Microneutralization assay showed that antibodies were detected in all countries Positive PCR samples were partially sequenced and a phylogenetic tree was built The tree suggested that all sequences are of clade C and sequences from camels in Egypt formed a separate group from previously published sequences Longitudinal studies showed high seroprevalence in adult camels These results indicate the widespread distribution of the virus in camels A systematic active surveillance and longitudinal studies for MERS CoV are needed to understand the epidemiology of the disease and dynamics of viral infection ',0 32103652,' Recommendation on the modernization of disease control and prevention ','Special Expert Group for Control of the Epidemic of COVID 19 of the Chinese Preventive Medicine Association have had a deep discussion on how to promote the modernization progress of current disease control and prevention system in China By deeply investigating and analyzing the problems existed in the current Chinese disease control and prevention system and learning the experiences from the disease control and prevention systems of other countries the expert group suggested the following recommendations included the enhance and update the laws related to public health build up advanced institution mechanisms that meet current social status reform current emergency response system clarify the dominance and function of disease control and prevention system in Health China developing and speed up the construction of a modern information system talented professional groups and advanced culture ',1 30595685,'Considering Revision the Criteria for Patients under Investigations for MERS CoV Infections Diarrhea or Not ',?,0 32185368,'A Novel Coronavirus Outbreak from Wuhan City in China Rapid Need for Emergency Departments Preparedness and Response a Letter to Editor ',?,1 32186278,'Influenza associated pneumonia as reference to assess seriousness of coronavirus disease COVID 19 ','Information on severity of coronavirus disease COVID 19 transmissibility disease seriousness impact is crucial for preparation of healthcare sectors We present a simple approach to assess disease seriousness creating a reference cohort of pneumonia patients from sentinel hospitals First comparisons exposed a higher rate of COVID 19 patients requiring ventilation There were more case fatalities among COVID 19 patients without comorbidities than in the reference cohort Hospitals should prepare for high utilisation of ventilation and intensive care resources ',1 32145829,'Respiratory support for patients with COVID 19 infection ',?,1 32178970,'Composition of human specific slow codons and slow di codons in SARS CoV and 2019 nCoV are lower than other coronaviruses suggesting a faster protein synthesis rate of SARS CoV and 2019 nCoV ','Translation of a genetic codon without a cognate tRNA gene is affected by both the cognate tRNA availability and the interaction with non cognate isoacceptor tRNAs Moreover two consecutive slow codons slow di codons lead to a much slower translation rate Calculating the composition of host specific slow codons and slow di codons in the viral protein coding sequences can predict the order of viral protein synthesis rates between different virus strains Comparison of human specific slow codon and slow di codon compositions in the genomes of 590 coronaviruses infect humans revealed that the protein synthetic rates of 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV and severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronavirus SARS CoV may be much faster than other coronaviruses infect humans Analysis of host specific slow codon and di codon compositions provides links between viral genomic sequences and capability of virus replication in host cells that may be useful for surveillance of the transmission potential of novel viruses ',1 31119984,'Bactrian camels shed large quantities of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV after experimental infection ','In 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV emerged To date more than 2300 cases have been reported with an approximate case fatality rate of 35\% Epidemiological investigations identified dromedary camels as the source of MERS CoV zoonotic transmission and evidence of MERS CoV circulation has been observed throughout the original range of distribution Other new world camelids alpacas and llamas are also susceptible to MERS CoV infection Currently it is unknown whether Bactrian camels are susceptible to infection The distribution of Bactrian camels overlaps partly with that of the dromedary camel in west and central Asia The receptor for MERS CoV DPP4 of the Bactrian camel was 98 3\% identical to the dromedary camel DPP4 and 100\% identical for the 14 residues which interact with the MERS CoV spike receptor Upon intranasal inoculation with 107 plaque forming units of MERS CoV animals developed a transient primarily upper respiratory tract infection Clinical signs of the MERS CoV infection were benign but shedding of large quantities of MERS CoV from the URT was observed These data are similar to infections reported with dromedary camel infections and indicate that Bactrians are susceptible to MERS CoV and given their overlapping range are at risk of introduction and establishment of MERS CoV within the Bactrian camel populations ',0 31986257,'A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern ',?,1 32201983,'Dermatology staff participate in fight against Covid 19 in China ','In December 2019 a series of pneumonia cases in Wuhan China was caused by a novel coronavirus Covid 19 1 2 has become a global health concern 3 At present the epidemic in China has been well controlled but Covid 19 are currently spreading in many other countries all over the world Dermatologists in China have participated in the fight against Covid 19 In this paper we share our experiences in dealing with skin diseases in this special period and hope to provide some references for international colleagues in the epidemic situation ',0 32072794,' Cluster investigation Technical Guidelines for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia COVID 19 China 1st Trial Version ',?,1 32202255,'Ethics preparedness for infectious disease outbreaks research in India A case for novel coronavirus disease 2019 ',?,0 32014114,'Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019 nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan China a modelling study ','Since Dec 31 2019 the Chinese city of Wuhan has reported an outbreak of atypical pneumonia caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV Cases have been exported to other Chinese cities as well as internationally threatening to trigger a global outbreak Here we provide an estimate of the size of the epidemic in Wuhan on the basis of the number of cases exported from Wuhan to cities outside mainland China and forecast the extent of the domestic and global public health risks of epidemics accounting for social and non pharmaceutical prevention interventions ',1 31199168,'Cross species transmission of poultry pathogens in backyard farms ducks as carriers of chicken viruses ','In backyard farms of Lao People s Democratic Republic mixed species rearing of poultry is a breeding ground for cross species transmission Here the epidemiology of viruses circulating among backyard poultry in Vientiane Province was assessed to guide future control strategies Oral tracheal and cloacal swabs collected from 605 poultry 308 ducks 297 chickens between 2011 and 2015 were screened by PCR for Newcastle disease virus NDV coronavirus CoV and chicken anaemia virus CAV Chicken sera were screened for anti NDV antibodies by ELISA Statistical and phylogenetic analyses revealed transmission patterns and relationships Closely related strains co circulated in chickens and ducks While CoV RNA was detected in oral tracheal swabs of 9 3\% of the chickens and 2 4\% of the ducks rates were higher in faecal swabs of both species 27 3\% and 48 2\% RNA of infectious bronchitis virus IBV and duck CoV was found in faecal swabs of chickens 19 7\% and 7 1\% and ducks 4 1\% and 44 1\% Moreover DNA of the generally chicken specific CAV was detected in oral tracheal swabs of chickens 18 1\% and sporadically of ducks 2 4\% Despite serological evidence of NDV circulation or vaccination 86 9\% NDV RNA was not detected We found a high prevalence and indication for cross species transmission of different CoV strains in backyard poultry Interestingly ducks served as biological or at least mechanical carriers of viral strains closely related not only to IBV but also to CAV Bird containment and poultry species separation could be first steps to avoid cross species transmission and emergence of novel strains with broad host range and enhanced pathogenicity RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS< b> High rates of avian viruses were detected by PCR in backyard poultry from Lao PDR Diverse coronavirus and chicken anemia virus strains co circulated Phylogenetic analyses suggested virus transmission between chickens and ducks Serological evidence of Newcastle disease was found but viral RNA was not detected ',0 32148740,'Challenges and responsibilities of family doctors in the new global coronavirus outbreak ',?,1 30974127,'Advances in respiratory virus therapeutics A meeting report from the 6th isirv Antiviral Group conference ','The International Society for Influenza and other Respiratory Virus Diseases held its 6th Antiviral Group isirv AVG conference in Rockville Maryland November 13 15 2018 The three day program was focused on therapeutics towards seasonal and pandemic influenza respiratory syncytial virus coronaviruses including MERS CoV and SARS CoV human rhinovirus and other respiratory viruses Updates were presented on several influenza antivirals including baloxavir CC 42344 VIS410 immunoglobulin immune plasma MHAA4549A pimodivir JNJ 63623872 umifenovir and HA minibinders RSV antivirals including presatovir GS 5806 ziresovir AK0529 lumicitabine ALS 008176 JNJ 53718678 JNJ 64417184 and EDP 938 broad spectrum antivirals such as favipiravir VH244 remdesivir and EIDD 1931 EIDD 2801 and host directed strategies including nitazoxanide eritoran and diltiazem Other topics included considerations of novel endpoints such as ordinal scales and patient reported outcomes PRO and study design issues and other regulatory considerations for antiviral drug development The aim of this report is to provide a summary of the presentations given at this meeting ',0 32043979,'Game consumption and the 2019 novel coronavirus ',?,1 32144890,'The Novel Coronavirus A Snapshot of Current Knowledge ','Another animal to human transmission of a coronavirus occurred in December 2019 on a live animal market in the Chinese city of Wuhan causing an epidemic in China reaching now different continents This minireview summarizes the research literature on the virological clinical and epidemiological aspects of this epidemic published until end of February 2020 ',1 32142785,'COVID 19 Gastrointestinal manifestations and potential fecal oral transmission ',?,1 31251518,'Early Vaccination of Chickens Induces Suboptimal Immunity Against Infectious Bronchitis Virus ','Infectious bronchitis virus IBV is highly prevalent in broiler chickens despite extensive vaccination commonly conducted early after hatch The effects of early vaccination on immune responses were further investigated in chickens primed at increasing ages followed by booster vaccination with an attenuated Arkansas Ark Delmarva Poultry Industry type vaccine Results show that vaccination on day 1 of age elicits significantly lower systemic and mucosal antibody responses compared with vaccination at later time points in the life of the chicken The increase of IBV antibodies in serum from secondary responses after booster vaccination was more dramatic and significantly higher when measured by an Ark spike subunit 1 protein ELISA compared with measuring by non Ark serotype whole virus ELISA which underlines the immunogenic importance of the virus spike at inducing antibodies However the levels achieved following boosting did not differ significantly between ages of priming Thus it seems that the booster vaccination mitigated the differences detected after prime immunization In contrast to the continued rise of systemic antibodies after booster vaccination the levels of mucosal IBV specific immunoglobulin A decreased after booster vaccination The recruitment or expansion of cluster of differentiation CD 4+< sup> CD8+< sup> and CD4+< sup> CD8+< sup> T cell populations in different immune effector sites was increased with age but remained unaltered by IBV vaccination In contrast peripheral blood CD4+< sup> cells showed a significant increase in IBV vaccinated chickens compared with nonvaccinated age matched controls both after primary and booster immunization The results of the current study confirm that IBV vaccination on the day of hatch induces suboptimal IBV immune responses both in the systemic and mucosal compartments This routine practice may be contributing to the immunologic escape of the virus and increased persistence of vaccine virus in vaccinated chickens However booster vaccination seems to overcome poor initial responses ',0 32023686,' Early detection and disease assessment of patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia ','In December 2019 the outbreak of novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV in wuhan China attracting attention worldwidely The novel coronavirus has the characteristics of rapid transmission atypical clinical symptoms and easy to affect both lungs leading to missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis as well as difficult to detection and assessment at early stage Fever cough myalgia weakness dyspnea and imagings may be helpful for the early detection of novel coronavirus pneumonia At the same time the rate of disease progression fever CT manifestations hypoxia degree age basic diseases and laboratory indicators can also be used to evaluate the severity of the novel coronavirus pneumonia ',1 31130122,' Investigation of viral respiratory tract infection agents by multiplex PCR method in autopsy cases A five year study ','Viral respiratory infections are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality especially in children elderly and immunocompromised patients The inclusion of post mortem studies to diagnose the infection causing mortality could be beneficial in specifying new pathogens and determining strategies for treatment and prevention The aim of this study was to research viral etiology by applying multiplex real time polymerase chain reaction Rt PCR method in autopsy cases who have been considered to have a respiratory infection and to assess whether the viruses detected are the primary cause of the infection and whether they have any contributory effect on the mortality together with histopathological evidence In this study we included a total of 834 cases consisting of sudden death cases from infantile pediatric age group and autopsy cases from > 18 year age group with suspected respiratory tract infection in our laboratory between January 2013 and May 2017 Of 834 cases 468 56 1\% were male and 366 43 9\% were female there were 191 22 9\% cases between 0 1 months 593 71 1\% cases between 1 month 18 years and 50 6\% cases in the > 18 years age group In 728 of 834 87 3\% cases nasopharyngeal tracheal swab samples and in 106 12 7\% of them paraffin embedded lung tissue samples were studied by the use of " FTD Respiratory 21 Fast Tract Diagnostics Luxemburg " kit with multiplex Rt PCR method The post mortem samples were evaluated for human rhinovirus HRV parainfluenza viruses PIV 1 2 3 4 influenza virus type A and B INF A INF B enterovirus EV human bocavirus HBoV adenovirus AdV human coronavirus HCoV 229 63 HKU 43 human metapneumovirus A ve B HMPV A B parechovirus respiratory syncytial virus RSV A B and Mycoplasma pneumoniae In our study at least one respiratory virus was detected by Rt PCR in 379 45 4\% of total 834 cases whereas no viral agent was identified in 455 54 6\% of the cases One viral agent was detected in 278 33 3\% two viral agents were detected in 83 9 94\% and three viral agents were detected in 18 2 16\% cases Overall the most common viral agent was HRV 110 13 2\% followed by AdV 39 4 7\% and RSV A B 33 4\% In pediatric cases the rate of positive results for respiratory viruses was 31 8\% and in adult group it was 20\% p= 0 032 The most common virus detected among children was HRV and INF A in adult group In 101 12 1\% cases infections caused by two or three agents were diagnosed Infections with two causative agents were detected as 2 6\% 5 191 in 0 1 month age group 13\% 77 593 in 1 month 18 year age group and 2\% 1 50 in > 18 age group The most frequently observed co infections with double causative agents were HRV and INF B HRV and PIV HRV and HBoV HRV and AdV combinations Infections with three causative agents were detected completely among 1 month 18 year age 3\% 18 593 group In our study 318 38 1\% cases had no signs of infection in the postmortem histopathological examination of the lung tissues while the most common finding was lobular pneumonia purulent bronchitis in 233 28\% cases and the second was interstitial pneumonia in 168 20 1\% cases When all cases were evaluated in terms of infection positive results were detected in 469 56 2\% cases As a result postmortem microbiological diagnosis with autopsy and histopathological detection of the patients who are thought to have respiratory tract infection will also determine the infectious agents causing death ',0 32167180,'The establishment of reference sequence for SARS CoV 2 and variation analysis ','Starting around December 2019 an epidemic of pneumonia which was named COVID 19 by the World Health Organization broke out in Wuhan China and is spreading throughout the world A new coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 by the Coronavirus Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses was soon found to be the cause At present the sensitivity of clinical nucleic acid detection is limited and it is still unclear whether it is related to genetic variation In this study we retrieved 95 full length genomic sequences of SARAS CoV 2 strains from the National Center for Biotechnology Information and GISAID databases established the reference sequence by conducting multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses and analyzed sequence variations along the SARS CoV 2 genome The homology among all viral strains was generally high among them 99 99\% 99 91\% 100\% at the nucleotide level and 99 99\% 99 79\% 100\% at the amino acid level Although overall variation in open reading frame ORF regions is low 13 variation sites in 1a 1b S 3a M 8 and N regions were identified among which positions nt28144 in ORF 8 and nt8782 in ORF 1a showed mutation rate of 30 53\% 29 95 and 29 47\% 28 95 respectively These findings suggested that there may be selective mutations in SARS COV 2 and it is necessary to avoid certain regions when designing primers and probes Establishment of the reference sequence for SARS CoV 2 could benefit not only biological study of this virus but also diagnosis clinical monitoring and intervention of SARS CoV 2 infection in the future ',1 32064856,' Early containment strategies and core measures for prevention and control of novel coronavirus pneumonia in China ','In December 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia epidemic occurred in Wuhan Hubei Province and spread rapidly across the country In the early stages of the epidemic China adopted the containment strategy and implemented a series of core measures around this strategic point including social mobilization strengthening case isolation and close contacts tracking management blocking epidemic areas and traffic control to reduce personnel movements and increase social distance environmental measures and personal protection with a view to controlling the epidemic as soon as possible in limited areas such as Wuhan This article summarizes the background key points and core measures in the country and provinces It sent prospects for future prevention and control strategies ',1 32199942,'Radiotherapy in the time of the Coronavirus pandemic when less is better ',?,1 30642593,'Lactobacillus acidophilus S layer protein mediated inhibition of PEDV induced apoptosis of Vero cells ','To gain insight into the mechanism of Lactobacillus acidophilus L acidophilus S layer protein antiviral activity we examined how S layer protein impacts porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV infection and PEDV induced apoptosis of Vero cells Pretreatment exclusion assay coincubation competition assay and post treatment displacement assay of PEDV infected Vero cells with the S layer protein was examined Interestingly significant inhibition of PEDV by S layer protein was only observed in the exclusion assay In Vero cells infected with PEDV we found that apoptosis was mediated by activation of caspase 8 and caspase 3 in the late stage of infection When PEDV infected Vero cells were pretreated with S layer protein rates of Vero cell apoptosis were markedly decreased and cell damage was significantly reduced as evaluated by flow cytometry and microscopy Detailed analyses showed that the S layer protein inhibited caspase 8 and caspase 3 activity Taken together our results suggest that L acidophilus S layer protein plays an inhibitory role during PEDV infection of Vero cells and that the antagonistic activity of the protein is not via competition with PEDV for binding sites In addition the findings suggest that L acidophilus S layer protein protects against PEDV induced apoptosis through reduced caspase 8 and caspase 3 activation in the later stages of infection This mechanism may represent a novel approach for antagonizing PEDV and other viruses ',0 32167445,'COVID 19 Not a Simple Public Health Emergency ',?,1 31287133,'Knowledge and practices of dentists regarding MERS CoV A cross sectional survey in Saudi Arabia ',' To assess virus knowledge among dentists in Saudi Arabia and to identify factors associated with recommended management practices of patients Method A structured questionnaire was distributed to dentists in major Saudi cities between September 2016 and December 2017 The questionnaire investigated participants knowledge about Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV transmission consequences patient identification and history taking practices Data was collected using paper based questionnaires or an online link sent to dentists registered with Saudi Dental Society nationwide The analysis was carried using Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows version 22 0 IBM Corp Armonk NY USA logistic regression odds ratio and confidence intervals to identify the relationship between variables ',0 32176772,'Clinical Features of 69 Cases with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan China ','From December 2019 to February 2020 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 has caused a serious outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 in Wuhan China Related clinical features are needed ',1 31846702,'Epidemiological investigation of feline infectious peritonitis in cats living in Harbin Northeast China from 2017 to 2019 using a combination of an EvaGreen based real time RT PCR and serum chemistry assays ','Feline infectious peritonitis FIP is caused by the FIP virus FIPV a highly virulent mutant form of feline coronavirus FCoV This disease is one of the most important infectious diseases in cats and it is associated with high mortality particularly among younger cats In this study we isolated a wild type FIPV HRB 17 epidemic strain from the blood sample of household pet cat exhibiting the characteristic wet form FIP symptoms which has been confirmed further by animal infection Further we developed an EvaGreen based real time RT PCR assay for the accurate detection of FCoV based on the amplification of the highly conserved FIPV N gene Then using a combination of the real time RT PCR approach and a serum chemistry assay we performed an epidemiological survey of FIPV infection in cats living in Harbin City Northeast China The results indicated that the EvaGreen based real time RT PCR assay can be used for screening FCoV infection in the affected cats at an analytical detection limit of 8 2 x 101< sup> viral genome copies mL but could not effectively distinguish FIPVs from FECVs Additionally the results of the epidemiological survey investigating feline blood samples n = 1523 collected between July 2017 to July 2019 revealed an FIPV prevalence of approximately 12\% 189 1523 Maybe the prevalence would be less than 12\% due to the real time RT PCR assay could not accurately differentiate FIPV and FECV Nevertheless it still highlighted the severity of the FIP epidemic in cats and reiterated the urgent need to develop effective anti FIP therapeutic agents and anti FIPV vaccines As pet cats are household animals risk communication and continuous region extended surveillance cat programs are recommended ',0 31311633,'Effect of intervention practices to control the porcine epidemic diarrhea PED outbreak during the first epidemic year 2013 2014 on time to absence of clinical signs and the number of dead piglets per sow in Japan ','Porcine epidemic diarrhea PED is an emerging and or re emerging disease of pigs in several countries with high morbidity and mortality in suckling piglets Farms affected with PED perform various intervention practices to control and or eliminate the PED virus The objectives of the present study were to assess the effect of biosecurity measures and intervention practices to control PED on time to absence of clinical signs TAC and number of dead suckling piglets during TAC A questionnaire was administered to 120 PED affected farms located across Japan between 2013 when the first case was reported in Japan and 2014 Farms were asked to provide information on farm characteristics and internal or external biosecurity measures during PED outbreak as well as on intervention practices to control PED The TAC was defined as the number of days from the date that clinical PED signs appeared to the date that clinical PED signs disappeared The number of dead piglets per sow DP S was calculated as the number of dead suckling piglets during TAC divided by the sow inventory Regarding the effect of biosecurity measures during PED outbreak on TAC and DP S longer TAC was observed in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae positive farms and farms outsourcing pig transport to the slaughterhouse p < 0 05 In addition farms with divided truck entrances had lower DP S than those without divided entrances p < 0 05 Regarding the effect of intervention practices to control PED on TAC and DP S farms that performed feedback at 2 weeks or later after PED outbreak had longer TAC and higher DP S than other farms p < 0 05 Farms that fixed the hours staff worked in farrowing barn had lower DP S than the other farms p < 0 05 In conclusion variables associated with long TAC were Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae positive farms farms outsourcing pig transport to the slaughterhouse and farms performing feedback at 2 week or later after PED outbreak Additionally those associated with high DP S were farms without divided entrances farms without a fixed hours worked in the barn and farms that performed feedback at 2 week or later after PED outbreak ',0 32025779,'Novel coronavirus infection during the 2019 2020 epidemic preparing intensive care units the experience in Sichuan Province China ',?,1 31996413,'Discovery of Bat Coronaviruses through Surveillance and Probe Capture Based Next Generation Sequencing ','Coronaviruses CoVs of bat origin have caused two pandemics in this century Severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS CoV both originated from bats and it is highly likely that bat coronaviruses will cause future outbreaks Active surveillance is both urgent and essential to predict and mitigate the emergence of these viruses in humans Next generation sequencing NGS is currently the preferred methodology for virus discovery to ensure unbiased sequencing of bat CoVs considering their high genetic diversity However unbiased NGS is an expensive methodology and is prone to missing low abundance CoV sequences due to the high background level of nonviral sequences present in surveillance field samples Here we employ a capture based NGS approach using baits targeting most of the CoV species Using this technology we effectively reduced sequencing costs by increasing the sensitivity of detection We discovered nine full genomes of bat CoVs in this study and revealed great genetic diversity for eight of them IMPORTANCE< b> Active surveillance is both urgent and essential to predict and mitigate the emergence of bat origin CoV in humans and livestock However great genetic diversity increases the chance of homologous recombination among CoVs Performing targeted PCR a common practice for many surveillance studies would not reflect this diversity NGS on the other hand is an expensive methodology and is prone to missing low abundance CoV sequences Here we employ a capture based NGS approach using baits targeting all CoVs Our work demonstrates that targeted cost effective large scale genome level surveillance of bat CoVs is now highly feasible ',0 32197104,'Evidence informing the UK s COVID 19 public health response must be transparent ',?,1 32172546,' A pathological report of three COVID 19 cases by minimally invasive autopsies ','Objective < b> To investigate the pathological characteristics and the clinical significance of novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV infected pneumonia termed by WHO as corona virus disease 2019 COVID 19 Methods < b> Minimally invasive autopsies from lung heart kidney spleen bone marrow liver pancreas stomach intestine thyroid and skin were performed on three patients died of novel coronavirus pneumonia in Chongqing China Hematoxylin and eosin staining HE and histochemical staining were performed to investigate the pathological changes of indicated organs or tissues Immunohistochemical staining was conducted to evaluate the infiltration of immune cells as well as the expression of 2019 nCoV proteins Real time PCR was carried out to detect the RNA of 2019 nCoV Results < b> Various damages were observed in the alveolar structure with minor serous exudation and fibrin exudation Hyaline membrane formation was observed in some alveoli The infiltrated immune cells in alveoli were majorly macrophages and monocytes Moderate multinucleated giant cells minimal lymphocytes eosinophils and neutrophils were also observed Most of infiltrated lymphocytes were CD4 positive T cells Significant proliferation of type II alveolar epithelia and focal desquamation of alveolar epithelia were also indicated The blood vessels of alveolar septum were congested edematous and widened with modest infiltration of monocytes and lymphocytes Hyaline thrombi were found in a minority of microvessels Focal hemorrhage in lung tissue organization of exudates in some alveolar cavities and pulmonary interstitial fibrosiswere observed Part of the bronchial epithelia were exfoliated Coronavirus particles in bronchial mucosal epithelia and type II alveolar epithelia were observed under electron microscope Immunohistochemical staining showed that part of the alveolar epithelia and macrophages were positive for 2019 nCoV antigen Real time PCR analyses identified positive signals for 2019 nCoV nucleic acid Decreased numbers of lymphocyte cell degeneration and necrosis were observed in spleen Furthermore degeneration and necrosis of parenchymal cells formation of hyaline thrombus in small vessels and pathological changes of chronic diseases were observed in other organs and tissues while no evidence of coronavirus infection was observed in these organs Conclusion < b> s The lungs from novel coronavirus pneumonia patients manifest significant pathological lesions including the alveolar exudative inflammation and interstitial inflammation alveolar epithelium proliferation and hyaline membrane formation While the 2019 nCoV is mainly distributed in lung the infection also involves in the damages of heart vessels liver kidney and other organs Further studies are warranted to investigate the mechanism underlying pathological changes of this disease ',1 31776891,'Human bocavirus in children hospitalized for acute respiratory tract infection in Rome ','The role of human bocavirus HBoV as a respiratory pathogen has not been fulfilled yet We aimed to describe clinical and serological characteristics of children with HBoV hospitalized for acute respiratory tract infection and to evaluate whether differences occur between HBoV alone and in co infection ',0 31884203,'Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus SADS CoV antagonizes interferon b production via blocking IPS 1 and RIG I ','Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus SADS CoV a newly emerging enteric coronavirus is considered to be associated with swine acute diarrhea syndrome SADS which has caused significantly economic losses to the porcine industry Interactions between SADS CoV and the host innate immune response is unclear yet In this study we used IPEC J2 cells as a model to explore potential evasion strategies employed by SADS CoV Our results showed that SADS CoV infection failed to induce IFN b production and inhibited poly I C and Sendai virus SeV triggered IFN b expression SADS CoV also blocked poly I C induced phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IRF 3 and NF kB Furthermore SADS CoV did not interfere with the activity of IFN b promoter stimulated by IRF3 TBK1 and IKKe but counteracted its activation induced by IPS 1 and RIG I Collectively this study is the first investigation that shows interactions between SADS CoV and the host innate immunity which provides information of the molecular mechanisms underlying SASD CoV infection ',0 32160148,'Co infection with SARS CoV 2 and Influenza A Virus in Patient with Pneumonia China ','We report co infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 and influenza A virus in a patient with pneumonia in China The case highlights possible co detection of known respiratory viruses We noted low sensitivity of upper respiratory specimens for SARS CoV 2 which could further complicate recognition of the full extent of disease ',1 32162896,'Possible therapeutic role of a highly standardized mixture of active compounds derived from cultured Lentinula edodes mycelia AHCC in patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus ','The outbreak of SARS CoV 2 disease COVID 19 is currently March 2020 affecting more than 100000 people worldwide and according to the WHO World Health Organization a pandemic is shortly expected The virus infects the lower respiratory tract and causes severe pneumonia and mortality in approximately 10\% and 3 5\% respectively of cases mainly among the elderly and or people affected by other diseases AHCC is an a glucan based standardized mushroom extract that has been extensively investigated as an immunostimulant both in animals and or in humans affected by West Nile virus influenza virus avian influenza virus hepatitis C virus papillomavirus herpes virus hepatitis B virus and HIV by promoting a regulated and protective immune response Although the efficacy of AHCC has not yet been specifically evaluated with respect to SARS CoV 2 disease its action in promoting a protective response to a wide range of viral infections and the current absence of effective vaccines could support its use in the prevention of diseases provoked by human pathogenic coronavirus including COVID 19 ',1 32170560,'Single cell RNA seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019 nCoV infection ','It has been known that the novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV which is considered similar to SARS CoV and originated from Wuhan China invades human cells via the receptor angiotensin converting enzyme II ACE2 Moreover lung cells that have ACE2 expression may be the main target cells during 2019 nCoV infection However some patients also exhibit non respiratory symptoms such as kidney failure implying that 2019 nCoV could also invade other organs To construct a risk map of different human organs we analyzed the single cell RNA sequencing scRNA seq datasets derived from major human physiological systems including the respiratory cardiovascular digestive and urinary systems Through scRNA seq data analyses we identified the organs at risk such as lung heart esophagus kidney bladder and ileum and located specific cell types i e type II alveolar cells AT2 myocardial cells proximal tubule cells of the kidney ileum and esophagus epithelial cells and bladder urothelial cells which are vulnerable to 2019 nCoV infection Based on the findings we constructed a risk map indicating the vulnerability of different organs to 2019 nCoV infection This study may provide potential clues for further investigation of the pathogenesis and route of 2019 nCoV infection ',1 31043525,'Attenuation of Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Eggs Results in Different Patterns of Genomic Variation across Multiple Replicates ','The gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus IBV causes an acute highly contagious respiratory disease of poultry Live attenuated vaccines are traditionally generated by serial passage of a virulent strain in embryonated chicken eggs however the molecular mechanism of attenuation is unknown M41 CK a virulent lab adapted strain of IBV was egg passaged over 100 times in four parallel independent replicates All four final egg passaged viruses were attenuated in vivo< i> and exhibited similar growth phenotypes in adult chicken kidney cells and ex vivo< i> tracheal organ cultures The virus populations were sequenced by 454 pyrosequencing at the end of passaging and the results showed that overall sequence diversity in the IBV population increased but the four replicates only had between 11 and 17 consensus level single nucleotide polymorphisms SNPs Although hot spots of variation were identified in spike and nucleocapsid structural proteins as well as the 3 untranslated region each attenuated virus possessed a different pattern of genomic variation Overall only a small number of consensus level SNPs were acquired during egg passage leaving a potentially short route back to virulence These results highlight the unpredictable nature of attenuation by serial egg passage and the need to develop mechanisms to rationally attenuate IBV for the next generation of effective vaccines IMPORTANCE< b> Infectious bronchitis remains a major problem in the global poultry industry despite the existence of many different vaccines IBV vaccines are currently developed by serial passage of a virulent strain on embryonated hen s eggs until attenuation however little is known about the evolution of the viral population during the process of attenuation High throughput sequencing of four replicates of a serially egg passaged IBV revealed a different pattern of genomic variation in each attenuated replicate and few consensus level SNPs This raises concerns that only a small number of genomic mutations are required to revert to a virulent phenotype which may result in vaccine breakdown in the field The observed hot spots of variation in the attenuated viruses have the potential to be used in the rational attenuation of virulent IBV for next generation vaccine design ',0 32048815,'Preliminary prediction of the basic reproduction number of the Wuhan novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV ','To estimate the basic reproduction number of the Wuhan novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV ',1 32199075,'Health security capacities in the context of COVID 19 outbreak an analysis of International Health Regulations annual report data from 182 countries ','Public health measures to prevent detect and respond to events are essential to control public health risks including infectious disease outbreaks as highlighted in the International Health Regulations IHR In light of the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 we aimed to review existing health security capacities against public health risks and events ',1 32145188,'Outbreak investigation for COVID 19 in northern Vietnam ',?,1 30915222,'Guillain Barre syndrome with unilateral peripheral facial and bulbar palsy in a child A case report ','Guillain Barre syndrome is characterized by progressive motor weakness sensory changes dysautonomia and areflexia Cranial nerve palsies are frequent in Guillain Barre syndrome Among cranial nerve palsies in Guillain Barre syndrome facial nerve palsy is the most common affecting around half of the cases Facial palsy in Guillain Barre syndrome is usually bilateral We describe a pediatric Guillain Barre syndrome variant presenting with unilateral peripheral facial palsy and dysphagia A 5 year old boy had progressive lower extremity weakness and pain 3 days prior to onset of unilateral peripheral facial palsy On presentation diagnosis of Guillain Barre syndrome was supported by areflexia and albuminocytologic dissociation His condition deteriorated with a decline in his respiratory effort and inability to handle secretions He was given non invasive ventilation to prevent worsening of his acute respiratory failure Brain and spine magnetic resonance imaging scans showed enhancement of the left bulbar nerve complex and anterior and posterior cervical nerve roots with gadolinium Treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin led to an uneventful clinical course with partial recovery within 2 weeks In summary Guillain Barre syndrome should be considered as a possible cause of unilateral peripheral facial palsy Guillain Barre syndrome patients with facial nerve and bulbar palsy require close monitoring as they are at risk of developing acute respiratory failure Early intervention with intravenous immunoglobulin may benefit these patients Magnetic resonance imaging findings may lend support to early intervention ',0 30872071,'Clinical predictors of mortality of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV infection A cohort study ','Since the emergence of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV in 2012 the virus had caused a high case fatality rate The clinical presentation of MERS varied from asymptomatic to severe bilateral pneumonia depending on the case definition and surveillance strategies There are few studies examining the mortality predictors in this disease In this study we examined clinical predictors of mortality of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MERS infection ',0 32052064,'Outbreak of COVID 19 an urgent need for good science to silence our fears ',?,1 32169833,'Budgeting for covid 19 changing the narrative and narrating the change ',?,1 32087122,'Statement in support of the scientists public health professionals and medical professionals of China combatting COVID 19 ',?,1 31529930,'The Hajj 2019 Vaccine Requirements and Possible New Challenges ','Each year millions of pilgrims perform the annual Hajj from more than 180 countries around the world This is one of the largest mass gathering events and may result in the occurrence and spread of infectious diseases As such there are mandatory vaccinations for the pilgrims such as meningococcal vaccines The 2019 annual Hajj will take place during August 8 13 2019 Thus we review the recommended and mandated vaccinations for the 2019 Hajj and Umrah The mandatory vaccines required to secure the visa include the quadrivalent meningococcal vaccine for all pilgrims while yellow fever and poliomyelitis vaccines are required for pilgrims coming from countries endemic or with disease activity The recommended vaccines are influenza pneumococcal in addition to full compliance with basic vaccines for all pilgrims against diphtheria tetanus pertussis polio measles and mumps It is imperative to continue surveillance for the spread of antimicrobial resistance and occurrence of all infectious diseases causing outbreaks across the globe in the last year like Zika virus MDR Typhoid Nipah Ebola cholera chikungunya and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ',0 32075365,' Expert consensus on chloroquine phosphate for the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia ','At the end of December 2019 a novel coronavirus COVID 19 caused an outbreak in Wuhan and has quickly spread to all provinces in China and 26 other countries around the world leading to a serious situation for epidemic prevention So far there is still no specific medicine Previous studies have shown that chloroquine phosphate chloroquine had a wide range of antiviral effects including anti coronavirus Here we found that treating the patients diagnosed as novel coronavirus pneumonia with chloroquine might improve the success rate of treatment shorten hospital stay and improve patient outcome In order to guide and regulate the use of chloroquine in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia the multicenter collaboration group of Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province and Health Commission of Guangdong Province for chloroquine in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia developed this expert consensus after extensive discussion It recommended chloroquine phosphate tablet 500mg twice per day for 10 days for patients diagnosed as mild moderate and severe cases of novel coronavirus pneumonia and without contraindications to chloroquine ',1 32027687,'Prevalence and contribution of respiratory viruses in the community to rates of emergency department visits and hospitalizations with respiratory tract infections chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma ','The individual and combined contribution of viral prevalence in the community to Emergency Department ED visits and hospitalizations with respiratory tract infections RTIs chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD and asthma is unclear ',0 32182811,'Reverse Logistics Network Design for Effective Management of Medical Waste in Epidemic Outbreaks Insights from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 Outbreak in Wuhan China ','The outbreak of an epidemic disease may pose significant treats to human beings and may further lead to a global crisis In order to control the spread of an epidemic the effective management of rapidly increased medical waste through establishing a temporary reverse logistics system is of vital importance However no research has been conducted with the focus on the design of an epidemic reverse logistics network for dealing with medical waste during epidemic outbreaks which if improperly treated may accelerate disease spread and pose a significant risk for both medical staffs and patients Therefore this paper proposes a novel multi objective multi period mixed integer program for reverse logistics network design in epidemic outbreaks which aims at determining the best locations of temporary facilities and the transportation strategies for effective management of the exponentially increased medical waste within a very short period The application of the model is illustrated with a case study based on the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 in Wuhan China Even though the uncertainty of the future COVID 19 spread tendency is very high at the time of this research several general policy recommendations can still be obtained based on computational experiments and quantitative analyses Among other insights the results suggest installing temporary incinerators may be an effective solution for managing the tremendous increase of medical waste during the COVID 19 outbreak in Wuhan but the location selection of these temporary incinerators is of significant importance Due to the limitation on available data and knowledge at present stage more real world information are needed to assess the effectiveness of the current solution ',1 30827401,'Evaluation and comparison of immunogenicity and cross protective efficacy of two inactivated cell culture derived GIIa and GIIb genotype porcine epidemic diarrhea virus vaccines in suckling piglets ','Although highly virulent GII genotype PEDV strains have become pandemic in the swine population worldwide little is known about the differences in immunogenicity and cross protective efficacy between the GIIa and GIIb subgenotypes Hence in the present study we vaccinated suckling piglets with GIIa CH HBXT 2018 and GIIb CH HNPJ 2017 PEDV strain based inactivated vaccine candidates and compared their immunogenicity and cross protective efficacy The results showed that both vaccine candidates induced high levels of PEDV specific IgG antibodies and IFN g and reduced the levels of neutralizing antibodies at 21 dpv in suckling piglets The GIIa based inactivated vaccine protected all piglets 8 8 against virulent homologous and heterologous virus challenge while the GIIb strain based inactivated vaccine protected only 2 4 and 1 4 piglets against virulent homologous and heterologous virus challenge respectively Furthermore antibodies against the GIIa and GIIb strains cross reacted and cross neutralized both strains in vitro Taken together the data presented in this study indicate that GIIa strain based inactivated vaccine candidates are more promising than GIIb based candidates for the development of an effective vaccine against the current highly virulent pandemic PEDV strains ',0 32064269,'Magnetic Nanotrap Particles Preserve the Stability of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus in Blood for Laboratory Detection ','Most of the modern techniques used for identification of viral induced disease are based on identification of viral antigens and or nucleic acids in patient s blood Diagnosis in the field or in remote locations can be challenging and alternatively samples are shipped to diagnostic labs for testing Shipments must occur under controlled temperature conditions to prevent loss of sample integrity We have tested the ability of magnetic Nanotrap r NT particles to improve stability and detection of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus VEEV viral capsid protein and viral genomic RNA in whole human blood at elevated temperature and prolonged storage conditions NT particles have previously been shown to capture and enrich multiple pathogens including respiratory syncytial virus influenza virus coronavirus and Rift Valley fever virus Our study indicates that samples incubated with NT particles had detectable levels of infectious VEEV in blood equal to or greater than samples without NT treatment across all temperatures Viral RNA detection was increased in the presence of NT particles at later time points 72 h and higher temperature 40degC conditions Likewise detection of VEEV capsid protein was enhanced in the presence of NT particles up to 72 h at 40degC Finally we intranasally infected C3H mice with TC 83 the live attenuated vaccine strain of VEEV and demonstrated that NT particles could substantially increase the detection of VEEV capsid in infected blood incubated up to 72 h at 40degC Samples without NT particles had undetectable capsid protein levels Taken together our data demonstrate the ability of NT particles to preserve and enable detection of VEEV in human and mouse blood samples over time and at elevated temperatures ',0 32118644,'Distribution of the COVID 19 epidemic and correlation with population emigration from wuhan China ','The ongoing new coronavirus pneumonia Corona Virus Disease 2019 COVID 19 outbreak is spreading in China but it has not yet reached its peak Five million people emigrated from Wuhan before lockdown potentially representing a source of virus infection Determining case distribution and its correlation with population emigration from Wuhan in the early stage of the epidemic is of great importance for early warning and for the prevention of future outbreaks ',1 32162211,'Chest computed tomography images of early coronavirus disease COVID 19 ',?,1 31311073,'Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV Incidence in Saudi Arabia 2012 2019 ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV is a great public health concern globally Although 83\% of the globally confirmed cases have emerged in Saudi Arabia the spatiotemporal clustering of MERS CoV incidence has not been investigated This study analysed the spatiotemporal patterns and clusters of laboratory confirmed MERS CoV cases reported in Saudi Arabia between June 2012 and March 2019 Temporal seasonal spatial and spatiotemporal cluster analyses were performed using Kulldorff s spatial scan statistics to determine the time period and geographical areas with the highest MERS CoV infection risk A strongly significant temporal cluster for MERS CoV infection risk was identified between April 5 and May 24 2014 Most MERS CoV infections occurred during the spring season 41 88\% with April and May showing significant seasonal clusters Wadi Addawasir showed a high risk spatial cluster for MERS CoV infection The most likely high risk MERS CoV annual spatiotemporal clusters were identified for a group of cities n< i> = 10 in Riyadh province between 2014 and 2016 A monthly spatiotemporal cluster included Jeddah Makkah and Taif cities with the most likely high risk MERS CoV infection cluster occurring between April and May 2014 Significant spatiotemporal clusters of MERS CoV incidence were identified in Saudi Arabia The findings are relevant to control the spread of the disease This study provides preliminary risk assessments for the further investigation of the environmental risk factors associated with MERS CoV clusters ',0 32192586,'COVID 19 the need for continuous medical education and training ',?,1 32201125,'Novel coronavirus pneumonia ',?,0 32097202,'Six weeks into the 2019 coronavirus disease COVID 19 outbreak it is time to consider strategies to impede the emergence of new zoonotic infections ',?,1 32171054,'COVID 19 a potential public health problem for homeless populations ',?,1 32202553,' COVID 19 coronavirus what implications for Cardiology ',?,0 32142773,'Evidence for gastrointestinal infection of SARS CoV 2 ',?,1 32040667,'Critical care management of adults with community acquired severe respiratory viral infection ','With the expanding use of molecular assays viral pathogens are increasingly recognized among critically ill adult patients with community acquired severe respiratory illness studies have detected respiratory viral infections RVIs in 17 53\% of such patients In addition novel pathogens including zoonotic coronaviruses like the agents causing Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SARS Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MERS and the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV are still being identified Patients with severe RVIs requiring ICU care present typically with hypoxemic respiratory failure Oseltamivir is the most widely used neuraminidase inhibitor for treatment of influenza data suggest that early use is associated with reduced mortality in critically ill patients with influenza At present there are no antiviral therapies of proven efficacy for other severe RVIs Several adjunctive pharmacologic interventions have been studied for their immunomodulatory effects including macrolides corticosteroids cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors sirolimus statins anti influenza immune plasma and vitamin C but none is recommended at present in severe RVIs Evidence based supportive care is the mainstay for management of severe respiratory viral infection Non invasive ventilation in patients with severe RVI causing acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and pneumonia is associated with a high likelihood of transition to invasive ventilation Limited existing knowledge highlights the need for data regarding supportive care and adjunctive pharmacologic therapy that is specific for critically ill patients with severe RVI There is a need for more pragmatic and efficient designs to test different therapeutics both individually and in combination ',1 30677534,'Genetic evolution analysis and pathogenicity assessment of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains circulating in part of China during 2011 2017 ','In recent years the outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea PED caused by the highly virulent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV variants occurred frequently in China resulting in severe economic impacts to the pork industry In this study we selected and analyzed the genetic evolution of 15 PEDV representative strains that were identified in fecal samples of diarrheic piglets in 10 provinces and cities during 2011 2017 The phylogenetic analysis indicated that all the 15 PEDV isolates clustered into G2 genotype associated with the current circulating strains Compared with the genome of the prototype strain CV777 these strains had 103 120 amino acid mutations in their S proteins most of which were in the N terminal domain of S1 S1 NTD We also found 37 common mutations in all these 15 strains although these strains shared 96 9 99 7\% nucleotide homology and 96 3 99 8\% amino acid homology in the S protein compared with the other original pandemic strains Computational analysis showed that these mutations may lead to remarkable changes in the conformational structure and asparagine N linked glycosylation sites of S1 NTD which may be associated with the altered pathogenicity of these variant PEDV strains We evaluated the pathogenicity of the PEDV strain FJzz1 in piglets through oral and intramuscular infection routes Compared with oral infection intramuscular infection could also cause typical clinical signs but with a slightly delayed onset confirming that the variant PEDV isolate FJzz1 was highly pathogenic to suckling piglets In conclusion we analyzed the genetic variation and pathogenicity of the emerging PEDV isolates of China indicating that G2 variant PEDV strains as the main prevalent strains that may mutate continually This study shows the necessity of monitoring the molecular epidemiology and the etiological characteristics of the epidemic PEDV isolates which may help better control the PED outbreaks ',0 32109444,'Coronavirus 2019 nCoV A brief perspective from the front line ','A novel coronavirus designated as 2019 nCoV hit the central Chinese city of Wuhan in late December 2019 and subsequently spread rapidly to all provinces of China and multiple countries As of 0 00 am February 9 2020 a total of 37 287 cases have been confirmed infection of 2019 nCoV in China mainland and 302 cases have also been cumulatively reported from 24 countries According to the latest data a total of 813 deaths occurred in China mainland with the mortality reaching approximately 2 2\% At present there is no vaccine or specific drugs for the human coronavirus Therefore it is critical to understand the nature of the virus and its clinical characteristics in order to respond to the 2019 nCoV outbreak Thus the present study briefly but comprehensively summarizes the not much but timely reports on the 2019 nCoV ',1 32054471,'Respiratory viruses in mechanically ventilated patients a pilot study ','Respiratory virome is an integral part of the human microbiome and its characterization may contribute to a better understanding of the changes that arise in the disease and consequently influence the approach and treatment of patients with acute lower respiratory infections The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of respiratory viruses in the lower airways of individuals undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation with and without acute lower respiratory infection respectively WRI and WORI groups ',0 31364317,'Generation and protective efficacy of a cold adapted attenuated genotype 2b porcine epidemic diarrhea virus ','The recent emergence and re emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV underscore the urgent need for the development of novel safe and effective vaccines against the prevailing strain In this study we generated a cold adapted live attenuated vaccine candidate Aram P29 CA by short term passage of a virulent PEDV isolate at successively lower temperatures in Vero cells Whole genome sequencing identified 12 amino acid changes in the cold adapted strain with no insertions and deletions throughout the genome Animal inoculation experiments confirmed the attenuated phenotype of Aram P29 CA virus in the natural host Pregnant sows were orally administered P29 CA live vaccines two doses at 2 week intervals prior to parturition and the newborn piglets were challenged with the parental virus The oral homologous prime boost vaccination of P29 CA significantly improved the survival rate of the piglets and notably mitigated the severity of diarrhea and PEDV fecal shedding after the challenge Furthermore strong antibody responses to PEDV were detected in the sera and colostrum of immunized sows and in the sera of their offspring These results demonstrated that the cold adapted attenuated virus can be used as a live vaccine in maternal vaccination strategies to provide durable lactogenic immunity and confer passive protection to litters against PEDV ',0 32193299,'Countries test tactics in war against COVID 19 ',?,1 32105090,'Immune responses in COVID 19 and potential vaccines Lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic ','As the world is witnessing the epidemic of COVID 19 a disease caused by a novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 emerging genetics and clinical evidences suggest a similar path to those of SARS and MERS The rapid genomic sequencing and open access data together with advanced vaccine technology are expected to give us more knowledge on the pathogen itself including the host immune response as well as the plan for therapeutic vaccines in the near future This review aims to provide a comparative view among SARS CoV MERS CoV and the newly epidemic SARS CoV 2 in the hope to gain a better understanding of the host pathogen interaction host immune responses and the pathogen immune evasion strategies This predictive view may help in designing an immune intervention or preventive vaccine for COVID 19 in the near future ',1 32172550,'Recommendations for Anesthesia in Patients Suspected of Coronavirus 2019 nCoV Infection ',?,1 32202659,'Coronavirus disease 2019 the harms of exaggerated information and non evidence based measures ','The evolving coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 pandemic1< sup> is certainly cause for concern Proper communication and optimal decision making is an ongoing challenge as data evolve The challenge is compounded however by exaggerated information This can lead to inappropriate actions It is important to differentiate promptly the true epidemic from an epidemic of false claims and potentially harmful actions ',0 31146847,'New and emerging infectious diseases Ebola Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae Candida auris Focus on environmental survival and germicide susceptibility ',?,0 31319854,'The emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhoea in Croatia molecular characterization and serology ','Porcine epidemic diarrhoea PED is an emergent re emergent viral pig disease caused by the virus belonging to the Coronaviridae family in specific the Alphacoronavirus genus of global importance Clinical presentation is characterized with acute diarrhoea vomiting and dehydration in pigs of all ages with a possible high mortality in suckling piglets The disease emerged in the USA in 2013 causing heavy losses and re emerged in Europe in 2014 but with milder consequences ',0 32165562,'Genome analyses help track coronavirus moves ',?,1 31706335,'Evolution of infectious bronchitis virus in the field after homologous vaccination introduction ','Despite the fact that vaccine resistance has been typically considered a rare phenomenon some episodes of vaccine failure have been reported with increasing frequency in intensively raised livestock Infectious bronchitis virus IBV is a widespread avian coronavirus whose control relies mainly on extensive vaccine administration Unfortunately the continuous emergence of new vaccine immunity escaping variants prompts the development of new vaccines In the present work a molecular epidemiology study was performed to evaluate the potential role of homologous vaccination in driving IBV evolution This was undertaken by assessing IBV viral RNA sequences from the ORF encoding the S1 portion of viral surface glycoprotein S before and after the introduction of a new live vaccine on broiler farms in northern Italy The results of several biostatistics analyses consistently demonstrate the presence of a higher pressure in the post vaccination period Natural selection was detected essentially on sites located on the protein surface within or nearby domains involved in viral attachment or related functions This evidence strongly supports the action of vaccine induced immunity in conditioning viral evolution potentially leading to the emergence of new vaccine escape variants The great plasticity of rapidly evolving RNA viruses in response to human intervention which extends beyond the poultry industry is demonstrated claiming further attention due to their relevance for animal and especially human health ',0 32088598,'First respiratory transmitted food borne outbreak ','The world is faced with a remarkable coronavirus outbreak with epicentre in Wuhan China Altogether 40554 cases have been confirmed globally with novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 until February 10 2020 Rigorous surveillance in other countries is required to prevent further global expansion of the outbreak but resolving the exact mechanism of the initial transmission events is crucial Most initial cases had visited Huanan South Seafood Market in Wuhan selling also various exotic live animals Based on the limited initial human to human transmission and timely clustering of cases in Huanan market among elderly men coupled with knowledge that coronaviruses are derived from animals and relationship of SARS CoV 2 to bat coronavirus zoonotic transmission in the first instance is probable To target the actions similar epidemiological actions to human cases are needed with animal or food exposures According to current information an exceptionally wide contamination of seafood market might explain the initiation of the SARS CoV 2 outbreak Seafood tanks air contamination by live animals or rodents are possibilities but sold animals normally come from various sources The mode of transmission may become clearer in future usually in outbreak investigations hindsight is easy but for now information about the initial source of this outbreak is limited ',1 32035509,'Coronavirus epidemic preparing for extracorporeal organ support in intensive care ',?,1 32159237,'From SARS and MERS CoVs to SARS CoV 2 Moving toward more biased codon usage in viral structural and nonstructural genes ','Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 is an emerging disease with fatal outcomes In this study a fundamental knowledge gap question is to be resolved by evaluating the differences in biological and pathogenic aspects of SARS CoV 2 and the changes in SARS CoV 2 in comparison with the two prior major COV epidemics SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS coronaviruses ',1 32099716,'Wuhan coronavirus 2019 nCoV The need to maintain regular physical activity while taking precautions ',?,1 30593368,'Limited shedding of an S InDel strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV in semen and questions regarding the infectivity of the detected virus ','PEDV is mainly transmitted by the oro fecal route although PEDV shedding in semen has already been shown for an S non InDel PEDV strain infection The aim of this study was to determine if PEDV can be shed in semen from SPF specific pathogens free boars infected by a French S InDel PEDV strain PEDV FR 001 2014 and in case of positive semen to determine the infectivity of that semen Both infected boars had diarrhea after inoculation and shed virus in feces PEDV genome was also detected by RT qPCR in the sperm rich fraction of semen 6 94 x 103< sup> and 4 73 x 103< sup> genomic copies mL from the two boars infected with the S InDel PEDV strain but only once at 7DPI In addition PEDV RNA in Peyer s patches and in mesenteric lymph nodes was also present for the two inoculated boars The PEDV positive semen S non InDel and S InDel sampled during a previous trial and in this boar trial were inoculated to six SPF weaned pigs The inoculated piglets did not seroconvert and did not shed virus throughout the duration of the study except for one pig at 18 DPI But PEDV could be detected in intestinal tissues such as duodenum jejunum and jejunum Peyer s patches by RT qPCR except for one pig Even if PEDV genome has been detected in semen experimental infection of piglets with positive semen failed to conclude to the infectivity of the detected PEDV ',0 31769524,'Typical epidemiology of respiratory virus infections in a Brazilian slum ','Host population size density immune status age structure and contact rates are critical elements of virus epidemiology Slum populations stand out from other settings and may present differences in the epidemiology of acute viral infections We collected nasopharyngeal specimens from 282 children aged 5 years with acute respiratory tract infection ARI during 2005 to 2006 in one of the largest Brazilian slums We conducted real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction RT PCR for 16 respiratory viruses nested RT PCR based typing of rhinoviruses HRVs and collected clinical symptoms Viruses were common causes of respiratory disease with 1 virus being detected in 65 2\% of patients We detected 15 different viruses during 1 year with a predomidnance of HRV 33 0\% and human respiratory syncytial virus hRSV 12 1\% infections and a high rate of viral coinfections 28 3\% We observed seasonality of hRSV HRV and human coronavirus infections more severe symptoms in hRSV and influenza virus FLU infections and prolonged circulation of seven HRV clusters likely representing distinct serotypes according to genomic sequence distances Potentially unusual findings included the absence of human metapneumovirus detections and lack of typical FLU seasonal patterns which may be linked to the population size and density of the slum Nonetheless most epidemiological patterns were similar to other studies globally suggesting surprising similarities of virus associated ARI across highly diverse settings and a complex impact of population characteristics on respiratory virus epidemiology ',0 32088678,'Fear of the novel coronavirus ',?,1 32197238,'Managing Cancer Care During the COVID 19 Pandemic Agility and Collaboration Toward a Common Goal ','The first confirmed case of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 in the United States was reported on January 20 2020 in Snohomish County Washington At the epicenter of COVID 19 in the United States the Seattle Cancer Care Alliance Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington are at the forefront of delivering care to patients with cancer during this public health crisis This Special Feature highlights the unique circumstances and challenges of cancer treatment amidst this global pandemic and the importance of organizational structure preparation agility and a shared vision for continuing to provide cancer treatment to patients in the face of uncertainty and rapid change ',1 32035429,' Recommendations for the diagnosis prevention and control of the 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children first interim edition ','2019Nian 12Yue Yi Lai Hu Bei Sheng Wu Yi Shi Bao Fa Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan Liu Xing Yi Qing Hen Kuai Kuo San Xing Shi Yan Jun Sui Zhao Yi Qing Gao Feng Ji Geng Duo Di Qu Kai Zhan Bing Yuan Xue Jian Ce Er Tong Gan Ran Bao Gao Bing Li Shu Zheng Zai Ming Xian Zeng Duo Bei Shou Ge Fang Guan Zhu He Gao Du Zhong Shi Zhong Hua Yi Xue Hui Er Ke Xue Fen Hui He Zhong Hua Er Ke Za Zhi Bian Ji Wei Yuan Hui Zu Zhi Xiang Guan Zhuan Ye Zhuan Jia Zai Zong Jie Bu Fen Er Tong Bing Li Liu Xing Bing Xue Te Zheng He Lin Chuang Ji Bing Te Dian De Ji Chu Shang Zhong Dian Jiu Er Tong Bing Li Zhen Duan Biao Zhun Chu Zhi Liu Cheng Zhi Liao He Fang Kong Deng Ti Chu Jian Yi ',1 32077441,' Clinical Management of Lung Cancer Patients during the Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID 19 ','Since late December 2019 an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases COVID 19 in Wuhan China has spread quickly nationwide With the spread of COVID 19 the routine clinical diagnosis and treatment for lung cancer patients has been disturbed Due to the systemic immunosuppressive of lung cancer patients caused by the malignancy and anticancer treatments lung cancer patients are more susceptible to infection than healthy individuals Furthermore patients with cancer had poorer prognosis from infection Lung cancer patients should be the priority group for COVID 19 prevention The protection provisions and control measures aiming to protect lung cancer patients from COVID 19 have been increasingly concerned During the COVID 19 outbreak period it should be carefully differentiated for fever and respiratory symptoms for lung cancer patients receiving anti tumor treatment in order to evaluate the risk of COVID 19 Moreover it is necessary to carry out meticulous and individualized clinical management for lung cancer patients to effectively protect the patients from COVID 19 ',1 32187834,'SARS CoV 2 the Virus that Causes COVID 19 Cytometry and the New Challenge for Global Health ',?,1 31068417,'Porcine deltacoronavirus enters cells via two pathways A protease mediated one at the cell surface and another facilitated by cathepsins in the endosome ','Porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV is a pathogen belonging to the genus Deltacoronavirus< i> that in 2014 caused outbreaks of piglet diarrhea in the United States To identify suitable therapeutic targets a more comprehensive understanding of the viral entry pathway is required particularly of the role of proteases Here we identified the proteases that activate the viral spike S glycoprotein to initiate cell entry and also pinpointed the host cellular pathways that PDCoV uses for entry Our results revealed that cathepsin L CTSL and cathepsin B CTSB in lysosomes and extracellular trypsin in cell cultures independently activate the S protein for membrane fusion Pretreating the cells with the lysosomal acidification inhibitor bafilomycin A1 Baf A1 completely inhibited PDCoV entry and siRNA mediated ablation of CTSL or CTSB expression significantly reduced viral infection indicating that PDCoV uses an endosomal pathway for entry Of note trypsin treatment of cell cultures also activated PDCoV entry even when the endosomal pathway was inhibited This observation indicated that trypsin induced S protein cleavage and activation in cell cultures enables viral entry directly from the cell surface Our results provide critical insights into the PDCoV infection mechanism uncovering two distinct viral entry pathways one through cathepsin L and cathepsin B in the endosome and another via a protease at the cell surface Because PDCoV infection sites represent a proteases rich environment these findings suggest that endosome inhibitor treatment alone is insufficient to block PDCoV entry into intestinal epithelial cells in vivo< i> Therefore approaches that inhibit viral entry from the cell membrane should also be considered ',0 32114744,' Pregnant women with new coronavirus infection a clinical characteristics and placental pathological analysis of three cases ','Objective < b> To investigate the clinical characteristics and placental pathology of 2019 nCoV infection in pregnancy and to evaluate intrauterine vertical transmission potential of 2019 nCoV infection Methods < b> The placentas delivered from pregnant women with confirmed 2019 nCoV infection which were received in the Department of Pathology Union Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology collected by February 4th 2020 and retrospectively studied Their clinical material including placental tissue and lung CT and laboratory results were collected meanwhile nucleic acid detection of 2019 nCoV of the placentas were performed by RT PCR Results < b> Three placentas delivered from pregnant women with confirmed 2019 nCoV infection who were all in their third trimester with emergency caesarean section All of the three patients presented with fever one before caesarean and two in postpartum and had no significant leukopenia and lymphopenia Neonatal throat swabs from three newborns were tested for 2019 nCoV and all samples were negative for the nucleic acid of 2019 nCoV One premature infant was transferred to Department of Neonatology due to low birth weight By the end of February 25 2020 none of the three patients developed severe 2019 nCoV pneumonia or died two patients had been cured and discharged while another one had been transferred to a square cabin hospital for isolation treatment There were various degrees of fibrin deposition inside and around the villi with local syncytial nodule increases in all three placentas One case of placenta showed the concomitant morphology of chorionic hemangioma and another one with massive placental infarction No pathological change of villitis and chorioamnionitis was observed in our observation of three cases All samples from three placentas were negative for the nucleic acid of 2019 nCoV Conclusions < b> The clinical characteristics of pregnant women with 2019 nCoV infection in late pregnancy are similar to those of non pregnant patients and no severe adverse pregnancy outcome is found in the 3 cases of our observation Pathological study suggests that there are no morphological changes related to infection in the three placentas Currently no evidence for intrauterine vertical transmission of 2019 nCoV is found in the three women infected by 2019 nCoV in their late pregnancy ',1 31526383,'A novel biotinylated nanobody based blocking ELISA for the rapid and sensitive clinical detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus ','Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV which is characterized by severe watery diarrhea vomiting dehydration and a high mortality rate in piglets leads to enormous economic losses to the pork industry and remains a large challenge worldwide Thus a rapid and reliable method is required for epidemiological investigations and to evaluate the effect of immunization However the current diagnostic methods for PEDV are time consuming and very expensive and rarely meet the requirements for clinical application Nanobodies have been used in the clinic to overcome these problems because of the advantages of their easy expression and high level of stability In the present work a novel biotinylated nanobody based blocking ELISA bELISA was developed to detect anti PEDV antibodies in clinical pig serum ',0 32118639,'Persistence and clearance of viral RNA in 2019 novel coronavirus disease rehabilitation patients ','A patient s infectivity is determined by the presence of the virus in different body fluids secretions and excreta The persistence and clearance of viral RNA from different specimens of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 remain unclear This study analyzed the clearance time and factors influencing 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV RNA in different samples from patients with COVID 19 providing further evidence to improve the management of patients during convalescence ',1 32172228,'Potential preanalytical and analytical vulnerabilities in the laboratory diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 ','A novel zoonotic coronavirus outbreak is spreading all over the world This pandemic disease has now been defined as novel coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 and is sustained by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 As the current gold standard for the etiological diagnosis of SARS CoV 2 infection is real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction rRT PCR on respiratory tract specimens the diagnostic accuracy of this technique shall be considered a foremost prerequisite Overall potential RT PCR vulnerabilities include general preanalytical issues such as identification problems inadequate procedures for collection handling transport and storage of the swabs collection of inappropriate or inadequate material for quality or volume presence of interfering substances manual errors as well as specific aspects such as sample contamination and testing patients receiving antiretroviral therapy Some analytical problems may also contribute to jeopardize the diagnostic accuracy including testing outside the diagnostic window active viral recombination use of inadequately validated assays insufficient harmonization instrument malfunctioning along with other specific technical issues Some practical indications can hence be identified for minimizing the risk of diagnostic errors encompassing the improvement of diagnostic accuracy by combining clinical evidence with results of chest computed tomography CT and RT PCR interpretation of RT PCR results according to epidemiologic clinical and radiological factors recollection and testing of upper or lower respiratory specimens in patients with negative RT PCR test results and high suspicion or probability of infection dissemination of clear instructions for specimen especially swab collection management and storage together with refinement of molecular target s and thorough compliance with analytical procedures including quality assurance ',1 32125130,' Individualized treatment recommendations for lung cancer patients at different stages of treatment during the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus disease epidemic ','In order to achieve the overall victory of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease epidemic in this war especially to prevent the disease recurrence from rebounding during the resumption of labor the government has not loosened any control of personnel mobility which has obviously affected the normal examination and treatment of lung cancer patients under the influence of this epidemic During the epidemic period cancer patients with low immunity levels face the double ordeals of disease and epidemic situation Compared with the general population they are more likely to be infected with the new coronavirus Among the infected cancer patients lung cancer is the most common type It is necessary to provide more appropriate individualized treatment recommendations for patients with lung cancer based on the epidemic situation of the patient s location and in combination with the patient s own condition Through active prevention of infection timely conversion of treatment strategies online and offline joint control and positive psychological counseling we significantly hope to help patients with lung cancer to survive this difficult period ',1 32094336,'High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019 nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa ','It has been reported that ACE2 is the main host cell receptor of 2019 nCoV and plays a crucial role in the entry of virus into the cell to cause the final infection To investigate the potential route of 2019 nCov infection on the mucosa of oral cavity bulk RNA seq profiles from two public databases including The Cancer Genome Atlas TCGA and Functional Annotation of The Mammalian Genome Cap Analysis of Gene Expression FANTOM5 CAGE dataset were collected RNA seq profiling data of 13 organ types with para carcinoma normal tissues from TCGA and 14 organ types with normal tissues from FANTOM5 CAGE were analyzed in order to explore and validate the expression of ACE2 on the mucosa of oral cavity Further single cell transcriptomes from an independent data generated in house were used to identify and confirm the ACE2 expressing cell composition and proportion in oral cavity The results demonstrated that the ACE2 expressed on the mucosa of oral cavity Interestingly this receptor was highly enriched in epithelial cells of tongue Preliminarily those findings have explained the basic mechanism that the oral cavity is a potentially high risk for 2019 nCoV infectious susceptibility and provided a piece of evidence for the future prevention strategy in dental clinical practice as well as daily life ',1 32112859,'The COVID 19 outbreak and implications for the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympic Games ',?,1 30621343,'Combining a Fusion Inhibitory Peptide Targeting the MERS CoV S2 Protein HR1 Domain and a Neutralizing Antibody Specific for the S1 Protein Receptor Binding Domain RBD Showed Potent Synergism against Pseudotyped MERS CoV with or without Mutations in RBD ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV has continuously posed a threat to public health worldwide yet no therapeutics or vaccines are currently available to prevent or treat MERS CoV infection We previously identified a fusion inhibitory peptide HR2P M2 targeting the MERS CoV S2 protein HR1 domain and a highly potent neutralizing monoclonal antibody m336 specific to the S1 spike protein receptor binding domain RBD However m336 was found to have reduced efficacy against MERS CoV strains with mutations in RBD and HR2P M2 showed low potency thus limiting the clinical application of each when administered separately However we herein report that the combination of m336 and HR2P M2 exhibited potent synergism in inhibiting MERS CoV S protein mediated cell cell fusion and infection by MERS CoV pseudoviruses with or without mutations in the RBD resulting in the enhancement of antiviral activity in contrast to either one administered alone Thus this combinatorial strategy could be used in clinics for the urgent treatment of MERS CoV infected patients ',0 32048163,'Clinical and biochemical indexes from 2019 nCoV infected patients linked to viral loads and lung injury ','The outbreak of the 2019 nCoV infection began in December 2019 in Wuhan Hubei province and rapidly spread to many provinces in China as well as other countries Here we report the epidemiological clinical laboratory and radiological characteristics as well as potential biomarkers for predicting disease severity in 2019 nCoV infected patients in Shenzhen China All 12 cases of the 2019 nCoV infected patients developed pneumonia and half of them developed acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS The most common laboratory abnormalities were hypoalbuminemia lymphopenia decreased percentage of lymphocytes LYM and neutrophils NEU elevated C reactive protein CRP and lactate dehydrogenase LDH and decreased CD8 count The viral load of 2019 nCoV detected from patient respiratory tracts was positively linked to lung disease severity ALB LYM LYM \% LDH NEU \% and CRP were highly correlated to the acute lung injury Age viral load lung injury score and blood biochemistry indexes albumin ALB CRP LDH LYM \% LYM and NEU \% may be predictors of disease severity Moreover the Angiotensin II level in the plasma sample from 2019 nCoV infected patients was markedly elevated and linearly associated to viral load and lung injury Our results suggest a number of potential diagnosis biomarkers and angiotensin receptor blocker ARB drugs for potential repurposing treatment of 2019 nCoV infection ',1 32171622,'An update on the 2019 nCoV outbreak ','Cases of 2019 nCoV are now being reported in different regions around the globe concerning for a possible SARS like epidemic that infected for than 8000 people in 2002 03 Though major health authorities are still working on understanding the virus and its transmission here we present a brief report regarding the 2019 nCoV outbreak and what is known so far ',1 32120822,'On the Coronavirus COVID 19 Outbreak and the Smart City Network Universal Data Sharing Standards Coupled with Artificial Intelligence AI to Benefit Urban Health Monitoring and Management ','As the Coronavirus COVID 19 expands its impact from China expanding its catchment into surrounding regions and other countries increased national and international measures are being taken to contain the outbreak The placing of entire cities in lockdown directly affects urban economies on a multi lateral level including from social and economic standpoints This is being emphasised as the outbreak gains ground in other countries leading towards a global health emergency and as global collaboration is sought in numerous quarters However while effective protocols in regard to the sharing of health data is emphasised urban data on the other hand specifically relating to urban health and safe city concepts is still viewed from a nationalist perspective as solely benefiting a nation s economy and its economic and political influence This perspective paper written one month after detection and during the outbreak surveys the virus outbreak from an urban standpoint and advances how smart city networks should work towards enhancing standardization protocols for increased data sharing in the event of outbreaks or disasters leading to better global understanding and management of the same ',1 30665189,'Viruses in bats and potential spillover to animals and humans ','In the last two decades several high impact zoonotic disease outbreaks have been linked to bat borne viruses These include SARS coronavirus Hendra virus and Nipah virus In addition it has been suspected that ebolaviruses and MERS coronavirus are also linked to bats It is being increasingly accepted that bats are potential reservoirs of a large number of known and unknown viruses many of which could spillover into animal and human populations However our knowledge into basic bat biology and immunology is very limited and we have little understanding of major factors contributing to the risk of bat virus spillover events Here we provide a brief review of the latest findings in bat viruses and their potential risk of cross species transmission ',0 32160942,'Novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 outbreak Now is the time to refresh pandemic plans ','This article outlines practical steps that businesses can take now to prepare for a pandemic Given the current growing spread of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 around the world it is imperative that businesses review their pandemic plans and be prepared in case this epidemic expands and affects more people and communities Preparing for a potential infectious disease pandemic from influenza or a novel corona virus is an essential component of a business continuity plan especially for businesses that provide critical healthcare and infrastructure services Although many businesses and organisations have a pandemic plan or address pandemic preparedness in their business continuity plans few have recently tested and updated their plans Pandemics can not only interrupt an organisation s operations and compromise long term viability of an enterprise but also disrupt the provision of critical functions Businesses that regularly test and update their pandemic plan can significantly reduce harmful impacts to the business play a key role in protecting employees and customers health and safety and limit the negative impact of a pandemic on the community and economy ',1 32091386,'Potential Presymptomatic Transmission of SARS CoV 2 Zhejiang Province China 2020 ','We report a 2 family cluster of persons infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in the city of Zhoushan Zhejiang Province China during January 2020 The infections resulted from contact with an infected but potentially presymptomatic traveler from the city of Wuhan in Hubei Province ',1 32119807,'Imported Novel Coronavirus Infections Observation on Active and Passive Case Detection in Thailand ',?,1 32122113,' Thinking on Clinical rational use of TCM injection in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia COVID 19 ','Guo Jia Wei Sheng Jian Kang Wei Yuan Hui Zhen Dui Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan COVID 19 Yi Qing Xian Hou Zu Zhi Zhuan Jia Zhi Ding Liao 6Ban Zhen Liao Fang An Qi Zhong Tui Jian Yu Zhong Xing He Wei Zhong Xing Huan Zhe Shi Yong Zhong Yao Zhu She Ji Ben Wen Ji Yu Zhong Yi Yao Li Lun Cong Lin Chuang He Li Yong Yao De Jiao Du Fen Xi Liao Di Liu Ban Fang An Tui Jian De Zhong Yao Zhu She Ji De Te Dian Ren Wei COVID 19Zhong Xing He Wei Zhong Xing Bing Ji Yi Xie Yu Wei Ji Chu Yi Du Chi Sheng Jin Er Dao Zhi Bi Zheng He Tuo Zheng Tong Shi Bing Xian Ti Chu Zhong Xing Yi Du Bi Fei Zheng Ke Shi Yong Xi Yan Ping Zhu She Ye Zhong Xing Qi Ying Liang Fan Zheng Ke Shi Yong Tan Re Qing Zhu She Ye He Re Du Zhu Zhu She Ye Wei Zhong Xing Nei Bi Wai Tuo Zheng Shi Yong Can Fu Zhu She Ye Sheng Mai Zhu She Ye Huo Can Mai Zhu She Ye Gu Tuo Dan Bi Xu Yu Su He Xiang Wan An Gong Niu Huang Wan Huo Xing Nao Jing Zhu She Ye Kai Qiao He Yong Qie Xu Bian Ming Yin Yang Yang Tuo Zhe Shi Yong Can Fu Zhu She Ye Yin Tuo Zhe Shi Yong Sheng Mai Zhu She Ye Yang Bi Zhe Shi Yong Xing Nao Jing Zhu She Ye Xie Yu Zheng Shi Zhong Xing He Wei Zhong Xing De Gong You Bing Ji Ying Xuan Yong Xie Bi Jing Zhu She Ye Deng Gai Shan Wei Xun Huan Bao Zheng Ge Zu Zhi Qi Guan Chong Fen Guan Liu Wei Diao Dong Ren Ti Kang Bing Qian Neng Jie Duan Niu Zhuan Bing Shi Dian Ding Ji Chu ',1 31572047,'Community s compliance with measures for the prevention of respiratory infections in Riyadh Saudi Arabia ','Acute respiratory tract infections are the most common causes of both morbidity and mortality worldwid and the management and prevention of acute respiratory infections is a global problem especially in developing countries This study sought to assess the community s compliance and practice of measures for the prevention of respiratory infections and discover their source of health information ',0 32078810,'Challenges of coronavirus disease 2019 ',?,1 31883098,'Histopathologic Evaluation and Scoring of Viral Lung Infection ','Emergent coronaviruses such as MERS CoV and SARS CoV can cause significant morbidity and mortality in infected individuals Lung infection is a common clinical feature and contributes to disease severity as well as viral transmission Animal models are often required to study viral infections and therapies especially during an initial outbreak Histopathology studies allow for identification of lesions and affected cell types to better understand viral pathogenesis and clarify effective therapies Use of immunostaining allows detection of presumed viral receptors and viral tropism for cells can be evaluated to correlate with lesions In the lung lesions and immunostaining can be qualitatively described to define the cell types microanatomic location and type of changes seen These features are important and necessary but this approach can have limitations when comparing treatment groups Semiquantitative and quantitative tissue scores are more rigorous as these provide the ability to statistically compare groups and increase the reproducibility and rigor of the study This review describes principles approaches and resources that can be useful to evaluate coronavirus lung infection focusing on MER CoV infection as the principal example ',0 32118393,' Myocardial injury in patients with COVID 19 pneumonia ','Zi 2019Nian 12Yue Yi Lai Zhong Guo Hu Bei Sheng Kai Shi Chu Xian Liao 2019Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du 2019 nCoV Gan Ran Yi Qing Bing Zhu Jian Kuo San Zhi Qi Ta Sheng Fen Nai Zhi Qi Ta Guo Jia Gai Bing Du Ju You Chuan Bo Neng Li Qiang Lin Chuang Biao Xian Duo Yang Qian Fu Qi Chang Ke Yin Xing Chuan Ran Deng Te Zheng Dui Ren Lei Sheng Ming An Quan He Jian Kang Zao Cheng Yan Zhong Wei Xie Sui Zhao Bing Li Shu De Bu Duan Zeng Jia He Lin Chuang Zi Liao De Bu Duan Feng Fu 2019 nCoVGan Ran Huan Zhe Chu Liao Dian Xing De Hu Xi Xi Tong Biao Xian Wai Yu Bing Du Gan Ran Xiang Guan De Xin Ji Sun Shang Qing Kuang Zhu Jian Shou Dao Zhong Shi Gen Ju Yi Gong Bu De Zi Liao Wo Men Zong Jie Liao Mu Qian Yi Zhi De 2019 nCoVGan Ran Huan Zhe De Xin Ji Sun Shang Biao Xian Te Zheng Dui Bing Qing Ji Yu Hou De Ying Xiang Bing Dui Ke Neng De Sun Shang Ji Zhi Zhi Liao Fang Fa Yi Ji Wei Lai De Yan Jiu Fang Xiang Zuo Yi Lun Shu ',1 32169481,'COVID 19 spike host cell receptor GRP78 binding site prediction ','Understanding the novel coronavirus COVID 19 mode of host cell recognition may help to fight the disease and save lives The spike protein of coronaviruses is the main driving force for host cell recognition ',1 32087323,'First Atypical case of 2019 novel coronavirus in Yan an China ',?,1 32175068,'Exported Wuhan Novel Coronavirus Infection An Expected Rate with Reference to Main Destination of Chinese Tourist Thailand ',?,1 32193550,'Public health measures to slow community spread of COVID 19 ',?,1 31959587,'China coronavirus cases surge as official admits human to human transmission ',?,1 32192816,'Stepping Forward Urologists Efforts During the COVID 19 Outbreak in Singapore ',?,1 30940566,'Identification and design of novel small molecule inhibitors against MERS CoV papain like protease via high throughput screening and molecular modeling ','The development of new therapeutic agents against the coronavirus causing Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MERS is a continuing imperative The initial MERS CoV epidemic was contained entirely through public health measures but episodic cases continue as there are currently no therapeutic agents effective in the treatment of MERS CoV although multiple strategies have been proposed In this study we screened 30 000 compounds from three different compound libraries against one of the essential proteases the papain like protease PLpro< sup> using a fluorescence based enzymatic assay followed by surface plasmon resonance SPR direct binding analysis for hit confirmation Mode of inhibition assays and competition SPR studies revealed two compounds to be competitive inhibitors To improve upon the inhibitory activity of the best hit compounds a small fragment library consisting of 352 fragments was screened in the presence of each hit compound resulting in one fragment that enhanced the IC50< sub> value of the best hit compound by 3 fold Molecular docking and MM PBSA binding energy calculations were used to predict potential binding sites providing insight for design and synthesis of next generation compounds ',0 32169119,'The origin transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 outbreak an update on the status ','An acute respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 previously known as 2019 nCoV the coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 has spread throughout China and received worldwide attention On 30 January 2020 World Health Organization WHO officially declared the COVID 19 epidemic as a public health emergency of international concern The emergence of SARS CoV 2 since the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV in 2002 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV in 2012 marked the third introduction of a highly pathogenic and large scale epidemic coronavirus into the human population in the twenty first century As of 1 March 2020 a total of 87 137 confirmed cases globally 79 968 confirmed in China and 7169 outside of China with 2977 deaths 3 4\% had been reported by WHO Meanwhile several independent research groups have identified that SARS CoV 2 belongs to b coronavirus with highly identical genome to bat coronavirus pointing to bat as the natural host The novel coronavirus uses the same receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 ACE2 as that for SARS CoV and mainly spreads through the respiratory tract Importantly increasingly evidence showed sustained human to human transmission along with many exported cases across the globe The clinical symptoms of COVID 19 patients include fever cough fatigue and a small population of patients appeared gastrointestinal infection symptoms The elderly and people with underlying diseases are susceptible to infection and prone to serious outcomes which may be associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS and cytokine storm Currently there are few specific antiviral strategies but several potent candidates of antivirals and repurposed drugs are under urgent investigation In this review we summarized the latest research progress of the epidemiology pathogenesis and clinical characteristics of COVID 19 and discussed the current treatment and scientific advancements to combat the epidemic novel coronavirus ',1 32198164,'Novel Coronavirus What Neuroradiologists as Citizens of the World Need to Know ',?,1 31940691,'Assessment of hemagglutination activity of porcine deltacoronavirus< i> ','Porcine deltacoronavirus< i> PDCoV is an emerging swine enteric coronavirus that causes diarrhea in piglets However the biological characteristics of PDCoV are unclear In this study the hemagglutination HA abilities of two PDCoV strains CH 01 and HNZK 04 were investigated Our results showed that PDCoV has the ability to agglutinate rabbit erythrocytes after virion pretreatment with trypsin or neuraminidase Additionally the HA assay results showed a significant positive correlation with the infectious viral titer Our results suggest that assessing the HA activity of PDCoV may be a useful diagnostic method for investigating and surveilling PDCoV infections ',0 32133829,' Analysis of bronchoscope guided tracheal intubation in 12 cases with COVID 19 under the personal protective equipment with positive pressure protective hood ','Endotracheal intubation is an independent risk factor for respiratory infectious diseases We conducted a retrospective study in 12 cases with COVID 19 who underwent endotracheal intubation at ICU of the Guangzhou eighth hospital from January 20 to February 10 2020 The intubation procedure anesthetic regimen and complication were collected and analyzed The 9 healthcare workers who involved in intubation received virus nucleic acid test and 14 days temperature monitoring All 12 patients were successfully intubated under the guidance of bronchoscope without any complications Midazolam Propofol and Morphine or fentanyl were used for sedation and analgesia avoiding patients cough and agitated during the procedure The 9 healthcare workers were protected under the Personal Protective Equipment PPE with positive pressure protective hood The detection of oropharyngeal swab virus nucleic acid were negative in all 9 healthcare workers none of them had fever or any respiratory symptoms The PPE with positive pressure protective hood should be needed to perform bronchoscope guided endotracheal intubation in patients with COVID 19 it could strengthen to protect healthcare workers from virus exposure ',1 32173287,'Potential inhibitors against 2019 nCoV coronavirus M protease from clinically approved medicines ',?,1 32187460,'Covid 19 The Law and Limits of Quarantine ',?,1 31670218,'Porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV modulates calcium influx to favor viral replication ','Ionic calcium Ca2+< sup> is a versatile intracellular second messenger that plays important roles in cellular physiological and pathological processes Porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV is an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes serious vomiting and diarrhea in suckling piglets In this study the role of Ca2+< sup> to PDCoV infection was investigated PDCoV infection was found to upregulate intracellular Ca2+< sup> concentrations of IPI 2I cells Chelating extracellular Ca2+< sup> by EGTA inhibited PDCoV replication and this inhibitory effect was overcome by replenishment with CaCl2< sub> Treatment with Ca2+< sup> channel blockers particularly the L type Ca2+< sup> channel blocker diltiazem hydrochloride inhibited PDCoV infection significantly Mechanistically diltiazem hydrochloride reduces PDCoV infection by inhibiting the replication step of the viral replication cycle Additionally knockdown of CACNA1S the L type Ca2+< sup> voltage gated channel subunit inhibited PDCoV replication The combined results demonstrate that PDCoV modulates calcium influx to favor its replication ',0 32035269,'What goes on board aircraft Passengers include Aedes Anopheles 2019 nCoV dengue Salmonella Zika et al ',?,1 32175637,'Clinical features of deaths in the novel coronavirus epidemic in China ','In response to the recent novel coronavirus outbreak originating in Wuhan Hubei province China observations concerning novel coronavirus mortality are of urgent public health importance The present work presents the first review of the fatal novel coronavirus cases in China Clinical data of fatal cases published by the Chinese Government were studied As of 2 February 2020 the clinical data of 46 fatal cases were identified The case fatality rate was significantly higher in Hubei province than the rest of China While 67\% of all deceased patients were male gender was unlikely to be associated with mortality Diabetes was likely to be associated with mortality There is however not yet sufficient evidence to support the association between hypertension and mortality as similar prevalence of hypertension was also observed in the Hubei population ',1 32152585,'In the fight against the new coronavirus outbreak we must also struggle with human bias ',?,1 31054790,'Emerging respiratory infections The infectious disease pathology of SARS MERS pandemic influenza and Legionella ','Lower respiratory infections remain one of the top global causes of death and the emergence of new diseases continues to be a concern In the first two decades of the 21st century we have born witness to the emergence of newly recognized coronaviruses that have rapidly spread around the globe including severe acute respiratory syndrome virus SARS and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome virus MERS We have also experienced the emergence of a novel H1N1 pandemic influenza strain in 2009 that caused substantial morbidity and mortality around the world and has transitioned into a seasonal strain Although we perhaps most frequently think of viruses when discussing emerging respiratory infections bacteria have not been left out of the mix as we have witnessed an increase in the number of infections from Legionella spp since the organisms initial discovery in 1976 Here we explore the basic epidemiology clinical presentation histopathology and clinical laboratory diagnosis of these four pathogens and emphasize themes in humans evolving relationship with our natural environment that have contributed to the infectious burden Histology alone is rarely diagnostic for these infections but has been crucial to bettering our understanding of these diseases Together we rely on the diagnostic acumen of pathologists to identify the clinicopathologic features that raise the suspicion of these diseases and lead to the early control of the spread in our populations ',0 30729547,'MERS CoV influenza and other respiratory viruses among symptomatic pilgrims during 2014 Hajj season ','More than two million Muslims visit Makkah Saudi Arabia annually to perform the religious rituals of Hajj where the risk of spreading respiratory infections is very common The aim here was to screen symptomatic pilgrims for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV and other viral etiologies Thus 132 nasopharyngeal samples were collected from pilgrims presenting with acute respiratory symptoms at the healthcare facilities in the holy sites during the 5 days of the 2014 Hajj season Samples were tested using real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions and microarray Demographic data including age sex and country of origin were obtained for all participants While we did not detect MERS CoV in any of the samples several other viruses were detected in 50 8\% of the cases Among the detected viruses 64 2\% of the cases were due to a single virus infection and 35 8\% were due to the coinfections with up to four viruses The most common respiratory virus was influenza A followed by non MERS human coronaviruses rhinoviruses and influenza B Together we found that it was not MERS CoV but other respiratory viruses that caused acute respiratory symptoms among pilgrims The observed high prevalence of influenza viruses underscores the need for more effective surveillance during the Hajj and adoption of stringent vaccination requirements from all pilgrims ',0 32044915,'Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Lessons From Previous Epidemics ',?,1 31423969,'Comparison of Serologic Assays for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV was detected in humans in 2012 Since then sporadic outbreaks with primary transmission through dromedary camels to humans and outbreaks in healthcare settings have shown that MERS CoV continues to pose a threat to human health Several serologic assays for MERS CoV have been developed globally We describe a collaborative study to investigate the comparability of serologic assays for MERS CoV and assess any benefit associated with the introduction of a standard reference reagent for MERS CoV serology Our study findings indicate that when possible laboratories should use a testing algorithm including > 2 tests to ensure correct diagnosis of MERS CoV We also demonstrate that the use of a reference reagent greatly improves the agreement between assays enabling more consistent and therefore more meaningful comparisons between results ',0 31078931,'S gene and 5a accessory gene are responsible for the attenuation of virulent infectious bronchitis coronavirus ','To explore the critical genes associated with infectious bronchitis virus IBV virulence we compared the genome sequences of virulent YN strain and its attenuated strain aYN Accumulation of mutations in the S gene and the accessory gene 5a were observed suggesting a potential role in the loss of viral pathogenicity Two recombinant IBVs rIBVs with replacement of the S gene or 5a with corresponding regions from aYN were rescued to verify this speculation Embryo mortality time rate showed that rYN S aYN and rYN 5a aYN had an attenuated phenotype in ovo Replication assay in ovo and in vitro demonstrated the rIBVs had similar replication patterns with wild type rIBV Both rIBVs showed reduced mortality tissue lesions and tissue virus titers in chicken In conclusion S gene and 5a accessory gene are responsible for the attenuation of virulent IBV Insight into the genes responsible for virus attenuation will facilitate the development of future vaccines against IBV ',0 31089478,'Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV Infection Immunological Response and Vaccine Development ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV first emerged in late 2012 Since its emergence a total of 2279 patients from 27 countries have been infected across the globe according to a World Health Organization WHO report Feb 12th 2019 Approximately 806 patients have died The virus uses its spike proteins as adhesive factors that are proinflammatory for host entry through a specific receptor called dipeptidyl peptidase 4 DPP4 This receptor is considered a key factor in the signaling and activation of the acquired and innate immune responses in infected patients Using potent antigens in combination with strong adjuvants may effectively trigger the activation of specific MERS CoV cellular responses as well as the production of neutralizing antibodies Unfortunately to date there is no effective approved treatment or vaccine for MERS CoV Thus there are urgent needs for the development of novel MERS CoV therapies as well as vaccines to help minimize the spread of the virus from infected patients thereby mitigating the risk of any potential pandemics Our main goals are to highlight and describe the current knowledge of both the innate and adaptive immune responses to MERS CoV and the current state of MERS CoV vaccine development We believe this study will increase our understanding of the mechanisms that enhance the MERS CoV immune response and subsequently contribute to the control of MERS CoV infections ',0 32201499,'Middle East respiratory syndrome pathogenesis and therapeutic developments ','The first case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV was identified in the year 2012 which spread rapidly and increased to more than 2200 in 2018 This highly pathogenic virus with high mortality rate is among one of the major public health concerns Saudi Arabia remains to be the most affected region with the majority of MERS CoV cases and currently no effective drugs and vaccines are available for prevention and treatment A large amount of information is now available regarding the virus its structure route of transmission and its pathophysiology Therefore this review summarizes the current understanding of MERS CoV s pathogenesis treatment options and recent scientific advancements in vaccine and other therapeutic developments and the major steps taken for MERS prevention control ',0 32198201,'Coronavirus endoribonuclease targets viral polyuridine sequences to evade activating host sensors ','Coronaviruses CoVs are positive sense RNA viruses that can emerge from endemic reservoirs and infect zoonotically causing significant morbidity and mortality CoVs encode an endoribonuclease designated EndoU that facilitates evasion of host pattern recognition receptor MDA5 but the target of EndoU activity was not known Here we report that EndoU cleaves the 5 polyuridines from negative sense viral RNA termed PUN RNA which is the product of polyA templated RNA synthesis Using a virus containing an EndoU catalytic inactive mutation we detected a higher abundance of PUN RNA in the cytoplasm compared to wild type infected cells Furthermore we found that transfecting PUN RNA into cells stimulates a robust MDA5 dependent interferon response and that removal of the polyuridine extension on the RNA dampens the response Overall the results of this study reveal the PUN RNA to be a CoV MDA5 dependent pathogen associated molecular pattern PAMP We also establish a mechanism for EndoU activity to cleave and limit the accumulation of this PAMP Since EndoU activity is highly conserved in all CoVs inhibiting this activity may serve as an approach for therapeutic interventions against existing and emerging CoV infections ',1 31603949,'P200 family protein IFI204 negatively regulates type I interferon responses by targeting IRF7 in nucleus ','Interferon inducible p200 family protein IFI204 was reported to be involved in DNA sensing and subsequently induces the production of type I interferons and proinflammatory mediators However its function in the regulation of antiviral innate immune signaling pathway remains unclear Here we reported a novel role of IFI204 that specifically inhibits the IRF7 mediated type I interferons response during viral infection IFI204 and other p200 family proteins are highly expressed in mouse hepatitis coronavirus infected bone marrow derived dendritic cells The abundant IFI204 could significantly interact with IRF7 in nucleus by its HIN domain and prevent the binding of IRF7 with its corresponding promoter Moreover other p200 family proteins that possess HIN domain could also inhibit the IRF7 mediated type I interferons These results reveal that besides the positive regulation function in type I interferon response at the early stage of DNA virus infection the interferon inducible p200 family proteins such as IFI204 could also negatively regulate the IRF7 mediated type I interferon response after RNA virus infection to avoid unnecessary host damage from hyper inflammatory responses ',0 32103284,'Severe SARS CoV 2 infections practical considerations and management strategy for intensivists ',?,1 32109013,'Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China ','Since December 2019 when coronavirus disease 2019 Covid 19 emerged in Wuhan city and rapidly spread throughout China data have been needed on the clinical characteristics of the affected patients ',1 32104911,'Evolutionary history potential intermediate animal host and cross species analyses of SARS CoV 2 ','To investigate the evolutionary history of the recent outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 in China a total of 70 genomes of virus strains from China and elsewhere with sampling dates between 24 December 2019 and 3 February 2020 were analyzed To explore the potential intermediate animal host of the SARS CoV 2 virus we reanalyzed virome data sets from pangolins and representative SARS related coronaviruses isolates from bats with particular attention paid to the spike glycoprotein gene We performed phylogenetic split network transmission network likelihood mapping and comparative analyses of the genomes Based on Bayesian time scaled phylogenetic analysis using the tip dating method we estimated the time to the most recent common ancestor and evolutionary rate of SARS CoV 2 which ranged from 22 to 24 November 2019 and 1 19 to 1 31 x 10 3< sup> substitutions per site per year respectively Our results also revealed that the BetaCoV bat Yunnan RaTG13 2013 virus was more similar to the SARS CoV 2 virus than the coronavirus obtained from the two pangolin samples SRR10168377 and SRR10168378 We also identified a unique peptide PRRA insertion in the human SARS CoV 2 virus which may be involved in the proteolytic cleavage of the spike protein by cellular proteases and thus could impact host range and transmissibility Interestingly the coronavirus carried by pangolins did not have the RRAR motif Therefore we concluded that the human SARS CoV 2 virus which is responsible for the recent outbreak of COVID 19 did not come directly from pangolins ',1 31271059,'Verification and diagnostic evaluation of the RealStar r < sup> Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus N gene reverse transcription PCR kit 1 0 ','Aim < b> We report the diagnostic evaluation of a confirmatory reverse transcription PCR RT PCR kit targeting the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV N gene Material & methods < b> 33 patient samples from two collections sites in Riyadh Saudi Arabia which were pre characterized via real time RT PCR targeting MERS CoV orf1a< i> and upE< i> and were tested using the MERS CoV N gene as a confirmatory assay This diagnostic procedure follows a two step diagnostics scheme recommended by the WHO Results < b> 18 33 samples tested positive 11 33 tested negative for MERS CoV RNA and 2 33 showed uncertain results Conclusion < b> The results suggest that the RealStar r < sup> MERS CoV N gene RT PCR kit 1 0 can be considered a suitable and reliable confirmatory assay in combination with the RealStar MERS CoV RT PCR kit 1 0 according to the diagnostic scheme recommended by WHO ',0 32198184,'Covid 19 medical students to be employed by NHS as part of epidemic response ',?,1 32198267,'Covid 19 fatality is likely overestimated ',?,1 32115732,'The Wuhan SARS CoV 2 What s next for China ',?,1 32181807,'Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of 91 Hospitalized Patients with COVID 19 in Zhejiang China A retrospective multi centre case series ','Recent studies have focused initial clinical and Epidemiologic characteristics on the COVID 19 mainly revealing situation in Wuhan Hubei ',1 32173188,' Recommendations on the clinical management of the COVID 19 infection by the <> SARS CoV2 Spanish Paediatric Association working group ','On 31 December 2019 the Wuhan Municipal Committee of Health and Healthcare Hubei Province China reported that there were 27 cases of pneumonia of unknown origin with symptoms starting on the 8 December There were 7 serious cases with common exposure in market with shellfish fish and live animals in the city of Wuhan On 7 January 2020 the Chinese authorities identified that the agent causing the outbreak was a new type of virus of the Coronaviridae family temporarily called <> 2019 nCoV On January 30th 2020 the World Health Organisation WHO declared the outbreak an International Emergency On 11 February 2020 the WHO assigned it the name of SARS CoV2 and COVID 19 SARS CoV2 and COVID 19 The Ministry of Health summoned the Specialties Societies to prepare a clinical protocol for the management of COVID 19 The Spanish Paediatric Association appointed a Working Group of the Societies of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Paediatric Intensive Care to prepare the present recommendations with the evidence available at the time of preparing them ',1 32089242,'Another coronavirus another epidemic another warning ',?,1 32196389,'Outcome of Oncology Patients Infected With Coronavirus ','This study investigated the features of oncology patients with confirmed Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS at the Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs Riyadh during the outbreak of June 2015 to determine the clinical course and outcome of affected patients ',0 31645223,'Serological evidence of MERS CoV and HKU8 related CoV co infection in Kenyan camels ','Dromedary camels are important reservoir hosts of various coronaviruses including Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV that cause human infections CoV genomes regularly undergo recombination during infection as observed in bat SARS related CoVs Here we report for the first time that only a small proportion of MERS CoV receptor binding domain positive RBD of spike protein positive camel sera in Kenya were also seropositive to MERS CoV nucleocapsid NP In contrast many of them contain antibodies against bat HKU8 related HKU8r CoVs Among 584 camel samples that were positive against MERS CoV RBD we found only 0 48 8 22\% samples were also positive for NP Furthermore we found bat HKU8r CoV NP antibody in 73 12 5\% of the MERS CoV RBD positive and NP negative samples yet found only 3 0 43\% of the HKU8r CoV S1 antibody in the same samples These findings may indicate co infection with MERS CoV and a HKU8r CoV in camels It may also raise the possibility of the circulation of a recombinant coronavirus virus with the spike of MERS CoV and the NP of a HKU8r CoV in Kenya We failed to find molecular evidence of an HKU8r CoV or a putative recombinant virus Our findings should alert other investigators to look for molecular evidence of HKU8r CoV or recombinants ',0 32189428,'Is nicotine exposure linked to cardiopulmonary vulnerability to COVID 19 in the general population ','The recent emergence of COVID 19 has resulted in a worldwide crisis with large populations locked down and transportation links severed While approximately 80\% of infected individuals have minimal symptoms around 15 20\% need to be hospitalized greatly stressing global health care systems As of March 10 the death rate appears to be about 3 4\% although this number is highly stratified among different populations Here we focus on those individuals who have been exposed to nicotine prior to their exposure to the virus We predict that these individuals are " primed" to be at higher risk because nicotine can directly impact the putative receptor for the virus ACE2 and lead to deleterious signaling in lung epithelial cells ',1 32168463,'Case Fatality Risk Estimates for COVID 19 Calculated by Using a Lag Time for Fatality ','We estimated the case fatality risk for 2019 novel coronavirus disease cases in China 3 5\% China excluding Hubei Province 0 8\% 82 countries territories and areas 4 2\% and on a cruise ship 0 6\% Lower estimates might be closest to the true value but a broad range of 0 25\% 3 0\% probably should be considered ',1 32013309,'Mast cells contribute to coronavirus induced inflammation new anti inflammatory strategy ','Coronavirus which can cause respiratory syndrome to date has affected over seventeen thousand individuals especially in China Coronavirus is interspecies and can also be transmitted from man to man with an incubation ranging from 1 to 14 days Human coronavirus infections can induce not only mild to severe respiratory diseases but also inflammation high fever cough acute respiratory tract infection and dysfunction of internal organs that may lead to death Coronavirus infection regardless of the various types of corona virus is primarily attacked by immune cells including mast cells MCs which are located in the submucosa of the respiratory tract and in the nasal cavity and represent a barrier of protection against microorganisms Virus activate MCs which release early inflammatory chemical compounds including histamine and protease while late activation provokes the generation of pro inflammatory IL 1 family members including IL 1 and IL 33 Here we propose for the first time that inflammation by coronavirus may be inhibited by anti inflammatory cytokines belonging to the IL 1 family members ',0 30555490,'Editorial Emerging Viruses Host Immunity and Novel Therapeutic Interventions ',?,0 30632017,'Nasal virome of dogs with respiratory infection signs include novel taupapillomaviruses ','Using viral metagenomics we characterized the mammalian virome of nasal swabs from 57 dogs with unexplained signs of respiratory infection showing mostly negative results using the IDEXX Canine Respiratory Disease RealPCRtm Panel We identified canine parainfluenza virus 5 canine respiratory coronavirus carnivore bocaparvovirus 3 canine circovirus and canine papillomavirus 9 Novel canine taupapillomaviruses CPV21 23 were also identified in 3 dogs and their complete genome sequenced showing L1 nucleotide identity ranging from 68 4 to 70 3\% to their closest taupapillomavirus relative Taupapillomavirus were the only mammalian viral nucleic acids detected in two affected dogs while a third dog was coinfected with low levels of canine parainfluenza 5 A role for these taupapillomavirues in canine respiratory disease remains to be determined ',0 31712093,'Rapid manipulation of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus genome by CRISPR Cas9 technology ','Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV is a highly pathogenic enteric coronavirus causing lethal watery diarrhea in suckling piglets Reverse genetics is a valuable tool to study the functions of viral genes and to generate vaccine candidates In this study a full length infectious cDNA clone of the highly virulent PEDV strain AJ1102 was assembled in a bacterial artificial chromosome BAC The rescued virus rAJ1102 exhibited similar proliferation characteristics in vitro to the wildtype AJ1102 Using CRISPR Cas9 technology a recombinant virus rAJ1102 DORF3 EGFP in which the ORF3 gene was replaced with an EGFP gene was successfully generated and its proliferation characteristics were compared with the parental rAJ1102 Importantly it just took one week to construct the recombinant PEDV rAJ1102 DORF3 EGFP using this method providing a more efficient platform for PEDV genome manipulation which could also be applied to other RNA viruses ',0 32176808,'Potential impact of seasonal forcing on a SARS CoV 2 pandemic ','A novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 first detected in Wuhan China has spread rapidly since December 2019 causing more than 100 000 confirmed infections and 4000 fatalities as of 10 March 2020 The outbreak has been declared a pandemic by the WHO on Mar 11 2020 Here we explore how seasonal variation in transmissibility could modulate a SARS CoV 2 pandemic Data from routine diagnostics show a strong and consistent seasonal variation of the four endemic coronaviruses 229E HKU1 NL63 OC43 and we parameterise our model for SARS CoV 2 using these data The model allows for many subpopulations of different size with variable parameters Simulations of different scenarios show that plausible parameters result in a small peak in early 2020 in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere and a larger peak in winter 2020 2021 Variation in transmission and migration rates can result in substantial variation in prevalence between regions While the uncertainty in parameters is large the scenarios we explore show that transient reductions in the incidence rate might be due to a combination of seasonal variation and infection control efforts but do not necessarily mean the epidemic is contained Seasonal forcing on SARS CoV 2 should thus be taken into account in the further monitoring of the global transmission The likely aggregated effect of seasonal variation infection control measures and transmission rate variation is a prolonged pandemic wave with lower prevalence at any given time thereby providing a window of opportunity for better preparation of health care systems ',1 32159234,'Identification of coronavirus sequences in carp cDNA from Wuhan China ','Severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS like coronavirus sequences were identified in two separate complementary DNA cDNA pools The first pool was from a Carassius auratus crusian carp cell line and the second was from Ctenopharyngodon idella grass carp head kidney tissue BLAST analysis suggests that these sequences belong to SARS like coronaviruses and that they are not evolutionarily conserved in other species Investigation of the submitting laboratories revealed that two laboratories from the Institute of Hydrobiology at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Wuhan China performed the research and submitted the cDNA libraries to GenBank This institution is very close in proximity to the Wuhan South China Seafood Wholesale Market where SARS CoV 2 first amplified in the human population It is possible that these sequences are an artifact of the bioinformatics pipeline that was used It is also possible that SARS like coronaviruses are a common environmental pathogen in the region that may be in aquatic habitats ',1 32048160,'Bat origin of a new human coronavirus there and back again ',?,1 32145718,' Healing the schism between public health and medicine promoting the integration of prevention and treatment ','The Healing the Schism Epidemiology Medicine and the Public s Health < i> by professor Kerr L White s be published has a history of nearly 30 years Since then although scholars have appealed to incorporating public health and clinical medicine education and breaking down separations between public health and clinical workforce in China the effect is yet not so obvious The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 has opened a public class on the treatment prevention and control of infectious diseases for the Chinese citizens Consequently the Chinese people have higher expectations on the modernization of public health governance and the social atmosphere of incorporating preventive medicine and clinical medical education is establishing In future when combating with novel infectious diseases and public health emergencies the response capacity of public health system and treatment capacity of clinical system will be significantly improved while the situation on insufficient integration of prevention and treatment is bound to be reversed ',1 32199864,'Clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 in newborns infants and children ',?,1 32048818,'Novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 epidemic a veterinary perspective ',?,1 32113494,'Indian pharma threatened by COVID 19 shutdowns in China ',?,1 32047314,'As coronavirus spreads the time to think about the next epidemic is now ',?,1 32150748,'The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases Estimation and Application ','A novel human coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 was identified in China in December 2019 There is limited support for many of its key epidemiologic features including the incubation period for clinical disease coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 which has important implications for surveillance and control activities ',1 32029660,'China bans sale of wildlife following coronavirus ','Josh Loeb< b> reports on the action China is taking to prevent the spread of coronavirus ',1 32145215,'Identification of the hyper variable genomic hotspot for the novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 ',?,1 32053470,'Time Course of Lung Changes On Chest CT During Recovery From 2019 Novel Coronavirus COVID 19 Pneumonia ','Background Chest CT is used to assess the severity of lung involvement in COVID 19 pneumonia Purpose To determine the change in chest CT findings associated with COVID 19 pneumonia from initial diagnosis until patient recovery Materials and Methods This retrospective review included patients with RT PCR confirmed COVID 19 infection presenting between 12 January 2020 to 6 February 2020 Patients with severe respiratory distress and or oxygen requirement at any time during the disease course were excluded Repeat Chest CT was obtained at approximately 4 day intervals The total CT score was the sum of lung involvement 5 lobes score 1 5 for each lobe range 0 none 25 maximum was determined Results Twenty one patients 6 males and 15 females age 25 63 years with confirmed COVID 19 pneumonia were evaluated These patients under went a total of 82 pulmonary CT scans with a mean interval of 4+ 1 days range 1 8 days All patients were discharged after a mean hospitalized period of 17+ 4 days range 11 26 days Maximum lung involved peaked at approximately 10 days with the calculated total CT score of 6 from the onset of initial symptoms R2=0 25 p< 0 001 Based on quartiles of patients from day 0 to day 26 involvement 4 stages of lung CT were defined Stage 1 0 4 days ground glass opacities GGO in 18 24 75\% patients with the total CT score of 2+ 2 2 Stage 2 5 8d days increased crazy paving pattern 9 17 patients 53\% with a increase in total CT score 6+ 4 p=0 002 3 Stage 3 9 13days consolidation 19 21 91\% patients with the peak of total CT score 7+ 4 4 Stage 4 14 days gradual resolution of consolidation 15 20 75\% patients with a decreased total CT score 6+ 4 without crazy paving pattern Conclusion In patients recovering from COVID 19 pneumonia without severe respiratory distress during the disease course lung abnormalities on chest CT showed greatest severity approximately 10 days after initial onset of symptoms ',1 32051074,' Management plan for prevention and control of novel coronavirus pneumonia among children in Xiangya Hospital of Central South University ','Since December 2019 an epidemic of novel coronavirus pneumonia NCP has occurred in China How to effectively prevent and control NCP among children with limited resources is an urgent issue to be explored Under the unified arrangement of the Xiangya Hospital of Central South University the Department of Pediatrics has formulated an action plan with Xiangya unique model to prevent and control NCP among children according to the current epidemic situation and diagnostic and therapeutic program in China ',1 32198501,'Profiling Early Humoral Response to Diagnose Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID 19 ','Emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 is a major healthcare threat Current method of detection involves qPCR based technique which identifies the viral nucleic acids when present in sufficient quantity False negative results can be achieved and failure to quarantine the infected patient would be a major setback in containing the viral transmission We here aim to describe the time kinetics of various antibodies produced against the 2019 novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 and evaluate the potential of antibody testing to diagnose COVID 19 ',1 31119115,'Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV A review ','As a novel coronavirus first reported by Saudi Arabia in 2012 the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV is responsible for an acute human respiratory syndrome The virus of 2C beta CoV lineage expresses the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 DPP4 receptor and is densely endemic in dromedary camels of East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula MERS CoV is zoonotic but human to human transmission is also possible Surveillance and phylogenetic researches indicate MERS CoV to be closely associated with bats coronaviruses suggesting bats as reservoirs although unconfirmed With no vaccine currently available for MERS CoV nor approved prophylactics its global spread to over 25 countries with high fatalities highlights its role as ongoing public health threat An articulated action plan ought to be taken preferably from a One Health perspective for appropriately advanced countermeasures against MERS CoV ',0 31969478,'Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Antibodies in Bactrian and Hybrid Camels from Dubai ','So far dromedary camels are the only known animal reservoir for Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS coronavirus MERS CoV Previous published serological studies showed that sera of Bactrian camels were all negative for MERS CoV antibodies However a recent study revealed that direct inoculation of Bactrian camels intranasally with MERS CoV can lead to infection with abundant virus shedding and seroconversion In this study we examined the presence of MERS CoV antibodies in Bactrian and hybrid camels in Dubai the United Arab Emirates where dromedaries are also present and Bactrian camels in Xinjiang China where dromedaries are absent For the 29 serum samples from Bactrian camels in Dubai tested by the MERS CoV spike S protein based enzyme linked immunosorbent assay S ELISA and neutralization antibody test 14 48\% and 12 41\% respectively were positive for MERS CoV antibodies All the 12 serum samples that were positive with the neutralization antibody test were also positive for the S ELISA For the 11 sera from hybrid camels in Dubai tested with the S ELISA and neutralization antibody test 6 55\% and 9 82\% respectively were positive for MERS CoV antibodies All the 6 serum samples that were positive for the S ELISA were also positive with the neutralization antibody test There was a strong correlation between the antibody levels detected by S ELISA and neutralizing antibody titers with a Spearman coefficient of 0 6262 P< i> < 0 0001 95\% confidence interval 0 5062 to 0 7225 All 92 Bactrian camel serum samples from Xinjiang were negative for MERS CoV antibodies tested using both S ELISA and the neutralization antibody test Bactrian and hybrid camels are potential sources of MERS CoV infection IMPORTANCE< b> Since its first appearance in 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS has affected > 25 countries with > 2 400 cases and an extremely high fatality rate of > 30\% The total number of mortalities due to MERS is already greater than that due to severe acute respiratory syndrome MERS coronavirus MERS CoV has been confirmed to be the etiological agent So far dromedaries are the only known animal reservoir for MERS CoV Previously published serological studies showed that sera of Bactrian camels were all negative for MERS CoV antibodies In this study we observed that 41\% of the Bactrian camel sera and 55\% of the hybrid camel sera from Dubai where dromedaries are also present but none of the sera from Bactrian camels in Xinjiang where dromedaries are absent were positive for MERS CoV antibodies Based on these results we conclude that in addition to dromedaries Bactrian and hybrid camels are also potential sources of MERS CoV infection ',0 32131906,'Protecting Chinese Healthcare Workers While Combating the 2019 Novel Coronavirus ','Hospital associated transmission is an important route of spreading the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV infection and pneumonia Corona Virus Disease 2019 COVID 19 1 Healthcare workers HCWs are at high risk while combating COVID 19 at the very frontline and nosocomial outbreaks among HCWs are not unusual in similar settings the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS outbreak led to over 966 HCW infections with 1 4\% deaths in mainland China 2 As of 11 February 2020 3019 HCWs might have been infected with 2019 nCov in China 1716 HCW cases were confirmed by nucleic acid testing 3 and at least 6 HCWs died including the famous whistleblower Dr Li Wenliang In view of this severe situation we are recommending urgent interventions to help to protect HCWs ',1 32142928,'Clinical and CT imaging features of 2019 novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 ',?,1 32125413,'The pandemic of social media panic travels faster than the COVID 19 outbreak ',?,1 32193037,'CT manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 A retrospective analysis of 73 cases by disease severity ','To report CT features of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 in patients with various disease severity ',1 32060015,'Coronavirus home testing pilot launched in London to cut hospital visits and ambulance use ',?,1 32195705,'Intubation and Ventilation amid the COVID 19 Outbreak Wuhan s Experience ','The COVID 19 outbreak has led to 80 409 diagnosed cases and 3 012 deaths in mainland China based on the data released on March 4 2020 Approximately 3 2\% of patients with COVID 19 required intubation and invasive ventilation at some point in the disease course Providing best practices regarding intubation and ventilation for an overwhelming number of patients with COVID 19 amid an enhanced risk of cross infection is a daunting undertaking The authors presented the experience of caring for the critically ill patients with COVID 19 in Wuhan It is extremely important to follow strict self protection precautions Timely but not premature intubation is crucial to counter a progressively enlarging oxygen debt despite high flow oxygen therapy and bilevel positive airway pressure ventilation Thorough preparation satisfactory preoxygenation modified rapid sequence induction and rapid intubation using a video laryngoscope are widely used intubation strategies in Wuhan Lung protective ventilation prone position ventilation and adequate sedation and analgesia are essential components of ventilation management ',1 31900356,'Cryo EM analysis of a feline coronavirus spike protein reveals a unique structure and camouflaging glycans ','Feline infectious peritonitis virus FIPV is an alphacoronavirus that causes a nearly 100\% mortality rate without effective treatment Here we report a 3 3 A cryoelectron microscopy cryo EM structure of the serotype I FIPV spike S protein which is responsible for host recognition and viral entry Mass spectrometry provided site specific compositions of densely distributed high mannose and complex type N < i>glycans that account for 1 4 of the total molecular mass most of the N glycans could be visualized by cryo EM Specifically the N glycans that wedge between 2 galectin like domains within the S1 subunit of FIPV S protein result in a unique propeller like conformation underscoring the importance of glycosylation in maintaining protein structures The cleavage site within the S2 subunit responsible for activation also showed distinct structural features and glycosylation These structural insights provide a blueprint for a better molecular understanding of the pathogenesis of FIP ',0 32105049,'Novel coronavirus COVID 19 an overview for emergency clinicians',?,1 30949525,'High Prevalence of Viral Infections Among Hospitalized Pneumonia Patients in Equatorial Sarawak Malaysia ','Although pneumonia is a known cause of morbidity and mortality in Sarawak Malaysia the etiology and epidemiology of pneumonia are not well described in this equatorial region Routine clinical diagnostics for pneumonia etiology at government hospitals in Sarawak had historically involved only bacterial diagnostics Viral diagnostics were only obtained through outside consultations ',0 32179122,'Viral loads of SARS CoV MERS CoV and SARS CoV 2 in respiratory specimens What have we learned ',?,1 32154288,'Which lessons shall we learn from the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak ',?,1 32102777,'The 2019 novel coronavirus resource ','An ongoing outbreak of a novel coronavirus infection in Wuhan China since December 2019 has led to 31 516 infected persons and 638 deaths across 25 countries till 16 00 on February 7 2020 The virus causing this pneumonia was then named as the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV by the World Health Organization To promote the data sharing and make all relevant information of 2019 nCoV publicly available we construct the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Resource 2019nCoVR https bigd big ac cn ncov 2019nCoVR features comprehensive integration of genomic and proteomic sequences as well as their metadata information from the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data National Center for Biotechnology Information China National GeneBank National Microbiology Data Center and China National Center for Bioinformation CNCB National Genomics Data Center NGDC It also incorporates a wide range of relevant information including scientific literatures news and popular articles for science dissemination and provides visualization functionalities for genome variation analysis results based on all collected 2019 nCoV strains Moreover by linking seamlessly with related databases in CNCB NGDC 2019nCoVR offers virus data submission and sharing services for raw sequence reads and assembled sequences In this report we provide comprehensive descriptions on data deposition management release and utility in 2019nCoVR laying important foundations in aid of studies on virus classification and origin genome variation and evolution fast detection drug development and pneumonia precision prevention and therapy ',1 32100024,'De isolating COVID 19 Suspect Cases A Continuing Challenge ',?,1 31125806,'Nucleoside analogues for the treatment of coronavirus infections ','Recent outbreaks of SARS Coronavirus and MERS Coronavirus CoV have heightened awareness about the lack of vaccines or antiviral compounds approved for prevention or treatment of human or potential zoonotic CoVs Anti CoV drug development has long been challenged by the activity of a 3 to 5 proofreading exoribonuclease unique to CoVs Recently a promising nucleoside analogue with broad spectrum activity against CoVs has been identified This review will discuss progress made in the development of antiviral nucleoside and nucleotide analogues targeting viral RNA synthesis as effective therapeutics against CoV infections and propose promising strategies for combination therapy ',0 32196430,'Laboratory Diagnosis of Emerging Human Coronavirus Infections The State of the Art ','The three unprecedented outbreaks of emerging human coronavirus HCoV infections at the beginning of 21st century have highlighted the necessity for readily available accurate and fast diagnostic testing methods The laboratory diagnostic methods for human coronavirus infections have evolved substantially with the development of novel assays as well as the availability of updated tests for emerging ones Newer laboratory methods are fast highly sensitive and specific and are gradually replacing the conventional gold standards This presentation reviews the current laboratory methods available for testing coronaviruses by focusing on the coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 outbreak going on in Wuhan Viral pneumonias typically do not result in the production of purulent sputum Thus a nasopharyngeal swab is usually the collection method used to obtain a specimen for testing Nasopharyngeal specimens may miss some infections a deeper specimen may need to be obtained by bronchoscopy Alternatively repeated testing can be used because over time the likelihood of the SARS CoV 2 being present in the nasal pharynx increases Several integrated random access point of care molecular devices are currently under development for fast and accurate diagnosis of SARS CoV 2 infections These assays are simple fast and safe and can be used in the local hospitals and clinics bearing the burden of identifying and treating patients ',1 32122881,'Covid 19 retired doctors could be asked to return to work says Hancock ',?,1 32129842,'A glimpse into the origins of genetic diversity in SARS CoV 2 ',?,1 31385116,'Interferon gamma inhibits transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection mediated by an IRF1 signaling pathway ','Interferon gamma IFN g is best known for its ability to regulate host immune responses however its direct antiviral activity is less well studied Transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV is an economically important swine enteric coronavirus and causes acute diarrhea in piglets At present little is known about the function of IFN g in the control of TGEV infection In this study we demonstrated that IFN g inhibited TGEV infection directly in ST cells and intestine epithelial IPEC J2 cells and that the anti TGEV activity of IFN g was independent of IFN a b Moreover IFN g suppressed TGEV infection in ST cells more efficiently than did IFN a and the combination of IFN g and IFN a displayed a synergistic effect against TGEV Mechanistically using overexpression and functional knockdown experiments we demonstrated that porcine interferon regulatory factor 1 poIRF1 elicited by IFN g primarily mediated IFN g signaling cascades and the inhibition of TGEV infection by IFN g Importantly we found that TGEV elevated the expression of poIRF1 and IFN g in infected small intestines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells Thus IFN g plays a crucial role in curtailing enteric coronavirus infection and may serve as an effective prophylactic and or therapeutic agent against TGEV infection ',0 32085410,'Host Factors Affecting Generation of Immunity Against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in Pregnant and Lactating Swine and Passive Protection of Neonates ','Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV is a highly virulent re emerging enteric coronavirus that causes acute diarrhea dehydration and up to 100\% mortality in neonatal suckling piglets Despite this a safe and effective PEDV vaccine against highly virulent strains is unavailable making PEDV prevention and control challenging Lactogenic immunity induced via the gut mammary gland secretory IgA sIgA axis remains the most promising and effective way to protect suckling piglets from PEDV Therefore a successful PEDV vaccine must induce protective maternal IgA antibodies that passively transfer into colostrum and milk Identifying variables that influence lymphocyte migration and IgA secretion during gestation and lactation is imperative for designing maternal immunization strategies that generate the highest amount of lactogenic immune protection against PEDV in suckling piglets Because pregnancy associated immune alterations influence viral pathogenesis and adaptive immune responses in many different species a better understanding of host immune responses to PEDV in pregnant swine may translate into improved maternal immunization strategies against enteric pathogens for multiple species In this review we discuss the role of host factors during pregnancy on antiviral immunity and their implications for generating protective lactogenic immunity in suckling neonates ',0 32203189,'Characterization of the receptor binding domain RBD of 2019 novel coronavirus implication for development of RBD protein as a viral attachment inhibitor and vaccine ','The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 has posed a serious threat to global public health calling for the development of safe and effective prophylactics and therapeutics against infection of its causative agent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 also known as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV The CoV spike S protein plays the most important roles in viral attachment fusion and entry and serves as a target for development of antibodies entry inhibitors and vaccines Here we identified the receptor binding domain RBD in SARS CoV 2 S protein and found that the RBD protein bound strongly to human and bat angiotensin converting enzyme 2 ACE2 receptors SARS CoV 2 RBD exhibited significantly higher binding affinity to ACE2 receptor than SARS CoV RBD and could block the binding and hence attachment of SARS CoV 2 RBD and SARS CoV RBD to ACE2 expressing cells thus inhibiting their infection to host cells SARS CoV RBD specific antibodies could cross react with SARS CoV 2 RBD protein and SARS CoV RBD induced antisera could cross neutralize SARS CoV 2 suggesting the potential to develop SARS CoV RBD based vaccines for prevention of SARS CoV 2 and SARS CoV infection ',0 32096367,' Management of corona virus disease 19 COVID 19 the Zhejiang experience ','The current epidemic situation of corona virus disease 19 COVID 19 still remained severe As the National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine is the primary medical care center for COVID 19 inZhejiang Province Based on the present expert consensus carried out by National Health Commission and National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine our team summarized and established an effective treatment strategy centered on " Four Anti and Two Balance" for clinical practice The " Four Anti and Two Balance" strategy included antivirus anti shock anti hyoxemia anti secondary infection and maintaining of water electrolyte and acid base balance and microecological balance Meanwhile integrated multidisciplinarypersonalized treatment was recommended to improve therapeutic effect The importance of early viralogical detection dynamic monitoring of inflammatory indexes and chest radiograph was emphasized in clinical decision making Sputum was observed with the highest positive rate of RT PCR results Viral nucleic acids could be detected in10\% patients blood samples at acute periodand 50\% of patients had positive RT PCR results in their feces We also isolated alive viral strains from feces indicating potential infectiousness of feces Dynamic cytokine detection was necessary to timely identifyingcytokine storms and application of artificial liver blood purification system The " Four Anti and Two Balance" strategyeffectively increased cure rate and reduced mortality Early antiviral treatment could alleviate disease severity and prevent illness progression and we found lopinavir ritonavir combined with abidol showed antiviraleffects in COVID 19 Shock and hypoxemia were usually caused by cytokine storms The artificial liver blood purification system could rapidly remove inflammatory mediators and block cytokine storm Moreover it also favoredthe balance of fluid electrolyte and acid base and thus improved treatment efficacy in critical illness For cases of severe illness early and also short periods of moderate glucocorticoid was supported Patients with oxygenation index below 200 mmHg should be transferred to intensive medical center Conservative oxygen therapy was preferred and noninvasive ventilation was not recommended Patients with mechanical ventilation should be strictly supervised with cluster ventilator associated pneumonia prevention strategies Antimicrobial prophylaxis should be prescribed rationally and was not recommended except for patients with long course of disease repeated fever and elevated procalcitonin PCT meanwhile secondary fungal infection should be concerned Some patients with COVID 19 showed intestinal microbialdysbiosis with decreasedprobiotics such as Lactobacillus< i> and Bifidobacterium< i> Nutritional and gastrointestinal function should be assessed for all patients Nutritional support and application of prebiotics or probiotics were suggested to regulate the balance of intestinal microbiota and reduce the risk of secondary infection due to bacterial translocation Anxiety and fear were common in patients with COVID 19 Therefore we established dynamic assessment and warning for psychological crisis We also integrated Chinese medicine in treatment to promote disease rehabilitation through classification methods of traditional Chinese medicine We optimized nursing process for severe patients to promote their rehabilitation It remained unclear about viral clearance pattern after the SARS CoV 2 infection Therefore two weeks quarantine for discharged patients was required and a regular following up was also needed The Zhejiang experience above and suggestions have been implemented in our center and achieved good results However since COVID 19 was a newly emerging disease more work was warranted to improve strategies of prevention diagnosis and treatment for COVID 19 ',1 32104726,'The 2019 Novel Coronavirus A Crown Jewel of Pandemics ',?,1 30785912,'Viral infection detection using metagenomics technology in six poultry farms of eastern China ','With rapidly increasing animal pathogen surveillance requirements new technologies are needed for a comprehensive understanding of the roles of pathogens in the occurrence and development of animal diseases We applied metagenomic technology to avian virus surveillance to study the main viruses infecting six poultry farms in two provinces in eastern China Cloacal throat double swabs were collected from 60 birds at each farm according to a random sampling method The results showed that the method could simultaneously detect major viruses infecting farms including avian influenza virus infectious bronchitis virus Newcastle disease virus rotavirus G duck hepatitis B virus and avian leukemia virus subgroup J in several farms The test results were consistent with the results from traditional polymerase chain reaction PCR or reverse transcription PCR analyses Five H9N2 and one H3N8 avian influenza viruses were detected at the farms and were identified as low pathogenic avian influenza viruses according to HA cleavage sites analysis One detected Newcastle disease virus was classified as Class II genotype I and avirulent type according to F0 cleavage sites analysis Three avian infectious bronchitis viruses were identified as 4 91 CK CH LSC 99I and TC07 2 genotypes by phylogenetic analysis of S1 genes The viral infection surveillance method using metagenomics technology enables the monitoring of multiple viral infections which allows the detection of main infectious viruses ',0 32144116,'The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus COVID 19 outbreak ','Motivated by the rapid spread of COVID 19 in Mainland China we use a global metapopulation disease transmission model to project the impact of travel limitations on the national and international spread of the epidemic The model is calibrated based on internationally reported cases and shows that at the start of the travel ban from Wuhan on 23 January 2020 most Chinese cities had already received many infected travelers The travel quarantine of Wuhan delayed the overall epidemic progression by only 3 to 5 days in Mainland China but has a more marked effect at the international scale where case importations were reduced by nearly 80\% until mid February Modeling results also indicate that sustained 90\% travel restrictions to and from Mainland China only modestly affect the epidemic trajectory unless combined with a 50\% or higher reduction of transmission in the community ',1 32145214,'Lymphopenic community acquired pneumonia as signature of severe COVID 19 infection ',?,1 32187421,'COVID 19 social distancing ACE 2 receptors protease inhibitors and beyond ','I am most grateful to Dr Stein for his thoughtful and considered response to my recent letter 1 < sup> However completely as he predicted his answers only raised more questions I was struck by the analysis of the known mortality data from COVID 19 It is interesting that for a respiratory pathogen risk of mortality seems to be lower for those with underlying respiratory disease than with pre existing cardiac pathology ',1 32186951,'One Health approach and Coronavirus Disease 2019 ',?,1 31991628,'The Extent of Transmission of Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan China 2020 ','A cluster of pneumonia cases linked to a novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV was reported by China in late December 2019 Reported case incidence has now reached the hundreds but this is likely an underestimate As of 24 January 2020 with reports of thirteen exportation events we estimate the cumulative incidence in China at 5502 cases 95\% confidence interval 3027 9057 The most plausible number of infections is in the order of thousands rather than hundreds and there is a strong indication that untraced exposures other than the one in the epidemiologically linked seafood market in Wuhan have occurred ',1 32198146,'Covid 19 control measures must be equitable and inclusive ',?,1 32145275,'Procalcitonin in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 A meta analysis ',?,1 32147516,'Arguments in favour of remdesivir for treating SARS CoV 2 infections ',?,1 32199877,'Global epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 disease incidence daily cumulative index mortality and their association with country healthcare resources and economic status ','It has been 2 months since the first case of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 was reported in Wuhan So far COVID 19 has affected 84 503 patients in 57 countries territories and caused 2 924 deaths in nine countries However the epidemiology data differ across countries Although China had higher morbidity and mortality than other sites the number of new cases per day in China is lesser than that outside of China since February 26 2020 The incidence ranged from 61 4 per 1 000 000 people in Republic of Korea to 0 0002 per 1 000 000 people in India The daily cumulative index DCI of COVID 19 cumulative cases no of days between the first reported case and February 29 2020 was greatest in China 1 320 85 per day followed by Republic of Korea 78 78 per day Iran 43 11 per day and Italy 30 62 per day However the DCI in other countries territories were less than 10 per day Several effective measures including restricting travel from China controlling the distribution of masks extensive investigation of COVID 19 spread and at once daily press conference by government to inform and educate people were aggressively conducted in Taiwan This is probably the reason why there was only 39 cases as of February 29 2020 with a DCI of 1 case per day in Taiwan which was much lower than that of nearby countries such as Republic of Korea and Japan Additionally the incidence and mortality were correlated with DCI However further study and continued monitoring are needed to better understand the underlying mechanism of COVID 19 ',1 32006657,'The next big threat to global health 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV What advice can we give to travellers Interim recommendations January 2020 from the Latin American society for Travel Medicine SLAMVI ',?,1 32167853,'Can Lung US Help Critical Care Clinicians in the Early Diagnosis of Novel Coronavirus COVID 19 Pneumonia ',?,1 32189136,'Lower mortality of COVID 19 by early recognition and intervention experience from Jiangsu Province ',?,1 32202646,'Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019 ','Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 could be psychologically stressed ',0 31988490,'Outbreak of a novel coronavirus ',?,1 31500721,'Specific recombinant proteins of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus are immunogenic revealing their potential use as diagnostic markers ','Given the highly contagious and acute nature of porcine epidemic diarrhea PED especially in piglets there is an urgent need for the development of rapid and sensitive diagnostic assays The diagnostic potentials of specific porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV accessory and nonstructural proteins if any have not yet been investigated In order to determine and compare which of the viral proteins may be useful as diagnostic antigens whole virus WV particles and a panel of structural and nonstructural PEDV proteins spike subunit 1 S1 the C terminal part of ORF3 ORF3C envelope E nonstructural protein 1 Nsp1 Nsp2 Ac acidic domain of Nsp3 and ADRP ADP ribose 1 monophosphatase domain of Nsp3 expressed individually in bacterial and or mammalian cells were tested for reactivity with sera from PEDV infected pigs by ELISA and or western blot analysis According to western blots serum antibody interactions with the S1 protein were relatively more sensitive and specific than ORF3C E and Ac Furthermore a total of 851 serum samples from diarrheal pigs of different ages were analyzed by ELISA with most showing immune reactivity towards the WV S1 ORF3C and E proteins The earliest IgG antibody response was observed in the one week old piglets with similar antibody ontogeny and patterns of seroconversion for S1 ORF3C E and WV antigens In addition the pattern of neutralizing antibody was more similar to that of IgA in weaning piglets after PEDV infection Collectively these data provide more reliable information on the host immune response to different viral proteins which will be useful for development of novel serological assays and for design of vaccines that better stimulate protective immunity ',0 32092368,'The non contact handheld cutaneous infra red thermometer for fever screening during the COVID 19 global emergency ',?,1 32139462,'Epidemiological characteristics of 2019 ncoV infections in Shaanxi China by February 8 2020 ',?,1 30563206,'Airflow as a Possible Transmission Route of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome at an Initial Outbreak Hospital in Korea ','In this study the results of an airflow investigation conducted on 7 June 2015 as part of a series of epidemiologic investigations at Pyeongtaek St Mary s Hospital South Korea were investigated The study involved 38 individuals who were infected directly and indirectly with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MERS by a super spreader patient Tracer gas experiments conducted on the eighth floor where the initial patient was hospitalized confirmed that the tracer gas spread to adjacent patient rooms and rooms across corridors In particular the experiment with an external wind direction and speed similar to those during the hospitalization of the initial patient revealed that the air change rate was 17 20 air changes per hour ACH with air introduced through the window in the room of the infected patient room 8104 The tracer gas concentration of room 8110 which was the farthest room was 7 56\% of room 8104 indicating that a high concentration of gas has spread from room 8104 to rooms across the corridor In contrast the tracer gas was barely detected in a maternity ward to the south of room 8104 where there was no secondary infected patient Moreover MERS is known to spread mainly by droplets through close contact but long distance dispersion is probable in certain environments such as that of a super spreader patient hospitalized in a room without ventilation hospitals with a central corridor type and indoor airflow dispersion due to external wind ',0 32145386,'Remdesivir as a possible therapeutic option for the COVID 19 ',?,1 31852899,'SKP2 attenuates autophagy through Beclin1 ubiquitination and its inhibition reduces MERS Coronavirus infection ','Autophagy is an essential cellular process affecting virus infections and other diseases and Beclin1 BECN1 is one of its key regulators Here we identified S phase kinase associated protein 2 SKP2 as E3 ligase that executes lysine 48 linked poly ubiquitination of BECN1 thus promoting its proteasomal degradation SKP2 activity is regulated by phosphorylation in a hetero complex involving FKBP51 PHLPP AKT1 and BECN1 Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of SKP2 decreases BECN1 ubiquitination decreases BECN1 degradation and enhances autophagic flux Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV multiplication results in reduced BECN1 levels and blocks the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes Inhibitors of SKP2 not only enhance autophagy but also reduce the replication of MERS CoV up to 28 000 fold The SKP2 BECN1 link constitutes a promising target for host directed antiviral drugs and possibly other autophagy sensitive conditions ',0 31668196,'Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Historical Epidemiologic and Clinical Features ','Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV emerged from China and rapidly spread worldwide Over 8098 people fell ill and 774 died before the epidemic ended in July 2003 Bats are likely an important reservoir for SARS CoV SARS like CoVs have been detected in horseshoe bats and civet cats The main mode of transmission of SARS CoV is through inhalation of respiratory droplets Faeco oral transmission has been recorded Strict infection control procedures with respiratory and contact precautions are essential Fever and respiratory symptoms predominate and diarrhea is common Treatment involves supportive care There are no specific antiviral treatments or vaccines available ',0 32087777,'COVID 19 fighting panic with information ',?,1 32151325,'COVID 19 the gendered impacts of the outbreak ',?,1 32043978,'Pandemic potential of 2019 nCoV ',?,1 32004165,'Identification of a novel coronavirus causing severe pneumonia in human a descriptive study ','Human infections with zoonotic coronaviruses CoVs including severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS CoV have raised great public health concern globally Here we report a novel bat origin CoV causing severe and fatal pneumonia in humans ',1 31238731,'Avian coronavirus infection induces mannose binding lectin production in dendritic cell precursors of chicken lymphoid organs ','The aim of this immunocytochemical study was to compare mannose binding lectin MBL production induced by avian coronavirus in the spleen and caecal tonsil CT One day old specific pathogen free SPF chickens were experimentally infected with six QX field isolates and the H120 vaccine strain In the negative control birds the spleen was MBL negative while the CT showed scattered MBL positive cells in close proximity and within the surface epithelium and germinal centre GC like cell clusters MBL was detectable in the ellipsoid associated cells EACs and cell clusters in the periarterial lymphoid sheath PALS by 7 days post infection dpi In both organs the MBL positive cells occupy antigen exposed areas indicating that GC formation depends on resident precursors of dendritic cells The majority of MBL positive EACs express the CD83 antigen providing evidence that coronavirus infection facilitated the maturation of dendritic cell precursors Surprisingly co localisation of MBL and CD83 was not detectable in the CT In the spleen associated with circulation the EACs producing MBL and expressing CD83 are a common precursor of both follicular FDC and interdigitating dendritic cells IDC In the CT gut associated lymphoid tissue GALT the precursors of FDC and IDC are MBL producing cells and CD83 positive cells respectively In the CT the two separate precursors of lymphoid dendritic cells provide some autonomy for the GALT ',0 32127124,'Early transmission patterns of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 in travellers from Wuhan to Thailand January 2020 ','We report two cases of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 in travellers from Wuhan China to Thailand Both were independent introductions on separate flights discovered with thermoscanners and confirmed with RT PCR and genome sequencing Both cases do not seem directly linked to the Huanan Seafood Market in Hubei but the viral genomes are identical to four other sequences from Wuhan suggesting early spread within the city already in the first week of January ',1 32174056,'Computed Tomographic Findings in COVID 19 ',?,1 32098094,'Structural Basis for Inhibiting Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Replication with the 3C Like Protease Inhibitor GC376 ','Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV being highly virulent and contagious in piglets has caused significant damage to the pork industries of many countries worldwide There are no commercial drugs targeting coronaviruses CoVs and few studies on anti PEDV inhibitors The coronavirus 3C like protease 3CLpro< sup> has a conserved structure and catalytic mechanism and plays a key role during viral polyprotein processing thus serving as an appealing antiviral drug target Here we report the anti PEDV effect of the broad spectrum inhibitor GC376 targeting 3Cpro or 3CLpro< sup> of viruses in the picornavirus like supercluster GC376 was highly effective against the PEDV 3CLpro< sup> and exerted similar inhibitory effects on two PEDV strains Furthermore the structure of the PEDV 3CLpro< sup> in complex with GC376 was determined at 1 65 A We elucidated structural details and analyzed the differences between GC376 binding with the PEDV 3CLpro< sup> and GC376 binding with the transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV 3CLpro< sup> Finally we explored the substrate specificity of PEDV 3CLpro< sup> at the P2 site and analyzed the effects of Leu group modification in GC376 on inhibiting PEDV infection This study helps us to understand better the PEDV 3CLpro< sup> substrate specificity providing information on the optimization of GC376 for development as an antiviral therapeutic against coronaviruses ',0 32019754,'China coronavirus Hong Kong health staff strike to demand border closure as city records first death ',?,1 32049461,?,?,1 31486732,'Zoonotic Diseases in Oman Successes Challenges and Future Directions ',?,0 31164430,'Disease severity and clinical outcomes of community acquired pneumonia caused by non influenza respiratory viruses in adults a multicentre prospective registry study from the CAP China Network ','Although broad knowledge of influenza viral pneumonia has been established the significance of non influenza respiratory viruses in community acquired pneumonia CAP and their impact on clinical outcomes remains unclear especially in the non immunocompromised adult population Hospitalised immunocompetent patients with CAP were prospectively recruited from 34 hospitals in mainland China Respiratory viruses were detected by molecular methods Comparisons were conducted between influenza and non influenza viral infection groups In total 915 out of 2336 adult patients with viral infection were enrolled in the analysis with influenza virus 28 4\% the most frequently detected virus followed by respiratory syncytial virus 3 6\% adenovirus 3 3\% human coronavirus 3 0\% parainfluenza virus 2 2\% human rhinovirus 1 8\% and human metapneumovirus 1 5\% Non influenza viral infections accounted for 27 4\% of viral pneumonia Consolidation was more frequently observed in patients with adenovirus infection The occurrence of complications such as sepsis 40 1\% versus< i> 39 6\% p=0 890 and hypoxaemia 40 1\% versus< i> 37 2\% p=0 449 during hospitalisation in the influenza viral infection group did not differ from that of the non influenza viral infection group Compared with influenza virus infection the multivariable adjusted odds ratios of CURB 65 confusion urea > 7 mmol L 1< sup> respiratory rate 30 breaths min 1< sup> blood pressure < 90 mmHg systolic or 60 mmHg diastolic age 65 years 3 arterial oxygen tension inspiratory oxygen fraction < 200 mmHg and occurrence of sepsis and hypoxaemia for non influenza respiratory virus infection were 0 87 95\% CI 0 26 2 84 0 72 95\% CI 0 26 1 98 1 00 95\% CI 0 63 1 58 and 1 05 95\% CI 0 66 1 65 respectively The hazard ratio of 90 day mortality was 0 51 95\% CI 0 13 1 91 The high incidence of complications in non influenza viral pneumonia and similar impact of non influenza respiratory viruses relative to influenza virus on disease severity and outcomes suggest more attention should be given to CAP caused by non influenza respiratory viruses ',0 32142887,'Practical experiences and suggestions on the eagle eyed observer a novel promising role for controlling nosocomial infection of the COVID 19 outbreak ',?,1 32198776,'Clinical Features and Treatment of COVID 19 Patients in Northeast Chongqing ','The outbreak of the novel coronavirus in China SARS CoV 2 that began in December 2019 presents a significant and urgent threat to global health This study was conducted to provide the international community with a deeper understanding of this new infectious disease ',1 32140676,'Emerging zoonoses A one health challenge ',?,1 32196995,'Clinical features in pediatric COVID 19 ',?,1 32052841,'Isolation quarantine social distancing and community containment pivotal role for old style public health measures in the novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV outbreak ',?,1 32187459,'Facing Covid 19 in Italy Ethics Logistics and Therapeutics on the Epidemic s Front Line ',?,1 31727697,'Genome Sequences of Human Coronavirus OC43 and NL63 Associated with Respiratory Infections in Kilifi Kenya ','Coding complete genomes of two human coronavirus OC43 strains and one NL63 strain were obtained by metagenomic sequencing of clinical samples collected in 2017 and 2018 in Kilifi Kenya Maximum likelihood phylogenies showed that the OC43 strains were genetically dissimilar and that the NL63 strain was closely related to NL63 genotype B viruses ',0 32113504,'Retraction Chinese medical staff request international medical assistance in fighting against COVID 19 ',?,1 32199996,' Infection with SARS CoV 2 in pregnancy Information and proposed care CNGOF ','A new coronavirus SARS CoV 2 highlighted at the end of 2019 in China is spreading across all continents Most often at the origin of a mild infectious syndrome associating mild symptoms fever cough myalgia headache and possible digestive disorders to different degrees SARS Covid 2 can cause serious pulmonary pathologies and sometimes death Data on the consequences during pregnancy are limited The first Chinese data published seem to show that the symptoms in pregnant women are the same as those of the general population There are no cases of intrauterine maternal fetal transmission but cases of newborns infected early suggest that there could be vertical perpartum or neonatal transmission Induced prematurity and cases of respiratory distress in newborns of infected mothers have been described Pregnancy is known as a period at higher risk for the consequences of respiratory infections as for influenza so it seems important to screen for Covid 19 in the presence of symptoms and to monitor closely pregnant women In this context of the SARS Covid 2 epidemic the societies of gynecology obstetrics infectious diseases and neonatalogy have proposed a French protocol for the management of possible and proven cases of SARS Covid 2 in pregnant women These proposals may evolve on a daily basis with the advancement of the epidemic and knowledge in pregnant women Subsequently an in depth analysis of cases in pregnant women will be necessary in order to improve knowledge on the subject ',1 30976418,'Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe acute respiratory infections SARI results from the Egyptian surveillance study 2010 2014 ','Respiratory viral and atypical bacterial infections data in Egyptian patients are sparse This study describes the clinical features and outcomes of patients with severe acute respiratory infections SARI in hospitalized patients in Egypt ',0 32061199,' Conventional respiratory support therapy for Severe Acute Respiratory Infections SARI Clinical indications and nosocomial infection prevention and control ','Severe acute respiratory infection SARI diseases such as SARS MERS pH1N1 can rapidly progress to acute respiratory failure with high lethality The outbreak of a novel coronavirus infection can lead to 15\% ~ 30\% patients developing into acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS Respiratory support is the most important therapy for SARI patients with respiratory failure However respiratory support is a high skilled technology which means inappropriate application may bring related complications and cross infection of SARI pathogens among medical staff and non medical personnel in hospital Therefore it is meaningful to established a standardized indication of respiratory support and to prevent related nosocomial transmission in SARI patients ',0 30641197,'Genetic and biological characteristics of four novel recombinant avian infectious bronchitis viruses isolated in China ','Infectious bronchitis viruses IBVs of GI 13 793 B and GI 19 QX LX4 lineages have been frequently detected in China in recent years Naturally recombinant IBVs originating from the GI 13 and GI 19 lineages have also been isolated from chicken flocks with respiratory and renal problems in China Thorough genetic and biological investigations of these recombinant viruses have led to speculation regarding their origin evolution and control In order to confirm the previous results and further extend our understanding about the characteristics of the four recombinant IBV strains we had previously identified I0718 17 I0722 17 I0724 17 and I0737 17 we conducted phylogenetic analysis by comparing their complete S1 gene sequences with those of 71 reference strains of different genotypes and lineages We identified a close relationship between the S1 sequences of the four strains and those of GI 13 strains The results of complete genome sequence analysis confirmed the previously identified recombination events in the four IBV strains and revealed additional recombination events in different genomic regions of strains I0718 17 and I0724 17 suggesting that the two strains originated from multiple recombination events between 4 91 like and YX10 like viruses We comparatively evaluated the antigenicity pathogenicity and affinity of the four recombinant viruses and their deduced parental strains in the trachea and kidneys Some of the strains showed comparable antigenic relatedness pathogenicity and affinity for the trachea and kidneys among each other and with their parental viruses however some of them showed varying biological characteristics Point mutations observed in the receptor binding domain and hypervariable region of the S1 subunit of the spike protein likely have an effect on these differences in biological characteristics although the influence of other factors such as host innate immune responses and changes in genomic regions beyond the S1 protein might also be responsible for such changes ',0 30900750,'Incidence and seasonality of respiratory viruses causing acute respiratory infections in the Northern United Arab Emirates ','The data on the seasonality of respiratory viruses helps to ensure the optimal vaccination period and to monitor the possible outbreaks of variant type ',0 32163698,'SARS CoV 2 Infection among Travelers Returning from Wuhan China ',?,1 32112977,'World Health Organization declares global emergency A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus COVID 19 ','An unprecedented outbreak of pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Wuhan City Hubei province in China emerged in December 2019 A novel coronavirus was identified as the causative agent and was subsequently termed COVID 19 by the World Health Organization WHO Considered a relative of severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS COVID 19 is caused by a betacoronavirus named SARS CoV 2 that affects the lower respiratory tract and manifests as pneumonia in humans Despite rigorous global containment and quarantine efforts the incidence of COVID 19 continues to rise with 90 870 laboratory confirmed cases and over 3 000 deaths worldwide In response to this global outbreak we summarise the current state of knowledge surrounding COVID 19 ',1 32197093,'Prevention of SARS CoV 2 infection in patients with decompensated cirrhosis ',?,1 32035538,'What next for the coronavirus response ',?,1 32149484,' Epidemiological investigation of a family clustering of COVID 19 ','Objective < b> To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of a family clustering of COVID 19 Methods < b> Field epidemiological survey was conducted Result < b> Case 1 of the long term residents from Hubei province was the source of infection of this family clustering There were 6 cases from case 2 to case 7 infected in the whole incubation period The incubation period was more than 14 days for 3 of the second generation cases Routes of transmission include respiratory droplets from case 1 transmitted to case 6 from case 1 to her family members and closecontact from case 1 to other cases in her family All the age groups were generally susceptible while elderly were easier to progress to critically ill Besides respiratory symptoms there were also gastrointestinal symptoms of which diarrhea was the most common one Conclusion < b> Family clustering had been an important part for COVID 19 cases ',1 32182724,'Understanding Unreported Cases in the COVID 19 Epidemic Outbreak in Wuhan China and the Importance of Major Public Health Interventions ','We develop a mathematical model to provide epidemic predictions for the COVID 19 epidemic in Wuhan China We use reported case data up to 31 January 2020 from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission to parameterize the model From the parameterized model we identify the number of unreported cases We then use the model to project the epidemic forward with varying levels of public health interventions The model predictions emphasize the importance of major public health interventions in controlling COVID 19 epidemics ',1 32125126,' Management and clinical thinking of Coronavirus Disease 2019 ','In December 2019 the 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia NCP officially named Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 by the World Health Organization broke out in Wuhan Hubei and it quickly spread to the whole country and abroad The situation was at stake The sudden and serious COVID 19 epidemic has brought us a lot of urgent problems How to effectively control the spread of COVID 19 When does the population infection rate rise to its peak What will eventually be the number of infected patients How to make early diagnosis What effective antiviral drugs are available How to effectively treat with existing drugs Can it successfully improve the survival rate of critically patients In response to the above questions we put forward corresponding suggestions and reflections from the perspective of the infectious clinician ',1 32198984,'Academician Cong Bin Autopsy of SARS CoV 2 infection is needed to be strengthened ','Cong Bin Yuan Shi Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Gan Ran Zhi Si Zhe Shi Ti Jie Pou Gong Zuo Ji Dai Jia Qiang ',1 32001309,'Emergence of a novel coronavirus causing respiratory illness from Wuhan China ',?,1 31992387,'Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV by real time RT PCR ','The ongoing outbreak of the recently emerged novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV poses a challenge for public health laboratories as virus isolates are unavailable while there is growing evidence that the outbreak is more widespread than initially thought and international spread through travellers does already occur ',1 30632200,'Disease features of equine coronavirus and enteric salmonellosis are similar in horses ','Equine coronavirus ECoV is an emerging pathogen associated with fever and enteric disease in adult horses Clinical features of ECoV infection have been described but no study has compared these features to those of Salmonella infections ',0 32181672,'Early Clinical and CT Manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 Pneumonia ','OBJECTIVE < b> The purpose of this study was to investigate early clinical and CT manifestations of coronavirus disease COVID 19 pneumonia MATERIALS AND METHODS < b> Patients with COVID 19 pneumonia confirmed by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 nucleic acid test reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were enrolled in this retrospective study The clinical manifestations laboratory results and CT findings were evaluated RESULTS < b> One hundred eight patients 38 men 70 women age range 21 90 years were included in the study The clinical manifestations were fever in 94 of 108 87\% patients dry cough in 65 60\% and fatigue in 42 39\% The laboratory results were normal WBC count in 97 90\% patients and normal or reduced lymphocyte count in 65 60\% High sensitivity C reactive protein level was elevated in 107 99\% patients The distribution of involved lobes was one lobe in 38 35\% patients two or three lobes in 24 22\% and four or five lobes in 46 43\% The major involvement was peripheral 97 patients 90\% and the common lesion shape was patchy 93 patients 86\% Sixty five 60\% patients had ground glass opacity GGO and 44 41\% had GGO with consolidation The size of lesions varied from smaller than 1 cm 10 patients 9\% to larger than 3 cm 56 patients 52\% Vascular thickening 86 patients 80\% crazy paving pattern 43 patients 40\% air bronchogram sign 52 patients 48\% and halo sign 69 64\% were also observed in this study CONCLUSION < b> The early clinical and laboratory findings of COVID 19 pneumonia are low to midgrade fever dry cough and fatigue with normal WBC count reduced lymphocyte count and elevated high sensitivity C reactive protein level The early CT findings are patchy GGO with or without consolidation involving multiple lobes mainly in the peripheral zone accompanied by halo sign vascular thickening crazy paving pattern or air bronchogram sign ',1 32186711,'Hypothesis angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may increase the risk of severe COVID 19 ','Intravenous infusions of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors ACEIs and angiotensin receptor blockers ARBs in experimental animals increase the numbers of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 ACE2 receptors in the cardiopulmonary circulation ACE2 receptors serve as binding sites for SARS CoV 2 virions in the lungs Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS CoV 2 infections ',1 32181873,'Tabletop exercise to prepare institutions of higher education for an outbreak of COVID 19 ','Preparing for public health emergencies is an ongoing process and involves a variety of approaches and tools Tabletop exercises are one of the tools designed to simulate the emergence of a public health emergency and address some or all of the phases of emergency management mitigation preparedness response and recovery 1 They typically are designed to include participation of stakeholders from diverse and complementary backgrounds including command operations logistics planning and finance 2 Effective tabletop exercises provide a plausible scenario that require cooperation and communication from these functional areas Tabletops also require forward thinking and planning in a variety of scenarios When a public health emergency occurs decision makers may be overwhelmed with decisions that need their immediate attention Tabletop exercises can provide a framework to help decision makers anticipate future challenges which may provide the mental model encompassing knowledge and insights that inform both current and future decisions ',1 32196070,'Practical Aspects of Otolaryngologic Clinical Services During the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Epidemic An Experience in Hong Kong ',?,1 32200109,'SARS CoV 2 turned positive in a discharged patient with COVID 19 arouses concern regarding the present standard for discharge ','An outbreak of COVID 19 in Wuhan China caused by SARS CoV 2 has led to a serious epidemic in China and other countries resulting in worldwide concern With the active efforts from prevention and control the quantity of discharged patients is escalating How to manage these patients normatively is still challenging We hereby reported an asymptomatic discharged patient with COVID 19 who was retested positive for SARS CoV 2 which arouses concern regarding the present discharge standard of COVID 19 ',1 32202343,'Systematic review of COVID 19 in children show milder cases and a better prognosis than adults ','The coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 pandemic has affected hundreds of thousands of people Data on symptoms and prognoses in children are rare ',0 31484253,' Pathogenic characteristics of hospitalized severe acute respiratory infections in Shanghai China 2015 2017 ','Objective < b> To understand the epidemiological and pathogenic characteristics of hospitalized severe acute respiratory infections SARI in Shanghai China Methods < b> From 2015 to 2017 one Tertiary hospital and one Secondary hospital were chosen as the surveillance sites Two respiratory tract specimens per case were collected from SARI cases aged 15 years and older One specimen was tested for 22 respiratory pathogens by RT PCR and the other specimen was cultured for 6 respiratory bacteria Results < b> A total of 287 SARI cases were enrolled for sampling and lab testing 70 73\% of the cases were aged 60 years and older with 41 46\% 119 287 were positive for at least one pathogen Influenza virus was the predominant pathogen accounting for 17 77\% 51 287 of all SARI cases Human rhinovirus Enterovirus and Coronavirus were both accounting for 7 32\% 21 287 followed by Mycoplasma pneumoniae< i> 5 57\% 16 287 The positive rates of parainfluenza virus bocavirus adenovirus respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumo virus were all less than 5\% Bacterial strains were identified in seven SARI cases including Klebsiella pneumoniae< i> 3 strains Staphylococcus aureus< i> 2 strains Streptococcus pneumoniae< i> 1 strain and Pseudomonas aeruginosa< i> 1 strain Two or Three pathogens were co detected from 40 cases accounting for 33 61\% of 119 positive cases The most common co detected pathogens were influenza virus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae< i> 10 cases Influenza cases peaked in winter spring and summer Mycoplasma pneumoniae< i> peaked in winter spring season and overlapped with influenza The positive rates of pathogens were not significantly different between different age groups Conclusions < b> Various respiratory pathogens can be detected from SARI cases aged 15 years and older Influenza virus was the predominant pathogen and the co detection of influenza virus with Mycoplasma pneumoniae< i> the most common one ',0 30705455,'Feline infectious peritonitis in a cat presented because of papular skin lesions ','A 19 week old neutered male domestic shorthair cat was examined because of multiple raised pruritic skin lesions along the dorsal head and back Histopathology of biopsies of the lesions detected nodular pyogranulomatous dermatitis with vasculitis and necrosis leading to a suspicion of feline infectious peritonitis FIP Postmortem examination revealed gross lesions consistent with FIP Histopathologic lesions and positive immunohistochemical staining for feline coronavirus in multiple tissues including the skin confirmed the diagnosis of FIP The current case was similar to previous cases except for the initial presentation with cutaneous lesions and no other clinical signs which had not been reported previously ',0 32108351,'Clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with SARS CoV 2 infection A single arm meta analysis ','We aim to summarize reliable evidence of evidence based medicine for the treatment and prevention of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 by analyzing all the published studies on the clinical characteristics of patients with SARS CoV 2 ',1 31262511,'Characteristics of community acquired respiratory viruses infections except seasonal influenza in transplant recipients and non transplant critically ill patients ','Transplant recipients are vulnerable to life threatening community acquired respiratory viruses CA RVs infection CA RVI Even if non transplant critically ill patients in intensive care unit ICU have serious CA RVI comparison between these groups remains unclear We aimed to evaluate clinical characteristics and mortality of CA RVI except seasonal influenza A B in transplant recipients and non transplant critically ill patients in ICU ',0 31265109,'Molecular characterization of a unique variant of avian infectious bronchitis virus in Tunisia ','Avian infectious bronchitis virus IBV is responsible of significant economic losses for poultry industry around the world through evolution of its pathogenicity inadequacy of vaccines and virus evasion Such evasion is related to the unstable nature of its RNA in particular the S glycoprotein encoding gene which raises great challenges with regard to the control of the disease along with the lack of proof reading mechanisms of the RNA polymerase The emergence of new variants might be a reason for the endemic outbreaks that are being reported in Tunisia in addition to poor vaccination techniques and ineffective prophylactic programs In the present study partial nucleotide sequences of the S1 glycoprotein gene and the 3 untranslated region UTR of 2 Tunisian isolates TN1011 16 and TN1012 16 identified in 2016 were determined Specific mutations were found in S1 gene as well as in 3 UTR region Phylogenetic analysis of the S1 nucleotide sequences showed that both isolates are closely related to the Algerian strains and formed a common cluster within the genotype I In addition these isolates were non recombinant ones confirming that they are unique variants Based on their S1 gene sequences TN1011 16 and TN1012 16 strains were distant from the H120 vaccine strain commercially used in Tunisia along with the variant vaccine 793B type 4 91 A comparison between nucleotide sequences of their 3 UTR region and S1 gene showed a difference in IBV classification The obtained results have confirmed that the IBVsequence continues to drift and brings valuable information in relation with its evolution vaccine development and better control of the disease ',0 31594639,'An in vivo cell based assay for investigating the specific interaction between the SARS CoV N protein and its viral RNA packaging sequence ','The SARS CoV nucleocapsid N protein serves multiple functions in viral replication transcription and assembly of the viral genome complex Coronaviruses specifically package genomic RNA into assembled virions and in SARS CoV it is reported that this process is driven by an interaction between the N protein and a packaging signal encoded within the viral RNA While recent studies have uncovered the sequence of this packaging signal little is known about the specific interaction between the N protein and the packaging signal sequence and the mechanisms by which this interaction drives viral genome packaging In this study we developed a novel in vivo cell based assay for examining this interaction between the N protein and packaging signal RNA for SARS CoV as well as other viruses within the coronaviridae family Our results demonstrate that the N protein specifically recognizes the SARS CoV packaging signal with greater affinity compared to signals from other coronaviruses or non coronavirus species We also use deletion mapping to identify a 151 nt region within the packaging signal sequence that is critical for N protein RNA binding and conversely we show that both the N terminal and C terminal domains of the N protein are necessary for recognizing the packaging RNA These results describe for the first time in vivo evidence for an interaction between the SARS CoV N protein and its packaging signal RNA and demonstrate the feasibility of using this cell based assay to further probe viral RNA protein interactions in future studies ',0 32199072,'COVID 19 in Italy momentous decisions and many uncertainties ',?,1 32195700,'Establishing and Managing a Temporary Coronavirus Disease 2019 Specialty Hospital in Wuhan China ',?,1 32154287,'Chinese expert consensus on the perinatal and neonatal management for the prevention and control of the 2019 novel coronavirus infection First edition ','Since December 2019 there has been an outbreak of novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV infection in China Two cases of neonates with positive 2019 nCoV tests have been reported Due to the immature immune system and the possibility of vertical transmission from mother to infant neonates have become a high risk group susceptible to 2019 nCoV which emphasize a close cooperation from both perinatal and neonatal pediatrics In neonatal intensive care unit NICU to prevent and control infection there should be practical measures to ensure the optimal management of children potentially to be infected According to the latest 2019 nCoV national management plan and the actual situation the Chinese Neonatal 2019 nCoV expert working Group has put forward measures on the prevention and control of neonatal 2019 nCoV infection ',1 31639467,'Immunohistochemical and molecular detection of natural cases of bovine rotavirus and coronavirus infection causing enteritis in dairy calves ','Bovine rotavirus BRoV and bovine coronavirus BCoV are major enteric viral pathogens responsible for calve diarrhoea They are widespread both in dairy and beef cattle throughout the world and causing huge economic losses The diagnosis of these agents is very difficult due to non specific nature of lesions and the involvement of some intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors We performed postmortem of 45 calves which was below three months of age Out of 45 necropscid calves three 6 66\% cases were positive for BRoV and four 8 88\% cases were found positive for BCoV screened by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction RT PCR Further RT PCR positive cases were confirmed by immunohistochemistry IHC in paraffin embedded intestinal tissue sections Three cases of enteritis caused by BRoV showed the hallmark lesions of the shortening and fusion of villi denudation and infiltration of mononuclear cells in the lamina propria The BRoV antigen distribution was prominent within the lining epithelium of the villi peyer s patches in the ileum and strong immunoreactions in the lymphocytes and some macrophages of the mesenteric lymph nodes Four cases in which BCoV was detected grossly lesions characterized by colonic mucosa covered with thick fibrinous and diphtheritic membrane Histopathologically jejunum showed skipping lesion of micro abscesses in crypts The BCoV antigen distribution was prominent within the necrotic crypts in the jejunum and cryptic micro abscesses in the colon and ileum It is the first report of BRoV and BCoV antigen demonstration in the jejunum colon ileum Peyer s patches and mesenteric lymph nodes of naturally infected calves from India by using IHC ',0 31796154,'Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV neutralising antibodies in a high risk human population Morocco November 2017 to January 2018 ','BackgroundMiddle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV remains a major concern for global public health Dromedaries are the source of human zoonotic infection MERS CoV is enzootic among dromedaries on the Arabian Peninsula the Middle East and in Africa Over 70\% of infected dromedaries are found in Africa However all known zoonotic cases of MERS have occurred in the Arabian Peninsula with none being reported in Africa AimWe aimed to investigate serological evidence of MERS CoV infection in humans living in camel herding areas in Morocco to provide insights on whether zoonotic transmission is taking place MethodsWe carried out a cross sectional seroprevalence study from November 2017 through January 2018 We adapted a generic World Health Organization MERS CoV questionnaire and protocol to assess demographic and risk factors of infection among a presumed high risk population ELISA MERS CoV spike pseudoparticle neutralisation tests ppNT and plaque neutralisation tests PRNT were used to assess MERS CoV seropositivity ResultsSerum samples were collected from camel slaughterhouse workers n = 137 camel herders n = 156 and individuals of the general population without occupational contact with camels but living in camel herding areas n = 186 MERS CoV neutralising antibodies with 90\% reduction of plaque numbers were detected in two 1 5\% slaughterhouse workers none of the camel herders and one individual from the general population 0 5\% ConclusionsThis study provides evidence of zoonotic transmission of MERS CoV in Morocco in people who have direct or indirect exposure to dromedary camels ',0 32106462,'Disposable DNA Amplification Chips with Integrated Low Cost Heaters ','Fast point of use detection of for example early stage zoonoses e g Q fever bovine tuberculosis or the Covid 19 coronavirus is beneficial for both humans and animal husbandry as it can save lives and livestock The latter prevents farmers from going bankrupt after a zoonoses outbreak This paper describes the development of a fabrication process and the proof of principle of a disposable DNA amplification chip with an integrated heater Based on the analysis of the milling process metal adhesion studies and COMSOL MultiPhysics heat transfer simulations the first batch of chips has been fabricated and successful multiple displacement amplification reactions are performed inside these chips This research is the first step towards the development of an early stage zoonoses detection device Tests with real zoonoses and DNA specific amplification reactions still need to be done ',1 32152592,'Coronavirus latest Italy death toll overtakes China s ',?,1 31564740,'Middle East respiratory syndrome making the case for surveillance of transboundary coronaviruses in the Middle East ','Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS is a zoonotic viral disease identified in both animals and human beings More than 2 200 laboratory confirmed cases have been reported in humans from 27 countries with a crude case fatality rate of 35\% since the disease s emergence in the Middle East in 2012 In the coming years MERS will continue to pose a severe threat to economic development as well as to the elimination of poverty and advances in food security An important gap in the effort to keep MERS at bay is the lack of surveillance of animals in the Middle East The authors identify the need for international collaboration to conduct MERS coronavirus CoV surveillance in animals in the Middle East since the emergence of new MERS CoV variants with the ability to sustain efficient person to person transmission is a genuine threat However effective surveillance will be very difficult if not impossible to achieve There are multiple obstacles in the region to overcome including a lack of transparency as governments in the Middle East generally do not disclose detailed information on animal diseases In addition there is minimal collaboration between local and international agencies in both the human and animal health sectors and a limited number of readily available qualified laboratories to screen animals for MERS CoV Last but not least there is a lack of adequate active communication between all relevant laboratories local and abroad However with the support of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO the World Organisation for Animal Health OIE and other partners the responsibility of the Mediterranean Zoonosis Control Centre in Athens Greece could be widened to include the countries of the Middle East This would foster a stronger alliance and far more effective collaboration in the spirit of One Health ',0 32198191,'Autopsy in suspected COVID 19 cases ','The severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS coronavirus 2 CoV 2 outbreak in Wuhan China has now spread to many countries across the world including the UK with over 3000 deaths as of early March 2020 This will inevitably lead to an increase in the number of suspected coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 related deaths at autopsy The Royal College of Pathologists has responded to this concern with the release of guidelines on autopsy practice relating to COVID 19 The following article is a summary and interpretation of these guidelines It includes a description of hazard group 3 organisms to which SARS CoV 2 has been assigned a brief description of what is currently known about the pathological and autopsy findings in COVID 19 a summary of the recommendations for conducting autopsies in suspected COVID 19 cases and the techniques for making the diagnosis at autopsy It concludes by considering the clinicopathological correlation and notification of such cases ',1 32064853,' The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases COVID 19 in China ','Objective < b> An outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases COVID 19 in Wuhan China has spread quickly nationwide Here we report results of a descriptive exploratory analysis of all cases diagnosed as of February 11 2020 Methods < b> All COVID 19 cases reported through February 11 2020 were extracted from China s Infectious Disease Information System Analyses included 1 summary of patient characteristics 2 examination of age distributions and sex ratios 3 calculation of case fatality and mortality rates 4 geo temporal analysis of viral spread 5 epidemiological curve construction and 6 subgroup analysis Results < b> A total of 72 314 patient records 44 672 61 8\% confirmed cases 16 186 22 4\% suspected cases 10567 14 6\% clinical diagnosed cases Hubei only and 889 asymptomatic cases 1 2\% contributed data for the analysis Among confirmed cases most were aged 30 79 years 86 6\% diagnosed in Hubei 74 7\% and considered mild 80 9\% A total of 1 023 deaths occurred among confirmed cases for an overall case fatality rate of 2 3\% The COVID 19 spread outward from Hubei sometime after December 2019 and by February 11 2020 1 386 counties across all 31 provinces were affected The epidemic curve of onset of symptoms peaked in January 23 26 then began to decline leading up to February 11 A total of 1 716 health workers have become infected and 5 have died 0 3\% Conclusions < b> The COVID 19 epidemic has spread very quickly It only took 30 days to expand from Hubei to the rest of Mainland China With many people returning from a long holiday China needs to prepare for the possible rebound of the epidemic ',1 32187007,'Identifying and Interrupting Superspreading Events Implications for Control of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 ','It appears inevitable that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 will continue to spread Although we still have limited information on the epidemiology of this virus there have been multiple reports of superspreading events SSEs which are associated with both explosive growth early in an outbreak and sustained transmission in later stages Although SSEs appear to be difficult to predict and therefore difficult to prevent core public health actions can prevent and reduce the number and impact of SSEs To prevent and control of SSEs speed is essential Prevention and mitigation of SSEs depends first and foremost on quickly recognizing and understanding these events particularly within healthcare settings Better understanding transmission dynamics associated with SSEs identifying and mitigating high risk settings strict adherence to healthcare infection prevention and control measures and timely implementation of nonpharmaceutical interventions can help prevent and control severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 as well as future infectious disease outbreaks ',1 30898086,'The perceived effectiveness of MERS CoV educational programs and knowledge transfer among primary healthcare workers a cross sectional survey ','Knowledge transfer of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV involves the dissemination of created acquired information on MERS CoV in hospitals making this information accessible to all healthcare workers HCWs This study evaluated the perceived effectiveness of MERS CoV educational programs and knowledge transfer among primary care HCWs at a hospital in Saudi Arabia that witnessed the largest outbreak of confirmed MERS CoV cases in this country ',0 32120458,' Clinical characteristics and outcomes of 112 cardiovascular disease patients infected by 2019 nCoV ','Objective < b> To explore the clinical characteristics and prognosis of the new coronavirus 2019 nCoV patients combined with cardiovascular disease CVD Methods < b> A retrospective analysis was performed on 112 COVID 19 patients with CVD admitted to the western district of Union Hospital in Wuhan from January 20 2020 to February 15 2020 They were divided into critical group ICU n< i>=16 and general group n< i>=96 according to the severity of the disease and patients were followed up to the clinical endpoint The observation indicators included total blood count C reactive protein CRP arterial blood gas analysis myocardial injury markers coagulation function liver and kidney function electrolyte procalcitonin PCT B type natriuretic peptide BNP blood lipid pulmonary CT and pathogen detection Results < b> Compared with the general group the lymphocyte count 0 74x10 9 0 34x10 9 0 94x10 9 L vs 0 99x10 9 0 71x10 9 1 29x10 9 L P< i>=0 03 was extremely lower in the critical group CRP 106 98 81 57 135 76 mg L vs 34 34 9 55 76 54 mg L P< i>< 0 001 and PCT 0 20 0 15 0 48 mg L vs 0 11 0 06 0 20 mg L P< i>< 0 001 were significantly higher in the critical group The BMI of the critical group was significantly higher than that of the general group 25 5 23 0 27 5 kg m 2 vs 22 0 20 0 24 0 kg m 2 P< i>=0 003 Patients were further divided into non survivor group 17 15 18\% group and survivor group 95 84 82\% Among the non survivors there were 88 24\% 15 17 patients with BMI> 25 kg m 2 which was significantly higher than that of survivors 18 95\% 18 95 P< i>< 0 001 Compared with the survived patients oxygenation index 130 102 415 vs 434 410 444 P< i>< 0 001 was significantly lower and lactic acid 1 70 1 30 3 00 mmol L vs 1 20 1 10 1 60 mmol L P< i>< 0 001 was significantly higher in the non survivors There was no significant difference in the proportion of ACEI ARB medication between the critical group and the general group or between non survivors and survivors all P< i>> 0 05 Conclusion < b> COVID 19 patients combined with CVD are associated with a higher risk of mortality Critical patients are characterized with lower lymphocyte counts Higher BMI are more often seen in critical patients and non survivor ACEI ARB use does not affect the morbidity and mortality of COVID 19 combined with CVD Aggravating causes of death include fulminant inflammation lactic acid accumulation and thrombotic events ',1 32113880,'Corona Virus International Public Health Emergencies Implications for Radiology Management ','The outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV pneumonia was reported in Wuhan Hubei Province China in December 2019 and has spread internationally This article discusses how radiology departments can most effectively respond to this public health emergency ',1 31742530,'Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Seropositivity in Camel Handlers and Their Families Pakistan ','A high percentage of camel handlers in Saudi Arabia are seropositive for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus We found that 12 100 camel handlers and their family members in Pakistan a country with extensive camel MERS CoV infection were seropositive indicating that MERS CoV infection of these populations extends beyond the Arabian Peninsula ',0 32184232,'To control the covid 19 outbreak young healthy patients should avoid the emergency department ',?,1 32179380,'How health anxiety influences responses to viral outbreaks like COVID 19 What all decision makers health authorities and health care professionals need to know ',?,1 32046137,'Estimation of the Transmission Risk of the 2019 nCoV and Its Implication for Public Health Interventions ','Since the emergence of the first cases in Wuhan China the novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV infection has been quickly spreading out to other provinces and neighboring countries Estimation of the basic reproduction number by means of mathematical modeling can be helpful for determining the potential and severity of an outbreak and providing critical information for identifying the type of disease interventions and intensity A deterministic compartmental model was devised based on the clinical progression of the disease epidemiological status of the individuals and intervention measures The estimations based on likelihood and model analysis show that the control reproduction number may be as high as 6 47 95\% CI 5 71 7 23 Sensitivity analyses show that interventions such as intensive contact tracing followed by quarantine and isolation can effectively reduce the control reproduction number and transmission risk with the effect of travel restriction adopted by Wuhan on 2019 nCoV infection in Beijing being almost equivalent to increasing quarantine by a 100 thousand baseline value It is essential to assess how the expensive resource intensive measures implemented by the Chinese authorities can contribute to the prevention and control of the 2019 nCoV infection and how long they should be maintained Under the most restrictive measures the outbreak is expected to peak within two weeks since 23 January 2020 with a significant low peak value With travel restriction no imported exposed individuals to Beijing the number of infected individuals in seven days will decrease by 91 14\% in Beijing compared with the scenario of no travel restriction ',1 31331035,'MERS Coronavirus An Emerging Zoonotic Virus ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV is an emerging virus that was first reported in humans in June 2012 ',0 31615132,'The First Detection of Equine Coronavirus in Adult Horses and Foals in Ireland ','The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of equine coronavirus ECoV in clinical samples submitted to a diagnostic laboratory in Ireland A total of 424 clinical samples were examined from equids with enteric disease in 24 Irish counties between 2011 and 2015 A real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to detect ECoV RNA Nucleocapsid spike and the region from the p4 7 to p12 7 genes of positive samples were sequenced and sequence and phylogenetic analyses were conducted Five samples 1 2\% collected in 2011 and 2013 tested positive for ECoV Positive samples were collected from adult horses Thoroughbred foals and a donkey foal Sequence and or phylogenetic analysis showed that nucleocapsid spike and p12 7 genes were highly conserved and were closely related to ECoVs identified in other countries In contrast the region from p4 7 and the non coding region following the p4 7 gene had deletions or insertions The differences in the p4 7 region between the Irish ECoVs and other ECoVs indicated that the Irish viruses were distinguishable from those circulating in other countries This is the first report of ECoV detected in both foals and adult horses in Ireland ',0 31600567,'Environmental investigation of respiratory pathogens during the Hajj 2016 and 2018 ','Respiratory tract infections are common in the context of the Hajj pilgrimage and respiratory pathogens can be transmitted via contact with contaminated surfaces We sampled surfaces during the Hajj to detect the presence of respiratory bacteria and viruses ',0 32183937,'Updated rapid risk assessment from ECDC on the novel coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 pandemic increased transmission in the EU EEA and the UK ',?,1 32196700,'Will COVID 19 be a litmus test for post Ebola Sub Saharan Africa ','In 2014 the worst outbreak of Ebola virus disease EVD emerged in sub Saharan Africa SSA causing fear and panic The outbreak which started in Guinea quickly moved across to Sierra Leone and Liberia With an average EVD case fatality rate of around 50\% range 25 90\% there were many casualties and the number of recorded deaths exceeded 11 300 by June 2016 1< sup> This article is protected by copyright All rights reserved ',1 32133962,'Effective Chemicals against Novel Coronavirus COVID 19 in China ',?,1 32187929,' 2019 nCoV new challenges from coronavirus ','The outbreak of pneumonia caused by the novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV in Wuhan Hubei province of China at the end of 2019 shaped tremendous challenges to China s public health and clinical treatment The virus belongs to the b genus Coronavirus in the family Corornaviridae and is closely related to SARS CoV and MERS CoV causing severe symptoms of pneumonia The virus is transmitted through droplets close contact and other means and patients in the incubation period could potentially transmit the virus to other persons According to current observations 2019 nCoV is weaker than SARS in pathogenesis but has stronger transmission competence it s mechanism of cross species spread might be related with angiotensin converting enzyme II ACE2 which is consistent with the receptor SARS CoV After the outbreak of this disease Chinese scientists invested a lot of energy to carry out research by developing rapid diagnostic reagents identifying the characters of the pathogen screening out clinical drugs that may inhibit the virus and are rapidly developing vaccines The emergence of 2019 nCoV reminds us once again of the importance of establishing a systematic coronavirus surveillance network It also poses new challenges to prevention and control of the emerging epidemic and rapidly responses on scientific research ',0 30567993,'Tetraspanins Architects of Viral Entry and Exit Platforms ','Host factors render cells susceptible to viral infection One family of susceptibility factors the tetraspanin proteins facilitate enveloped virus entry by promoting virus cell membrane fusion They also facilitate viral egress from infected cells In this Gem we discuss recent insights into how tetraspanins assemble viral entry and exit platforms on cell membranes and we speculate that tetraspanins contribute to nonviral membrane fusions by similar mechanisms ',0 32003551,'Transmission of 2019 nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany ',?,1 32168162,'A Diabetic Patient With 2019 nCoV COVID 19 Infection Who Recovered and Was Discharged From Hospital ','Novel coronavirus has become a global health hazard and its high infectivity is alarming The imaging findings of the 2019 nCoV infection in our young diabetic patient featured ground glass opacities and consolidations in both lungs The lung lesions may involute rapidly during the course The patient showed improvement both clinically and on computed tomography imaging at discharged after 2 weeks treatment Computed tomography scans of patients helped monitor the changes continuously which could timely provide the information of the evolution of the disease or therapeutic effect to clinicians ',1 32194247,'Exuberant plasmocytosis in bronchoalveolar lavage of the first patient requiring Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for SARS CoV 2 in Europe ',?,1 32122469,'Anti Chinese sentiment during the 2019 nCoV outbreak ',?,1 32196116,'Recommendations for the prevention mitigation and containment of the emerging SARS CoV 2 COVID 19 pandemic in haemodialysis centres ','COVID 19 a disease caused by a novel coronavirus is a major global human threat that has turned into a pandemic This novel coronavirus has specifically high morbidity in the elderly and in comorbid populations Uraemic patients on dialysis combine an intrinsic fragility and a very frequent burden of comorbidities with a specific setting in which many patients are repeatedly treated in the same area haemodialysis centres Moreover if infected the intensity of dialysis requiring specialized resources and staff is further complicated by requirements for isolation control and prevention putting healthcare systems under exceptional additional strain Therefore all measures to slow if not to eradicate the pandemic and to control unmanageably high incidence rates must be taken very seriously The aim of the present review of the European Dialysis EUDIAL Working Group of ERA EDTA is to provide recommendations for the prevention mitigation and containment in haemodialysis centres of the emerging COVID 19 pandemic The management of patients on dialysis affected by COVID 19 must be carried out according to strict protocols to minimize the risk for other patients and personnel taking care of these patients Measures of prevention protection screening isolation and distribution have been shown to be efficient in similar settings They are essential in the management of the pandemic and should be taken in the early stages of the disease ',1 32077664,' Technologies and requirements of protection and disinfection in key places during the novel coronavirus pneumonia NCP outbreak ','Novel coronavirus pneumonia NCP a new respiratory infectious disease has become an important public health problem Inappropriate protection and disinfection measures are potential risk factors of transmission and outbreak of NCP in key places This theme issue is concerned with the prevention and control of NCP Comprehensive measures and suggestions for protection and disinfection are put forward from perspectives of functional areas in key places such as hotels mobile cabin hospitals passenger transport stations and public transport facilities environment and facilities personal protection operation management system etc so as to provide technical support for the prevention and control of new respiratory infectious diseases ',1 32171808,'Skin damage among healthcare workers managing coronavirus disease 2019 ',?,1 32070466,'Latest updates on COVID 19 from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ',?,1 32122812,'Traditional Chinese medicine is a resource for drug discovery against 2019 novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 ',?,1 30873421,'Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus A Review ','The porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus PHEV is classified as a member of genus Betacoronavirus< i> family Coronaviridae< i> sub family Cornavirinae< i> and order Nidovirales< i> PHEV shares the same genomic organization replication strategy and expression of viral proteins as other nidoviruses PHEV produces vomiting and wasting disease VWD and or encephalomyelitis being the only known neurotropic coronavirus affecting pigs First clinical outbreak was reported in 1957 in Ontario Canada Although pigs are the only species susceptible to natural PHEV infections the virus displays neurotropism in mice and Wistar rats Clinical disease morbidity and mortality is age dependent and generally reported only in piglets under 4 weeks old The primary site of replication of PHEV in pigs is the respiratory tract and it can be further spread to the central nervous system through the peripheral nervous system via different pathways The diagnosis of PHEV can be made using a combination of direct and indirect detection methods The virus can be isolated from different tissues within the acute phase of the clinical signs using primary and secondary pig derived cell lines PHEV agglutinates the erythrocytes of mice rats chickens and several other animals PCR based methods are useful to identify and subsequently isolate animals that are actively shedding the virus The ability to detect antibodies allows producers to know the status of first litter gilts and evaluate their risk of tier offspring to infection PHEV is highly prevalent and circulates subclinically in most swine herds worldwide PHEV related disease is not clinically relevant in most of the swine producing countries most likely because of dams are immune to PHEV which may confer passive immunity to their offspring However PHEV should be considered a major source of economic loss because of the high mortality on farms with high gilt replacement rates specific pathogen free animals and gnotobiotic swine herds Thus in the absence of current PHEV vaccines promoting virus circulation on farms with early exposure to gilts and young sows could induce maternal immunity and prevent disease in piglets ',0 30903596,'Glass Wool Concentration Optimization for the Detection of Enveloped and Non enveloped Waterborne Viruses ','An extremely affordable virus concentration method based on adsorption elution to glass wool and subsequent reconcentration through polyethylene glycol 6000 PEG precipitation was optimized to recover not only non enveloped viruses but also enveloped viruses Hepatitis A virus HAV and transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV were employed as surrogates for naked and enveloped viruses respectively to set up the methodology Initial experimentation in small volume samples showed that both types of particles readily adsorbed to the positively charged glass wool but were poorly detached from it through standard elution with 0 05 M glycine with 3\% of beef extract buffer pH 9 5 with elution efficiencies of 7 2\% and 2 6\% for HAV and TGEV respectively To improve the recovery of enveloped viruses several modifications in the elution were assayed increasing the elution pH extending glass wool and eluent contact time adding a detergent or performing the elution by recirculation or under agitation Considering practicability and performance recircularization of the eluent at pH 11 0 for 20 min was the elution procedure of choice with efficiencies of 25 7\% and 18 8\% for HAV and TGEV in 50 L of water Additionally employing 20\% PEG instead of 10\% for virus reconcentration improved recoveries up to 47\% and 51\% respectively The optimized procedure was applied to detect naturally occurring HAV and coronaviruses in surface water of Wadi Hanifa Riyadh HAV was detected in 38\% of the samples while one sample was positive for an alphacoronavirus This cheap virus detection system enables the comprehensive surveillance of viruses present in water samples ',0 32179890,'Risk Factors of Healthcare Workers with Corona Virus Disease 2019 A Retrospective Cohort Study in a Designated Hospital of Wuhan in China ','Corona Virus Disease 2019 COVID 19 originated in Wuhan China has caused many healthcare workers HCWs infected Seventy two HCWs manifested with acute respiratory illness were retrospectively enrolled to analyze the risk factors The high risk department longer duty hours and suboptimal hand hygiene after contacting with patients were linked to COVID 19 ',1 32196707,'The clinical characteristics of pneumonia patients co infected with 2019 novel coronavirus and influenza virus in Wuhan China ','The outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus COVID 19 infection emerged in Wuhan China on December 2019 Since then the novel coronavirus pneumonia disease has been spreading quickly and many countries and territories have been affected with major outbreaks in China South Korea Italy and Iran Influenza virus has been known as a common pathogen in winter and it can cause pneumonia It was found clinically that very few patients were diagnosed with both COVID 19 and influenza virus 5 out of the 115 patients confirmed with COVID 19 were also diagnosed with influenza virus infection with three cases being influenza A and two cases being influenza B In this study we describe the clinical characteristics of those patients who got infected with COVID 19 as well as influenza virus Common symptoms at onset of illness included fever 5 100\% patients Cough 5 100\% patients shortness of breath 5 100\% patients nasal tampon 3 60\% patients pharyngalgia 3 60\% patients myalgia 2 40\% patients fatigue 2 40\% patients headache 2 40\% patients and expectoration 2 40\% patients The laboratory results showed that compared to the normal values the patients lymphocytes were reduced 4 80\% patients and liver function ALT and AST 2 40\% patients 2 40\% patients and C reactive protein 4 80\% patients were increased when admitted to hospital They stayed in hospital for 14 30 17 12 and 19 days 28 4+ 7 02 respectively The main complications for the patients were acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS 1 20\% patients acute liver injury 3 60\% patients and diarrhea 2 40\% patients All patients were given antiviral therapy including oseltamivir oxygen inhalation and antibiotics Three patients were treated with glucocorticoids including two treated with oral glucocorticoids One of the five patients had transient hemostatic medication for hemoptysis Fortunately all patients did not need ICU care and were discharged from hospital without death In conclusion those patients with both COVID 19 and influenza virus infection did not appear to show a more severe condition because based on the laboratory findings imaging studies and patient prognosis they showed similar clinical characteristics as those patients with COVID 19 infection only However it is worth noting that the symptoms of nasal tampon and pharyngalgia may be more prone to appear for those co infection patients This article is protected by copyright All rights reserved ',1 32112072,'A Case Series of children with 2019 novel coronavirus infection clinical and epidemiological features ','We first described the 2019 novel coronavirus infection in 10 children occurring in areas other than Wuhan The coronavirus diseases in children are usually mild and epidemiological exposure is a key clue to recognize pediatric case Prolonged virus shedding is observed in respiratory tract and feces at the convalescent stage ',1 32100485,'Chest Radiographic and CT Findings of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID 19 Analysis of Nine Patients Treated in Korea ','This study presents a preliminary report on the chest radiographic and computed tomography CT findings of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 pneumonia in Korea ',1 31315999,'Membrane Protein of Human Coronavirus NL63 Is Responsible for Interaction with the Adhesion Receptor ','Human coronavirus NL63 HCoV NL63 is a common respiratory virus that causes moderately severe infections We have previously shown that the virus uses heparan sulfate proteoglycans HSPGs as the initial attachment factors facilitating viral entry into the cell In the present study we show that the membrane protein M of HCoV NL63 mediates this attachment Using viruslike particles lacking the spike S protein we demonstrate that binding to the cell is not S protein dependent Furthermore we mapped the M protein site responsible for the interaction with HSPG and confirmed its relevance using a viable virus Importantly in silico< i> analysis of the region responsible for HSPG binding in different clinical isolates and the Amsterdam I strain did not exhibit any signs of cell culture adaptation IMPORTANCE< b> It is generally accepted that the coronaviral S protein is responsible for viral interaction with a cellular receptor Here we show that the M protein is also an important player during early stages of HCoV NL63 infection and that the concerted action of the two proteins M and S is a prerequisite for effective infection We believe that this study broadens the understanding of HCoV NL63 biology and may also alter the way in which we perceive the first steps of cell infection with the virus The data presented here may also be important for future research into vaccine or drug development ',0 32094225,'The antiviral compound remdesivir potently inhibits RNA dependent RNA polymerase from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus ','Antiviral drugs for managing infections with human coronaviruses are not yet approved posing a serious challenge to current global efforts aimed at containing the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 Remdesivir RDV is an investigational compound with a broad spectrum of antiviral activities against RNA viruses including SARS CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS CoV RDV is a nucleotide analog inhibitor of RNA dependent RNA polymerases RdRps Here we co expressed the MERS CoV nonstructural proteins nsp5 nsp7 nsp8 and nsp12 RdRp in insect cells as a part a polyprotein to study the mechanism of inhibition of MERS CoV RdRp by RDV We initially demonstrated that nsp8 and nsp12 form an active complex The triphosphate form of the inhibitor RDV TP competes with its natural counterpart ATP Of note the selectivity value for RDV TP obtained here with a steady state approach suggests that it is more efficiently incorporated than ATP and two other nucleotide analogues Once incorporated at position i the inhibitor caused RNA synthesis arrest at position i+3 Hence the likely mechanism of action is delayed RNA chain termination The additional three nucleotides may protect the inhibitor from excision by the viral 3 5 exonuclease activity Together these results help to explain the high potency of RDV against RNA viruses in cell based assays ',1 31592752,'Isolation and growth characterization of novel full length and deletion mutant human MERS CoV strains from clinical specimens collected during 2015 ','Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS is a viral respiratory illness first reported in Saudi Arabia in September 2012 caused by the human coronavirus CoV MERS CoV Using full genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis scientists have identified three clades and multiple lineages of MERS CoV in humans and the zoonotic host dromedary camels In this study we have characterized eight MERS CoV isolates collected from patients in Saudi Arabia in 2015 We have performed full genome sequencing on the viral isolates and compared them to the corresponding clinical specimens All isolates were clade B lineages 4 and 5 Three of the isolates carry deletions located on three independent regions of the genome in the 5 UTR ORF1a and ORF3 All novel MERS CoV strains replicated efficiently in Vero and Huh7 cells Viruses with deletions in the 5 UTR and ORF1a exhibited impaired viral release in Vero cells These data emphasize the plasticity of the MERS CoV genome during human infection ',0 30959796,'Canine Respiratory Coronavirus Bovine Coronavirus and Human Coronavirus OC43 Receptors and Attachment Factors ','Despite high similarity of canine respiratory coronavirus CRCoV bovine coronavirus BCoV and human coronavirus OC43 HCoV OC43 these viruses differ in species specificity For years it was believed that they share receptor specificity utilizing sialic acids for cell surface attachment internalization and entry Interestingly careful literature analysis shows that viruses indeed bind to the cell surface via sialic acids but there is no solid data that these moieties mediate virus entry In our study using a number of techniques we showed that all three viruses are indeed able to bind to sialic acids to a different extent but these molecules render the cells permissive only for the clinical strain of HCoV OC43 while for others they serve only as attachment receptors CRCoV and BCoV appear to employ human leukocyte antigen class I HLA 1 as the entry receptor Furthermore we identified heparan sulfate as an alternative attachment factor but this may be related to the cell culture adaptation as in ex vivo conditions it does not seem to play a significant role Summarizing we delineated early events during CRCoV BCoV and HCoV OC43 entry and systematically studied the attachment and entry receptor utilized by these viruses ',0 32061202,' Suggestions from ophthalmic experts on eye protection during the novel coronavirus pneumonia epidemic ','Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Shi Dao Zhi Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan De Bing Yuan Ti Zhu Yao Tong Guo Hu Xi Dao Fei Mo Yi Ji Jie Hong Chuan Bo Zhi Bing Yi You Yan Jiu Jie Guo Biao Ming Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du You Ke Neng Tong Guo Yan Bu Dao Zhi Quan Shen Gan Ran Ti Shi Dui Yu Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Yao Zhong Shi Yan Bu Fang Hu Qie Duan Qian Zai De Gan Ran Tu Jing Qie Yan Ke Yi Hu Ren Yuan Zai Yi Qing Qi Jian Jian Fu Ze Ren Ying Jia Qiang Fang Hu Bi Mian Jiao Cha Gan Ran Jian Yu Mu Qian Dui Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du De Ren Shi Shang Bu Zu Ben Wen Yi Guo Nei Xue Zhu Qi Kan Zheng Shi Kan Chu Wen Zhang Guo Jia Fa Bu De Zhi Nan Xing Wen Jian Wei Ji Chu Hui Zong Mu Qian Ge Ren Huo Dan Ge Yi Liao Ji Gou De Jing Yan Cong Yu Fang Yi Xue He Yan Ke Xue Jiao Du Wei Yan Ke Lin Chuang Gong Zuo Ti Gong Quan Mian Qie Tong Yi De Jian Yi Yi Jian Wei Gong Tong Kang Ji Yi Qing Fa Hui Zuo Yong Zhong Hua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2020 56 < i> ',1 32120312,'Asymptomatic novel coronavirus pneumonia patient outside Wuhan The value of CT images in the course of the disease ','The purpose of this case report is to describe the imaging and associated clinical features of an asymptomatic novel coronavirus pneumonia COVID 19 patient outside Wuhan China The principle findings are that in this patient with laboratory confirmed COVID 19 CT findings preceded symptoms and included bilateral pleural effusions previously not reported in association with COVID 19 The role of this case report is promotion of potential recognition amongst radiologists of this new disease which has been declared a global health emergency by the World Health Organization WHO ',1 32035431,'Epidemiologic characteristics of early cases with 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV disease in Korea ','In about 20 days since the diagnosis of the first case of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV in Korea on January 20 2020 28 cases have been confirmed Fifteen patients 53 6\% of them were male and median age of was 42 years range 20 73 Of the confirmed cases 16 9 and 3 were index 57 2\% first generation 32 1\% and second generation 10 7\% cases respectively All first generation and second generation patients were family members or intimate acquaintances of the index cases with close contacts Fifteen among 16 index patients had entered Korea from January 19 to 24 2020 while 1 patient had entered Korea on January 31 2020 The average incubation period was 3 9 days median 3 0 and the reproduction number was estimated as 0 48 Three of the confirmed patients were asymptomatic when they were diagnosed Epidemiological indicators will be revised with the availability of additional data in the future Sharing epidemiological information among researchers worldwide is essential for efficient preparation and response in tackling this new infectious disease ',1 32180292,'Coronavirus in pregnancy and delivery rapid review ',?,1 31488617,'Porcine deltacoronavirus causes diarrhea in various ages of field infected pigs in China ','Porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV is a novel coronavirus that causes acute diarrhea in suckling piglets In Henan province of China three swine farms broke out diarrhea in different ages of pigs during June of 2017 March of 2018 and January of 2019 respectively PCR method Taqman real time RT PCR method sequencing histopathology and immunohistochemistry IHC were conducted with the collected samples and the results showed that PDCoV was detected among the suckling piglets commercial fattening pigs and sows with diarrhea PDCoV infected suckling piglets were characterized with thin and transparent intestinal walls from colon to caecum spot hemorrhage at mesentery and intestinal bleeding PDCoV RNA was detected in multiple organs and tissues by Taqman real time RT PCR which had high copies in ileum inguinal lymph node rectum and spleen PDCoV antigen was detected in the basal layer of jejunum and ileum by IHC In this research we found that PDCoV could infect various ages of farmed pigs with watery diarrhea and anorexia in different seasons in a year ',0 31996345,'China coronavirus partial border closures into Hong Kong are not enough say doctors ',?,1 31533860,'Assessing exhibition swine as potential disseminators of infectious disease through the detection of five respiratory pathogens at agricultural exhibitions ','Widespread geographic movement and extensive comingling of exhibition swine facilitates the spread and transmission of infectious pathogens Nasal samples were collected from 2862 pigs at 102 exhibitions and tested for five pathogens At least one pathogen was molecularly detected in pigs at 63 61 8\% exhibitions Influenza A virus was most prevalent and was detected in 498 17 4\% samples Influenza D virus was detected in two 0 07\% samples More than one pathogen was detected in 165 5 8\% samples Influenza A virus remains a top threat to animal and human health but other pathogens may be disseminated through the exhibition swine population ',0 32127714,'Coronavirus response a focus on containment is still apt ',?,1 31596309,'Human virome in nasopharynx and tracheal secretion samples ','In Brazil the implementation of the Sentinel Surveillance System of Influenza began in 2000 Central public health laboratories use reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction RT qPCR for diagnosis of respiratory viruses but this protocol identifies only specific targets resulted in inconclusive diagnosis for many samples Thus high throughput sequencing HTS would be complementary method in the identification of pathogens in inconclusive samples for RT qPCR or other specific detection protocols ',0 32061335,'Therapeutic and triage strategies for 2019 novel coronavirus disease in fever clinics ',?,1 32190904,'Alert for non respiratory symptoms of Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 patients in epidemic period A case report of familial cluster with three asymptomatic COVID 19 patients ','At present Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 is rampaging around the world However asymptomatic carriers intensified the difficulty of prevention and management Here we reported the screening clinical feathers and treatment process of a family cluster involving three COVID 19 patients The discovery of the first asymptomatic carrier in this family cluster depends on the repeated and comprehensive epidemiological investigation by disease control experts In addition the combination of multiple detection methods can help clinicians find asymptomatic carriers as early as possible In conclusion the prevention and control experience of this family cluster showed that comprehensive rigorous epidemiological investigation and combination of multiple detection methods were of great value for the detection of hidden asymptomatic carriers This article is protected by copyright All rights reserved ',1 32185863,'Crises drive innovation ','Crises often drive innovation The COVID 19 pandemic has led to the necessary postponement of much planned surgical activity with the cancellation of outpatient diagnostic and operative work These measures have been designed to flatten the curve and delay the spread of coronavirus whilst also freeing up capacity within hospitals for patients affected with the virus This inevitable postponement of routine activity will create challenges to health care systems when normal business resumes and in many healthcare settings which are often already resource constrained This will impose an additional burden on patients whose diagnoses and treatment will be delayed ',1 32003646,'CT Imaging of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV Pneumonia ',?,1 32096116,'The Risk and Prevention of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Infections Among Inpatients in Psychiatric Hospitals ',?,1 32052514,'The COVID 19 epidemic ',?,1 32181577,'The spread of the COVID 19 coronavirus Health agencies worldwide prepare for the seemingly inevitability of the COVID 19 coronavirus becoming endemic ','While it is too late to confine the COVID 19 coronovirus outbreak to China a wealth of data spurs epidemiological and vaccine research ',1 31629079,'Identifying potential emerging threats through epidemic intelligence activities looking for the needle in the haystack ','Epidemic intelligence EI for emerging infections is the process of identifying key information on emerging infectious diseases and specific incidents Automated web based infectious disease surveillance technologies are available however human input is still needed to review validate and interpret these sources In this study entries captured by Public Health England s PHE manual event based EI system were examined to inform future intelligence gathering activities ',0 32133964,'Coronavirus Disease COVID 19 A New Threat to Public Health ',?,1 32153167,' The differential diagnosis for novel coronavirus pneumonia and similar lung diseases in general hospitals ','Novel coronavirus pneumonia was novel coronavirus infection that has dominated pulmonary infection since December 2019 The main manifestations were fever dry cough shortness of breath normal or leukopenia in peripheral blood and changes in chest CT and in severe cases multiple organ failure might occur The National Health Commission PRC has revised the consensus on diagnosis and treatment seven times in a short period of time indicating the growing understanding of the disease Patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia usually had history of travelling or living in the epidemic area including Wuhan within 14 days before onset or have been exposed to patients who had fever or respiratory symptoms from the epidemic area or had clustering diseases However novel coronavirus pneumonia was becoming more and more blurred after vanishing epidemic The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of novel coronavirus pneumonia was facing challenges not only because of large number of tourists increasing dramatically after the relieving of epidemic but also patients with other diseases return from different areas to search for medical care In this article the clinical and chest imaging features of the novel coronavirus pneumonia were reviewed and compared with other infections and non infectious diffuse pulmonary diseases We were trying to find the similarities and differences among them and to identify clues to the diagnosis of novel coronavirus pneumonia so as to ensure accurate diagnosis and treatment ',1 31130102,'Single intranasal immunization with chimpanzee adenovirus based vaccine induces sustained and protective immunity against MERS CoV infection ','The recently identified Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV causes severe and fatal acute respiratory illness in humans However no approved prophylactic and therapeutic interventions are currently available The MERS CoV envelope spike protein serves as a crucial target for neutralizing antibodies and vaccine development as it plays a critical role in mediating viral entry through interactions with the cellular receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4 DPP4 Here we constructed a recombinant rare serotype of the chimpanzee adenovirus 68 AdC68 that expresses full length MERS CoV S protein AdC68 S Single intranasal immunization with AdC68 S induced robust and sustained neutralizing antibody and T cell responses in BALB c mice In a human DPP4 knock in hDPP4 KI mouse model it completely protected against lethal challenge with a mouse adapted MERS CoV MERS CoV MA Passive transfer of immune sera to naive hDPP4 KI mice also provided survival advantages from lethal MERS CoV MA challenge Analysis of sera absorption and isolated monoclonal antibodies from immunized mice demonstrated that the potent and broad neutralizing activity was largely attributed to antibodies targeting the receptor binding domain RBD of the S protein These results show that AdC68 S can induce protective immune responses in mice and represent a promising candidate for further development against MERS CoV infection in both dromedaries and humans ',0 31534775,'Distinct mutation in the feline coronavirus spike protein cleavage activation site in a cat with feline infectious peritonitis associated meningoencephalomyelitis ','This report describes a cat with chronic progressive non painful non lateralizing multifocal neurologic clinical signs associated with feline infectious peritonitis FIP The cat initially presented as underweight despite a good appetite and a complete blood count showed non regenerative anemia Three months later the cat was returned having developed ataxia and paraparesis which then progressed over 2 months to tetraparesis tail plegia urinary and fecal incontinence and titubation Histologic examination of the tissues with subsequent immunohistochemistry confirmed FIP associated meningoencephalomyelitis following necropsy Molecular analysis of the coronavirus spike protein within the tissues identified a specific functionally relevant amino acid change R793M which was only identified in tissues associated with the central nervous system ie brain and spinal cord ',0 32164090,' Clinical characteristics of 30 medical workers infected with new coronavirus pneumonia ','Objective < b> To investigate the clinical characteristics of medical staff with novel coronavirus pneumonia NCP Methods < b> 30 patients infected with novel coronavirus referred to jianghan university hospital between January 11 2020 and January 3 2020 were studied The data reviewed included those of clinical manifestations laboratory investigation and Radiographic features Results < b> The patients consisted of 10 men and 20 women including 22 doctors and 8 nurses aged 21~59 years mean 35+ 8 years They were divided to 26 common type and 4 severe cases all of whom had close within 1m contact with patients infected of novel coronavirus pneumonia The average contact times were 12 7 16 and the average cumulative contact time was 2 1 5 2 7 h Clinical symptoms of these patients were fever in 23 patients 76 67\% headache in 16 petients 53 33\% fatigue or myalgia in 21patients 70\% nausea vomiting or diarrhea in 9 petients 30\% cough in 25 petients 83 33\% and dyspnea in 14 petients 46 67\% Routine blood test revealed WBC< 4 0x10 9 L in 8 petients 26 67\% 4 10 x10 9 L in 22 petients 73 33\% and WBC> 4 0x10 9 L in 4 petients 13 33\% during the disease Lymphocyte count< < i>1 0x10 9 L occurred in 12 petients 40\% abnormal liver function in 7 petients 23 33\% myocardial damage in 5 petients 16 67\% elevated D dimer > 0 5mg l in 5 patients 16 67\% Compared with normal patients the average exposure times cumulative exposure time BMI Fever time white blood cell count liver enzyme LDH myoenzyme and D dimer were significantly increased in severe patients while the lymphocyte count and albumin levels in peripheral blood were significantly decreased Chest CT mainly showed patchy shadows and interstitial changes According to imaging examination 11 patients 36 67\% showed Unilateral pneumonia and 19 patients 63 33\% showed bilateral pneumonia 4 patients 13 33\% showed bilateral multiple mottling and ground glass opacity Compared with the patients infected in the protected period the proportion of severe infection and bilateral pneumonia were both increased in the patients infected in unprotected period Conclusion < b> Medical staffs are at higher risk of infection Infection rates are associated with contact time the amount of suction virus Severe patients had BMI increased heating time prolonged white blood cell count lymphocyte count D dimer and albumin level significantly changed and were prone to be complicated with liver damage and myocardial damage Strict protection measures is important to prevent infection for medical workers ',0 32164082,' Respiratory support for severe 2019 nCoV pneumonia suffering from acute respiratory failure time and strategy ','Respiratory support is a very important technique for saving severe 2019 nCoV pneumonia patients who suffering respiratory failure which can improve oxygenation reduce mortality Therefore how to reasonable using respiratory support technique is the key point that relating success or failure In this paper the authors introduce their experience on treating severe 2019 nCoV pneumonia it is hopeful for current fighting against 2019 nCoV in China ',0 31817737,'Prevalence of Pathogens Related to Bovine Respiratory Disease Before and After Transportation in Beef Steers Preliminary Results ','Bovine respiratory disease BRD is a serious health and economic problem in the beef industry which is often associated with transportation and caused by different pathogens The prevalence of bovine herpesvirus type 1< i> BoHV 1 bovine adenovirus< i> BAdV bovine viral< i>diarrhea< i>virus< i> BVDV bovine coronavirus< i> BCoV bovine respiratory syncytial viru< i>s BRSV bovine parainfluenza virus< i> BPiV Pasteurella< i>multocida< i> Mannheimia< i>haemolytica< i> Histophilus< i>somni< i> Mycoplasma< i>bovis< i> in the nasal microbiota of beef steers before and after the same long distance journey from France to southern Italy was documented < i> Fifty six Limousine animals of three different shipments travelling on three different days from February to April were included Prior to shipment T0 and four days after arrival T1 two DNS animal were collected and tested by Real Time quantitative PCR qPCR Univariate logistic regression was carried out considering time and day as fixed factors and the outcome of qPCR for each pathogen as a dependent categorical dichotomous variable positive negative 1 0 The fact that the number of H < i>somni< i> positive animals were found to be higher in the third shipment than the first and second one indicating that this pathogen was already present before loading is relevant The prevalence of BCoV BRSV M < i>haemolytica< i> M < i>bovis< i> P < i>multocida< i> was higher at T1 than T0 suggesting that other factors such as stress and the epidemiological status of the arrival farm played a role The tested animals were not treated before and after transport and our results are in agreement with the current literature supporting the hypothesis that the prevalence of pathogens related to BRD would increase after travelling with an increased risk of pathogens shedding ',0 30964454,'Epidemiological study of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia April May 2015 ','A cross sectional study was conducted in five regions in Saudi Arabia to investigate the epidemiology of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV infection in dromedary camels Camelus dromedarius during April and May2015 Serum and nasal swab samples were tested for MERS CoV antibodies andribonucleic acid RNA using a recombinant enzyme linked immunosorbent assay rELISA and real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction rRT PCR respectively The overall MERS CoV antibody seroprevalence was 80 5\% whereas the overall viral RNA prevalence was 2 4\% The associations of risk factors with each prevalence were quantified using univariate and multivariate analyses The multivariate models identified region age grazing system exposure to wild animals and dung removal as factors significantly associated with seroprevalence p 0 05 A higher seroprevalence was more likely to occur in camels from the Riyadh Eastern Northern and Makkah regions than those from the Jazan region camels 4 and 1 3 years of age marginally significant than calves < 1 year and camels raised in zero grazing and semi open grazing systems than those raised in an open grazing system However the presence of wild animals and daily dung removal were negatively associated with seroprevalence On the other hand region and sex were significantly associated with MERS CoV RNA prevalence p 0 05 A higher viral RNA prevalence was more likely to occur in camels from the Riyadh region and Eastern region marginally significant than in those from the Makkah region and in male camels than female camels In conclusion the risk factors identified in this study can be considered to be predictors of MERS CoV infection in camels and should be taken into account when developing an efficient and cost effective control strategy ',0 31141982,'Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles OMVs based Dual Vaccine for Influenza A H1N1 Virus and MERS CoV ','Vaccination is the most functional medical intervention to prophylactically control severe diseases caused by human to human or animal to human transmissible viral pathogens Annually seasonal influenza epidemics attack human populations leading to 290 650 thousand deaths year worldwide Recently a novel Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus emerged Together those two viruses present a significant public health burden in areas where they circulate Herein we generated a bacterial outer membrane vesicles OMVs based vaccine presenting the antigenic stable chimeric fusion protein of the H1 type haemagglutinin HA of the pandemic influenza A virus H1N1 strain from 2009 H1N1pdm09 and the receptor binding domain RBD of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV OMVs H1 RBD Our results showed that the chimeric antigen could induce specific neutralizing antibodies against both strains leading to protection of immunized mice against H1N1pdm09 and efficient neutralization of MERS CoV This study demonstrate that OMVs based vaccines presenting viral antigens provide a safe and reliable approach to protect against two different viral infections ',0 32147890,'Emergency Management of the Prevention and Control of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia in Specialized Branches of Hospital ',?,1 30572566,'SARS Like Coronavirus WIV1 CoV Does Not Replicate in Egyptian Fruit Bats Rousettus aegyptiacus< i> ','Severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS like WIV1 coronavirus CoV was first isolated from Rhinolophus sinicus< i> bats and can use the human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 ACE2 receptor In the current study we investigate the ability of WIV1 CoV to infect Rousettus aegyptiacus< i> bats No clinical signs were observed throughout the experiment Furthermore only four oropharyngeal swabs and two respiratory tissues isolated on day 3 post inoculation were found positive for viral RNA Two out of twelve bats showed a modest increase in coronavirus specific antibodies post challenge In conclusion WIV1 CoV was unable to cause a robust infection in Rousettus aegyptiacus< i> bats ',0 32162250,'A Computational Vaccine Designing Approach for MERS CoV Infections ','The aim of this study was to use IEDB software to predict the suitable MERS CoV epitope vaccine against the most known world population alleles through four selecting proteins such as S glycoprotein and envelope protein and their modification sequences after the pandemic spread of MERS CoV in 2012 IEDB services is one of the computational methods the output of this study showed that S glycoprotein envelope E protein and S and E protein modified sequences of MERS CoV might be considered as a protective immunogenic with high conservancy because they can elect both neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses when reacting with B cell T helper cell and cytotoxic T lymphocyte NetCTL NetChop and MHC NP were used to confirm our results Population coverage analysis showed that the putative helper T cell epitopes and CTL epitopes could cover most of the world population in more than 60 geographical regions According to AllerHunter results all those selected different protein showed non allergen this finding makes this computational vaccine study more desirable for vaccine synthesis ',0 31498797,'Peptide presentation by bat MHC class I provides new insight into the antiviral immunity of bats ','Bats harbor many zoonotic viruses including highly pathogenic viruses of humans and other mammals but they are typically asymptomatic in bats To further understand the antiviral immunity of bats we screened and identified a series of bat major histocompatibility complex MHC I Ptal N 01 01 binding peptides derived from four different bat borne viruses i e Hendra virus HeV Ebola virus EBOV Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV and H17N10 influenza like virus The structures of Ptal N 01 01 display unusual peptide presentation features in that the bat specific 3 amino acid aa insertion enables the tight " surface anchoring" of the P1 Asp in pocket A of bat MHC I As the classical primary anchoring positions the B and F pockets of Ptal N 01 01 also show unconventional conformations which contribute to unusual peptide motifs and distinct peptide presentation Notably the features of bat MHC I may be shared by MHC I from various marsupials Our study sheds light on bat adaptive immunity and may benefit future vaccine development against bat borne viruses of high impact on humans ',0 32072569,'2019 Novel coronavirus where we are and what we know ','There is a current worldwide outbreak of a new type of coronavirus 2019 nCoV which originated from Wuhan in China and has now spread to 17 other countries Governments are under increased pressure to stop the outbreak spiraling into a global health emergency At this stage preparedness transparency and sharing of information are crucial to risk assessments and beginning outbreak control activities This information should include reports from outbreak sites and from laboratories supporting the investigation This paper aggregates and consolidates the virology epidemiology clinical management strategies from both English and Chinese literature official news channels and other official government documents In addition by fitting the number of infections with a single term exponential model we report that the infection is spreading at an exponential rate with a doubling period of 1 8 days ',1 32200613,'COVID 19 gastrointestinal symptoms and potential sources of 2019 nCoV transmission ','A new type of coronavirus i e se vere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 formerly known as 2019 nCoV appeared in December 2019 in the province of Hubei China and over the past four months the number of cases of infection has exceeded 240 000 worldwide leading to a pandemia 1 At the genetic level 2019 nCoV is closely related to the SARS CoV and to a lesser extent to MERS CoV which appeared as epidemiological threats in recent years in China and the Middle East respectively Infections with the Coronaviridae virus family in a small percentage of patients especially in those over 60 years of age with a positive clinical history lead to severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 ',0 32200654,'Time Kinetics of Viral Clearance and Resolution of Symptoms in Novel Coronavirus Infection ',?,0 32090448,'Coronavirus disease 2019 Implications of emerging infections for transplantation ','The recent identification of an outbreak of 2019 novel Coronavirus is currently evolving and the impact on transplantation is unknown However it is imperative that we anticipate the potential impact on the transplant community in order to avert severe consequences of this infection on both the transplant community and contacts of transplant patients ',1 31375571,'Glycine 29 Is Critical for Conformational Changes of the Spike Glycoprotein of Mouse Hepatitis Virus A59 Triggered by either Receptor Binding or High pH ','Mouse hepatitis virus MHV uses its N terminal domain NTD of the viral spike S protein to bind the host receptor mouse carcinoembryonic antigen related cell adhesion molecule 1a mCEACAM1a and mediate virus entry Our previous crystal structure study of the MHV NTD mCEACAM1a complex G Peng D Sun K R Rajashankar Z Qian et al Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108 10696 10701 2011 https doi org 10 1073 pnas 1104306108 reveals that there are 14 residues in the NTD interacting with the receptor However their contribution to receptor binding and virus entry has not been fully investigated Here we analyzed 13 out of 14 contact residues by mutagenesis and identified I22 as being essential for receptor binding and virus entry Unexpectedly we found that G29 was critical for the conformational changes of the S protein triggered by either receptor binding or high pH Replacement of G29 with A D F K M and T to different extents caused spontaneous dissociation of S1 from the S protein resulting in an enhancement of high pH triggered receptor independent syncytium RIS formation in HEK293T cells compared to the wild type WT In contrast replacement of G29 with P a turn prone residue with a strict conformation hindered virus entry and conformational changes of the S protein triggered by either receptor binding or pH 8 0 suggesting that the structural turn around G29 and its flexibility are critical Finally stabilization of the NTD by G29P had almost no effect on pH independent RIS induced by the Y320A mutation in the C terminal domain CTD of the S1 subunit indicating that there might be an absence of cross talk between the NTD and CTD during conformational changes of the S protein Our study will aid in better understanding the mechanism of how conformational changes of the S protein are triggered IMPORTANCE< b> Binding of the MHV S protein to the receptor mCEACAM1a triggers conformational changes of S proteins leading to the formation of a six helix bundle and viral and cellular membrane fusion However the mechanism by which the conformational change of the S protein is initiated after receptor binding has not been determined In this study we showed that while replacement of G29 a residue at the edge of the receptor binding interface and the center of the structural turn after the b1 sheet of the S protein with D or T triggered spontaneous conformational changes of the S protein and pH independent RIS the G29P mutation significantly impeded the conformational changes of S proteins triggered by either receptor binding or pH 8 0 We reason that this structural turn might be critical for conformational changes of the S protein and that altering this structural turn could initiate conformational changes of the S protein leading to membrane fusion ',0 32145715,' Biological characters analysis of COVID 19 patient accompanied with aplastic anemia ',?,1 32049601,'Chest CT for Typical 2019 nCoV Pneumonia Relationship to Negative RT PCR Testing ','Some patients with positive chest CT findings may present with negative results of real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction RT PCR for 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV In this report we present chest CT findings from five patients with 2019 nCoV infection who had initial negative RT PCR results All five patients had typical imaging findings including ground glass opacity GGO 5 patients and or mixed GGO and mixed consolidation 2 patients After isolation for presumed 2019 nCoV pneumonia all patients were eventually confirmed with 2019 nCoV infection by repeated swab tests A combination of repeated swab tests and CT scanning may be helpful when for individuals with high clinical suspicion of nCoV infection but negative RT PCR screening ',1 31364539,'Using routine testing data to understand circulation patterns of influenza A respiratory syncytial virus and other respiratory viruses in Victoria Australia ','Several studies have reported evidence of interference between respiratory viruses respiratory viruses rarely reach their epidemic peak concurrently and there appears to be a negative association between infection with one respiratory virus and co infection with another We used results spanning 16 years 2002 2017 of a routine diagnostic multiplex panel that tests for nine respiratory viruses to further investigate these interactions in Victoria Australia Time series analyses were used to plot the proportion positive for each virus The seasonality of all viruses included was compared with respiratory syncytial virus RSV and influenza A virus using cross correlations Logistic regression was used to explore the likelihood of co infection with one virus given infection with another Seasonal peaks were observed each year for influenza A and RSV and less frequently for influenza B coronavirus and parainfluenza virus RSV circulated an average of 6 weeks before influenza A Co infection with another respiratory virus was less common with picornavirus RSV or influenza A infection Our findings provide further evidence of a temporal relationship in the circulation of respiratory viruses A greater understanding of the interaction between respiratory viruses may enable better prediction of the timing and magnitude of respiratory virus epidemics ',0 31326703,'Feline gut microbiota composition in association with feline coronavirus infection A pilot study ','Feline coronaviruses FCoV colonize the intestinal tract however due to not fully understood mutations they can spread systemically and cause feline infectious peritonitis FIP Recent studies on human medicine report that gut microbiota is involved in the development of systemic disorders and could influence the immune response to viral diseases The aim of this study was to provide preliminary data on the fecal microbiota composition in healthy cats compared to FCoV infected cats with and without FIP Cats were equally grouped as healthy FCoV negative healthy FCoV positive or FIP affected total n = 15 Fecal sample were evaluated for the microbiota composition A total of 3 231 916 sequences were analyzed The samples alpha diversity curves did not reach a proper plateau and for the beta diversity the samples seemed not to group perfectly by category even if the healthy FCoV positive group showed a hybrid microbial composition between FCoV negative and FIP groups Although there were no taxa significantly linked to the different conditions some peculiar patterns were recognized Firmicutes was always the most represented phylum followed by Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria In FCoV positive cats the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were respectively over and under represented compared to the other groups Among FIP cats three subjects shared a similar microbiome one cat showed a different microbial profile and the other one had the lowest number of diverse phyla Despite the limited number of animals some differences in the fecal microbiome between the groups were observed suggesting to further investigate the possible correlation between gut microbiota and FCoV infection in cats ',0 32201354,'SARS CoV 2 fear versus data ','SARS CoV 2 the novel coronavirus from China is spreading around the world causing a huge reaction despite its current low incidence outside China and the Far East Four common coronaviruses are in current circulation and cause millions of cases worldwide This article compares the incidence and mortality rates of these four common coronaviruses with those of SARS COV 2 in Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development countries It is concluded that the problem of SARS CoV 2 is probably being overestimated as 2 6 million people die of respiratory infections each year compared with less than 4000 deaths for SARS CoV 2 at the time of writing ',0 32116147,'Coronavirus disinfection in histopathology ','The 2019 Coronavirus epidemic provisionally called 2019 nCoV was first identified in Wuhan China in persons exposed to a seafood or wet market There is an international push to contain the virus and prevent its spread It is feasible that potentially infectious samples may be received in histopathology laboratories for diagnosis This technical note presents disinfection procedures and histotechnology processes that should alleviate the risk of infection to laboratory staff Using data obtained from similar coronaviruses e g severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS experts are confident that 70\% ethanol and 0 1\% sodium hypochlorite should inactivate the virus Formalin fixation and heating samples to 56oC as used in routine tissue processing were found to inactivate several coronaviruses and it is believed that 2019 nCoV would be similarly affected ',1 32199478,'Offline COVID 19 a reckoning ',?,1 31474969,'Identification of Diverse Bat Alphacoronaviruses and Betacoronaviruses in China Provides New Insights Into the Evolution and Origin of Coronavirus Related Diseases ','Outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS in 2002 Middle East respiratory syndrome in 2012 and fatal swine acute diarrhea syndrome in 2017 caused serious infectious diseases in humans and in livestock resulting in serious public health threats and huge economic losses All such coronaviruses CoVs were confirmed to originate from bats To continuously monitor the epidemic related CoVs in bats virome analysis was used to classify CoVs from 831 bats of 15 species in Yunnan Guangxi and Sichuan Provinces between August 2016 and May 2017 We identified 11 CoV strains from 22 individual samples of four bat species Identification of four alpha CoVs from Scotophilus kuhlii< i> in Guangxi which was closely related to a previously reported bat CoV and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV revealed a bat swine lineage under the genus Alphacoronavirus< i> A recombinant CoV showed that the PEDV probably originated from the CoV of S kuhlii< i> Another alpha CoV a YN2018 from Rhinolophus affinis< i> in Yunnan suggested that this alpha CoV lineage had multiple host origins and a YN2018 had recombined with CoVs of other bat species over time We identified five SARS related CoVs SARSr CoVs in Rhinolophus< i> bats from Sichuan and Yunnan and confirmed that angiotensin converting enzyme 2 usable SARSr CoVs were continuously circulating in Rhinolophus< i> spp in Yunnan The other beta CoV strain b GX2018 found in Cynopterus sphinx< i> of Guangxi represented an independently evolved lineage different from known CoVs of Rousettus< i> and Eonycteris< i> bats The identification of diverse CoVs here provides new genetic data for understanding the distribution and source of pathogenic CoVs in China ',0 31064083,'A Novel Immunochromatographic Strip for Antigen Detection of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus ','Avian infectious bronchitis virus IBV causes considerable economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide including Taiwan IBV is among the most important pathogens in chickens and it spreads rapidly among flocks In addition to dozens of known serotypes new viral variants have emerged due to the viral evolution and antigenic variation in IBVs Therefore the development of a sensitive specific and easily performed assay is crucial for the rapid detection and surveillance of IBV infections A rapid and simple immunochromatographic strip ICS was developed in this study by employing monoclonal antibodies against spike and nucleocapsid proteins of IBV as the tracer and the capture antibody The ICS showed high specificity in detecting IBV antigens including several IBV genotypes and novel variants as opposed to three other common avian respiratory viruses The detection limit of the strip reached 104 4< sup> 50\% embryo infective dose Moreover in the experimental chicken model the strip test demonstrated consistency in detecting IBV with RT PCR gene detection Taken together this antigen detection strip has the potential to serve as an on farm rapid test for IBV therefore it may facilitate surveillance and control of the disease ',0 32141058,'Emergency management for preventing and controlling nosocomial infection of 2019 novel coronavirus implications for the dermatology department ','As of Feb 15 2020 the novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV has rapidly spread throughout China and across the world with more than 60 000 laboratory confirmed cases Due to the current lack of specific treatment and the risk of transmission during the viral incubation period infection prevention and control of 2019 nCoV are both urgent and critical to global health In this article we aim to highlight the necessity of implementing protective measures and recommend how to set proper emergency management plans for preventing and controlling nosocomial infection of 2019 nCoV in dermatology departments ',1 32139521,'Can China s COVID 19 strategy work elsewhere ',?,1 32094077,'Inhibitory effects of glycopyrronium formoterol and budesonide on coronavirus HCoV 229E replication and cytokine production by primary cultures of human nasal and tracheal epithelial cells ','Coronavirus 229E HCoV 229E one of the causes of the common cold exacerbates chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD and bronchial asthma Long acting muscarinic antagonists and b2< sub> agonists and inhaled corticosteroids inhibit the exacerbation of COPD and bronchial asthma caused by infection with viruses including HCoV 229E However the effects of these drugs on HCoV 229E replication and infection induced inflammation in the human airway are unknown ',0 32168465,'Epidemiology of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease 19 in Gansu Province China 2020 ','To determine the epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 in a remote region of China far from Wuhan we analyzed the epidemiology of COVID 19 in Gansu Province From January 23 through February 3 2020 a total of 35 64 8\% of 54 reported cases were imported from COVID 19 epidemic areas Characteristics that differed significantly during the first and second waves of illness in Gansu Province were mean patient age occupation having visited epidemic areas and mode of transportation Time from infection to illness onset for family clusters was shorter in Gansu Province than in Wuhan consistent with shortened durations from onset to first medical visit or hospitalization Spatial distribution pattern analysis indicated hot spots and spatial outliers in Gansu Province As a result of adequate interventions transmission of the COVID 19 virus in Gansu Province is decreasing ',1 32145717,' Diagnosis and treatment of COVID 19 acute kidney injury cannot be ignored ','2019Nian 12Yue Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan COVID 19 Yi Qing Si Nue Wu Yi Bu Jin Xi Juan Zheng Ge Zhong Guo Huan Man Yan Zhi Quan Qiu Duo Ge Guo Jia He Di Qu Bei Shi Jie Wei Sheng Zu Zhi WHO Ding Yi Wei Guo Ji Guan Zhu De Tu Fa Gong Gong Wei Sheng Shi Jian Liu Xing Bing Xue Zi Liao Xian Shi Ci Ci COVID 19Zhong Zheng Bi Li Gao Da 20\%Yi Shang Zhong Zheng COVID 19Huan Zhe Chu Hu Xi Xi Tong Wei Bing Du De Zhu Yao Ba Qi Guan Wai Shen Zang Ye Shi Zhu Yao Shou Lei Qi Guan Zhi Yi Qie COVID 19He Bing Ji Xing Shen Sun Shang AKI Shi Huan Zhe Yu Hou Bu Liang De Du Li Wei Xian Yin Su Yin Ci Jiu Zhi COVID 19Huan Zhe De Lin Chuang Shi Jian Zhong Ying Zuo Dao Gui Fan Hua De AKIJi Shu Hua Fang Zhi 5RYuan Ze Feng Xian Shai Cha Risk Zao Qi Shi Bie Recognition Ji Shi Chu Li Response Shen Zang Ti Dai Zhi Liao Renal replacement theraphy Ji Shen Zang Kang Fu Recovery Lai Gai Shan Huan Zhe De Yu Hou ',1 32023679,' First case of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children in Shanghai ','Bao Dao Shang Hai Di lLi Que Zhen Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du 2019 nCoV Gan Ran Huan Er De Zhen Zhi Jing Guo Huan Er Nan 7Sui Yin " Fa Re 3 hBan Ke Sou " Yi Ji Fu Qin Bei Que Zhen 2019 nCoVGan Ran De Fei Yan Shou Ru Fu Dan Da Xue Fu Shu Er Ke Yi Yuan Fu Ya Bing Fang Jing Guo Dui Zheng Zhi Liao Hou Zhi Yu Er Tong 2019 nCoVGan Ran Lin Chuang Biao Xian Xiang Dui Cheng Ren Jiao Qing Jia Ting Nei Chuan Bo Shi Er Tong Gan Ran Zhong Yao De Tu Jing Ben Li Huan Er Sui Ran Zheng Zhuang Qing Dan Hui Fu Qi Lian Xu 2Ci 2019 nCoVHe Suan Jian Ce Yang Xing Ti Shi Xu Yao Guan Cha Qing Zheng Er Tong Bing Li Zai Hui Fu Qi Wu Zheng Zhuang Pai Du De Chuan Ran Xing ',1 32109012,'Responding to Covid 19 A Once in a Century Pandemic ',?,1 32004758,'Full genome evolutionary analysis of the novel corona virus 2019 nCoV rejects the hypothesis of emergence as a result of a recent recombination event ','A novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV associated with human to human transmission and severe human infection has been recently reported from the city of Wuhan in China Our objectives were to characterize the genetic relationships of the 2019 nCoV and to search for putative recombination within the subgenus of sarbecovirus ',1 32023678,' Facing the pandemic of 2019 novel coronavirus infections the pediatric perspectives ','Zi 2019Nian 12Yue Zhong Xun Yi Lai Wu Yi Shi Bao Fa Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Gan Ran De Fei Yan Liu Xing Yi Qing Hen Kuai Kuo San Dao Quan Guo Ge Di Yi Ji Jing Wai Guo Jia Xing Shi Yan Jun Zai Ben Ci Zhong Da Tu Fa Yi Qing Zhong Er Tong Que Zhen Bing Li Shu Zhan Bi Hen Xiao Dan Sui Zhao Yi Qing Gao Feng Ji Geng Duo Di Qu Kai Zhan Bing Yuan Jian Ce Er Tong Gan Ran Li Shu You Jiao Ming Xian Zeng Duo Qu Shi Ying Yu Yi Gao Du Zhong Shi Ben Wen Jiang Cong Er Ke Yi Sheng De Jiao Du Zhong Dian Jiu Er Tong Bing Li De Liu Xing Bing Xue Te Zheng Yu Fang Kong Cuo Shi Lin Chuang Ji Bing Te Dian Yu Zhuan Gui Zhen Duan Biao Zhun Ji Zhi Liao Deng Fang Mian Jin Xing Tao Lun Bing Ti Chu Xiang Ying Jian Yi ',1 32034659,'Diagnosis treatment and prevention of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children experts consensus statement ','Since the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus infection 2019 nCoV in Wuhan City China by January 30 2020 a total of 9692 confirmed cases and 15 238 suspected cases have been reported around 31 provinces or cities in China Among the confirmed cases 1527 were severe cases 171 had recovered and been discharged at home and 213 died And among these cases a total of 28 children aged from 1 month to 17 years have been reported in China For standardizing prevention and management of 2019 nCoV infections in children we called up an experts committee to formulate this experts consensus statement This statement is based on the Novel Coronavirus Infection Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment Standards the fourth edition National Health Committee and other previous diagnosis and treatment strategies for pediatric virus infections The present consensus statement summarizes current strategies on diagnosis treatment and prevention of 2019 nCoV infection in children ',1 30720419,'Characterization of intestinal Escherichia coli isolated from calves with diarrhea due to rotavirus and coronavirus ','To address more information about changes in commensal Escherichia coli during virus intestinal infection we characterized 30 faecal E coli isolates from calves 21 to 60 days old with diarrhea due to rotavirus and coronavirus which received before diagnosis tetracycline gentamicin and enrofloxacin drugs ',0 32152059,'Proposed protocol to keep COVID 19 out of hospitals ',?,1 32179140,'Clinical features and dynamics of viral load in imported and non imported patients with COVID 19 ','To compare the clinical characteristics and the dynamics of viral load between the imported and non imported patients with COVID 19 ',1 32149043,'Contact Transmission of COVID 19 in South Korea Novel Investigation Techniques for Tracing Contacts ','In the epidemiological investigation of an infectious disease investigating classifying tracking and managing contacts by identifying the patient s route are important for preventing further transmission of the disease However omissions and errors in previous activities can occur when the investigation is performed through only a proxy interview with the patient To overcome these limitations methods that can objectively verify the patient s claims medical facility records Global Positioning System card transactions and closed circuit television were used for the recent ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 contact investigations in South Korea ',1 30984654,'Knowledge and practices of primary health care physicians regarding updated guidelines of MERS CoV infection in Abha city ','Human coronaviruses hCoV usually cause mild to moderate upper respiratory tract illnesses The novel coronavirus nCoV or Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV is a particular strain different from any other known hCoV with the possibility of human and also zoonotic transmissions The aim of the study to assess primary health care PHC physicians knowledge and adherence regarding Saudi Ministry of Health guidelines regarding MERS CoV ',0 31264567,'Worldwide Reduction in MERS Cases and Deaths since 2016 ','Since 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS coronavirus has infected 2 442 persons worldwide Case based data analysis suggests that since 2016 as many as 1 465 cases and 293 520 deaths might have been averted Efforts to reduce the global MERS threat are working but countries must maintain vigilance to prevent further infections ',0 32198918,'COVID 19 a fast evolving pandemic ',?,1 32037447,'Griffithsin Inhibits Nipah Virus Entry and Fusion and Can Protect Syrian Golden Hamsters From Lethal Nipah Virus Challenge ','Nipah virus NiV is a highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes fatal encephalitis and respiratory disease in humans There is currently no approved therapeutic for human use against NiV infection Griffithsin GRFT is high mannose oligosaccharide binding lectin that has shown in vivo broad spectrum activity against viruses including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus human immunodeficiency virus 1 hepatitis C virus and Japanese encephalitis virus In this study we evaluated the in vitro antiviral activities of GRFT and its synthetic trimeric tandemer 3mG against NiV and other viruses from across 4 virus families The 3mG had comparatively greater potency than GRFT against NiV due to its enhanced ability to block NiV glycoprotein induced syncytia formation Our initial in vivo prophylactic evaluation of an oxidation resistant GRFT Q GRFT showed significant protection against lethal NiV challenge in Syrian golden hamsters Our results warrant further development of Q GRFT and 3mG as potential NiV therapeutics ',0 32098616,'COVID 19 Australia Epidemiology Report 4 Reporting week ending 19 00 AEDT 22 February 2020 ','This is the fourth epidemiological report for coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 reported in Australia as at 19 00 Australian Eastern Daylight Time AEDT 22 February 2020 It includes data on COVID 19 cases diagnosed in Australia the international situation and a review of current evidence ',1 32074786,' Treatment strategy for gastrointestinal tumor under the outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia in China ','The outbreak of the novel coronavirus pneumonia NCP has become a public health emergency in China Chinese authorities and health agencies had devoted great efforts to control this disease As surgeons specialized in the treatment of gastrointestinal tumors we should always be aware of the prevention for NCP and incorporate this awareness into every detail of clinical practice For the patients with gastrointestinal tumors pre admission screening should be done in order to rule out NCP Real time RT PCR panel and chest CT scan should be conducted for patients with fever > 37 3 travel history to Hubei Province within 14 days or contact history with residents from Wuhan district within 14 days Prevention measures for both medical staffs and the screen negative admitted patients should also be enhanced because false negative is possible Medical instruments should be properly discarded or disinfected according to standardized procedures established by the local center for disease control and prevention CDC Surgical operation should be reduced at a minimal level to prevent cross infection in this special period Surgical intervention for benign tumor should be postponed For malignant tumor multidisciplinary therapy MDT is recommended and non surgical anti tumor therapy should be selected with higher priority Neoadjuvant therapy is highly recommended for gastrointestinal cancer at advanced stages that meet the indications of NCCN guideline gastric cancer T stage 2 rectal cancer T stage 3 unresectable colon cancer Gastric or esophagogastricjunction EGJ malignant tumor with obstruction can be managed with gastric tube decompression or stent placement to relieve the symptoms Transnasal enteral feeding tube intubation percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy could be adopted to ensure enteral nutrition supply For colorectal malignancy with simple intestinal obstruction stent placement can achieve a high success rate which not only helps avoid emergency surgery but also creates a better condition for subsequent surgery Transcatheter arterial embolization for hemostasis is an alternative choice for gastrointestinal tumor with bleeding However emergency operation still must be performed for patients with acute uncontrolled bleeding obstruction or after other alternative treatment measures fail All cases with suspicious or confirmed with NCP must be reported to the local CDC department All invasive intervention must be performed in a designated isolation area Tertiary prevention measure must be adopted for all anesthetists with additional face mask or medical goggle protection to prevent respiratory droplet transmission Preventive enterostomy is preferable in lower digestive tract surgery Thoroughly disinfecting the operating room after surgery is necessary Fever after surgery must be carefully differentiated whether it s caused by post surgery abdominal infection inflammation or NCP Single room isolation and related examinations should be performed according to the standard procedures We believe that with the unprecedentedly joint efforts of doctors and patients we will eventually win this war against NCP ',1 32092539,'Is COVID 19 receiving ADE from other coronaviruses ','One of the most perplexing questions regarding the current COVID 19 coronavirus epidemic is the discrepancy between the severity of cases observed in the Hubei province of China and those occurring elsewhere in the world One possible answer is antibody dependent enhancement ADE of SARS CoV 2 due to prior exposure to other coronaviruses ADE modulates the immune response and can elicit sustained inflammation lymphopenia and or cytokine storm one or all of which have been documented in severe cases and deaths ADE also requires prior exposure to similar antigenic epitopes presumably circulating in local viruses making it a possible explanation for the observed geographic limitation of severe cases and deaths ',1 32163102,'Supporting the Health Care Workforce During the COVID 19 Global Epidemic ',?,1 32203382,'Scientists exposed to coronavirus wonder why weren t we notified ',?,0 32171583,'Are We Ready for the New Coronavirus ',?,1 32007524,'Emergence of SARS like coronavirus poses new challenge in China ',?,1 31351922,'Safety and immunogenicity of an anti Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus DNA vaccine a phase 1 open label single arm dose escalation trial ','Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS coronavirus causes a highly fatal lower respiratory tract infection There are as yet no licensed MERS vaccines or therapeutics This study WRAIR 2274 assessed the safety tolerability and immunogenicity of the GLS 5300 MERS coronavirus DNA vaccine in healthy adults ',0 32107910,' Analysis on epidemic situation and spatiotemporal changes of COVID 19 in Anhui ','We used the epidemic data of COVID 19 published on the official website of the municipal health commission in Anhui province We mapped the spatiotemporal changes of confirmed cases fitted the epidemic situation by the population growth curve at different stages and took statistical description and analysis of the epidemic situation in Anhui province It was found that the cumulative incidence of COVID 19 was 156 100 000 by February 18 2020 and the trend of COVID 19 epidemic declined after February 7 changing from J curve to S curve The actual number of new cases began to decrease from February 2 to February 4 due to the time of case report and actual onset delayed by 3 to 5 days ',1 32145217,'Public health might be endangered by possible prolonged discharge of SARS CoV 2 in stool ',?,1 32112508,'Spatial association between primary Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection and exposure to dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV is an emerging zoonotic disease Exposure to dromedary camels Camelus dromedaries has been consistently considered the main source of primary human infection Although Saudi Arabia reports the highest rate of human MERS CoV infection and has one of the largest populations of dromedary camels worldwide their spatial association has not yet been investigated Thus this study aimed to examine the correlation between the spatial distribution of primary MERS CoV cases with or without a history of camel exposure reported between 2012 and 2019 and dromedary camels at the provincial level in Saudi Arabia In most provinces a high proportion of older men develop infections after exposure to camels Primary human infections during spring and winter were highest in provinces characterized by seasonal breeding and calving increased camel mobilization and camel human interactions A strong and significant association was found between the total number of dromedary camels and the numbers of primary camel exposed and non exposed MERS CoV cases Furthermore spatial correlations between MERS CoV cases and camel sex age and dairy status were significant Via a cluster analysis we identified Riyadh Makkah and Eastern provinces as having the most primary MERS CoV cases and the highest number of camels Transmission of MERS CoV from camels to humans occurs in most primary cases but there is still a high proportion of primary infections with an ambiguous link to camels The results from this study include significant correlations between primary MERS CoV cases and camel populations in all provinces regardless of camel exposure history This supports the hypothesis of the role of an asymptomatic human carrier or less likely an unknown animal host that has direct contact with both infected camels and humans In this study we performed a preliminary risk assessment of prioritization measures to control the transmission of infection from camels to humans ',0 32071113,'Communication transparency key as Canada faces new coronavirus threat ',?,1 32090691,'Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus induced apoptosis is caspase and cyclophilin D dependent ','Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus SADS CoV a newly discovered enteric coronavirus is the aetiological agent that causes severe clinical diarrhea and intestinal pathological damage in piglets To understand the effect of SADS CoV on host cells we characterized the apoptotic pathways and elucidated mechanisms underlying the process of apoptotic cell death after SADS CoV infection SADS CoV infected cells showed evidence of apoptosis in vitro< i> and in vivo< i> The use of a pan caspase inhibitor resulted in the inhibition of SADS CoV induced apoptosis and reduction in SADS CoV replication suggestive of the association of a caspase dependent pathway Furthermore SADS CoV infection activated the initiators caspase 8 and 9 and upregulated FasL and Bid cleavage demonstrating a crosstalk between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways However the proapoptotic proteins Bax and Cytochrome c Cyt c relocalized to the mitochondria and cytoplasm respectively after infection by SADS CoV Moreover Vero E6 and IPI 2I cells treated with cyclosporin A CsA an inhibitor of mitochondrial permeability transition pore MPTP opening were completely protected from SADS CoV induced apoptosis and viral replication suggesting the involvement of cyclophilin D CypD in these processes Altogether our results indicate that caspase dependent FasL extrinsic and mitochondria intrinsic mediated apoptotic pathways play a central role in SADS CoV induced apoptosis that facilitates viral replication In summary these findings demonstrate mechanisms by which SADS CoV induces apoptosis and improve our understanding of SADS CoV pathogenesis ',0 32116200,'COVID 19 Perspectives on the Potential Novel Global Threat ',?,1 30941894,'First report and phylogenetic analysis of porcine deltacoronavirus in Mexico ','Porcine deltacoronavirus has caused great economic losses in the swine industry worldwide In this study we carried out the first detection sequencing and characterization of this virus in Mexico We analysed 885 rectal samples by multiplex RT PCR to determine coinfections In addition the Spike gene was amplified sequenced and analysed phylogenetically We found 85 positive samples for porcine deltacoronavirus representing 9 6\% of the total samples and we determined that the most frequent coinfection was with porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus 54 1\% Four sequences of Mexican isolates were most closely related to those of the United States The antigenic regions and the glycosylation site of the strains obtained coincide with those previously reported This relationship is probably related to the commercial exchange of pigs between the US and Mexico and the geographical proximity of these two countries ',0 31997390,'Potential of large " first generation" human to human transmission of 2019 nCoV ','To investigate the genetic diversity time origin and evolutionary history of the 2019 nCoV outbreak in China and Thailand a total of 12 genome sequences of the virus with known sampling date 24 December 2019 and 13 January 2020 and geographic location primarily Wuhan city Hubei Province China but also Bangkok Thailand were analyzed Phylogenetic and likelihood mapping analyses of these genome sequences were performed On the basis of our results the star like signal and topology of 2019 nCoV may be indicative of potentially large " first generation" human to human virus transmission We estimated that 2019 nCoV likely originated in Wuhan on 9 November 2019 95\% credible interval 25 September 2019 and 19 December 2019 and that Wuhan is the major hub for the spread of the 2019 nCoV outbreak in China and elsewhere Our results could be useful for designing effective prevention strategies for 2019 nCoV in China and beyond ',1 32092483,'Genetic diversity and evolution of SARS CoV 2 ','COVID 19 is a viral respiratory illness caused by a new coronavirus called SARS CoV 2 The World Health Organization declared the SARS CoV 2 outbreak a global public health emergency We performed genetic analyses of eighty six complete or near complete genomes of SARS CoV 2 and revealed many mutations and deletions on coding and non coding regions These observations provided evidence of the genetic diversity and rapid evolution of this novel coronavirus ',1 32180175,'Safety and efficacy of different anesthetic regimens for parturients with COVID 19 undergoing Cesarean delivery a case series of 17 patients ','To assess the management and safety of epidural or general anesthesia for Cesarean delivery in parturients with coronavirus disease COVID 19 and their newborns and to evaluate the standardized procedures for protecting medical staff ',1 32198915,' When COVID 19 encounters interstitial lung disease challenges and management ','In December 2019 a new type of coronavirus pneumonia COVID 19 emerged in Wuhan Hubei and spread rapidly to China and over 100 countries around the world The lung injury and repair caused by COVID 19 has many similarities with the onset and progression of interstitial lung disease ILD Therefore it is difficult to distinguish between COVID 19 and some types of new onset ILD or other causes leading to acute exacerbation of ILD Clinicians need to comprehensively analyze the epidemic history disease onset characteristics clinical manifestations image characteristics serological andpathogenic microorganism test results to confirm diagnosis Because of this the article will discuss the issues related to the differential diagnosis and management of COVID 19 and ILD and try to provide reasonable suggestions ',1 32126197,'COVID 19 Australia Epidemiology Report 5 Reporting week ending 19 00 AEDT 29 February 2020 ','This is the fifth epidemiological report for coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 reported in Australia as at 19 00 Australian Eastern Daylight Time AEDT 29 February 2020 It includes data on COVID 19 cases diagnosed in Australia the international situation and a review of current evidence ',1 32201156,'Comprehensive analysis for diagnosis of novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 infection ',?,0 32119823,'A family cluster of SARS CoV 2 infection involving 11 patients in Nanjing China ',?,1 31580972,'Attenuation of a virulent swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus strain via cell culture passage ','Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus SADS CoV is a newly identified enteric alphacoronavirus that causes fatal diarrhea in newborn piglets in China Here we propagated a virulent strain SADS CoV CN GDWT 2017 in Vero cells for up to 83 passages Four strains of SADS CoV GDWT P7 P18 P48 and P83 were isolated and characterized Sequence alignments showed that these four novel strains exhibited 16 nucleotide mutations and resultant 10 amino acid substitutions in open reading frame 1a 1b spike NS3a envelope membrane and nucleocapsid proteins Furthermore a 58 bp deletion in NS7a 7b was found in P48 and P83 strains which led to the loss of NS7b and 38 amino acid changes of NS7a Pig infection studies showed that the P7 strain caused typical watery diarrhea while the P83 strain induced none to mild delayed and transient diarrhea This is the first report on cell adaption of a virulent SADS CoV strain which gives information on the potential virulence determinants of SADS CoV ',0 30911758,'A Highly Immunogenic Protective and Safe Adenovirus Based Vaccine Expressing Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus S1 CD40L Fusion Protein in a Transgenic Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Mouse Model ','Infection control measures have played a major role in limiting human camel to human transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV however development of effective and safe human or camel vaccines is warranted ',0 32098466,' What are the highlights of " Diagnosis and treatment of Disease 2019 novel coronavirus infection suitable for Military support Hubei medical team" ','Thousands of medical workers in the Military support Hubei medical team are exerting themselves in many hospitals in Hubei Province They are diligent in treating patients at the same time they constantly summarize experience and combine the characteristics of military hospitals According to " the Diagnosis and Treatment of New Coronavirus Pneumonia " 6th edition of the National Health Commission of the People s Republic of China a new guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus infection suitable for the military first trial version was established Some unique opinions and suggestions are put forward in terms of disease name diagnosis criteria antiviral treatment glucocorticoid application etc This article will make a proper interpretation in order to understand the guideline better and help guide the diagnosis and treatment of diseases ',1 31451733,'Precision mouse models with expanded tropism for human pathogens ','A major limitation of current humanized mouse models is that they primarily enable the analysis of human specific pathogens that infect hematopoietic cells However most human pathogens target other cell types including epithelial endothelial and mesenchymal cells Here we show that implantation of human lung tissue which contains up to 40 cell types including nonhematopoietic cells into immunodeficient mice lung only mice resulted in the development of a highly vascularized lung implant We demonstrate that emerging and clinically relevant human pathogens such as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus Zika virus respiratory syncytial virus and cytomegalovirus replicate in vivo in these lung implants When incorporated into bone marrow liver thymus humanized mice lung implants are repopulated with autologous human hematopoietic cells We show robust antigen specific humoral and T cell responses following cytomegalovirus infection that control virus replication Lung only mice and bone marrow liver thymus lung humanized mice substantially increase the number of human pathogens that can be studied in vivo facilitating the in vivo testing of therapeutics ',0 32191341,'Coronavirus disease 2019 the harms of exaggerated information and non evidence based measures ','The evolving coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 pandemic1< sup> is certainly cause for concern Proper communication and optimal decision making is an ongoing challenge as data evolve The challenge is compounded however by exaggerated information This can lead to inappropriate actions It is important to differentiate promptly the true epidemic from an epidemic of false claims and potentially harmful actions ',1 31883088,'Deducing the Crystal Structure of MERS CoV Helicase ','RNA virus encodes a helicase essential for viral RNA transcription and replication when the genome size is larger than 7 kb Coronavirus CoV has an exceptionally large RNA genome ~30 kb and it encodes an essential replicase the nonstructural protein 13 nsp13 a member of superfamily 1 helicases Nsp13 is among the evolutionary most conserved proteins not only in CoVs but also in nidovirales Thus it is considered as an important drug target However the high resolution structure of CoV nsp13 remained unavailable even until more than a decade after the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV in 2003 which hindered the structure based drug design This is in part due to the intrinsic flexibility of nsp13 Here we describe protocols of deducing the crystal structure of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV helicase in detail which include protein expression purification crystallization enzymatic characterization and structure determination With these methods catalytically active recombinant MERS CoV nsp13 protein can be prepared and crystallized and the crystal structure can be solved ',0 32184205,'Covid 19 UK starts social distancing after new model points to 260 000 potential deaths ',?,1 32183920,'The difference in the incubation period of 2019 novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 infection between travelers to Hubei and non travelers The need of a longer quarantine period ','Data collected from the individual cases reported by the media were used to estimate the distribution of the incubation period of travelers to Hubei and non travelers Upon the finding of longer and more volatile incubation period in travelers the duration of quarantine should be extended to three weeks ',1 32133152,'Phase adjusted estimation of the number of Coronavirus Disease 2019 cases in Wuhan China ',?,1 30577473,'Innate Immune Responses and Viral Induced Neurologic Disease ','Multiple sclerosis MS is a disease of the central nervous system CNS characterized by chronic neuroinflammation axonal damage and demyelination Cellular components of the adaptive immune response are viewed as important in initiating formation of demyelinating lesions in MS patients This notion is supported by preclinical animal models genome wide association studies GWAS as well as approved disease modifying therapies DMTs that suppress clinical relapse and are designed to impede infiltration of activated lymphocytes into the CNS Nonetheless emerging evidence demonstrates that the innate immune response e g neutrophils can amplify white matter damage through a variety of different mechanisms Indeed using a model of coronavirus induced neurologic disease we have demonstrated that sustained neutrophil infiltration into the CNS of infected animals correlates with increased demyelination This brief review highlights recent evidence arguing that targeting the innate immune response may offer new therapeutic avenues for treatment of demyelinating disease including MS ',0 32178762,'COVID 19 a pandemic or not ',?,1 32047312,'Coronavirus why a permanent ban on wildlife trade might not work in China ',?,1 31268394,'Emerging infectious disease laboratory and diagnostic preparedness to accelerate vaccine development ','Rapid vaccine development in response to an outbreak of a new emerging infectious disease EID is a goal targeted by public health agencies worldwide This goal becomes more complicated when there are no standardized sets of viral and immunological assays no accepted and well characterized samples standards or reagents and no approved diagnostic tests for the EID pathogen The diagnosis of infections is of critical importance to public health but also in vaccine development in order to track incident infections during clinical trials to differentiate natural infection responses from those that are vaccine related and if called for by study design to exclude subjects with prior exposure from vaccine efficacy trials Here we review emerging infectious disease biological standards development vaccine clinical assay development and trial execution with the recent experiences of MERS CoV and Zika virus as examples There is great need to establish in advance the standardized reagents sample panels controls and assays to support the rapid advancement of vaccine development efforts in response to EID outbreaks ',0 32178769,'COVID 19 and Italy what next ','The spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 has already taken on pandemic proportions affecting over 100 countries in a matter of weeks A global response to prepare health systems worldwide is imperative Although containment measures in China have reduced new cases by more than 90\% this reduction is not the case elsewhere and Italy has been particularly affected There is now grave concern regarding the Italian national health system s capacity to effectively respond to the needs of patients who are infected and require intensive care for SARS CoV 2 pneumonia The percentage of patients in intensive care reported daily in Italy between March 1 and March 11 2020 has consistently been between 9\% and 11\% of patients who are actively infected The number of patients infected since Feb 21 in Italy closely follows an exponential trend If this trend continues for 1 more week there will be 30 000 infected patients Intensive care units will then be at maximum capacity up to 4000 hospital beds will be needed by mid April 2020 Our analysis might help political leaders and health authorities to allocate enough resources including personnel beds and intensive care facilities to manage the situation in the next few days and weeks If the Italian outbreak follows a similar trend as in Hubei province China the number of newly infected patients could start to decrease within 3 4 days departing from the exponential trend However this cannot currently be predicted because of differences between social distancing measures and the capacity to quickly build dedicated facilities in China ',1 32035018,'Reducing mortality from 2019 nCoV host directed therapies should be an option ',?,1 32161728,'New Year and coronavirus ',?,1 32192580,'Investigation of three clusters of COVID 19 in Singapore implications for surveillance and response measures ','Three clusters of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 linked to a tour group from China a company conference and a church were identified in Singapore in February 2020 ',1 32155431,'Unveiling the Origin and Transmission of 2019 nCoV ','A novel coronavirus has caused thousands of human infections in China since December 2019 raising a global public health concern Recent studies Huang et al Chan et al and Zhou et al have provided timely insights into its origin and ability to spread among humans informing infection prevention and control practices ',1 31971553,'Coronavirus Infections More Than Just the Common Cold ',?,1 32006468,'Recent discovery and development of inhibitors targeting coronaviruses ','Human coronaviruses CoVs are enveloped viruses with a positive sense single stranded RNA genome Currently six human CoVs have been reported including human coronavirus 229E HCoV 229E OC43 HCoV OC43 NL63 HCoV NL63 HKU1 HCoV HKU1 severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS coronavirus SARS CoV and MiddleEast respiratory syndrome MERS coronavirus MERS CoV They cause moderate to severe respiratory and intestinal infections in humans In this review we focus on recent advances in the research and development of small molecule anti human coronavirus therapies targeting different stages of the CoV life cycle ',0 32059801,'2019 nCoV fake news and racism ',?,1 31944312,'Recent advances in the detection of respiratory virus infection in humans ','Respiratory tract viral infection caused by viruses or bacteria is one of the most common diseases in human worldwide while those caused by emerging viruses such as the novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV that caused the pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan China most recently have posed great threats to global public health Identification of the causative viral pathogens of respiratory tract viral infections is important to select an appropriate treatment save people s lives stop the epidemics and avoid unnecessary use of antibiotics Conventional diagnostic tests such as the assays for rapid detection of antiviral antibodies or viral antigens are widely used in many clinical laboratories With the development of modern technologies new diagnostic strategies including multiplex nucleic acid amplification and microarray based assays are emerging This review summarizes currently available and novel emerging diagnostic methods for the detection of common respiratory viruses such as influenza virus human respiratory syncytial virus coronavirus human adenovirus and human rhinovirus Multiplex assays for simultaneous detection of multiple respiratory viruses are also described It is anticipated that such data will assist researchers and clinicians to develop appropriate diagnostic strategies for timely and effective detection of respiratory virus infections ',1 32168802,'Bacteriophage Based Biosensors Trends Outcomes and Challenges ','Foodborne pathogens are one of the main concerns in public health which can have a serious impact on community health and health care systems Contamination of foods by bacterial pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus Streptococci< i> Legionella pneumophila< i> Escherichia coli< i> Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella typhimurium < i> results in human infection A typical example is the current issue with Coronavirus which has the potential for foodborne transmission and ruling out such concerns is often difficult Although the possible dissemination of such viruses via the food chain has been raised Standard bacterial detection methods require several hours or even days to obtain the results and the delay may result in food poisoning to eventuate Conventional biochemical and microbiological tests are expensive complex time consuming and not always reliable Therefore there are urgent demands to develop simple cheap quick sensitive specific and reliable tests for the detection of these pathogens in foods Recent advances in smart materials nanomaterials and biomolecular modeling have been a quantum leap in the development of biosensors in overcoming the limitations of a conventional standard laboratory assay This research aimed to critically review bacteriophage based biosensors used for the detection of foodborne pathogens as well as their trends outcomes and challenges are discussed The future perspective in the use of simple and cheap biosensors is in the development of lab on chips and its availability in every household to test the quality of their food ',0 32075364,' Novel coronavirus pneumonia related liver injury etiological analysis and treatment strategy ','The outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia NCP caused by 2019 novel coronavirus has become a global public health challenge Some patients accompany with liver function damage in addition to the main typical respiratory symptom Here we analyzed the clinical features susceptible population potential causes and therapeutic strategies of NCP related liver injury ',1 32202014,'Three children who recovered from novel coronavirus 2019 pneumonia ',?,0 30784764,'Tumor suppressor p53 inhibits porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection via interferon mediated antiviral immunity ','p53 is a tumor suppressor gene that can be activated in many contexts such as DNA damage or stressful conditions p53 has also been shown to be important for responses to certain viral infections Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV is a major enteric pathogen of the coronavirus family that causes extensive mortality among piglets The involvement of p53 during PEDV infection has not previously been investigated In this study we detected p53 upregulation in response to PEDV infection Treatment with a p53 specific activator or p53 overexpression markedly decreased viral replication and we showed that there was more viral progeny produced in p53 knock out cells than in p53 wild type cells Finally we demonstrated that inhibition of viral infection by p53 was mediated via p53 dependent IFN signaling leading to IFN stimulated response element ISRE activation as well as the upregulation of IFN stimulated genes ISGs and IFN b released from infected cells These findings demonstrate that p53 suppresses PEDV infection offering a novel therapeutic strategy for combatting this deadly disease in piglets ',0 31536759,'Comprehensive codon usage analysis of porcine deltacoronavirus ','Porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV is a newly identified coronavirus of pigs that was first reported in Hong Kong in 2012 Since then many PDCoV isolates have been identified worldwide In this study we analyzed the codon usage pattern of the S gene using complete coding sequences and complete PDCoV genomes to gain a deeper understanding of their genetic relationships and evolutionary history We found that during evolution three groups evolved with a relatively low codon usage bias effective number of codons ENC of 52 The factors driving bias were complex However the primary element influencing the codon bias of PDCoVs was natural selection Our results revealed that different natural environments may have a significant impact on the genetic characteristics of the strains In the future more epidemiological surveys are required to examine the factors that resulted in the emergence and outbreak of this virus ',0 32198834,'Case report of COVID 19 in a kidney transplant recipient Does immunosuppression alter the clinical presentation ','COVID 19 is novel infectious disease with an evolving understanding of its epidemiology and clinical manifestations Immunocompromised patients often present atypical presentations of viral diseases Herein we report a case of a COVID 19 infection in a solid organ transplant recipient in which the first clinical symptoms were of gastrointestinal viral disease and fever which further progressed to respiratory symptoms in 48h In these high risk populations protocols for screening for SARS Cov2 may be needed to be re evaluated ',1 31560964,'Antiviral activity of Sambucus FormosanaNakai ethanol extract and related phenolic acid constituents against human coronavirus NL63 ','Human coronavirus NL63 HCoV NL63 one of the main circulating HCoVs worldwide causes respiratory tract illnesses like runny nose cough bronchiolitis and pneumonia Recently a severe respiratory illness outbreak of HCoV NL63 has been reported in a long term care facility Sambucus FormosanaNakai a species of elderberry is a traditional medicinal herb with anti inflammatory and antiviral potential The study investigated the antiviral activity of Sambucus FormosanaNakai stem ethanol extract and some phenolic acid constituents against HCoV NL63 The extract was less cytotoxic and concentration dependently increased anti HCoV NL63 activities including cytopathicity sub G1 fraction virus yield IC50 = 1 17 mg ml plaque formation IC50 = 4 67 mg ml and virus attachment IC50 = 15 75 mg ml Among the phenolic acid constituents in Sambucus FormosanaNakai extract caffeic acid chlorogenic acid and gallic acid sustained the anti HCoV NL63 activity that was ranked in the following order of virus yield reduction caffeic acid IC50< sub> = 3 54 mM > chlorogenic acid IC50< sub> = 43 45 mM > coumaric acid IC50< sub> = 71 48 mM Caffeic acid significantly inhibited the replication of HCoV NL63 in a cell type independent manner and specifically blocked virus attachment IC50< sub> = 8 1 mM Therefore the results revealed that Sambucus Formosana Nakai stem ethanol extract displayed the strong anti HCoV NL63 potential caffeic acid could be the vital component with anti HCoV NL63 activity The finding could be helpful for developing antivirals against HCoV NL63 ',0 32147407,'Diagnosis of SARS CoV 2 Infection based on CT scan vs RT PCR Reflecting on Experience from MERS CoV ',?,1 31682559,'Detecting Emerging Infectious Diseases An Overview of the Laboratory Response Network for Biological Threats ','The Laboratory Response Network LRN was established in 1999 to ensure an effective laboratory response to high priority public health threats The LRN for biological threats LRN B provides a laboratory infrastructure to respond to emerging infectious diseases Since 2012 the LRN B has been involved in 3 emerging infectious disease outbreak responses We evaluated the LRN B role in these responses and identified areas for improvement LRN B laboratories tested 1097 specimens during the 2014 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus outbreak 180 specimens during the 2014 2015 Ebola outbreak and 92 686 specimens during the 2016 2017 Zika virus outbreak During the 2014 2015 Ebola outbreak the LRN B uncovered important gaps in biosafety and biosecurity practices During the 2016 2017 Zika outbreak the LRN B identified the data entry bottleneck as a hindrance to timely reporting of results Addressing areas for improvement may help LRN B reference laboratories improve the response to future public health emergencies ',0 32174068,'Will the Third Wave of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Really Come in Korea ',?,1 31771760,'Global virus outbreaks Interferons as 1st responders ','Outbreaks of severe virus infections with the potential to cause global pandemics are increasing In many instances these outbreaks have been newly emerging SARS coronavirus re emerging Ebola virus Zika virus or zoonotic avian influenza H5N1 virus infections In the absence of a targeted vaccine or a pathogen specific antiviral broad spectrum antivirals would function to limit virus spread Given the direct antiviral effects of type I interferons IFNs in inhibiting the replication of both DNA and RNA viruses at different stages of their replicative cycles and the effects of type I IFNs on activating immune cell populations to clear virus infections IFNs a b present as ideal candidate broad spectrum antivirals ',0 32023680,' Suggestions for prevention of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in otolaryngology head and neck surgery medical staff ','The epidemic of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV infection has presented as a grim and complex situation recently More than 11 000 cases of 2019 nCoV infection has been confirmed in China until February 1st< sup> 2020 which are causing great impact to economy and society and seriously interfering with ordinary medical practice of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery This advice guideline discusses the medical protection measures required in the outpatient clinic as well as in operation ward in otolaryngology head and neck department which aims to protect medical staff from 2019 nCoV infection ',1 30965063,'Identification of a novel linear B cell epitope within the collagenase equivalent domain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus spike glycoprotein ','The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV collagenase equivalent domain COE residues 499 638 a crucial antigenic region within the viral spike S glycoprotein has been widely utilized for the development of subunit vaccines to prevent viral infection In the current study we immunized BALB c mice with recombinant truncated PEDV COE protein and obtained 14 COE specific monoclonal antibodies mAbs Based on the reactivity analysis of the mAbs with two prevalent PEDV strains in G2 type and the attenuated CV777 strain in G1 type 6 mAbs were selected for subsequent identification of COE mAb binding epitopes Dot blot hybridization and enzyme linked immunosorbent assays ELISAs identified the peptide 592< sup>TSLLASACTIDLFGYP607< sup> as a novel linear B cell epitope involved in binding of mAbs 4D8F10 and 6F3E3 Subsequently alanine A scanning mutagenesis demonstrated that residues 606Y 605G and 604F were core residues involved in recognition Importantly this novel COE epitope including core residues is conserved among G1 and G2 type PEDV strains Further experiment indicates that the mAbs 4D8F10 and 6F3E3 were suitable for PEDV detection via mAb binding to the conserved epitope The current work actually provides potential uses for the development of diagnostic methods to detect PEDV ',0 32203376,'Covert coronavirus infections could be seeding new outbreaks ',?,0 31500725,'GTPase activating protein binding protein 1 G3BP1 plays an antiviral role against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus ','Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus PEDV is a single stranded positive sense RNA virus that belongs to the Coronaviridae PEDV causes severe diarrhoea and dehydration in nursing piglets which leads to significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide Stress granules SGs are sites of mRNA storage that are formed under various stress conditions including viral infections Increasing evidence suggests that SGs function in antiviral innate immunity of host cells to limit virus replication Ras GTPase activating protein SH3 domain binding protein 1 G3BP1 is a key stress granule resident protein that nucleates stress granule assembly Depletion of G3BP1 inhibits SGs formation and overexpression of G3BP1 nucleates SGs assembly We observed that knockdown of G3BP1 by silencing RNA significantly increased PEDV replication Overexpression of exogenous G3BP1 on the other hand lowered virus replication by 100 fold compared to vector control An increase in the levels of mRNAs of pro inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1b IL 1b and tumor necrosis factor a TNF a was also observed in PEDV infected G3BP1 depleted cells compared to PEDV infected control cells Taken together our results suggest that G3BP1 plays an antiviral role and impairs PEDV replication ',0 32078048,'Coronavirus COVID 19 impacts to dentistry and potential salivary diagnosis ',?,1 31238732,'Isolation and characterisation of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus in Hungary Short communication ','Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus PEDV is an emerging enteropathogen causing great economic losses in the pig industry After many years of quiescence PEDV was detected in Hungary in 2016 with a recombination in its S gene In order to determine the extent of this change an attempt was made to isolate the recombinant PEDV This study was extended with a variety of samples collected from three separate farms with newly identified PEDV in 2018 The recombinant PEDV from 2016 was isolated successfully along with three viruses from 2018 and one isolate from the new cases was used for whole genome determination Whole genome sequence alignment revealed the highest identity with recombinant Hungarian and Slovenian PEDV within the low pathogenic European viruses This suggests that these recombinant PEDV are circulating in this area and may spread to other parts of the continent ',0 32198152,'COVID 19 in gastroenterology a clinical perspective ',?,1 32193174,'Partha Kar Covid 19 we must keep faith in our experts ',?,1 32194034,'How Should the Rehabilitation Community Prepare for 2019 nCoV ','With the 2019 nCoV pandemic spreading quickly in USA and the world it is urgent that the rehabilitation community quickly understands the epidemiology of the virus and what we can and must do to face this microbial adversary at the early stages of this likely long global pandemic The 2019 nCoV is a novel virus so the majority of world s population does not have prior immunity to it It is more infectious and fatal than seasonal influenza and definitive treatment and a vaccine are months away Our arsenal against it are currently mainly social distancing and infection control measures ',1 32149770,'High throughput sequencing for confirmation of suspected 2019 nCoV infection identified by fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction ',?,1 32114054,'COVID 19 in medical personnel observation from Thailand ',?,1 30817023,'RNA respiratory viral infections in solid organ transplant recipients Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice ','These updated guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Community of Practice of the American Society of Transplantation review the diagnosis prevention and management of RNA respiratory viral infections in the pre and post transplant period Viruses reviewed include influenza respiratory syncytial virus RSV parainfluenza rhinovirus human metapneumovirus hMPV and coronavirus Diagnosis is by nucleic acid testing due to improved sensitivity specificity broad range of detection of viral pathogens automatization and turnaround time Respiratory viral infections may be associated with acute rejection and chronic lung allograft dysfunction in lung transplant recipients The cornerstone of influenza prevention is annual vaccination and in some cases antiviral prophylaxis Treatment with neuraminidase inhibitors and other antivirals is reviewed Prevention of RSV is limited to prophylaxis with palivizumab in select children Therapy of RSV upper or lower tract disease is controversial but may include oral or aerosolized ribavirin in some populations There are no approved vaccines or licensed antivirals for parainfluenza rhinovirus hMPV and coronavirus Potential management strategies for these viruses are given Future studies should include prospective trials using contemporary molecular diagnostics to understand the true epidemiology clinical spectrum and long term consequences of respiratory viruses as well as to define preventative and therapeutic measures ',0 32160345,'ISUOG Interim Guidance on 2019 novel coronavirus infection during pregnancy and puerperium information for healthcare professionals ',?,1 31296843,'Structural definition of a neutralization epitope on the N terminal domain of MERS CoV spike glycoprotein ','Most neutralizing antibodies against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV target the receptor binding domain RBD of the spike glycoprotein and block its binding to the cellular receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4 DPP4 The epitopes and mechanisms of mAbs targeting non RBD regions have not been well characterized yet Here we report the monoclonal antibody 7D10 that binds to the N terminal domain NTD of the spike glycoprotein and inhibits the cell entry of MERS CoV with high potency Structure determination and mutagenesis experiments reveal the epitope and critical residues on the NTD for 7D10 binding and neutralization Further experiments indicate that the neutralization by 7D10 is not solely dependent on the inhibition of DPP4 binding but also acts after viral cell attachment inhibiting the pre fusion to post fusion conformational change of the spike These properties give 7D10 a wide neutralization breadth and help explain its synergistic effects with several RBD targeting antibodies ',0 32165352,'Video consultations for covid 19 ',?,1 32086235,'Rules on isolation rooms for suspected covid 19 cases in GP surgeries to be relaxed ',?,1 31792450,'Structures of MERS CoV spike glycoprotein in complex with sialoside attachment receptors ','The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV causes severe and often lethal respiratory illness in humans and no vaccines or specific treatments are available Infections are initiated via binding of the MERS CoV spike S glycoprotein to sialosides and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 the attachment and entry receptors respectively To understand MERS CoV engagement of sialylated receptors we determined the cryo EM structures of S in complex with 5 N acetyl neuraminic acid 5 N glycolyl neuraminic acid sialyl LewisX< sup> a2 3 sialyl N acetyl lactosamine and a2 6 sialyl N acetyl lactosamine at 2 7 3 0 A resolution We show that recognition occurs via a conserved groove that is essential for MERS CoV S mediated attachment to sialosides and entry into human airway epithelial cells Our data illuminate MERS CoV S sialoside specificity and suggest that selectivity for a2 3 linked over a2 6 linked receptors results from enhanced interactions with the former class of oligosaccharides This study provides a structural framework explaining MERS CoV attachment to sialoside receptors and identifies a site of potential vulnerability to inhibitors of viral entry ',0 32033064,'The Rate of Underascertainment of Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV Infection Estimation Using Japanese Passengers Data on Evacuation Flights ','From 29 to 31 January 2020 a total of 565 Japanese citizens were evacuated from Wuhan China on three chartered flights All passengers were screened upon arrival in Japan for symptoms consistent with novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV infection and tested for presence of the virus Assuming that the mean detection window of the virus can be informed by the mean serial interval estimated at 7 5 days the ascertainment rate of infection was estimated at 9 2\% 95\% confidence interval 5 0 20 0 This indicates that the incidence of infection in Wuhan can be estimated at 20 767 infected individuals including those with asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic infections The infection fatality risk IFR the actual risk of death among all infected individuals is therefore 0 3\% to 0 6\% which may be comparable to Asian influenza pandemic of 1957 1958 ',1 32182347,'Perinatal Transmission of COVID 19 Associated SARS CoV 2 Should We Worry ','We presented two cases of COVID 19 associated SARS CoV 2 infection during third trimester of pregnancy Both mothers and newborns had excellent outcomes We failed to identify SARS CoV 2 in all the products of conception and the newborns This report provided evidence of low risk of intrauterine infection by vertical transmission of SARS CoV 2 ',1 32176300,'Coronavirus fulminant myocarditis saved with glucocorticoid and human immunoglobulin ',?,1 31991541,'Return of the Coronavirus 2019 nCoV ','The emergence of a novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV has awakened the echoes of SARS CoV from nearly two decades ago Yet with technological advances and important lessons gained from previous outbreaks perhaps the world is better equipped to deal with the most recent emergent group 2B coronavirus ',1 32201449,'Drug targets for corona virus A systematic review ','The 2019 novel coronavirus nCoV is a major source of disaster in the 21th< sup> century However the lack of specific drugs to prevent treat an attack is a major need at this current point of time In this regard we conducted a systematic review to identify major druggable targets in coronavirus CoV We searched PubMed and RCSB database with keywords HCoV NCoV corona virus SERS CoV MERS CoV 2019 nCoV crystal structure X ray crystallography structure NMR structure target and drug target till Feb 3 2020 The search identified seven major targets spike protein envelop protein membrane protein protease nucleocapsid protein hemagglutinin esterase and helicase for which drug design can be considered There are other 16 nonstructural proteins NSPs which can also be considered from the drug design perspective The major structural proteins and NSPs may serve an important role from drug design perspectives However the occurrence of frequent recombination events is a major deterrent factor toward the development of CoV specific vaccines drugs ',0 32111113,' The keypoints in treatment of the critical coronavirus disease 2019 patient ','The treatment of critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 faces compelling challenges In this issue we d like to share our first line treatment experience in treating COVID 19 Hemodynamics need be closely monitored and different types of shock should be distinguished Vasoconstrictor drugs should be used rationally and alerting of complications is of the same importance The risk of venous thromboembolism VTE needs to be assessed and effective prevention should be carried out for high risk patients It is necessary to consider the possibility of pulmonary thromboembolism PTE in patients with sudden onset of oxygenation deterioration respiratory distress reduced blood pressure However comprehensive analysis of disease state should be taken into the interpretation of abnormally elevated D Dimer Nutritional support is the basis of treatment It s important to establish individual therapy regimens and to evaluate monitor and adjust dynamically Under the current epidemic situation convalescent plasma can only be used empirically indications need to be strictly screened the blood transfusion process should be closely monitored and the curative effect should be dynamically evaluated ',1 31547888,'Force of infection of Middle East respiratory syndrome in dromedary camels in Kenya ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV is a zoonotic disease transmitted from dromedary camels to people which can result in outbreaks with human to human transmission Because it is a subclinical infection in camels epidemiological measures other than prevalence are challenging to assess This study estimated the force of infection FOI of MERS CoV in camel populations from age stratified serological data A cross sectional study of MERS CoV was conducted in Kenya from July 2016 to July 2017 Seroprevalence was stratified into four age groups < 1 1 2 2 3 and > 3 years old Age independent and age dependent linear and quadratic generalised linear models were used to estimate FOI in pastoral and ranching camel herds Models were compared based on computed AIC values Among pastoral herds the age dependent quadratic FOI was the best fit model while the age independent FOI was the best fit for the ranching herd data FOI provides an indirect estimate of infection risk which is especially valuable where direct estimates of incidence and other measures of infection are challenging to obtain The FOIs estimated in this study provide important insight about MERS CoV dynamics in the reservoir species and contribute to our understanding of the zoonotic risks of this important public health threat ',0 32151320,'Managing neonates with respiratory failure due to SARS CoV 2 ',?,1 31941845,'Longitudinal and cross sectional detection of four bovine enteric viruses by multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction Identification of possible indicator viruses to assess biosecurity level at bovine farms ','It can be judged that if the detection frequency of prevalent pathogenic viruses decreases biosecurity has been enhanced To monitor bovine farm biosecurity levels one step multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction RT PCR for the simultaneous detection of group A rotavirus RVA bovine torovirus BToV bovine enterovirus BEV and bovine coronavirus BCV was designed with the aim of configuring candidates for " viral pathogen indicators" A total of 322 bovine fecal samples were collected from calves aged less than three months at 48 bovine farms in Ibaraki and Chiba prefectures At farm A 20 calves were selected and sampled weekly for 12 weeks 184 samples at farm B 10 calves were selected and sampled for five weeks 50 samples and at the rest of the 46 farms 88 calves were sampled once The screening on the 358 field samples proved positive for 27 RVA 4 BToV 55 BEV and 52 BCV In the successive sampling RVA was detected once but not continuously whereas BEV and BCV were detected in succession for up to five weeks The results revealed that RVA was the primary agent among the positive samples obtained from calves aged three weeks or less while BEV was the primary among those from the older than three weeks old They can be employed as useful viral pathogen indicators for soundly evaluating biosecurity at bovine farms ',0 32174456,'Characterization and evaluation of the pathogenicity of a natural recombinant transmissible gastroenteritis virus in China ','Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV is one of the major etiological agents of viral enteritis and fetal diarrhea in suckling piglets In this study a TGEV JS2012 strain was isolated from the feces of piglets in Jiangsu Province China The phylogenetic analysis showed that TGEV JS2012 was placed between the Purdue and the Miller clusters Analysis of recombination confirmed that TGEV JS2012 is a natural recombinant strain between Miller M6 and Purdue 115 Similar to Miller M6 virulent Purdue and China strain TS in S gene the JS2012 maintained genetic integrity and the characteristics of the TGEV virulent strains In vivo TGEV JS2012 caused 100\% mortality in newborn piglets indicating the strong pathogenicity of this isolate These results reveal that the JS2012 is a novel natural recombinant TGEV with high virulence Our findings provide valuable information about genetic diversity and infection mechanism of the coronavirus family ',0 32165415,'Covid 19 Trump cancels all flights from Europe apart from the UK ',?,1 32200400,'Rapid Progression to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Review of Current Understanding of Critical Illness from COVID 19 Infection ','The coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 outbreak that started in Wuhan Hubei province China in December 2019 has now extended across the globe with > 100 000 cases and 3 000 deaths reported in 93 countries as of 7 March 2020 We report a case of COVID 19 infection in a 64 year old man who developed rapidly worsening respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS that required intubation As the clinical spectrum of COVID 19 ranges widely from mild illness to ARDS with a high risk of mortality there is a need for more research to identify early markers of disease severity Current evidence suggests that patients with advanced age pre existing comorbidities or dyspnoea should be closely monitored especially at 1 2 weeks after symptom onset It remains to be seen if laboratory findings such as lymphopenia or elevated lactate dehydrogenase may serve as early surrogates for critical illness or markers of disease recovery Management of ARDS in COVID 19 remains supportive while we await results of drug trials More studies are needed to understand the incidence and outcomes of ARDS and critical illness from COVID 19 which will be important for critical care management and resource planning ',1 32164081,' Pharmacotherapeutics for the new coronavirus pneumonia ','The new coronavirus pneumonia NCP also named as COVID 19 by WHO on Feb 11 2020 is now causing a severe public health emergency in China since The number of diagnosed cases is more than 40 000 until the submission of this manuscript Coronavirus has caused several epidemic situations world widely but the present contagious disease caused by 2019 new coronavirus is unprecedentedly fulminating The published cohorts of 2019 new coronavirus n Cov are single center studies or retrospective studies We here share the therapeutic experiences of NCP treatment with literature review Combination of Ribavirin and interferon a is recommended by the 5 th edition National Health Commission s Regimen Revised Edition because of the effect on Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS and the effectiveness of Lopinavir Ritonavir and Remdisivir needs to be confirmed by randomized controlled trial RCT given the situation of no specific antivirus drug on NCP is unavailable Systemic glucocorticosteroid is recommended as a short term use 1~2 mg kg 1 d 1 3~5 d by the 5 th edition National Health Commission s Regimen Revised Edition yet RCTs are expected to confirm the effectiveness Inappropriate application of antibiotics should be avoided especially the combination of broad spectrum antibiotics for the NCP is not often complicated with bacterial infection ',0 31345246,'Acute phase response in bovine coronavirus positive post weaned calves with diarrhea ','Bovine coronavirus BCoV is associated with severe diarrhea in calves winter dysentery in adult cattle and respiratory diseases in cattle of all ages This study aimed to investigate the relationship between white blood cell counts and haptoglobin Hp and serum amyloid A SAA levels in post weaned calves with diarrhea caused by BCoV and those that recovered from diarrhea Blood and fecal samples were collected twice from the same animals 17 post weaned calves with diarrhea first and 15 post weaned calves that recovered from diarrhea second Real time polymerase chain reaction revealed that all 17 fecal samples from post weaned calves with diarrhea and one out of 15 from diarrhea recovered calves were positive for BCoV and negative for Cryptosporidium spp Escherichia coli K99 Salmonella spp bovine rotavirus and bovine viral diarrhea virus No Eimeria oocysts were detected using the flotation method In comparison with post weaned calves with diarrhea in diarrhea recovered calves the lymphocyte count was significantly higher P = 0 018 and the monocyte count was significantly lower P = 0 001 however the number of monocytes was still high Post weaned calves with diarrhea had a significantly higher Hp concentration P < 0 001 compared with diarrhea recovered calves The results indicated that increased Hp concentration and monocytosis but not SAA may be associated with diarrhea caused by BCoV The present study suggests that the monitoring of Hp concentration and monocyte count is useful in the diagnosis of post weaned calves with diarrhea caused by BCoV in this field ',0 32091414,'Chest CT Findings in Patients with Corona Virus Disease 2019 and its Relationship with Clinical Features ','To investigate the chest computed tomography CT findings in patients with confirmed corona virus disease 2019 COVID 19 and to evaluate its relationship with clinical features ',1 32139397,'Covid 19 90\% of cases will hit NHS over nine week period chief medical officer warns ',?,1 32139484,'Influence of trust on two different risk perceptions as an affective and cognitive dimension during Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV outbreak in South Korea serial cross sectional surveys ','This study aimed to assess the affective and cognitive risk perceptions in the general population of Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS during the 2015 MERS coronavirus MERS CoV outbreak in South Korea and the influencing factors ',0 32167816,'Using public health law to contain the spread of COVID 19 ','Richard Griffith< b> Senior Lecturer in Health Law at Swansea University considers what powers are available to ministers health and local authorities to minimise the spread of the novel coronavirus and the disease it causes ',1 30893947,'Host Determinants of MERS CoV Transmission and Pathogenesis ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV is a zoonotic pathogen that causes respiratory infection in humans ranging from asymptomatic to severe pneumonia In dromedary camels the virus only causes a mild infection but it spreads efficiently between animals Differences in the behavior of the virus observed between individuals as well as between humans and dromedary camels highlight the role of host factors in MERS CoV pathogenesis and transmission One of these host factors the MERS CoV receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4 DPP4 may be a critical determinant because it is variably expressed in MERS CoV susceptible species as well as in humans This could partially explain inter and intraspecies differences in the tropism pathogenesis and transmissibility of MERS CoV In this review we explore the role of DPP4 and other host factors in MERS CoV transmission and pathogenesis such as sialic acids host proteases and interferons Further characterization of these host determinants may potentially offer novel insights to develop intervention strategies to tackle ongoing outbreaks ',0 32198615,'The potential added value of FDG PET CT for COVID 19 pneumonia ',?,1 30882796,'Production of Pseudotyped Particles to Study Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses in a Biosafety Level 2 Setting ','The protocol aims to generate coronavirus CoV spike S fusion protein pseudotyped particles with a murine leukemia virus MLV core and luciferase reporter using a simple transfection procedure of the widely available HEK 293T cell line Once formed and released from producer cells these pseudovirions incorporate a luciferase reporter gene Since they only contain the heterologous coronavirus spike protein on their surface the particles behave like their native coronavirus counterparts for entry steps As such they are the excellent surrogates of native virions for studying viral entry into host cells Upon successful entry and infection into target cells the luciferase reporter gets integrated into the host cell genome and is expressed Using a simple luciferase assay transduced cells can be easily quantified An important advantage of the procedure is that it can be performed in biosafety level 2 BSL 2 facilities instead of BSL 3 facilities required for work with highly pathogenic coronaviruses such as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV Another benefit comes from its versatility as it can be applied to envelope proteins belonging to all three classes of viral fusion proteins such as the class I influenza hemagglutinin HA and Ebola virus glycoprotein GP the class II Semliki forest virus E1 protein or the class III vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein A limitation of the methodology is that it can only recapitulate virus entry steps mediated by the envelope protein being investigated For studying other viral life cycle steps other methods are required Examples of the many applications these pseudotype particles can be used in include investigation of host cell susceptibility and tropism and testing the effects of virus entry inhibitors to dissect viral entry pathways used ',0 32199076,'COVID 19 cacophony is there any orchestra conductor ',?,1 32188776,'Journal Flexibility in the Troubling Times of COVID 19 ',?,1 32091395,'Estimated effectiveness of symptom and risk screening to prevent the spread of COVID 19 ','Traveller screening is being used to limit further spread of COVID 19 following its recent emergence and symptom screening has become a ubiquitous tool in the global response Previously we developed a mathematical model to understand factors governing the effectiveness of traveller screening to prevent spread of emerging pathogens Gostic et al 2015 Here we estimate the impact of different screening programs given current knowledge of key COVID 19 life history and epidemiological parameters Even under best case assumptions we estimate that screening will miss more than half of infected people Breaking down the factors leading to screening successes and failures we find that most cases missed by screening are fundamentally undetectable because they have not yet developed symptoms and are unaware they were exposed Our work underscores the need for measures to limit transmission by individuals who become ill after being missed by a screening program These findings can support evidence based policy to combat the spread of COVID 19 and prospective planning to mitigate future emerging pathogens ',1 32132379,'The explosive epidemic outbreak of novel coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 and the persistent threat of respiratory tract infectious diseases to global health security ',?,1 32087820,'Preparedness and vulnerability of African countries against importations of COVID 19 a modelling study ','The novel coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 epidemic has spread from China to 25 countries Local cycles of transmission have already occurred in 12 countries after case importation In Africa Egypt has so far confirmed one case The management and control of COVID 19 importations heavily rely on a country s health capacity Here we evaluate the preparedness and vulnerability of African countries against their risk of importation of COVID 19 ',1 32057212,' Recommendations for general surgery clinical practice in novel coronavirus pneumonia situation ','Novel coronavirus pneumonia NCP is a highly infectious disease has a long incubation period and a variety of clinical manifestations which has a significant impact on public health and life Afterwards scientific and standardized work processing during the epidemic is of great significance for prevention and control In order to implement the central government s decision making deployment and defeat the NCP as soon as possible we had focused on the key points in the clinical work of general surgery according to latest relevant guidelines literature and experience in epidemic prevention Finally we drafted the prevention and control strategies and recommendations to make a reference for medical staff of general surgery to fight NCP ',1 32043985,'Australian Government releases face masks to protect against coronavirus ',?,1 30832356,'Efficacy of an Adjuvanted Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein Vaccine in Dromedary Camels and Alpacas ','MERS CoV is present in dromedary camels throughout the Middle East and Africa Dromedary camels are the primary zoonotic reservoir for human infections Interruption of the zoonotic transmission chain from camels to humans therefore may be an effective strategy to control the ongoing MERS CoV outbreak Here we show that vaccination with an adjuvanted MERS CoV Spike protein subunit vaccine confers complete protection from MERS CoV disease in alpaca and results in reduced and delayed viral shedding in the upper airways of dromedary camels Protection in alpaca correlates with high serum neutralizing antibody titers Lower titers of serum neutralizing antibodies correlate with delayed and significantly reduced shedding in the nasal turbinates of dromedary camels Together these data indicate that induction of robust neutralizing humoral immune responses by vaccination of naive animals reduces shedding that potentially could diminish the risk of zoonotic transmission ',0 32125132,' Expert recommendations on the management of patients with advanced non small cell lung cancer during epidemic of COVID 19 Trial version ','The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 has become a public health emergency of major international concern Given the systemic immunosuppressive state caused by malignancy and anticancer treatments patients with advanced lung cancer may be at a higher risk of COVID 19 infection During epidemic of COVID 19 a guideline for the optimal management of patients with advanced lung cancer urgently needs to be proposed to distinguish the symptoms of COVID 19 and the side effects of antitumor drugs This network questionnaire survey was conducted on the lung cancer group of the Chinese Thoracic Society Chinese Medical Association the lung cancer group of the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology Youth Committee and the Chinese Respiratory Oncology Collaboration 321 valid questionnaires were received Based on the guidelines on lung cancer and the results of the questionnaires a consensus was reached During the epidemic of COVID 19 We recommended that patients with advanced NSCLC should be treated as outpatients as possible at the nearest medical center Patients who need to be hospitalized for antitumor treatment should be excluded from COVID 19 infection More intensive attention should be paid to identification of COVID 19 related symptoms and adverse reactions caused by the malignancy or antitumor treatments Stronger personal protection should be made for advanced NSCLC patients An intentional postponing of antitumor treatment should be considered according to patient performance status Treatment strategies should be made according to different types of advanced NSCLC patients and efficacy and toxicity of drugs ',1 32035811,'Emerging threats from zoonotic coronaviruses from SARS and MERS to 2019 nCoV ',?,1 32184130,'Mapping the incidence of the COVID 19 hotspot in Iran Implications for Travellers ',?,1 32134165,'Novel coronavirus infection and pregnancy ',?,1 32109274,'Saudi Arabia`s measures to curb the COVID 19 outbreak temporary suspension of the Umrah pilgrimage ',?,1 32062645,'Challenges to the system of reserve medical supplies for public health emergencies reflections on the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 epidemic in China ','On December 31 2019 the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission announced an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 China is now at a critical period in the control of the epidemic The Chinese Government has been taking a series of rapid comprehensive and effective prevention and control measures As the pandemic has developed a fact has become apparent there is a serious dearth of emergency medical supplies and especially an extreme shortage of personal protective equipment such as masks and medical protective clothing This is one of the major factors affecting the progress of epidemic prevention and control Although China has made great efforts to strengthen the ability to quickly respond to public health emergencies since the SARS outbreak in 2003 and it has clarified requirements for emergency supplies through legislation the emergency reserve supplies program has not been effectively implemented and there are also deficiencies in the types quantity and availability of emergency medical supplies A sound system of emergency reserve supplies is crucial to the management of public health emergencies Based on international experiences with pandemic control the world should emphasize improving the system of emergency reserve medical supplies in the process of establishing and improving public health emergency response systems and it should promote the establishment of international cooperative programs to jointly deal with public health emergencies of international concern in the future ',1 32140732,'SARS CoV 2 a potential novel etiology of fulminant myocarditis ',?,1 32113508,'Looming threat of COVID 19 infection in Africa act collectively and fast ',?,1 32198708,'2019 novel Coronavirus outbreak a quiz or final exam ','The 2019 novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV is an emerging pathogen and is threatening the global health Strikingly more than 28 000 cases and 550 deaths have been reported within two months from disease emergence Armed with experience from previous epidemics in the last two decades clinicians scientists officials and citizens in China are all contributing to the prevention of further 2019 nCoV transmission Efficient preliminary work has enabled us to understand the basic characteristics of 2019 nCoV but there are still many unanswered questions It is too early now to judge our performance in this outbreak Continuous and strengthened efforts should be made not only during the epidemic but also afterwards in order to prepare for any incoming challenges ',1 32020374,'The Role of Augmented Intelligence AI in Detecting and Preventing the Spread of Novel Coronavirus ',?,1 32196678,'Eleven Faces of Coronavirus Disease 2019 ','The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 infection has recently spread worldwide and been declared a pandemic We aim to describe here the various clinical presentations of this disease by examining eleven cases ',1 31945421,'Characterization of novel monoclonal antibodies against MERS coronavirus spike protein ','Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV causes severe pulmonary infection with 35 \% mortality Spike glycoprotein S of MERS CoV is a key target for vaccines and therapeutics because S mediates viral entry and membrane fusion to host cells Here four different S subunit proteins receptor binding domain RBD 358 606 aa S1 1 751 aa S2 752 1296 aa and SDTM 1 1296 aa were generated using the baculoviral system and immunized in mice to develop neutralizing antibodies We developed 77 hybridomas and selected five neutralizing mAbs by immunization with SDTM against MERS CoV EMC 2012 strain S pseudotyped lentivirus However all five monoclonal antibodies mAb did not neutralize the pseudotyped V534A mutation Additionally one mAb RBD 14F8 did not show neutralizing activity against pseudoviruses with amino acid substitution of L506 F or D509 G England1 strain EMC 2012 L506 F and EMC 2012 D509 G and RBD 43E4 mAb could not neutralize the pseudotyped I529 T mutation while three other neutralizing mAbs showed broad neutralizing activity This implies that the mutation in residue 506 509 529 and 534 of S is critical to generate neutralization escape variants of MERS CoV Interestingly all five neutralizing mAbs have binding affinity to RBD although most mAbs generated by RBD did not have neutralizing activity Additionally chimeric antibodies of RBD 14F8 and RBD 43E4 with human Fc and light chain showed neutralizing effect against wild type MERS CoV KOR KNIH 002 similar to the original mouse mAbs Thus our mAbs can be utilized for the identification of specific mutations of MERS CoV ',0 32199083,'The resilience of the Spanish health system against the COVID 19 pandemic ',?,1 30634419,'Development of a Whole Virus ELISA for Serological Evaluation of Domestic Livestock as Possible Hosts of Human Coronavirus NL63 ','Known human coronaviruses are believed to have originated in animals and made use of intermediate hosts for transmission to humans The intermediate hosts of most of the human coronaviruses are known but not for HCoV NL63 This study aims to assess the possible role of some major domestic livestock species as intermediate hosts of HCoV NL63 We developed a testing algorithm for high throughput screening of livestock sera with ELISA and confirmation with recombinant immunofluorescence assay testing for antibodies against HCoV NL63 in livestock Optimization of the ELISA showed a capability of the assay to significantly distinguish HCoV NL63 from HCoV 229E U = 27 50 p< i> < 0 001 and HCoV OC43 U = 55 50 p< i> < 0 001 in coronavirus characterized sera Evaluation of the assay with collected human samples showed no significant difference in mean optical density values of immunofluorescence classified HCoV NL63 positive and HCoV NL63 negative samples F< i> 1 215 = 0 437 p< i> = 0 509 All the top 5\% n< i> = 8 most reactive human samples tested by ELISA were HCoV NL63 positive by immunofluorescence testing In comparison only a proportion 84\% n< i> = 42 of the top 25\% were positive by immunofluorescence testing indicating an increased probability of the highly ELISA reactive samples testing positive by the immunofluorescence assay None of the top 5\% most ELISA reactive livestock samples were positive for HCoV NL63 related viruses by immunofluorescence confirmation Ghanaian domestic livestock are not likely intermediate hosts of HCoV NL63 related coronaviruses ',0 31801275,'Development and Validation of a S1 Protein Based ELISA for the Specific Detection of Antibodies against Equine Coronavirus ','Equine coronavirus ECoV is considered to be involved in enteric diseases in foals Recently several outbreaks of ECoV infection have also been reported in adult horses from the USA France and Japan Epidemiological studies of ECoV infection are still limited and the seroprevalence of ECoV infection in Europe is unknown In this study an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ELISA method utilizing ECoV spike S1 protein was developed in two formats and further validated by analyzing 27 paired serum samples acute and convalescent sera from horses involved in an ECoV outbreak and 1084 sera of horses with unknown ECoV exposure Both formats showed high diagnostic accuracy compared to virus neutralization VN assay Receiver operating characteristic ROC analyses were performed to determine the best cut off values for both ELISA formats assuming a test specificity of 99\% Employing the developed ELISA method we detected seroconversion in 70 4\% of horses from an ECoV outbreak Among the 1084 horse sera seropositivity varied from 25 9\% young horses to 82 8\% adult horses in Dutch horse populations Further sera of Icelandic horses were included in this study and a significant number of sera 62\% were found to be positive Overall the results demonstrated that the ECoV S1 based ELISA has reliable diagnostic performance compared to the VN assay and is a useful assay to support seroconversion in horses involved with ECoV outbreaks and to estimate ECoV seroprevalence in populations of horses ',0 32118643,'Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in 2019 novel coronavirus disease indications timing and implementation ',?,1 32183935,'Retrospective analysis of the possibility of predicting the COVID 19 outbreak from Internet searches and social media data China 2020 ','The peak of Internet searches and social media data about the coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 outbreak occurred 10 14 days earlier than the peak of daily incidences in China Internet searches and social media data had high correlation with daily incidences with the maximum r > 0 89 in all correlations The lag correlations also showed a maximum correlation at 8 12 days for laboratory confirmed cases and 6 8 days for suspected cases ',1 31690127,'Identification of novel proteolytically inactive mutations in coronavirus 3C like protease using a combined approach ','Coronaviruses CoVs infect humans and multiple other animal species causing highly prevalent and severe diseases 3C like proteases 3CLpro< sup>s from CoVs also called main proteases are essential for viral replication and are also involved in polyprotein cleavage and immune regulation making them attractive and effective targets for the development of antiviral drugs Herein the 3CLpro< sup> from the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus an enteropathogenic CoV was used as a model to identify novel crucial residues for enzyme activity First we established a rapid sensitive and efficient luciferase based biosensor to monitor the activity of PDEV 3CLpro< sup>in vivo< i> Using this luciferase biosensor along with confirming the well known catalytic residues His41 and Cys144 we identified 4 novel proteolytically inactivated mutants of PDEV 3CLpro< sup> which was also confirmed in mammalian cells by biochemical experiments Our molecular dynamics MD simulations showed that the hydrogen bonding interactions occurring within and outside of the protease s active site and the dynamic fluctuations of the substrate especially the van der Waals contacts were drastically altered a situation related to the loss of 3CLpro< sup> activity These data suggest that changing the intermolecular dynamics in protein substrate complexes eliminates the mechanism underlying the protease activity The discovery of novel crucial residues for enzyme activity in the binding pocket could potentially provide more druggable sites for the design of protease inhibitors In addition our in depth study of the dynamic substrate s envelope model using MD simulations is an approach that could augment the discovery of new inhibitors against 3CLpro< sup> in CoVs and other viral 3C proteases Zhou J Fang L Yang Z Xu S Lv M Sun Z Chen J Wang D Gao J Xiao S Identification of novel proteolytically inactive mutations in coronavirus 3C like protease using a combined approach ',0 31201040,'A systematic review of MERS CoV seroprevalence and RNA prevalence in dromedary camels Implications for animal vaccination ','Human infection with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV is driven by recurring dromedary to human spill over events leading decision makers to consider dromedary vaccination Dromedary vaccine candidates in the development pipeline are showing hopeful results but gaps in our understanding of the epidemiology of MERS CoV in dromedaries must be addressed to design and evaluate potential vaccination strategies We aim to bring together existing measures of MERS CoV infection in dromedary camels to assess the distribution of infection highlighting knowledge gaps and implications for animal vaccination We systematically reviewed the published literature on MEDLINE EMBASE and Web of Science that reported seroprevalence and or prevalence of active MERS CoV infection in dromedary camels from both cross sectional and longitudinal studies 60 studies met our eligibility criteria Qualitative syntheses determined that MERS CoV seroprevalence increased with age up to 80 100\% in adult dromedaries supporting geographically widespread endemicity of MERS CoV in dromedaries in both the Arabian Peninsula and countries exporting dromedaries from Africa The high prevalence of active infection measured in juveniles and at sites where dromedary populations mix should guide further investigation particularly of dromedary movement and inform vaccination strategy design and evaluation through mathematical modelling ',0 32145216,'Clinical manifestations and outcome of SARS CoV 2 infection during pregnancy ',?,1 32061312,'First imported case of 2019 novel coronavirus in Canada presenting as mild pneumonia ',?,1 30884185,'Noninvasive ventilation in critically ill patients with the Middle East respiratory syndrome ','Noninvasive ventilation NIV has been used in patients with the Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure but the effectiveness of this approach has not been studied ',0 32007627,'Novel coronavirus From discovery to clinical diagnostics ','A novel coronavirus designated as 2019 nCoV first appeared in Wuhan China in late December 2019 Dozens of people died in China and thousands of people infected as 2019 nCoV continues to spread around the world We have described the discovery emergence genomic characteristics and clinical diagnostics of 2019 nCoV ',1 31244113,'Design Synthesis and Anti RNA Virus Activity of 6 Fluorinated Aristeromycin Analogues ','The 6 fluorinated aristeromycins were designed as dual target antiviral compounds aimed at inhibiting both the viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase RdRp and the host cell S< i> adenosyl l homocysteine SAH hydrolase which would indirectly target capping of viral RNA The introduction of a fluorine at the 6 position enhanced the inhibition of SAH hydrolase and the activity against RNA viruses The adenosine and N< i>6< sup> methyladenosine analogues 2a e< b> showed potent inhibition against SAH hydrolase while only the adenosine derivatives 2a c< b> exhibited potent antiviral activity against all tested RNA viruses such as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus chikungunya virus and or Zika virus 6 6 Difluoroaristeromycin 2c< b> showed the strongest antiviral effect for MERS CoV with a 2 5 log reduction in infectious progeny titer in viral load reduction assay The phosphoramidate prodrug 3a< b> also demonstrated potent broad spectrum antiviral activity possibly by inhibiting the viral RdRp This study shows that 6 fluorinated aristeromycins can serve as starting points for the development of broad spectrum antiviral agents that target RNA viruses ',0 30935078,'The N Terminal Domain of Spike Protein Is Not the Enteric Tropism Determinant for Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus in Piglets ','Transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV is the etiologic agent of transmissible gastroenteritis in pigs and the N terminal domain of TGEV spike protein is generally recognized as both the virulence determinant and enteric tropism determinant Here we assembled a full length infectious cDNA clone of TGEV in a bacterial artificial chromosome Using a novel approach the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat CRISPR CRISPR associated protein 9 Cas9 systems efficiently and rapidly rescued another recombinant virus with a 224 amino acid deletion in the N terminal domain of the TGEV Spike< i> gene S NTD224 which is analogous to the N terminal domain of porcine respiratory coronavirus S NTD224 notably affected the TGEV growth kinetics in PK 15 cells but was not essential for recombinant virus survival In animal experiments with 13 two day old piglets the TGEV recombinant viruses with without S NTD224 deletion induced obvious clinical signs and mortality Together our results directly demonstrated that S NTD224 of TGEV mildly influenced TGEV virulence but was not the enteric tropism determinant and provide new insights for the development of a new attenuated vaccine against TGEV Importantly the optimized reverse genetics platform used in this study will simplify the construction of mutant infectious clones and help accelerate progress in coronavirus research ',0 31026494,'Transcriptomic analysis of small intestinal mucosa from porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infected piglets ','Caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV porcine epidemic diarrhea PED is an acute infectious disease which causes damage to the intestine including intestinal villus atrophy and shedding leading to serious economic losses to the pig industry worldwide In order to obtain detailed information about the pathogenesis and host immune response in a PEDV infected host for first In vivo study we used high throughput sequencing to analyze the gene expression differences of the small intestinal mucosa after infection with PEDV Transcripts obtained were over 65 525 000 clean reads after reassembly were 22 605 genes detected of which 22 248 were known genes and 371 new genes were predicted Moreover 3168 genes expression was up regulated and 3876 genes down regulated Gene Ontology GO annotation and functional enrichment analysis indicated that all of the DEGs differentially expressed genes were annotated into biological process cellular component and molecular function Most of these unigenes are annotated in cellular processes the cell and binding KEGG analysis of the DEGs showed that a total of 7044 DEGs unigenes were annotated into 323 pathways classified into 6 main categories Most of these unigenes are annotated were related to immune system response to the infectious diseases pathways In addition 20 DEGs were verified by quantitative real time PCR As the first in vivo RNAseq analysis of piglets and PEDV infection our study provides knowledge about the transcriptomics of intestinal mucosa in PEDV infected piglets from which a complex molecular pathways and pathogenesis related biological processes are involved in PEDV interaction with piglet intestinal mucosa ',0 32080990,'Virus Isolation from the First Patient with SARS CoV 2 in Korea ','Novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 is found to cause a large outbreak started from Wuhan since December 2019 in China and SARS CoV 2 infections have been reported with epidemiological linkage to China in 25 countries until now We isolated SARS CoV 2 from the oropharyngeal sample obtained from the patient with the first laboratory confirmed SARS CoV 2 infection in Korea Cytopathic effects of SARS CoV 2 in the Vero cell cultures were confluent 3 days after the first blind passage of the sample Coronavirus was confirmed with spherical particle having a fringe reminiscent of crown on transmission electron microscopy Phylogenetic analyses of whole genome sequences showed that it clustered with other SARS CoV 2 reported from Wuhan ',1 32031481,'CT Manifestations of Two Cases of 2019 Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV Pneumonia ',?,1 32197339,'Point of Care RNA Based Diagnostic Device for COVID 19 ','At the end of 2019 the novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 a fast spreading respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 was reported in Wuhan China and has now affected over 123 countries globally ',1 31903251,'Molecular epidemiology of respiratory viruses among Malaysian Young children with a confirmed respiratory infection during 2014 2015 ','In many developing countries acute respiratory tract infections ARTIs are the main cause of morbidity and mortality among young children This study aims to evaluate the molecular epidemiology of respiratory viruses among Malaysian children with confirmed respiratory infections between July 2014 and July 2015 ',0 32147577,'The Treatment and Outcome of a Lung Cancer Patient Infected with SARS CoV 2 ',?,1 32203366,'The coronavirus pandemic in five powerful charts ',?,0 32053479,'Risk for Transportation of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease from Wuhan to Other Cities in China ','On January 23 2020 China quarantined Wuhan to contain 2019 novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 We estimated the probability of transportation of COVID 19 from Wuhan to 369 other cities in China before the quarantine Expected COVID 19 risk is > 50\% in 130 95\% CI 89 190 cities and > 99\% in the 4 largest metropolitan areas ',1 31996494,'Drug treatment options for the 2019 new coronavirus 2019 nCoV ','As of January 22 2020 a total of 571 cases of the 2019 new coronavirus 2019 nCoV have been reported in 25 provinces districts and cities in China At present there is no vaccine or antiviral treatment for human and animal coronavirus so that identifying the drug treatment options as soon as possible is critical for the response to the 2019 nCoV outbreak Three general methods which include existing broad spectrum antiviral drugs using standard assays screening of a chemical library containing many existing compounds or databases and the redevelopment of new specific drugs based on the genome and biophysical understanding of individual coronaviruses are used to discover the potential antiviral treatment of human pathogen coronavirus Lopinavir Ritonavir Nucleoside analogues Neuraminidase inhibitors Remdesivir peptide EK1 abidol RNA synthesis inhibitors such as TDF 3TC anti inflammatory drugs such as hormones and other molecules Chinese traditional medicine such ShuFengJieDu Capsules and Lianhuaqingwen Capsule could be the drug treatment options for 2019 nCoV However the efficacy and safety of these drugs for 2019 nCoV still need to be further confirmed by clinical experiments ',1 31485476,'Some One Health based control strategies for the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus ','The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV presents an ideal example for developing One Health concepts Dromedary camels are the principal reservoir for the virus Infected camels shed the virus in body secretions particularly nasal discharges MERS CoV has the potential to remain active in the environment for some time under optimum conditions of temperature and humidity This shedding sustains the virus in endemic communities and thus contact with camels is considered a major risk factor for human infection Reducing virus shedding from camels will have a great positive impact on reducing the human risk of infection Our main objective is to highlight the potential aspects of reducing virus shedding from camels to the environment thereby reducing the possibility of human infection We will focus on the potential roles of camel markets camel shows importation transportation and grazing in the amplification and shedding of the virus providing some novel concepts for the control approaches for the MERS CoV ',0 32162456,'Rapid Identification of Potential Inhibitors of SARS CoV 2 Main Protease by Deep Docking of 1 3 Billion Compounds ','The recently emerged 2019 Novel Coronavirus SARS CoV 2 and associated COVID 19 disease cause serious or even fatal respiratory tract infection and yet no approved therapeutics or effective treatment is currently available to effectively combat the outbreak This urgent situation is pressing the world to respond with the development of novel vaccine or a small molecule therapeutics for SARS CoV 2 Along these efforts the structure of SARS CoV 2 main protease Mpro has been rapidly resolved and made publicly available to facilitate global efforts to develop novel drug candidates Recently our group has developed a novel deep learning platform Deep Docking DD which provides fast prediction of docking scores of Glide or any other docking program and hence enables structure based virtual screening of billions of purchasable molecules in a short time In the current study we applied DD to all 1 3 billion compounds from ZINC15 library to identify top 1 000 potential ligands for SARS CoV 2 Mpro protein The compounds are made publicly available for further characterization and development by scientific community ',1 32102856,'Negative Nasopharyngeal and Oropharyngeal Swab Does Not Rule Out COVID 19 ','Coronavirus Disease 19 COVID 19 has become the Public Health Emergency of International Concern ',1 32198989,'Protection of forensic scene investigation and postmortem examination during the epidemic period of COVID 19 ','Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan Yi Qing Qi Jian Fa Yi Xian Chang Kan Yan Yu Shi Ti Jian Yan Fang Hu ',1 32113495,'How to fight an infodemic ',?,0 32149148,'Demographic Variations of MERS CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory ','Introduction< i> Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus was first recognized in September 2012 in Saudi Arabia The clinical presentations of MERS and non MERS SARI are often similar Therefore the identification of suspected cases that may have higher chances of being diagnosed as cases of MERS CoV is essential However the real challenge is to flag these patients through some demographic markers The nature of these markers has not previously been investigated in Saudi Arabia and hence this study aims to identify them ',0 32167442,'Involving Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs in COVID 19 Response Efforts All Hands on Deck ',?,1 32113704,'The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease COVID 19 outbreak ','Coronavirus disease COVID 19 is caused by SARS COV2 and represents the causative agent of a potentially fatal disease that is of great global public health concern Based on the large number of infected people that were exposed to the wet animal market in Wuhan City China it is suggested that this is likely the zoonotic origin of COVID 19 Person to person transmission of COVID 19 infection led to the isolation of patients that were subsequently administered a variety of treatments Extensive measures to reduce person to person transmission of COVID 19 have been implemented to control the current outbreak Special attention and efforts to protect or reduce transmission should be applied in susceptible populations including children health care providers and elderly people In this review we highlights the symptoms epidemiology transmission pathogenesis phylogenetic analysis and future directions to control the spread of this fatal disease ',1 32132186,'Multicenter Evaluation of the QIAstat Dx Respiratory Panel for the Detection of Viruses and Bacteria in Nasopharyngeal Swab Specimens ','The QIAstat Dx Respiratory Panel QIAstat Dx RP is a multiplex in vitro< i> diagnostic test for the qualitative detection of 20 pathogens directly from nasopharyngeal swab NPS specimens The assay is a performed using a simple sample to answer platform with results available in approximately 69 minutes The pathogens identified are adenovirus coronavirus 229E coronavirus HKU1 coronavirus NL63 coronavirus OC43 human metapneumovirus A+B influenza A influenza A H1 influenza A H3 influenza A H1N1 2009 influenza B parainfluenza virus 1 parainfluenza virus 2 parainfluenza virus 3 parainfluenza virus 4 rhinovirus enterovirus respiratory syncytial virus A+B Bordetella pertussis< i> Chlamydophila pneumoniae< i> and Mycoplasma pneumoniae< i> This multicenter evaluation provides data obtained from 1994 prospectively collected and 310 retrospectively collected archived NPS specimens with performance compared to the BioFire FilmArray Respiratory Panel version 1 7 The overall percent agreement between QIAstat Dx RP and the comparator testing was 99 5\% In the prospective cohort the QIAstat Dx RP demonstrated a positive percent agreement of 94 0\% or greater for detection of all but four analytes coronaviruses 229E NL63 and OC43 and rhinovirus enterovirus The test also demonstrated a negative percent agreement of 97 9\% for all analytes The QIAstat Dx RP is a robust and accurate assay for rapid comprehensive testing for respiratory pathogens ',0 32083643,'Presumed Asymptomatic Carrier Transmission of COVID 19 ',?,1 32166318,'Protecting Health Care Workers during the COVID 19 Coronavirus Outbreak Lessons from Taiwan s SARS response ','During major epidemic outbreaks demand for health care workers grows even as the extreme pressures they face cause declining availability We draw on Taiwan s SARS experience to argue that a modified form of Traffic Control Bundling protects health care worker safety and by extension strengthens overall COVID 19 epidemic control ',1 32084676,' Standardized diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer during the outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia in Renji hospital ','Novel coronavirus pneumonia NCP is currently raging in China It has been proven that NCP can be transmitted from human to human and cause hospital infection which seriously threatens surgical staffs and inpatients Although colorectal surgery is not a front line subject in the fight against the epidemic but in this special situation now it is a difficult task that with the premise of how to maximize the protection for patients and their families health of medical staff and the safety of wards and hospitals we can provide the highest quality medical services to ensure the orderly development of previous clinical work Referring to the " Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme for NCP Trial Version 4 and 5 " and combining the actual practice situation in our hospital with the " Summary of New Coronavirus Files of Shanghai Renji Hospital" we summarize how to carry out the clinical practice of colorectal surgery under the situation of the prevention and control of the NCP epidemiology meanwhile under such situation aiming the procedure of diagnose and treatment for emergency patients with colorectal tumor we share the experiences of the diagnosis of colorectal tumor the management of patients with colorectal cancer who are scheduled to be admitted for surgery the protection of wards the perioperative management More importantly we introduce in detail the operative management and perioperative management of colorectal surgery patients suspected or diagnosed with new coronary pneumonia including prevention and control measures for medical staff operating rooms and surgical instruments The main points are as follows 1 Multidisciplinary team MDT must be run through the diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer The members include not only routine departments but also respiratory department and infectious department 2 Colonoscopy examination may cause cross infection of NCP to patients and doctors Therefore it is prior to examine the emergency cases and life threatening patients bleeding obstruction gastrointestinal foreign bodies etc If the emergent patients intestinal obstruction with suspected or confirmed NCP the surgeons must perform emergency surgery and intestinal decompressive tube through colonoscopy is not recommended 3 The colorectal cancer patients with suspected or confirmed NCP should be placed in the isolated room with separate medical devices and the operative room with negative pressure under 5 Pa must be separated All disposable medical items body fluids and feces of the patients in perioperative periods must be unified disposed according to the medical waste standard 4 The surgical medical workers who process colorectal cancer patients with NCP must be protected by three level After operation the medical workers must receive medical observation and be isolated for 14 days We hope our " Renji experience" will be beneficial to colleagues ',1 32192578,'COVID 19 consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression ',?,1 32170027,'Trainees and covid 19 your questions answered ',?,1 31011617,'Qatar experience on One Health approach for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2012 2017 A viewpoint ','The emergence of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus MERS CoV in the Middle East in 2012 was associated with an overwhelming uncertainty about its epidemiological and clinical characteristics Once dromedary camels Camelus dromedarius< i> was found to be the natural reservoir of the virus the public health systems across the Arabian Peninsula encountered an unprecedented pressure to control its transmission This view point describes how the One Health approach was used in Qatar to manage the MERS CoV outbreak during the period 2012 2017 One Health focuses on the association between the human animals and environment sectors for total health and wellbeing of these three sectors To manage the MERS outbreak in Qatar through a One Health approach the Qatar National Outbreak Control Taskforce OCT was reactivated in November 2012 The animal health sector was invited to join the OCT Later on technical expertise was requested from the WHO FAO CDC EMC and PHE Subsequently a comprehensive One Health roadmap was delivered through leadership and coordination surveillance and investigation epidemiological studies and increase of local diagnostic capacity The joint OCT once trained had easy access to allocated resources and high risk areas to provide more evidence on the potential source of the virus and to investigate all reported cases within 24 48 h Lack of sufficient technical guidance on veterinary surveillance and poor risk perception among the vulnerable population constituted major obstacles to maintain systematic One Health performance ',0 32027848,'Coronavirus in China ',?,1 32191174,'2019 nCoV The Identify Isolate Inform 3I Tool Applied to a Novel Emerging Coronavirus ','2019 Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV is an emerging infectious disease closely related to MERS CoV and SARS CoV that was first reported in Wuhan City Hubei Province China in December 2019 As of January 2020 cases of 2019 nCoV are continuing to be reported in other Eastern Asian countries as well as in the United States Europe Australia and numerous other countries An unusually high volume of domestic and international travel corresponding to the beginning of the 2020 Chinese New Year complicated initial identification and containment of infected persons Due to the rapidly rising number of cases and reported deaths all countries should be considered at risk of imported 2019 nCoV Therefore it is essential for prehospital clinic and emergency department personnel to be able to rapidly assess 2019 nCoV risk and take immediate actions if indicated The Identify Isolate Inform 3I Tool originally conceived for the initial detection and management of Ebola virus and later adjusted for other infectious agents can be adapted for any emerging infectious disease This paper reports a modification of the 3I Tool for use in the initial detection and management of patients under investigation for 2019 nCoV After initial assessment for symptoms and epidemiological risk factors including travel to affected areas and exposure to confirmed 2019 nCoV patients within 14 days patients are classified in a risk stratified system Upon confirmation of a suspected 2019 nCoV case affected persons must immediately be placed in airborne infection isolation and the appropriate public health agencies notified This modified 3I Tool will assist emergency and primary care clinicians as well as out of hospital providers in effectively managing persons with suspected or confirmed 2019 nCoV ',1 32119083,'A case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in a pregnant woman with preterm delivery ','We presented a case of a 30 week pregnant woman with COVID 19 delivering a healthy baby with no evidence of COVID 19 ',1 32125432,'Solidarity with China as it holds the global front line during COVID 19 outbreak ',?,1 31866601,'Development of a one run real time PCR detection system for pathogens associated with porcine respiratory diseases ','The etiology of Porcine respiratory disease complex is complicated by infections with multiple pathogens and multiple infections increase the difficulty in identifying the causal pathogen In this present study we developed a detection system of microbes from porcine respiratory by using TaqMan real time PCR referred to as Dempo PCR to screen a broad range of pathogens associated with porcine respiratory diseases in a single run We selected 17 porcine respiratory pathogens Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Boldetella bronchiseptica Haemophilus parasuis Pasteurella multocida Pasteurella multocida toxin Streptococcus suis Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Mycoplasma hyorhinis Mycoplasma hyosynovie porcine circovirus 2 pseudorabies virus porcine cytomegalovirus swine influenza A virus porcine reproductive and respiratory virus US strain EU strain porcine respiratory coronavirus and porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus as detection targets and designed novel specific primer probe sets for seven of them In sensitivity test by using standard curves from synthesized DNA all primer probe sets showed high sensitivity However porcine reproductive and respiratory virus is known to have a high frequency of genetic mutations and the primer and probe sequences will need to be checked at a considerable frequency when performing Dempo PCR from field samples A total of 30 lung samples from swine showing respiratory symptoms on six farms were tested by the Dempo PCR to validate the assay s clinical performance As the results 12 pathogens 5 virus and 7 bacteria were detected and porcine reproductive and respiratory virus US strain Mycoplasma hyorhinis Haemophilus parasuis and porcine cytomegalovirus were detected at high frequency These results suggest that Dempo PCR assay can be applied as a screening system with wide detection targets ',0 32191764,'Association of radiologic findings with mortality of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan China ','Radiologic characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV infected pneumonia NCIP which had not been fully understood are especially important for diagnosing and predicting prognosis We retrospective studied 27 consecutive patients who were confirmed NCIP the clinical characteristics and CT image findings were collected and the association of radiologic findings with mortality of patients was evaluated 27 patients included 12 men and 15 women with median age of 60 years IQR 47 69 17 patients discharged in recovered condition and 10 patients died in hospital The median age of mortality group was higher compared to survival group 68 IQR 63 73 vs 55 IQR 35 60 P = 0 003 The comorbidity rate in mortality group was significantly higher than in survival group 80\% vs 29\% P = 0 018 The predominant CT characteristics consisted of ground glass opacity 67\% bilateral sides involved 86\% both peripheral and central distribution 74\% and lower zone involvement 96\% The median CT score of mortality group was higher compared to survival group 30 IQR 7 13 vs 12 IQR 11 43 P = 0 021 with more frequency of consolidation 40\% vs 6\% P = 0 047 and air bronchogram 60\% vs 12\% P = 0 025 An optimal cutoff value of a CT score of 24 5 had a sensitivity of 85 6\% and a specificity of 84 5\% for the prediction of mortality 2019 nCoV was more likely to infect elderly people with chronic comorbidities CT findings of NCIP were featured by predominant ground glass opacities mixed with consolidations mainly peripheral or combined peripheral and central distributions bilateral and lower lung zones being mostly involved A simple CT scoring method was capable to predict mortality ',1 32172669,'Diagnosis and clinical management of severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 infection an operational recommendation of Peking Union Medical College Hospital V2 0 ','Since December 2019 China has been experiencing an outbreak of a new infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 The clinical features include fever coughing shortness of breath and inflammatory lung infiltration China rapidly listed SARS CoV 2 related pneumonia as a statutory infectious disease To standardize the diagnosis and treatment of this new infectious disease an operational recommendation for the diagnosis and management of SARS CoV 2 infection is developed by Peking Union Medical College Hospital ',1 32194980,'Network based drug repurposing for novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV SARS CoV 2 ','Human coronaviruses HCoVs including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV and 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV also known as SARS CoV 2 lead global epidemics with high morbidity and mortality However there are currently no effective drugs targeting 2019 nCoV SARS CoV 2 Drug repurposing representing as an effective drug discovery strategy from existing drugs could shorten the time and reduce the cost compared to de novo drug discovery In this study we present an integrative antiviral drug repurposing methodology implementing a systems pharmacology based network medicine platform quantifying the interplay between the HCoV host interactome and drug targets in the human protein protein interaction network Phylogenetic analyses of 15 HCoV whole genomes reveal that 2019 nCoV SARS CoV 2 shares the highest nucleotide sequence identity with SARS CoV 79 7\% Specifically the envelope and nucleocapsid proteins of 2019 nCoV SARS CoV 2 are two evolutionarily conserved regions having the sequence identities of 96\% and 89 6\% respectively compared to SARS CoV Using network proximity analyses of drug targets and HCoV host interactions in the human interactome we prioritize 16 potential anti HCoV repurposable drugs e g melatonin mercaptopurine and sirolimus that are further validated by enrichment analyses of drug gene signatures and HCoV induced transcriptomics data in human cell lines We further identify three potential drug combinations e g sirolimus plus dactinomycin mercaptopurine plus melatonin and toremifene plus emodin captured by the " Complementary Exposure< i>" pattern the targets of the drugs both hit the HCoV host subnetwork but target separate neighborhoods in the human interactome network In summary this study offers powerful network based methodologies for rapid identification of candidate repurposable drugs and potential drug combinations targeting 2019 nCoV SARS CoV 2 ',1 32178593,'Emerging WuHan COVID 19 coronavirus glycan shield and structure prediction of spike glycoprotein and its interaction with human CD26 ','The recent outbreak of pneumonia causing COVID 19 in China is an urgent global public health issue with an increase in mortality and morbidity Here we report our modelled homo trimer structure of COVID 19 spike glycoprotein in both closed ligand free and open ligand bound conformation which is involved in host cell adhesion We also predict the unique N and O linked glycosylation sites of spike glycoprotein that distinguish it from the SARS and underlines shielding and camouflage of COVID 19 from the host the defence system Furthermore our study also highlights the key finding that the S1 domain of COVID 19 spike glycoprotein potentially interacts with the human CD26 a key immunoregulatory factor for hijacking and virulence These findings accentuate the unique features of COVID 19 and assist in the development of new therapeutics ',1 32170898,'COVID 19 and Rationally Layered Social Distancing ','I would like to thank Dr Thomson for the very pertinent and relevant points that he raised in his thoughtful letter Where are we now with COVID 19 1 As my response will illustrate and in what probably will become a defining feature of conversations surrounding COVID 19 for quite some time attempts to answer will only make room for more questions As COVID 19 is unfolding every day is marked by novel developments Since the editorial went to press 2 the outbreak has expanded considerably Over 128 000 individuals were infected worldwide as of March 13 2020 leading to 4720 deaths 3 In early March while the outbreak in China appeared to start to subside 4 it started to amplify in Europe and the United States The first fatality in the United States occurred on February 29 2020 in a suburb of Seattle On March 4m the first death was reported outside WA state in CA and was the 11th< sup> death in the United States On March 6 the first two fatalities were reported in Florida On March 11 2020 the World Health Organization declared the outbreak a pandemic 5 ',1 32194981,'Hydroxychloroquine a less toxic derivative of chloroquine is effective in inhibiting SARS CoV 2 infection in vitro ',?,1 32073157,'Antibodies to coronaviruses are higher in older compared with younger adults and binding antibodies are more sensitive than neutralizing antibodies in identifying coronavirus associated illnesses ','Human coronaviruses HCoV are common causes of respiratory illnesses RI despite preexisting humoral immunity Sera were obtained near the onset of RI and 3 to 4 weeks later as part of a prospective study of 200 subjects evaluated for RI from 2009 to 2013 Antibodies against common HCoV strains were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and neutralization assay comparing older adults with cardiopulmonary diseases 99 subjects to younger healthy adults 101 subjects Virus shedding was detected in respiratory secretions by polymerase chain reaction Of 43 HCoV associated illnesses 15 35\% occurred in 14 older adults aged 60 years and 28 65\% in 28 younger adults aged 21 40 years Binding and neutralizing antibodies were higher in older adults Only 16 35 7\% of RI with increases in binding antibodies also had increases in neutralizing antibodies to HCoV Increases in binding antibodies with RI were more frequent than increased neutralizing antibodies and virus shedding and more frequent in younger compared to older adults Functional neutralizing antibodies were not stimulated as often as binding antibodies explaining in part a susceptibility to reinfection with HCoV Monitoring binding antibodies may be more sensitive for the serologic detection of HCoV infections ',0 32050635,'Potential Maternal and Infant Outcomes from Wuhan Coronavirus 2019 nCoV Infecting Pregnant Women Lessons from SARS MERS and Other Human Coronavirus Infections ','In early December 2019 a cluster of cases of pneumonia of unknown cause was identified in Wuhan a city of 11 million persons in the People s Republic of China Further investigation revealed these cases to result from infection with a newly identified coronavirus termed the 2019 nCoV The infection moved rapidly through China spread to Thailand and Japan extended into adjacent countries through infected persons travelling by air eventually reaching multiple countries and continents Similar to such other coronaviruses as those causing the Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS and severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS the new coronavirus was reported to spread via natural aerosols from human to human In the early stages of this epidemic the case fatality rate is estimated to be approximately 2\% with the majority of deaths occurring in special populations Unfortunately there is limited experience with coronavirus infections during pregnancy and it now appears certain that pregnant women have become infected during the present 2019 nCoV epidemic In order to assess the potential of the Wuhan 2019 nCoV to cause maternal fetal and neonatal morbidity and other poor obstetrical outcomes this communication reviews the published data addressing the epidemiological and clinical effects of SARS MERS and other coronavirus infections on pregnant women and their infants Recommendations are also made for the consideration of pregnant women in the design clinical trials and implementation of future 2019 nCoV vaccines ',1 30691609,'Inflammatory Mediators in the Mesenteric Lymph Nodes Site of a Possible Intermediate Phase in the Immune Response to Feline Coronavirus and the Pathogenesis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis ','Feline infectious peritonitis FIP is an almost invariably fatal feline coronavirus FCoV induced disease thought to arise from a combination of viral mutations and an overexuberant immune response Natural initial enteric FCoV infection may remain subclinical or result in mild enteric signs or the development of FIP cats may also carry the virus systemically with no adverse effect This study screened mesenteric lymph nodes MLNs the presumed first site of FCoV spread from the intestine regardless of viraemia for changes in the transcription of a panel of innate immune response mediators in response to systemic FCoV infection and with FIP aiming to identify key pathways triggered by FCoV Cats with and without FIP the latter with and without FCoV infection in the MLN were compared Higher expression levels in FIP were found for toll like receptors TLRs 2 4 and 8 These are part of the first line of defence and suggest a response to both viral structural proteins and viral nucleic acid Expression of genes encoding inflammatory cytokines and chemokines including interleukin IL 1b IL 6 IL 15 tumour necrosis factor TNF a CXCL10 CCL8 interferon IFN a IFN b and IFN g was higher in cats with FIP consistent with inflammatory pathway activation Expression of genes encoding transcription factors STAT1 and 2 regulating signalling pathways particularly of the interferons was also higher Among cats without FIP there were few differences between virus positive and virus negative MLNs however TLR9 and STAT2 expression were higher with infection suggesting a direct viral effect The study provides evidence for TLR involvement in the response to FCoV This could open up new avenues for therapeutic approaches ',0 31063092,'Extension of the known distribution of a novel clade C betacoronavirus in a wildlife host ','Disease surveillance in wildlife populations presents a logistical challenge yet is critical in gaining a deeper understanding of the presence and impact of wildlife pathogens Erinaceus coronavirus EriCoV a clade C Betacoronavirus was first described in Western European hedgehogs Erinaceus europaeus in Germany Here our objective was to determine whether EriCoV is present and if it is associated with disease in Great Britain GB An EriCoV specific BRYT Green r real time reverse transcription PCR assay was used to test 351 samples of faeces or distal large intestinal tract contents collected from casualty or dead hedgehogs from a wide area across GB Viral RNA was detected in 10 8\% 38 samples however the virus was not detected in any of the 61 samples tested from Scotland The full genome sequence of the British EriCoV strain was determined using next generation sequencing it shared 94\% identity with a German EriCoV sequence Multivariate statistical models using hedgehog case history data faecal specimen descriptions and post mortem examination findings found no significant associations indicative of disease associated with EriCoV in hedgehogs These findings indicate that the Western European hedgehog is a reservoir host of EriCoV in the absence of apparent disease ',0 32184474,'How China is planning to go to Mars amid the coronavirus outbreak ',?,1 32109273,'COVID 19 outbreak on the Diamond Princess cruise ship estimating the epidemic potential and effectiveness of public health countermeasures ','Cruise ships carry a large number of people in confined spaces with relative homogeneous mixing On 3 February 2020 an outbreak of COVID 19 on cruise ship Diamond Princess was reported with 10 initial cases following an index case on board around 21 25 January By 4 February public health measures such as removal and isolation of ill passengers and quarantine of non ill passengers were implemented By 20 February 619 of 3 700 passengers and crew 17\% were tested positive ',1 30683171,'Bovine like coronaviruses in domestic and wild ruminants ','Coronaviruses CoVs produce a wide spectrum of disease syndromes in different mammalian and avian host species These viruses are well recognized for their ability to change tissue tropism to hurdle the interspecies barriers and to adapt ecological variations It is predicted that the inherent genetic diversity of CoVs caused by accumulation of point mutations and high frequency of homologous recombination is the principal determinant of these competences Several CoVs e g Severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV have been recorded to cross the interspecies barrier inducing different disease conditions in variable animal hosts Bovine CoV BCoV is a primary cause of gastroenteritis and respiratory disease in cattle calves winter dysentery in lactating cows and shipping fever pneumonia in feedlot cattle Although it has long been known as a restrictive cattle pathogen CoVs that are closely related to BCoV have been recognized in dogs humans and in other ruminant species Biologic antigenic and genetic analyses of the so called bovine like CoVs proposed classification of these viruses as host range variants rather than distinct virus species In this review the different bovine like CoVs that have been identified in domesticated ruminants water buffalo sheep goat dromedary camel llama and alpaca and wild ruminants deer wild cattle antelopes giraffes and wild goats are discussed in terms of epidemiology transmission and virus characteristics The presented data denote the importance of these viruses in the persistence of BCoV in nature spread to new geographical zones and continuous emergence of disease epidemics in cattle farms ',0 32147409,'Are children less susceptible to COVID 19 ',?,1 32198239,'EMS to stop during coronavirus outbreak ',?,1 32198166,'Challenges for NHS hospitals during covid 19 epidemic ',?,1 31791902,'Combining Procalcitonin and Rapid Multiplex Respiratory Virus Testing for Antibiotic Stewardship in Older Adult Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Infection ','Virus infection is underevaluated in older adults with severe acute respiratory infections SARIs We aimed to evaluate the clinical impact of combining point of care molecular viral test and serum procalcitonin PCT level for antibiotic stewardship in the emergency department ED ',0 32197103,'COVID 19 towards controlling of a pandemic ',?,1 32031570,'Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan China ','In December 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV infected pneumonia NCIP occurred in Wuhan China The number of cases has increased rapidly but information on the clinical characteristics of affected patients is limited ',1 31357164,'Spike proteins of novel MERS coronavirus isolates from North and West African dromedary camels mediate robust viral entry into human target cells ','The highly pathogenic Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS related coronavirus CoV is transmitted from dromedary camels the natural reservoir to humans For at present unclear reasons MERS cases have so far only been observed in the Arabian Peninsula although MERS CoV also circulates in African dromedary camels A recent study showed that MERS CoV found in North West Morocco and West African Burkina Faso and Nigeria dromedary camels are genetically distinct from Arabian viruses and have reduced replicative capacity in human cells potentially due to amino acid changes in one or more viral proteins Here we show that the spike S proteins of the prototypic Arabian MERS CoV strain human betacoronavirus 2c EMC 2012 and the above stated African MERS CoV variants do not appreciably differ in expression DPP4 binding and ability to drive entry into target cells Thus virus host interactions at the entry stage may not limit spread of North and West African MERS CoV in human cells ',0 32171806,'Behavioral considerations and impact on personal protective equipment PPE use Early lessons from the coronavirus COVID 19 outbreak ',?,1 30626685,'Acute Respiratory Infection in Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Transgenic Mice Infected with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV infection can manifest as a mild illness acute respiratory distress organ failure or death Several animal models have been established to study disease pathogenesis and to develop vaccines and therapeutic agents Here we developed transgenic Tg mice on a C57BL 6 background these mice expressed human CD26 dipeptidyl peptidase 4 hDPP4 a functional receptor for MERS CoV under the control of an endogenous hDPP4 promoter We then characterized this mouse model of MERS CoV The expression profile of hDPP4 in these mice was almost equivalent to that in human tissues including kidney and lung however hDPP4 was overexpressed in murine CD3 positive cells within peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues Intranasal inoculation of young and adult Tg mice with MERS CoV led to infection of the lower respiratory tract and pathological evidence of acute multifocal interstitial pneumonia within 7 days with only transient loss of body weight However the immunopathology in young and adult Tg mice was different On day 5 or 7 postinoculation lungs of adult Tg mice contained higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines associated with migration of macrophages These results suggest that the immunopathology of MERS CoV infection in the Tg mouse is age dependent The mouse model described here will increase our understanding of disease pathogenesis and host mediators that protect against MERS CoV infection IMPORTANCE< b> Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV infections are endemic in the Middle East and a threat to public health worldwide Rodents are not susceptible to the virus because they do not express functional receptors therefore we generated a new animal model of MERS CoV infection based on transgenic mice expressing human DPP4 hDPP4 The pattern of hDPP4 expression in this model was similar to that in human tissues except lymphoid tissue In addition MERS CoV was limited to the respiratory tract Here we focused on host factors involved in immunopathology in MERS CoV infection and clarified differences in antiviral immune responses between young and adult transgenic mice This new small animal model could contribute to more in depth study of the pathology of MERS CoV infection and aid development of suitable treatments ',0 32118394,' Diagnostic and therapeutic strategies of lung cancer patients during the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 ','With the increasing number of cases and widening geographical spread the 2019 novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 has been classified as one of the class B infectious diseases but prevented and controlled as class A infectious disease by the National Health Commission of China The diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer patients have been challenged greatly because of extraordinary public health measures since the lung cancer patients are a high risk population during the COVID 19 outbreak period Strict protection for lung cancer patients is needed to avoid infection Lung cancer patients are difficult to differentiate from patients with COVID 19 in terms of clinical symptoms which will bring great trouble to the clinical work and physical and mental health of lung cancer patients This review will demonstrate how to applicate appropriate and individual management for lung cancer patients to protect them from COVID 19 ',1 32193330,'How I faced my coronavirus anxiety ',?,1 31029162,'UBXN1 interacts with the S1 protein of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus and plays a role in viral replication ','Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus TGEV is an enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes diarrhea in pigs and is associated with high morbidity and mortality in sucking piglets S1 is one of two protein domains in the spike S glycoprotein and is responsible for enteric tropism sialic acid recognition and host receptor binding Although there has been extensive research on the S1 protein of TGEV little is known about the intracellular role of TGEV S1 In the present study we used yeast two hybrid screening of a cDNA library from porcine intestinal cells to identify proteins that interact with TGEV S1 Among 120 positive clones from the library 12 intracellular proteins were identified after sequencing and a BLAST search These intracellular proteins are involved in protein synthesis and degradation biological signal transduction and negative control of signaling pathways Using a glutathione S transferase GST pulldown assay and Co IP we found that UBXN1 interacts with the S1 protein Here we observed that TGEV infection led to increased UBXN1 expression levels during the late phase of infection in IPEC J2 cells Inhibition of UBXN1 in IPEC J2 cells via siRNA interference significantly decreased the viral titer and downregulated the expression of S1 UBXN1 overexpression significantly increased the viral copy number Additionally we provided data suggesting that UBXN1 negatively regulates IFN b expression after TGEV infection Finally our research indicated that UBXN1 plays a vital role in the process of TGEV infection making it a candidate target for the development of a novel antiviral method ',0 32087115,'Open access epidemiological data from the COVID 19 outbreak ',?,1 32161091,'Covid 19 Trump proposes tax cuts and improved health insurance but millions are not covered ',?,1 32178954,'Anesthetic Management of Patients With Suspected or Confirmed 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infection During Emergency Procedures ','The aim of the present study was to prevent cross infection in the operating room during emergency procedures for patients with confirmed or suspected 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV by following anesthesia management protocols and to document clinical and anesthesia related characteristics of these patients ',1 32064795,' Diagnosis and treatment recommendation for pediatric coronavirus disease 19 ',?,1 30971240,'Analysis of long non coding RNAs in neonatal piglets at different stages of porcine deltacoronavirus infection ','PDCoV Porcine Deltacoronavirus is a novel porcine coronavirus that causes intestinal necrosis of piglets thinning of the intestinal wall and severe villus atrophy in the small intestine PDCoV is a highly contagious infectious disease characterized by diarrhea dehydration and vomiting It has been reported that lncRNA has a significant effect on viral replication and increased or decreased virulence At present there is almost no research on lncRNA related to PDCoV infection With the development of the research a large number of lncRNAs related to PDCoV infection have been discovered Identifying the role of these lncRNAs in the infection process facilitates the screening of diagnostically significant biomarkers ',0 31084356,'Spotlight on avian pathology infectious bronchitis virus ','Infectious bronchitis is a highly infectious disease of the domestic chicken of all ages and type affecting the respiratory renal and reproductive systems Secondary bacterial infections are common and have a serious economic and welfare impact Many genotypic and serotypic variants of infectious bronchitis virus IBV exist worldwide making diagnosis difficult and challenging control strategies Vaccination requiring the use of both live attenuated and inactivated vaccines is needed to control IBV infections to date attempts to develop vectored vaccines as effective as the traditional vaccines have been unsuccessful ',0 32040506,'Host factor prioritization for pan viral genetic perturbation screens using random intercept models and network propagation ','Genetic perturbation screens using RNA interference RNAi have been conducted successfully to identify host factors that are essential for the life cycle of bacteria or viruses So far most published studies identified host factors primarily for single pathogens Furthermore often only a small subset of genes e g genes encoding kinases have been targeted Identification of host factors on a pan pathogen level i e genes that are crucial for the replication of a diverse group of pathogens has received relatively little attention despite the fact that such common host factors would be highly relevant for instance for devising broad spectrum anti pathogenic drugs Here we present a novel two stage procedure for the identification of host factors involved in the replication of different viruses using a combination of random effects models and Markov random walks on a functional interaction network We first infer candidate genes by jointly analyzing multiple perturbations screens while at the same time adjusting for high variance inherent in these screens Subsequently the inferred estimates are spread across a network of functional interactions thereby allowing for the analysis of missing genes in the biological studies smoothing the effect sizes of previously found host factors and considering a priori pathway information defined over edges of the network We applied the procedure to RNAi screening data of four different positive sense single stranded RNA viruses Hepatitis C virus Chikungunya virus Dengue virus and Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and detected novel host factors including UBC PLCG1 and DYRK1B which are predicted to significantly impact the replication cycles of these viruses We validated the detected host factors experimentally using pharmacological inhibition and an additional siRNA screen and found that some of the predicted host factors indeed influence the replication of these pathogens ',0 32178767,'Did the hesitancy in declaring COVID 19 a pandemic reflect a need to redefine the term ',?,1 32194944,'Prediction of the SARS CoV 2 2019 nCoV 3C like protease 3CL pro< sup> structure virtual screening reveals velpatasvir ledipasvir and other drug repurposing candidates ','We prepared the three dimensional model of the SARS CoV 2 aka 2019 nCoV 3C like protease 3CL pro< sup> using the crystal structure of the highly similar 96\% identity ortholog from the SARS CoV All residues involved in the catalysis substrate binding and dimerisation are 100\% conserved Comparison of the polyprotein PP1AB sequences showed 86\% identity The 3C like cleavage sites on the coronaviral polyproteins are highly conserved Based on the near identical substrate specificities and high sequence identities we are of the opinion that some of the previous progress of specific inhibitors development for the SARS CoV enzyme can be conferred on its SARS CoV 2 counterpart With the 3CL pro< sup> molecular model we performed virtual screening for purchasable drugs and proposed 16 candidates for consideration Among these the antivirals ledipasvir or velpatasvir are particularly attractive as therapeutics to combat the new coronavirus with minimal side effects commonly fatigue and headache The drugs Epclusa velpatasvir sofosbuvir and Harvoni ledipasvir sofosbuvir could be very effective owing to their dual inhibitory actions on two viral enzymes ',1 32162032,'How to balance acute myocardial infarction and COVID 19 the protocols from Sichuan Provincial People s Hospital ',?,1 32104907,'A systematic review of lopinavir therapy for SARS coronavirus and MERS coronavirus A possible reference for coronavirus disease 19 treatment option ','In the past few decades coronaviruses have risen as a global threat to public health Currently the outbreak of coronavirus disease 19 COVID 19 from Wuhan caused a worldwide panic There are no specific antiviral therapies for COVID 19 However there are agents that were used during the severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS epidemics We could learn from SARS and MERS Lopinavir LPV is an effective agent that inhibits the protease activity of coronavirus In this review we discuss the literature on the efficacy of LPV in vitro and in vivo especially in patients with SARS and MERS so that we might clarify the potential for the use of LPV in patients with COVID 19 ',1 32020915,'The Novel Coronavirus A Bird s Eye View ','The novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV outbreak which initially began in China has spread to many countries around the globe with the number of confirmed cases increasing every day With a death toll exceeding that of the SARS CoV outbreak back in 2002 and 2003 in China 2019 nCoV has led to a public health emergency of international concern putting all health organizations on high alert Herein we present on an overview of the currently available information on the pathogenesis epidemiology clinical presentation diagnosis and treatment of this virus ',1 32085842,'The neglected health of international migrant workers in the COVID 19 epidemic ',?,1 32092296,'Coronavirus COVID 19 Outbreak What the Department of Radiology Should Know ','In December 2019 a novel coronavirus COVID 19 pneumonia emerged in Wuhan China Since then this highly contagious COVID 19 has been spreading worldwide with a rapid rise in the number of deaths Novel COVID 19 infected pneumonia NCIP is characterized by fever fatigue dry cough and dyspnea A variety of chest imaging features have been reported similar to those found in other types of coronavirus syndromes The purpose of the present review is to briefly discuss the known epidemiology and the imaging findings of coronavirus syndromes with a focus on the reported imaging findings of NCIP Moreover the authors review precautions and safety measures for radiology department personnel to manage patients with known or suspected NCIP Implementation of a robust plan in the radiology department is required to prevent further transmission of the virus to patients and department staff members ',1 32077996,'Intensive care during the coronavirus epidemic ',?,1 32022370,'Learning from the Past Possible Urgent Prevention and Treatment Options for Severe Acute Respiratory Infections Caused by 2019 nCoV ','With the current trajectory of the 2019 nCoV outbreak unknown public health and medicinal measures will both be needed to contain spreading of the virus and to optimize patient outcomes Although little is known about the virus an examination of the genome sequence shows strong homology with its better studied cousin SARS CoV The spike protein used for host cell infection shows key nonsynonymous mutations that might hamper the efficacy of previously developed therapeutics but remains a viable target for the development of biologics and macrocyclic peptides Other key drug targets including RNA dependent RNA polymerase and coronavirus main proteinase 3CLpro share a strikingly high > 95 \% homology to SARS CoV Herein we suggest four potential drug candidates an ACE2 based peptide remdesivir 3CLpro 1 and a novel vinylsulfone protease inhibitor that could be used to treat patients suffering with the 2019 nCoV We also summarize previous efforts into drugging these targets and hope to help in the development of broad spectrum anti coronaviral agents for future epidemics ',1 32053437,'Infections without borders a new coronavirus in Wuhan China ',?,1 32053150,'US Emergency Legal Responses to Novel Coronavirus Balancing Public Health and Civil Liberties ',?,1 32145189,'Covert COVID 19 and false positive dengue serology in Singapore ',?,1 30694113,'Immunocytochemistry of mesenteric lymph node fine needle aspirates in the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis ','Immunohistochemistry IHC of tissue samples is considered the gold standard for diagnosing feline infectious peritonitis FIP and in cats without body cavity effusion IHC is the only method available to establish definitive antemortem diagnosis However IHC requires invasive tissue sample collection We evaluated sensitivity and specificity of an immunocytochemical assay of fine needle aspirates FNAs of mesenteric lymph nodes that can be obtained noninvasively by ultrasound guided aspiration to diagnose FIP FNAs of mesenteric lymph nodes were obtained postmortem from 41 cats suspected of having FIP based on clinical and or laboratory findings FIP was confirmed immunohistochemically in 30 cats In the other 11 cats a disease other than FIP which explained the clinical signs was diagnosed histopathologically Immunocytochemistry ICC was performed as an avidin biotin complex method using a monoclonal anti FCoV IgG 2A Sensitivity specificity negative and positive predictive values NPV PPV respectively including 95\% confidence intervals 95\% CIs were determined ICC was positive in 17 of 30 cats with FIP but also in 1 of 11 control cats that was diagnosed with lymphoma Sensitivity of ICC was 53\% 95\% CI 34 72 specificity 91\% 95\% CI 59 100 NPV 42\% 95\% CI 22 63 and PPV 94\% 95\% CI 71 100 In a lethal disease such as FIP specificity is most important in order to avoid euthanasia of unaffected cats Given that a false positive result occurred and FIP was correctly detected in only approximately half of the cases of FIP ICC of mesenteric lymph node FNA alone cannot reliably confirm or exclude FIP but can be a helpful test in conjunction with other diagnostic measures ',0 32152082,'Compounds with therapeutic potential against novel respiratory 2019 coronavirus ','Currently the expansion of the novel human respiratory coronavirus known as SARS CoV 2 COVID 2019 or 2019 nCoV has stressed the need for therapeutic alternatives to alleviate and stop this new epidemic The previous epidemics of high morbidity human coronaviruses such as the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV in 2003 and the Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus MERS CoV in 2012 prompted the characterization of compounds that could be potentially active against the currently emerging novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 The most promising compound is remdesivir GS 5734 a nucleotide analog prodrug currently in clinical trials for treating Ebola virus infections Remdesivir inhibited the replication of SARS CoV and MERS CoV in tissue cultures and it displayed efficacy in non human animal models In addition a combination of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 HIV 1 protease inhibitors lopinavir ritonavir and interferon beta LPV RTV INFb were shown to be effective in patients infected with SARS CoV LPV RTV INFb also improved clinical parameters in marmosets and mice infected with MERS CoV Remarkably the therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir appeared to be superior to that of LPV RTV INFb against MERS CoV in a transgenic humanized mice model The relatively high mortality rates associated with these three novel human coronavirus infections SARS CoV MERS CoV and SARS CoV 2 has suggested that pro inflammatory responses might play a role in the pathogenesis It remains unknown whether the generated inflammatory state should be targeted Therapeutics that target the coronavirus alone might not be able to reverse highly pathogenic infections This minireview aimed to provide a summary of therapeutic compounds that showed potential in fighting SARS CoV 2 infections ',1 32125127,' Recommendations for respiratory rehabilitation of COVID 19 in adult ','COVID 19 is a highly infectious respiratory infection disease which leads to dysfunction of respiratory physical and psychological of the patients pulmonary rehabilitation is an important intervention for clinical patients as well as cure patients With the deeper cognition of COVID 19 and accumulation of clinical experience we proposed the recommendations for pulmonary rehabilitation of COVID 19 in adults based on the opinions of front line clinical experts involved in the management of this epidemic and a review of the relevant literature and evidences 1 for the inpatients with COVID 19 pulmonary rehabilitation would relieve the symptoms of dyspnea anxiety and depression eventually improve physical function and the quality of life 2 For severe critical inpatients the early performance of pulmonary rehabilitation is not suggested 3 For isolating patients the pulmonary rehabilitation guidence should be conducted through education video instruction manual or remote consultation 4 Assessment and monitor should be performed throughout the entire pulmonary rehabilitation process 5 Taking proper grading protection following the guideline These recommendations can serve as a clinical practice guidence and basis for pulmonary rehabilitation of COVID 19 ',1 32062957,' Clinical characteristics of 30 medical workers infected with new coronavirus pneumonia ','Objective < b> To investigate the clinical characteristics of medical staff with novel coronavirus pneumonia NCP Methods < b> 30 patients infected with novel coronavirus referred to jianghan university hospital between January 11 2020 and January 3 2020 were studied The data reviewed included those of clinical manifestations laboratory investigation and Radiographic features Results < b> The patients consisted of 10 men and 20 women including 22 doctors and 8 nurses aged 21~59 years mean 35+ 8 years They were divided to 26 common type and 4 severe cases all of whom had close within 1m contact with patients infected of novel coronavirus pneumonia The average contact times were 12 7 16 and the average cumulative contact time was 2 1 5 2 7 h Clinical symptoms of these patients were fever in 23 patients 76 67\% headache in 16 petients 53 33\% fatigue or myalgia in 21patients 70\% nausea vomiting or diarrhea in 9 petients 30\% cough in 25 petients 83 33\% and dyspnea in 14 petients 46 67\% Routine blood test revealed WBC < 4 0x10 9 L in 8 petients 26 67\% 4 10 x10 9 L in 22 petients 73 33\% and WBC> 4 0x10 9 L in 4 petients 13 33\% during the disease Lymphocyte count < 1 0x10 9 L occurred in 12 petients 40\% abnormal liver function in 7 petients 23 33\% myocardial damage in 5 petients 16 67\% elevated D dimer > 0 5mg l in 5 patients 16 67\% Compared with normal patients the average exposure times cumulative exposure time BMI Fever time white blood cell count liver enzyme LDH myoenzyme and D dimer were significantly increased in severe patients while the lymphocyte count and albumin levels in peripheral blood were significantly decreased Chest CT mainly showed patchy shadows and interstitial changes According to imaging examination 11 patients 36 67\% showed Unilateral pneumonia and 19 patients 63 33\% showed bilateral pneumonia 4 patients 13 33\% showed bilateral multiple mottling and ground glass opacity Compared with the patients infected in the protected period the proportion of severe infection and bilateral pneumonia were both increased in the patients infected in unprotected period Conclusion < b> Medical staffs are at higher risk of infection Infection rates are associated with contact time the amount of suction virus Severe patients had BMI increased heating time prolonged white blood cell count lymphocyte count D dimer and albumin level significantly changed and were prone to be complicated with liver damage and myocardial damage Strict protection measures is important to prevent infection for medical workers ',1 32132521,'The Effects of Social Support on Sleep Quality of Medical Staff Treating Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 in January and February 2020 in China ','BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 formerly known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 and 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan City China Structural equation modeling SEM is a multivariate analysis method to determine the structural relationship between measured variables This observational study aimed to use SEM to determine the effects of social support on sleep quality and function of medical staff who treated patients with COVID 19 in January and February 2020 in Wuhan China MATERIAL AND METHODS A one month cross sectional observational study included 180 medical staff who treated patients with COVID 19 infection Levels of anxiety self efficacy stress sleep quality and social support were measured using the and the Self Rating Anxiety Scale SAS the General Self Efficacy Scale GSES the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction SASR questionnaire the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index PSQI and the Social Support Rate Scale SSRS respectively Pearson s correlation analysis and SEM identified the interactions between these factors RESULTS Levels of social support for medical staff were significantly associated with self efficacy and sleep quality and negatively associated with the degree of anxiety and stress Levels of anxiety were significantly associated with the levels of stress which negatively impacted self efficacy and sleep quality Anxiety stress and self efficacy were mediating variables associated with social support and sleep quality CONCLUSIONS SEM showed that medical staff in China who were treating patients with COVID 19 infection during January and February 2020 had levels of anxiety stress and self efficacy that were dependent on sleep quality and social support ',1 32142930,'Insights into the cross species evolution of 2019 novel coronavirus ',?,1 32199510,'Patients with mental health disorders in the COVID 19 epidemic ',?,1 32166607,'A Review of Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 ','There is a new public health crises threatening the world with the emergence and spread of 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV or the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 The virus originated in bats and was transmitted to humans through yet unknown intermediary animals in Wuhan Hubei province China in December 2019 There have been around 96 000 reported cases of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 2019 and 3300 reported deaths to date 05 03 2020 The disease is transmitted by inhalation or contact with infected droplets and the incubation period ranges from 2 to 14 d The symptoms are usually fever cough sore throat breathlessness fatigue malaise among others The disease is mild in most people in some usually the elderly and those with comorbidities it may progress to pneumonia acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS and multi organ dysfunction Many people are asymptomatic The case fatality rate is estimated to range from 2 to 3\% Diagnosis is by demonstration of the virus in respiratory secretions by special molecular tests Common laboratory findings include normal low white cell counts with elevated C reactive protein CRP The computerized tomographic chest scan is usually abnormal even in those with no symptoms or mild disease Treatment is essentially supportive role of antiviral agents is yet to be established Prevention entails home isolation of suspected cases and those with mild illnesses and strict infection control measures at hospitals that include contact and droplet precautions The virus spreads faster than its two ancestors the SARS CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV but has lower fatality The global impact of this new epidemic is yet uncertain ',1 32118391,' Cause analysis and treatment strategies of " recurrence" with novel coronavirus pneumonia covid 19 patients after discharge from hospital ','With a large number of COVID 19 patients discharging from hospital some had showed re fever and positive nucleic acid test after discharge from hospital This might be due to the biological characteristics of 2019 nCoV and might also be related to the basic disease clinical status glucocorticoid using sample sampling processing and detecting of patients and some even related to the re infection or secondary bacterial virus infection Therefore we suggest that in view of this phenomenon further stratified management of discharge from hospital should be carried out on the basis of guidelines especially for patients with advanced age underlying diseases or severe or critical pneumonia For those patients who can t completely deoxygenate for a long time after hospitalization individualized treatment methods and different discharge evaluation criteria should be adopted to ensure the complete cure of patients and prevent recurrencing after discharge from hospital ',1 32193904,'Drive Through Screening Center for COVID 19 a Safe and Efficient Screening System against Massive Community Outbreak ','As the coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 outbreak is ongoing the number of individuals to be tested for COVID 19 is rapidly increasing For safe and efficient screening for COVID 19 drive through DT screening centers have been designed and implemented in Korea Herein we present the overall concept advantages and limitations of the COVID 19 DT screening centers The steps of the DT centers include registration examination specimen collection and instructions The entire service takes about 10 minutes for one testee without leaving his or her cars Increased testing capacity over 100 tests per day and prevention of cross infection between testees in the waiting space are the major advantages while protection of staff from the outdoor atmosphere is challenging It could be implemented in other countries to cope with the global COVID 19 outbreak and transformed according to their own situations ',1 32181874,'Tabletop exercise to prepare institutions of higher education for an outbreak of COVID 19 ','Complete Table Top Exercise Manual ',1 32195704,'Response of Chinese Anesthesiologists to the COVID 19 Outbreak ','The coronavirus disease 2019 named COVID 19 officially by the World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland on February 12 2020 has spread at unprecedented speed After the first outbreak in Wuhan China Chinese anesthesiologists encountered increasing numbers of infected patients since December 2019 Because the main route of transmission is via respiratory droplets and close contact anesthesia providers are at a high risk when responding to the devastating mass emergency So far actions have been taken including but not limited to nationwide actions and online education regarding special procedures of airway management oxygen therapy ventilation support hemodynamic management sedation and analgesia As the epidemic situation has lasted for months thus far special platforms have also been set up to provide free mental health care to all anesthesia providers participating in acute and critical caring for COVID 19 patients The current article documents the actions taken lesson learned and future work needed ',1 32194290,'Social Capital and Sleep Quality in Individuals Who Self Isolated for 14 Days During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 Outbreak in January 2020 in China ','BACKGROUND From the end of December 2019 coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 began to spread in central China Social capital is a measure of social trust belonging and participation This study aimed to investigate the effects of social capital on sleep quality and the mechanisms involved in people who self isolated at home for 14 days in January 2020 during the COVID 19 epidemic in central China MATERIAL AND METHODS Individuals n=170 who self isolated at home for 14 days in central China completed self reported questionnaires on the third day of isolation Individual social capital was assessed using the Personal Social Capital Scale 16 PSCI 16 questionnaire Anxiety was assessed using the Self Rating Anxiety Scale SAS questionnaire stress was assessed using the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction SASR questionnaire and sleep was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index PSQI questionnaire Path analysis was performed to evaluate the relationships between a dependent variable social capital and two or more independent variables using Pearson s correlation analysis and structural equation modeling SEM RESULTS Low levels of social capital were associated with increased levels of anxiety and stress but increased levels of social capital were positively associated with increased quality of sleep Anxiety was associated with stress and reduced sleep quality and the combination of anxiety and stress reduced the positive effects of social capital on sleep quality CONCLUSIONS During a period of individual self isolation during the COVID 19 virus epidemic in central China increased social capital improved sleep quality by reducing anxiety and stress ',1 32175421,'Early estimation of the case fatality rate of COVID 19 in mainland China a data driven analysis ','An ongoing outbreak of pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV 2 named COVID 19 hit a major city of China Wuhan in December 2019 and subsequently spread to other provinces regions of China and overseas Several studies have been done to estimate the basic reproduction number in the early phase of this outbreak yet there are no reliable estimates of case fatality rate CFR for COVID 19 to date ',1 32187921,' Countermeasures and treatment for aortic acute syndrome with 2019 coronavirus disease ','The 2019 coronavirus disease COVID 19 has cost a great loss to the health and economic property of Chines people Under such a special circumstance how to deal with such patients with acute aortic syndrome has become a serious challenge Rapid diagnosis of concomitant COVID 19 safe and effective transportation implementation of the interventional procedure protection of vascular surgical team and postoperative management and follow up of such patients have become urgent problems for us Combined with the latest novel government documents the literature and the experiences from Wuhan we answered the above questions briefly and plainly We also hope to inspire the national vascular surgeons to manage critical emergencies in vascular surgery and even routine vascular diseases with COVID 19 as a final point to limit the severe epidemic situation and minimize the damage of COVID 19 ',0 31652964,'Viral Metagenomics Revealed Sendai Virus and Coronavirus Infection of Malayan Pangolins Manis javanica< i> ','Pangolins are endangered animals in urgent need of protection Identifying and cataloguing the viruses carried by pangolins is a logical approach to evaluate the range of potential pathogens and help with conservation This study provides insight into viral communities of Malayan Pangolins Manis javanica< i> as well as the molecular epidemiology of dominant pathogenic viruses between Malayan Pangolin and other hosts A total of 62 508 de novo< i> assembled contigs were constructed and a BLAST search revealed 3600 ones 300 nt were related to viral sequences of which 68 contigs had a high level of sequence similarity to known viruses while dominant viruses were the Sendai virus and Coronavirus This is the first report on the viral diversity of pangolins expanding our understanding of the virome in endangered species and providing insight into the overall diversity of viruses that may be capable of directly or indirectly crossing over into other mammals ',0 31692019,'Gold nanoparticle adjuvanted S protein induces a strong antigen specific IgG response against severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronavirus infection but fails to induce protective antibodies and limit eosinophilic infiltration in lungs ','The spike S protein of coronavirus which binds to cellular receptors and mediates membrane fusion for cell entry is a candidate vaccine target for blocking coronavirus infection However some animal studies have suggested that inadequate immunization against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV induces a lung eosinophilic immunopathology upon infection The present study evaluated two kinds of vaccine adjuvants for use with recombinant S protein gold nanoparticles AuNPs which are expected to function as both an antigen carrier and an adjuvant in immunization and Toll like receptor TLR agonists which have previously been shown to be an effective adjuvant in an ultraviolet inactivated SARS CoV vaccine All the mice immunized with more than 0 5 ug S protein without adjuvant escaped from SARS after infection with mouse adapted SARS CoV however eosinophilic infiltrations were observed in the lungs of almost all the immunized mice The AuNP adjuvanted protein induced a strong IgG response but failed to improve vaccine efficacy or to reduce eosinophilic infiltration because of highly allergic inflammatory responses Whereas similar virus titers were observed in the control animals and the animals immunized with S protein with or without AuNPs Type 1 interferon and pro inflammatory responses were moderate in the mice treated with S protein with and without AuNPs On the other hand the TLR agonist adjuvanted vaccine induced highly protective antibodies without eosinophilic infiltrations as well as Th1 17 cytokine responses The findings of this study will support the development of vaccines against severe pneumonia associated coronaviruses ',0 32191675,'WHO Declares COVID 19 a Pandemic ','The World Health Organization WHO on March 11 2020 has declared the novel coronavirus COVID 19 outbreak a global pandemic 1 At a news briefing WHO Director General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus noted that over the past 2 weeks the number of cases outside China increased 13 fold and the number of countries with cases increased threefold Further increases are expected He said that the WHO is " deeply concerned both by the alarming levels of spread and severity and by the alarming levels of inaction " and he called on countries to take action now to contain the virus " We should double down " he said " We should be more aggressive " ',1 30905822,'Significant inhibition of re emerged and emerging swine enteric coronavirus in vitro using the multiple shRNA expression vector ','Swine enteric coronaviruses SECoVs including porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus SADS CoV and porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV have emerged and been prevalent in pig populations in China for the last several years However current traditional inactivated and attenuated PEDV vaccines are of limited efficacy against circulating PEDV variants and there are no commercial vaccines for prevention of PDCoV and SADS CoV RNA interference RNAi is a powerful tool in therapeutic applications to inhibit viral replication in vitro In this study we developed a small interfering RNA generation system that expressed two different short hairpin RNAs shRNAs targeting the M gene of PEDV and SADS CoV and the N gene of PDCoV respectively Our results demonstrated that simultaneous expression of these specific shRNA molecules inhibited expression of PEDV M gene SADS CoV M gene and PDCoV N gene RNA by 99 7\% 99 4\% and 98 8\% respectively in infected cell cultures In addition shRNA molecules significantly restricted the expression of M and N protein and impaired the replication of PEDV SADS CoV and PDCoV simultaneously Taken together this shRNAs expression system not only is proved to be a novel approach for studying functions of various genes synchronously but also developed to test aspects of a potential therapeutic option for treatment and prevention of multiple SECoV infections ',0 30951787,'A multiplex RT PCR assay for rapid and simultaneous detection of four RNA viruses in swine ','A multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain rection mRT PCR was developed for simultaneous detection of four RNA viruses in swine The conserved target sequences directed to classical swine fever virus CSFV porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus PRRSV porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV and transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus TGEV were selected based on alignments of genomic sequences and then specific primers were designed The mRT PCR assay was developed and evaluated for its specificity and sensitivity The expected product from the single viral template was amplified by mRT PCR and no spurious PCR amplification occurred from the genomic RNA or DNA of other pathogens For single virus or different combinations of two viruses the detection limit of mRT PCR was consistent with a single RT PCR wtith 1 x 103< sup> copies For different combinations of the three viruses or four viruses sensitivity of PEDV detection partially decreased All of positive clinical specimens by the mRT PCR were identically confirmed using Taqman RT qPCR Therefore the mRT PCR is a useful tool for epidemiological studies and laboratory diagnosis of single virus and or mixed infections in swine ',0 32047315,'Coronavirus hospitals must learn from past pandemics ',?,1 32074516,'Development of Genetic Diagnostic Methods for Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV 2019 in Japan ','At the end of 2019 pneumonia caused by novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV emerged in Wuhan city China Many airline travelers moved between Wuhan and Japan at that time suggesting that Japan is at high risk of invasion by the virus Diagnostic systems for 2019 nCoV were developed with urgency Two nested RT PCR assays and two real time RT PCR assays were adapted to local Japanese conditions As of 8 February 2020 the assays developed have successfully detected 25 positive cases of infection in Japan ',1 30905773,'Isolation and identification of a variant subtype G 2b porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and S gene sequence characteristic ','Porcine epidemic diarrhea PED which is caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV is an intestinal communicable disease In recent years though pigs have been immunized with the vaccines in pig farms PED still broke out and caused severe economic losses to the swine industry in the northeast China In this study the sample was positive for PEDV variant strains via the nano nest PCR The strain was successfully isolated from positive samples and was serially passaged in Vero E6 cells In addition the strain was identified via electron microscopy observation indirect immunofluorescence assay and infection experiment in newborn piglets and named PEDV CH JLDH 2016 strain Accession No MF346935 Phylogenetic analysis of the S gene showed that the CH JLDH 2016 strain was clustered into G2b subgroup Comparing with the CV777 vaccine strain amino acid sequence analysis of CH JLDH 2016 strain showed that 15 nucleotides were inserted and 9 were absent in S gene whose amino acid sequence it educed insertions of 5 amino acids 58< sup>NQGX61< sup> and 145< sup>N and absences of 3 amino acids 164< sup>RD165< sup> and 1204< sup>Y Our strain in the SS2 epitope have no amino acid variant while in SS6 epitope Y changed into S in 776th amino acid The results indicated that PEDV G2b variant strains have been emerged in Jilin province The identification of new types of PEDV variant strains would stimulate the development of effective vaccines for the prevention and control of PED The novel vaccines that based on these newly identified PEDV variant strains may contribute to the control of PED outbreaks in China ',0 32195701,'Preventing Infection of Patients and Healthcare Workers Should Be the New Normal in the Era of Novel Coronavirus Epidemics ',?,1 32196071,'Knowledge and Perceptions of COVID 19 Among the General Public in the United States and the United Kingdom A Cross sectional Online Survey ',?,1 30842318,'Guinea Fowl Coronavirus Diversity Has Phenotypic Consequences for Glycan and Tissue Binding ','Guinea fowl coronavirus GfCoV causes fulminating enteritis that can result in a daily death rate of 20\% in guinea fowl flocks Here we studied GfCoV diversity and evaluated its phenotypic consequences Over the period of 2014 to 2016 affected guinea fowl flocks were sampled in France and avian coronavirus presence was confirmed by PCR on intestinal content and immunohistochemistry of intestinal tissue Sequencing revealed 89\% amino acid identity between the viral attachment protein S1 of GfCoV 2014 and that of the previously identified GfCoV 2011 To study the receptor interactions as a determinant for tropism and pathogenicity recombinant S1 proteins were produced and analyzed by glycan and tissue arrays Glycan array analysis revealed that in addition to the previously elucidated biantennary di N< i> acetyllactosamine diLacNAc receptor viral attachment S1 proteins from GfCoV 2014 and GfCoV 2011 can bind to glycans capped with alpha 2 6 linked sialic acids Interestingly recombinant GfCoV 2014 S1 has an increased affinity for these glycans compared to that of GfCoV 2011 S1 which was in agreement with the increased avidity of GfCoV 2014 S1 for gastrointestinal tract tissues Enzymatic removal of receptors from tissues before application of spike proteins confirmed the specificity of S1 tissue binding Overall we demonstrate that diversity in GfCoV S1 proteins results in differences in glycan and tissue binding properties IMPORTANCE< b> Avian coronaviruses cause major global problems in the poultry industry As causative agents of huge economic losses the detection and understanding of the molecular determinants of viral tropism are of ultimate importance Here we set out to study those parameters and obtained in depth insight into the virus host interactions of guinea fowl coronavirus GfCoV Our data indicate that diversity in GfCoV viral attachment proteins results in differences in degrees of affinity for glycan receptors as well as altered avidity for intestinal tract tissues which might have consequences for GfCoV tissue tropism and pathogenesis in guinea fowls ',0 31826992,'Molecular Mechanism for Antibody Dependent Enhancement of Coronavirus Entry ','Antibody dependent enhancement ADE of viral entry has been a major concern for epidemiology vaccine development and antibody based drug therapy However the molecular mechanism behind ADE is still elusive Coronavirus spike protein mediates viral entry into cells by first binding to a receptor on the host cell surface and then fusing viral and host membranes In this study we investigated how a neutralizing monoclonal antibody MAb which targets the receptor binding domain RBD of Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS coronavirus spike mediates viral entry using pseudovirus entry and biochemical assays Our results showed that MAb binds to the virus surface spike allowing it to undergo conformational changes and become prone to proteolytic activation Meanwhile MAb binds to cell surface IgG Fc receptor guiding viral entry through canonical viral receptor dependent pathways Our data suggest that the antibody Fc receptor complex functionally mimics viral receptor in mediating viral entry Moreover we characterized MAb dosages in viral receptor dependent Fc receptor dependent and both receptors dependent viral entry pathways delineating guidelines on MAb usages in treating viral infections Our study reveals a novel molecular mechanism for antibody enhanced viral entry and can guide future vaccination and antiviral strategies IMPORTANCE< b> Antibody dependent enhancement ADE of viral entry has been observed for many viruses It was shown that antibodies target one serotype of viruses but only subneutralize another leading to ADE of the latter viruses Here we identify a novel mechanism for ADE a neutralizing antibody binds to the surface spike protein of coronaviruses like a viral receptor triggers a conformational change of the spike and mediates viral entry into IgG Fc receptor expressing cells through canonical viral receptor dependent pathways We further evaluated how antibody dosages impacted viral entry into cells expressing viral receptor Fc receptor or both receptors This study reveals complex roles of antibodies in viral entry and can guide future vaccine design and antibody based drug therapy ',0 31988464,'China s response to a novel coronavirus stands in stark contrast to the 2002 SARS outbreak response ',?,1 32159775,'Detection of SARS CoV 2 in Different Types of Clinical Specimens ',?,1 30840701,'Growth enhancement of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV in Vero E6 cells expressing PEDV nucleocapsid protein ','More recently emerging strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV cause severe diarrhea and especially high mortality rates in infected piglets leading to substantial economic loss to worldwide swine industry These outbreaks urgently call for updated and effective PEDV vaccines Better understanding in PEDV biology and improvement in technological platforms for virus production can immensely assist and accelerate PEDV vaccine development In this study we explored the ability of PEDV nucleocapsid N protein in improving viral yields in cell culture systems We demonstrated that PEDV N expression positively affected both recovery of PEDV from infectious clones and PEDV propagation in cell culture Compared to Vero E6 cells Vero E6 cells expressing PEDV N could accelerate growth of a slow growing PEDV strain to higher peak titers by 12 hours or enhance the yield of a vaccine candidate strain by two orders of magnitude Interestingly PEDV N also slightly enhances replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory virus a PEDV relative in the Nidovirales order These results solidify the importance of N in PEDV recovery and propagation and suggest a potentially useful consideration in designing vaccine production platforms for PEDV or closely related pathogens ',0 32188819,'Analysis of COVID 19 infection spread in Japan based on stochastic transition model ','To assess the effectiveness of response strategies of avoiding large gatherings or crowded areas and to predict the spread of COVID 19 infections in Japan we developed a stochastic transmission model by extending the Susceptible Infected Removed SIR epidemiological model with an additional modeling of the individual action on whether to stay away from the crowded areas The population were divided into three compartments Susceptible Infected Removed Susceptible transitions to Infected every hour with a probability determined by the ratio of Infected and the congestion of area The total area consists of three zones crowded zone mid zone and uncrowded zone with different infection probabilities characterized by the number of people gathered there The time for each people to spend in the crowded zone is curtailed by 0 2 4 6 7 and 8 hours and the time spent in mid zone is extended accordingly This simulation showed that the number of Infected and Removed will increase rapidly if there is no reduction of the time spent in crowded zone On the other hand the stagnant growth of Infected can be observed when the time spent in the crowded zone is reduced to 4 hours and the growth number of Infected will decrease and the spread of the infection will subside gradually if the time spent in the crowded zone is further cut to 2 hours In conclusions The infection spread in Japan will be gradually contained by reducing the time spent in the crowded zone to less than 4 hours ',1 30761102,'Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Viroporin 3a Activates the NLRP3 Inflammasome ','Nod like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 NLRP3 regulates the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1 beta IL 1b and IL 18 We previously showed that influenza virus M2 or encephalomyocarditis virus EMCV 2B proteins stimulate IL 1b secretion following activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome However the mechanism by which severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV activates the NLRP3 inflammasome remains unknown Here we provide direct evidence that SARS CoV 3a protein activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in lipopolysaccharide primed macrophages SARS CoV 3a was sufficient to cause the NLRP3 inflammasome activation The ion channel activity of the 3a protein was essential for 3a mediated IL 1b secretion While cells uninfected or infected with a lentivirus expressing a 3a protein defective in ion channel activity expressed NLRP3 uniformly throughout the cytoplasm NLRP3 was redistributed to the perinuclear space in cells infected with a lentivirus expressing the 3a protein K+< sup> efflux and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species were important for SARS CoV 3a induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation These results highlight the importance of viroporins transmembrane pore forming viral proteins in virus induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation ',0 32007621,'SARS CoV MERS CoV and now the 2019 novel CoV Have we investigated enough about coronaviruses A bibliometric analysis ',?,1 31781765,'A review of asymptomatic and sub clinical Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infections ','The epidemiology of Middle East Respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV since 2012 has been largely characterised by recurrent zoonotic spill over from dromedary camels followed by limited human to human transmission predominantly in health care settings The full extent of infection of MERS CoV is not clear nor is the extent and or role of asymptomatic infections in transmission We conducted a review of molecular and serological investigations through PubMed and EMBASE from September 2012 to 15 November 2018 attempting to measure sub clinical or asymptomatic MERS CoV infection within and outside of health care settings We performed retrospective analysis of laboratory confirmed MERS CoV infections reported to the World Health Organization to 27 November 2018 to summarize what is known about asymptomatic infections identified through national surveillance systems We identified 23 studies reporting evidence of MERS CoV infection outside health care settings mainly of camel workers showing ranges of seroprevalence of 0 67\% depending on the study location We identified 20 studies in health care settings of health care worker HCW and family contacts of which 11 documented molecular evidence of MERS CoV infection among asymptomatic contacts Since 2012 298 laboratory confirmed cases were reported as asymptomatic to the World Health Organization 164 of whom were HCW Viral shedding studies of asymptomatic MERS infections have demonstrated the potential to transmit MERS CoV to others Our results highlight the possibility for onward transmission of MERS CoV from asymptomatic individuals Screening of HCW contacts of confirmed MERS CoV patients is currently recommended but systematic screening of non HCW contacts outside of health care facilities should be encouraged ',0 30690213,'Macrolides in critically ill patients with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ','Macrolides have been reported to be associated with improved outcomes in patients with viral pneumonia related to influenza and other viruses possibly because of their immune modulatory effects Macrolides have frequently been used in patients with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MERS This study investigated the association of macrolides with 90 day mortality and MERS coronavirus CoV RNA clearance in critically ill patients with MERS ',0 32077933,'Emergence of a Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID 19 and the Importance of Diagnostic Testing Why Partnership between Clinical Laboratories Public Health Agencies and Industry Is Essential to Control the Outbreak ',?,1 31230362,'High incidence of rhinovirus infection in children with community acquired pneumonia from a city in the Brazilian pre Amazon region ','Community acquired pneumonia CAP is the leading cause of child death worldwide Viruses are the most common pathogens associated with CAP in children but their incidence varies greatly This study investigated the presence of respiratory syncytial virus RSV adenovirus human rhinovirus HRV human metapneumovirus HMPV human coronavirus HCoV OC43 and HCoV NL63 and influenza A virus FluA in children with CAP and the contributing risk factors Here children with acute respiratory infections were screened by pediatrics and a total of 150 radiographically confirmed CAP patients aged 3 months to 10 years from two clinical centers in Sao Luis Brazil were recruited Patient s clinical and epidemiological data were recorded Nasopharyngeal swab and tracheal aspirate samples were collected to extract viral nucleic acid RSV adenovirus rhinovirus FluA HMPV HCoV OC43 and HCoV NL63 were detected by real time polymerase chain reaction The severe CAP was associated with ages between 3 and 12 months Viruses were detected in 43\% of CAP patients Rhinovirus infections were the most frequently identified 68\% RSV adenovirus FluA and coinfections were identified in 14\% 14\% 5\% and 15\% of children with viral infection respectively Rhinovirus was associated with nonsevere CAP P = 014 RSV FluA and coinfections were associated with severe CAP P < 05 New strategies for prevention and treatment of viral respiratory infections mainly rhinovirus and RSV infections are necessary ',0 32152594,'Coronavirus close up faded star and orchestral operation February s best science images ',?,1 32172175,'Clinical considerations for patients with diabetes in times of COVID 19 epidemic ',?,1 32199474,'COVID 19 protecting health care workers ',?,1 30704076,'Shared Common Ancestry of Rodent Alphacoronaviruses Sampled Globally ','The recent discovery of novel alphacoronaviruses alpha CoVs in European and Asian rodents revealed that rodent coronaviruses CoVs sampled worldwide formed a discrete phylogenetic group within this genus To determine the evolutionary history of rodent CoVs in more detail particularly the relative frequencies of virus host co divergence and cross species transmission we recovered longer fragments of CoV genomes from previously discovered European rodent alpha CoVs using a combination of PCR and high throughput sequencing Accordingly the full genome sequence was retrieved from the UK rat coronavirus along with partial genome sequences from the UK field vole and Poland resident bank vole CoVs and a short conserved ORF1b fragment from the French rabbit CoV Genome and phylogenetic analysis showed that despite their diverse geographic origins all rodent alpha CoVs formed a single monophyletic group and shared similar features such as the same gene constellations a recombinant beta CoV spike gene and similar core transcriptional regulatory sequences TRS These data suggest that all rodent alpha CoVs sampled so far originate from a single common ancestor and that there has likely been a long term association between alpha CoVs and rodents Despite this likely antiquity the phylogenetic pattern of the alpha CoVs was also suggestive of relatively frequent host jumping among the different rodent species ',0 32029004,'A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV infected pneumonia standard version ','In December 2019 a new type viral pneumonia cases occurred in Wuhan Hubei Province and then named " 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV " by the World Health Organization WHO on 12 January 2020 For it is a never been experienced respiratory disease before and with infection ability widely and quickly it attracted the world s attention but without treatment and control manual For the request from frontline clinicians and public health professionals of 2019 nCoV infected pneumonia management an evidence based guideline urgently needs to be developed Therefore we drafted this guideline according to the rapid advice guidelines methodology and general rules of WHO guideline development we also added the first hand management data of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University This guideline includes the guideline methodology epidemiological characteristics disease screening and population prevention diagnosis treatment and control including traditional Chinese Medicine nosocomial infection prevention and control and disease nursing of the 2019 nCoV Moreover we also provide a whole process of a successful treatment case of the severe 2019 nCoV infected pneumonia and experience and lessons of hospital rescue for 2019 nCoV infections This rapid advice guideline is suitable for the first frontline doctors and nurses managers of hospitals and healthcare sections community residents public health persons relevant researchers and all person who are interested in the 2019 nCoV ',1 31838832,'Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection into established hDDP4 transgenic mice accelerates lung damage via activation of the pro inflammatory response and pulmonary fibrosis ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV infects the lower respiratory airway of humans leading to severe acute respiratory failure Unlike human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 hDPP4 a receptor for MERS CoV mouse DPP4 mDPP4 failed to support MERS CoV infection Consequently diverse transgenic mouse models expressing hDPP4 have been developed using diverse methods although some models show no mortality and or only transient and mild to moderate clinical signs following MERS CoV infection Additionally overexpressed hDPP4 is associated with neurological complications and breeding difficulties in some transgenic mice resulting in impeding further studies Here we generated stable hDPP4 transgenic mice that were sufficiently susceptible to MERS CoV infection The transgenic mice showed weight loss decreased pulmonary function and increased mortality with minimal perturbation of overexpressed hDPP4 after MERS CoV infection In addition we observed histopathological signs indicative of progressive pulmonary fibrosis including thickened alveolar septa infiltration of inflammatory monocytes and macrophage polarization as well as elevated expression of profibrotic molecules and acute inflammatory response in the lung of MERS CoV infected hDPP4 transgenic mice Collectively we suggest that this hDPP4 transgenic mouse is useful to enable understanding of the pathogenesis of MERS CoV infection and for antiviral research and vaccine development against the virus ',0 32149486,' COVID 19 with post chemotherapy agranulocytosis in childhood acute leukemia a case report ',?,1 32083728,'Global challenges in health and health care for nurses and midwives everywhere ','The next decade is likely to produce any number of global challenges that will affect health and health care including pan national infections such as the new coronavirus COVID 19 and others that will be related to global warming Nurses will be required to react to these events even though they will also be affected as ordinary citizens The future resilience of healthcare services will depend on having sufficient numbers of nurses who are adequately resourced to face the coming challenges ',1 32179908,'A 55 Day Old Female Infant infected with COVID 19 presenting with pneumonia liver injury and heart damage ','Previous studies on the pneumonia outbreak caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 were mainly based on information from adult populations Limited data are available for children with COVID 19 especially for infected infants We report a 55 day old case with COVID 19 confirmed in China and describe the identification diagnosis clinical course and treatment of the patient including the disease progression from day 7 to day 11 of illness This case highlights that children with COVID 19 can also present with multiple organ damage and rapid disease changes When managing such patients frequent and careful clinical monitoring is essential ',1 31095201,' Indirect immunofluorescence technique versus polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of respiratory viruses in children admitted to a hospital in the Metropolitan Region ','Early viral detection in acute respiratory infections ARI is essential to establish appropriate therapy and prevent nosocomial transmission ',0 31994738,'The 2019 new coronavirus epidemic Evidence for virus evolution ','There is a worldwide concern about the new coronavirus 2019 nCoV as a global public health threat In this article we provide a preliminary evolutionary and molecular epidemiological analysis of this new virus A phylogenetic tree has been built using the 15 available whole genome sequences of 2019 nCoV 12 whole genome sequences of 2019 nCoV and 12 highly similar whole genome sequences available in gene bank five from the severe acute respiratory syndrome two from Middle East respiratory syndrome and five from bat SARS like coronavirus Fast unconstrained Bayesian approximation analysis shows that the nucleocapsid and the spike glycoprotein have some sites under positive pressure whereas homology modeling revealed some molecular and structural differences between the viruses The phylogenetic tree showed that 2019 nCoV significantly clustered with bat SARS like coronavirus sequence isolated in 2015 whereas structural analysis revealed mutation in Spike Glycoprotein and nucleocapsid protein From these results the new 2019 nCoV is distinct from SARS virus probably trasmitted from bats after mutation conferring ability to infect humans ',1 32129518,'Angiotensin receptor blockers as tentative SARS CoV 2 therapeutics ','At the time of writing this commentary February 2020 the coronavirus COVID 19 epidemic has already resulted in more fatalities compared with the SARS and MERS coronavirus epidemics combined Therapeutics that may assist to contain its rapid spread and reduce its high mortality rates are urgently needed Developing vaccines against the SARS CoV 2 virus may take many months Moreover vaccines based on viral encoded peptides may not be effective against future coronavirus epidemics as virus mutations could make them futile Indeed new Influenza virus strains emerge every year requiring new immunizations A tentative suggestion based on existing therapeutics which would likely be resistant to new coronavirus mutations is to use available angiotensin receptor 1 AT1R blockers such as losartan as therapeutics for reducing the aggressiveness and mortality from SARS CoV 2 virus infections This idea is based on observations that the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 ACE2 very likely serves as the binding site for SARS CoV 2 the strain implicated in the current COVID 19 epidemic similarly to strain SARS CoV implicated in the 2002 2003 SARS epidemic This commentary elaborates on the idea of considering AT1R blockers as tentative treatment for SARS CoV 2 infections and proposes a research direction based on datamining of clinical patient records for assessing its feasibility ',1 32056249,'Overlapping and discrete aspects of the pathology and pathogenesis of the emerging human pathogenic coronaviruses SARS CoV MERS CoV and 2019 nCoV ','First reported from Wuhan The People s Republic of China on 31 December 2019 the ongoing outbreak of a novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV causes great global concerns Based on the advice of the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee and the fact that to date 24 other countries also reported cases the WHO Director General declared that the outbreak of 2019 nCoV constitutes a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020 Together with the other two highly pathogenic coronaviruses the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV 2019 nCov and other yet to be identified coronaviruses pose a global threat to public health In this mini review we provide a brief introduction to the pathology and pathogenesis of SARS CoV and MERS CoV and extrapolate this knowledge to the newly identified 2019 nCoV ',1 32203367,'Coronavirus vaccines five key questions as trials begin ',?,0 32083284,'The New Coronavirus the Current King of China ',?,1 32066525,'Full spectrum of COVID 19 severity still being depicted ',?,1 32135077,'COVID 19 and the anti lessons of history ',?,1 32108459,' Treatment strategies of Budd Chiari syndrome during the epidemic period of 2019 coronavirus disease ','Prevention and control about the situation of 2019 coronavirus disease COVID 19 are grim at present In addition to supporting the frontline actively medical workers in general surgery spare no efforts in making good diagnosis and treatment of specialized diseases by optimizing treatment process providing medical advice online mastering indications of delayed operation and emergency operation reasonably etc Budd Chiari syndrome is a complex disorder and severity of the disease varies serious cases can be life threatening While fighting the epidemic medical workers should also ensure the medical needs of patients However instead of continuing the traditional treatment a new management system should be developed Based on the characteristics of Budd Chiari syndrome patients in China and our experience we divide the patients into ordinary and critical cases and treatment strategies suitable for the epidemic period of COVID 19 are put forward for reference and discussion by physicians ',1 31207129,'The re emerging of SADS CoV infection in pig herds in Southern China ','A new highly virulent swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus SADS CoV emerged in Guangdong province in 2017 followed by fatal diarrhoea that involved the death of 24 693 piglets And yet from May 2017 to January 2019 there were no new SADS cases arising in pig herds in Guangdong In this study we reported the recent diarrhoea outbreak of SADS CoV in Southern China on February 2019 Intestinal samples collected from diarrhoeal piglets were detected for common swine virus and confirmed that SADS CoV was responsible for the diarrhoea case Meanwhile serological investigation of sows sera implied that SADS CoV has existed in the farm and PEDV antibody may not directly contribute to the amplification of SADS CoV Homology and phylogenetic analysis of the whole genome showed that the re emerging SADS CoV strain shared high sequence identities with existing SADS CoV strains and all strains clustered together in Alpha coronavirus All in all the report herein emphasized the re emerging of SADS CoV and highlights continuous monitoring for this virus ',0 30646569,'Advances in MERS CoV Vaccines and Therapeutics Based on the Receptor Binding Domain ','Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS coronavirus MERS CoV is an infectious virus that was first reported in 2012 The MERS CoV genome encodes four major structural proteins among which the spike S protein has a key role in viral infection and pathogenesis The receptor binding domain RBD of the S protein contains a critical neutralizing domain and is an important target for development of MERS vaccines and therapeutics In this review we describe the relevant features of the MERS CoV S protein RBD summarize recent advances in the development of MERS CoV RBD based vaccines and therapeutic antibodies and illustrate potential challenges and strategies to further improve their efficacy ',0 32203693,'Mass gathering events and reducing further global spread of COVID 19 a political and public health dilemma ',?,0 32067542,'Fatal encephalitis associated with coronavirus OC43 in an immunocompromised child ','A child with pre B acute lymphoblastic leukaemia ALL developed fatal encephalitis associated with human coronavirus OC43 HCoV OC43 During chemotherapy the child had a persistent HCoV OC43 respiratory infection and later developed progressive encephalitis Cerebrospinal fluid was negative for pathogens including HCoV OC43 but a brain biopsy was HCoV OC43 positive by metagenomic next generation sequencing ',0 32174128,'Clinical Features and Chest CT Manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 in a Single Center Study in Shanghai China ','OBJECTIVE < b> Confronting the new coronavirus infection known as coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 is challenging and requires excluding patients with suspected COVID 19 who actually have other diseases The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical features and CT manifestations of COVID 19 by comparing patients with COVID 19 pneumonia with patients with non COVID 19 pneumonia who presented at a fever observation department in Shanghai China MATERIALS AND METHODS < b> Patients were retrospectively enrolled in the study from January 19 through February 6 2020 All patients underwent real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction RT PCR testing RESULTS < b> Eleven patients had RT PCR test results that were positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 whereas 22 patients had negative results No statistical difference in clinical features was observed p< i> > 0 05 with the exception of leukocyte and platelet counts p< i> < 0 05 The mean + SD interval between onset of symptoms and admission to the fever observation department was 4 40 + 2 00 and 5 52 + 4 00 days for patients with positive and negative RT PCR test results respectively The frequency of opacifications in patients with positive results and patients with negative results respectively was as follows ground glass opacities GGOs 100 0\% versus 90 9\% mixed GGO 63 6\% versus 72 7\% and consolidation 54 5\% versus 77 3\% In patients with positive RT PCR results GGOs were the most commonly observed opacification seen in 100 0\% of patients and were predominantly located in the peripheral zone 100 0\% of patients compared with patients with negative results 31 8\% p< i> = 0 05 The median number of affected lung lobes and segments was higher in patients with positive RT PCR results than in those with negative RT PCR results five vs 3 5 affected lobes and 15 vs nine affected segments p< i> < 0 05 Although the air bronchogram reticular pattern was more frequently seen in patients with positive results centrilobular nodules were less frequently seen in patients with positive results CONCLUSION < b> At the point during the COVID 19 outbreak when this study was performed imaging patterns of multifocal peripheral pure GGO mixed GGO or consolidation with slight predominance in the lower lung and findings of more extensive GGO than consolidation on chest CT scans obtained during the first week of illness were considered findings highly suspicious of COVID 19 ',1 32102141,' First case of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children in Shanghai ','Bao Dao Shang Hai Di lLi Que Zhen Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du 2019 nCoV Gan Ran Huan Er De Zhen Zhi Jing Guo Huan Er Nan 7Sui Yin " Fa Re 3 hBan Ke Sou " Yi Ji Fu Qin Bei Que Zhen 2019 nCoVGan Ran De Fei Yan Shou Ru Fu Dan Da Xue Fu Shu Er Ke Yi Yuan Fu Ya Bing Fang Jing Guo Dui Zheng Zhi Liao Hou Zhi Yu Er Tong 2019 nCoVGan Ran Lin Chuang Biao Xian Xiang Dui Cheng Ren Jiao Qing Jia Ting Nei Chuan Bo Shi Er Tong Gan Ran Zhong Yao De Tu Jing Ben Li Huan Er Sui Ran Zheng Zhuang Qing Dan Hui Fu Qi Lian Xu 2Ci 2019 nCoVHe Suan Jian Ce Yang Xing Ti Shi Xu Yao Guan Cha Qing Zheng Er Tong Bing Li Zai Hui Fu Qi Wu Zheng Zhuang Pai Du De Chuan Ran Xing ',0 32161408,'Lack of maternal fetal SARS CoV 2 transmission ',?,1 32023681,' Diagnosis and clinical management of 2019 novel coronavirus infection an operational recommendation of Peking Union Medical College Hospital V2 0 ','Since December 2019 China has been experiencing an outbreak of new infectious disease caused by 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV The clinical features include fever coughing shortness of breath and inflammatory pulmonary infiltration revealed by X ray China rapidly identified 2019 nCoV related pneumonia a statutory infectious disease To standardize the diagnosis and treatment of this new infectious disease operational guidelines for the diagnosis and management of 2019 nCoV infection is accomplished by Peking Union Medical College Hospital ',1 32138266,'Potential Factors Influencing Repeated SARS Outbreaks in China ','Within last 17 years two widespread epidemics of severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS occurred in China which were caused by related coronaviruses CoVs SARS CoV and SARS CoV 2 Although the origin s of these viruses are still unknown and their occurrences in nature are mysterious some general patterns of their pathogenesis and epidemics are noticeable Both viruses utilize the same receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 ACE2 for invading human bodies Both epidemics occurred in cold dry winter seasons celebrated with major holidays and started in regions where dietary consumption of wildlife is a fashion Thus if bats were the natural hosts of SARS CoVs cold temperature and low humidity in these times might provide conducive environmental conditions for prolonged viral survival in these regions concentrated with bats The widespread existence of these bat carried or released viruses might have an easier time in breaking through human defenses when harsh winter makes human bodies more vulnerable Once succeeding in making some initial human infections spreading of the disease was made convenient with increased social gathering and holiday travel These natural and social factors influenced the general progression and trajectory of the SARS epidemiology However some unique factors might also contribute to the origination of SARS in Wuhan These factors are discussed in different scenarios in order to promote more research for achieving final validation ',1 32027812,'2019 nCoV acute respiratory disease Australia Epidemiology Report 1 Reporting week 26 January 1 February 2020 ','This is the first epidemiological report of novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV acute respiratory disease infections reported in Australia at 19 00 Australian Eastern Daylight Time AEDT 1 February 2020 It includes data on Australian cases notified during the week 26 January to 1 February 2020 and in the previous week 19 to 25 January 2020 the international situation and current information on the severity transmission and spread of the 2019 nCoV infection ',1 32079750,'Coronavirus epidemic snarls science worldwide ',?,1 32187489,'Audio Interview New Research on Possible Treatments for Covid 19 ',?,1 30832341,'Bat Coronaviruses in China ','During the past two decades three zoonotic coronaviruses have been identified as the cause of large scale disease outbreaks Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SARS Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MERS and Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome SADS SARS and MERS emerged in 2003 and 2012 respectively and caused a worldwide pandemic that claimed thousands of human lives while SADS struck the swine industry in 2017 They have common characteristics such as they are all highly pathogenic to humans or livestock their agents originated from bats and two of them originated in China Thus it is highly likely that future SARS or MERS like coronavirus outbreaks will originate from bats and there is an increased probability that this will occur in China Therefore the investigation of bat coronaviruses becomes an urgent issue for the detection of early warning signs which in turn minimizes the impact of such future outbreaks in China The purpose of the review is to summarize the current knowledge on viral diversity reservoir hosts and the geographical distributions of bat coronaviruses in China and eventually we aim to predict virus hotspots and their cross species transmission potential ',0 32171194,' The pathological changes and related studies of novel coronavirus infected surgical specimen ','Wei Liao Tan Tao Xin Guan Bing Du Gan Ran Huan Zhe Shou Zhu Biao Ben De Bing Li Xing Tai Te Dian Ji Yu Lin Chuang Biao Xian De Xiang Guan Xing Tong Guo Hui Gu Lin Chuang Bing Shi Zi Liao Ji Shi Zha Zu Zhi Bing Du He Suan Jian Ce Yan Zheng Xuan Qu 1Li Xin Guan Bing Du Gan Ran Bing Jie Shou Liao Shou Zhu Zhi Liao De Huan Zhe Zhu Hou Biao Ben Guan Cha Zang Qi De Bing Li Bian Hua Bing Chu Bu Tan Tao Yu Lin Chuang Biao Xian De Lian Xi Jie Guo Fa Xian Xin Guan Bing Du Gan Ran Huan Zhe Fei Bu Ke Chu Xian Jian Zhi Xing Fei Yan Gai Bian Tou Ming Mo Bu Ming Xian Dan Ye Ke Neng Wei Ji Bing Zao Qi Gai Bian ',1 30770641,'Longitudinal active sampling for respiratory viral infections across age groups ','Respiratory viral infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide However their characterization is incomplete because prevalence estimates are based on syndromic surveillance data Here we address this shortcoming through the analysis of infection rates among individuals tested regularly for respiratory viral infections irrespective of their symptoms ',0 32174054,'Evolution of Computed Tomography Manifestations in Five Patients Who Recovered from Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 Pneumonia ',?,1 30622241,'Depletion of RIPK1 in hepatocytes exacerbates liver damage in fulminant viral hepatitis ','The protein kinase RIPK1 plays a crucial role at the crossroad of stress induced signaling pathways that affects cell s decision to live or die The present study aimed to define the role of RIPK1 in hepatocytes during fulminant viral hepatitis a worldwide syndrome mainly observed in hepatitis B virus HBV infected patients Mice deficient for RIPK1 specifically in liver parenchymal cells Ripk1LPC KO< sup> and their wild type littermates Ripk1fl fl< sup> were challenged by either the murine hepatitis virus type 3 MHV3 or poly I C a synthetic analog of double stranded RNA mimicking viral pathogen associated molecular pattern Ripk1LPC KO< sup> mice developed more severe symptoms at early stage of the MHV3 induced fulminant hepatitis Similarly administration of poly I C only triggered increase of systemic transaminases in Ripk1LPC KO< sup> mice reflecting liver damage through induced apoptosis as illustrated by cleaved caspase 3 labeling of liver tissue sections Neutralization of TNF a or prior depletion of macrophages were able to prevent the appearance of apoptosis of hepatocytes in poly I C challenged Ripk1LPC KO< sup> mice Moreover poly I C never induced direct hepatocyte death in primary culture whatever the murine genotype while it always stimulated an anti viral response Our investigations demonstrated that RIPK1 protects hepatocytes from TNF a secreted from macrophages during viral induced fulminant hepatitis These data emphasize the potential worsening risks of an HBV infection in people with polymorphism or homozygous amorphic mutations already described for the RIPK1 gene ',0 32100876,'Evaluation of coronavirus in tears and conjunctival secretions of patients with SARS CoV 2 infection ','This study aimed to assess the presence of novel coronavirus in tears and conjunctival secretions of SARS CoV 2 infected patients ',1 32156677,'Covid 19 UK trade talks with EU must not hinder cooperation in tackling threat BMA warns ',?,1 32167181,'Initial clinical features of suspected Coronavirus Disease 2019 in two emergency departments outside of Hubei China ','With an increasing number of Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 cases outside of Hubei emergency departments EDs and fever clinics are facing challenges posed by the large number of admissions of patients suspected to have COVID 19 Therefore it is of crucial importance to study the initial clinical features of patients to better differentiate between infected and uninfected patients outside Hubei ',1 32192583,'COVID 19 delay mitigate and communicate ',?,1 32164088,' Expert consensus for bronchoscopy during the epidemic of 2019 novel coronavirus infection Trial version ','Infection with 2019 Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV is mainly transmitted by respiratory droplets airborne transmission and direct contact However conducting bronchoscopy on patients with 2019 nCoV is a high risk procedure in which health care workers are directly exposed to the virus and the protection and operation procedures need to be strictly regulated According to the characteristics of bronchoscopy it is necessary to formulate the procedure requirements and precautions when conducting bronchoscopy in the current epidemic situation Relevant standards for preventing from infections should be strictly implemented in the operation of bronchoscopy It needs to emphasize that bronchoscopy should not be used as a routine means for the diagnosis of 2019 nCoV infection sampling The indications for bronchoscopy for other diseases should be strictly mastered and it is suggested that bronchoscopy should be postponed for those patients who is not in urgent situation ',0 32183172,'Prediction of the Epidemic Peak of Coronavirus Disease in Japan 2020 ','The first case of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 in Japan was reported on 15 January 2020 and the number of reported cases has increased day by day The purpose of this study is to give a prediction of the epidemic peak for COVID 19 in Japan by using the real time data from 15 January to 29 February 2020 Taking into account the uncertainty due to the incomplete identification of infective population we apply the well known SEIR compartmental model for the prediction By using a least square based method with Poisson noise we estimate that the basic reproduction number for the epidemic in Japan is R 0 = 2 6 95 \% CI 2 4 2 8 and the epidemic peak could possibly reach the early middle summer In addition we obtain the following epidemiological insights 1 the essential epidemic size is less likely to be affected by the rate of identification of the actual infective population 2 the intervention has a positive effect on the delay of the epidemic peak 3 intervention over a relatively long period is needed to effectively reduce the final epidemic size ',1 32160889,'Geographical tracking and mapping of coronavirus disease COVID 19 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 epidemic and associated events around the world how 21st century GIS technologies are supporting the global fight against outbreaks and epidemics ','In December 2019 a new virus initially called Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV and later renamed to SARS CoV 2 causing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease COVID 19 emerged in Wuhan Hubei Province China and rapidly spread to other parts of China and other countries around the world despite China s massive efforts to contain the disease within Hubei As with the original SARS CoV epidemic of 2002 2003 and with seasonal influenza geographic information systems and methods including among other application possibilities online real or near real time mapping of disease cases and of social media reactions to disease spread predictive risk mapping using population travel data and tracing and mapping super spreader trajectories and contacts across space and time are proving indispensable for timely and effective epidemic monitoring and response This paper offers pointers to and describes a range of practical online mobile GIS and mapping dashboards and applications for tracking the 2019 2020 coronavirus epidemic and associated events as they unfold around the world Some of these dashboards and applications are receiving data updates in near real time at the time of writing and one of them is meant for individual users in China to check if the app user has had any close contact with a person confirmed or suspected to have been infected with SARS CoV 2 in the recent past We also discuss additional ways GIS can support the fight against infectious disease outbreaks and epidemics ',1 32019667,'Novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV early stage importation risk to Europe January 2020 ','As at 27 January 2020 42 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV cases were confirmed outside China We estimate the risk of case importation to Europe from affected areas in China via air travel We consider travel restrictions in place three reported cases in France one in Germany Estimated risk in Europe remains high The United Kingdom Germany and France are at highest risk Importation from Beijing and Shanghai would lead to higher and widespread risk for Europe ',1 32187818,'The Cholera Epidemics in Hamburg and What to Learn for COVID 19 SARS CoV 2 ',' c 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry ',1 32202258,'Guidance for building a dedicated health facility to contain the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak ','Preparedness for the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 and its spread in India calls for setting up of adequately equipped and dedicated health facilities to manage sick patients while protecting healthcare workers and the environment In the wake of other emerging dangerous pathogens in recent times such as Ebola Nipah and Zika it is important that such facilities are kept ready during the inter epidemic period for training of health professionals and for managing cases of multi drug resistant and difficult to treat pathogens While endemic potential of such critically ill patients is not yet known the health system should have surge capacity for such critical care units and preferably each tertiary government hospital should have at least one such facility This article describes elements of design of such unit e g space infection control waste disposal safety of healthcare workers partners to be involved in design and plan which can be adapted to the context of either a new construction or makeshift construction on top of an existing structure In view of a potential epidemic of COVID 19 specific requirements to handle it are also given ',0 32085841,'Online mental health services in China during the COVID 19 outbreak ',?,1 32171193,'Induction of pro inflammatory cytokines IL 1 and IL 6 and lung inflammation by Coronavirus 19 COVI 19 or SARS CoV 2 anti inflammatory strategies ',?,1 32171807,'Letter from the Editor Occupational skin disease among healthcare workers during the Coronavirus COVID 19 epidemic ',?,1 32194239,'Transmission of COVID 19 in the terminal stage of incubation period a familial cluster ','We report a familial cluster of 2019 novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 to evidence that a potential transmission of the COVID 19 during the incubation period The first patient in this familial cluster was identified in presymptomatic period as a close contact of a confirmed patient Five family members had close contact with the first patient during his incubation period four of them were confirmed to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 infection in the subsequent sampling test ',1 32084023,'Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus epidemic impact on healthcare workers risk perceptions work and personal lives ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV continues to cause frequent outbreaks in hospitals in Saudi Arabia Since healthcare workers HCWs have a higher risk of acquiring and spreading MERS CoV we aimed to evaluate the perceived risk and anxiety level of HCWs in Saudi Arabia regarding MERS ',0 32167524,'Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan China ','Coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 is an emerging infectious disease that was first reported in Wuhan China and has subsequently spread worldwide Risk factors for the clinical outcomes of COVID 19 pneumonia have not yet been well delineated ',1 32153742,'2019 nCoV Polite with children ',?,1 32106216,'Update Public Health Response to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak United States February 24 2020 ','An outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 began in Wuhan Hubei Province China in December 2019 and has spread throughout China and to 31 other countries and territories including the United States 1 As of February 23 2020 there were 76 936 reported cases in mainland China and 1 875 cases in locations outside mainland China 1 There have been 2 462 associated deaths worldwide no deaths have been reported in the United States Fourteen cases have been diagnosed in the United States and an additional 39 cases have occurred among repatriated persons from high risk settings for a current total of 53 cases within the United States This report summarizes the aggressive measures 2 3 that CDC state and local health departments multiple other federal agencies and other partners are implementing to slow and try to contain transmission of COVID 19 in the United States These measures require the identification of cases and contacts of persons with COVID 19 in the United States and the recommended assessment monitoring and care of travelers arriving from areas with substantial COVID 19 transmission Although these measures might not prevent widespread transmission of the virus in the United States they are being implemented to 1 slow the spread of illness 2 provide time to better prepare state and local health departments health care systems businesses educational organizations and the general public in the event that widespread transmission occurs and 3 better characterize COVID 19 to guide public health recommendations and the development and deployment of medical countermeasures including diagnostics therapeutics and vaccines U S public health authorities are monitoring the situation closely and CDC is coordinating efforts with the World Health Organization WHO and other global partners Interim guidance is available at https www cdc gov coronavirus index html As more is learned about this novel virus and this outbreak CDC will rapidly incorporate new knowledge into guidance for action by CDC state and local health departments health care providers and communities ',1 31696121,'A Minimally Replicative Vaccine Protects Vaccinated Piglets Against Challenge With the Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus ','Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV is an economically important enteric coronavirus with over a 90\% mortality rate in neonatal piglets The virus emerged in the US in 2013 resulting in severe production losses Effective vaccine development against PEDV is a challenge Inactivated vaccines are of questionable efficacy Attenuated vaccines while more effective require a relatively long lead development time are associated with safety concerns and are also unable to prevent new field outbreaks To combine the safety and efficacy advantages of inactivated and attenuated PEDV vaccines respectively in this study we tested the hypothesis that subjecting PEDV virions to heat treatment at 44degC for 10 min to reversibly unfold structural proteins followed by exposure to RNAse to fragment the genome would result in a vaccine preparation with intact viral structure antigenicity but highly diminished replicative abilities We expected the vaccine to be both safe and effective in a piglet challenge model Following the heat and RNAse treatment PEDV virions had an intact electron microscopic ultrastructure and were amplified only in the 3rd passage in Vero cells indicating that diminished replication was achieved in vitro< i> Strong PEDV spike protein specific and virus neutralizing antibody responses were elicited in vaccinated piglets Upon challenge all vaccinated pigs were protected against fecal viral shedding and intestinal pathology while the unvaccinated controls were not The vaccine virus was not detected in the fecal matter of vaccinated pigs prior to challenge nor did they develop intestinal lesions Thus the described approach has significant promise in improving current approaches for PEDV immunization ',0 32202336,'Nursing and the Novel Coronavirus Risks and Responsibilities in a Global Outbreak ','In December of 2019 reports emerged of pneumonia clusters of unknown cause at health facilities in Wuhan China These cases were linked to a wet animal wholesale market in the region and after extensive epidemiologic investigation led to identification of a novel coronavirus COVID 19 COVID 19 is among a family of viruses called coronaviruses that can affect both humans and animals Zhu et al 2020 ',0 32061201,' Cluster investigation Technical Guidelines for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia COVID 19 China 1st Trial Version ',?,1 32174053,'False Negative Results of Real Time Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Role of Deep Learning Based CT Diagnosis and Insights from Two Cases ','The epidemic of 2019 novel coronavirus later named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 is still gradually spreading worldwide The nucleic acid test or genetic sequencing serves as the gold standard method for confirmation of infection yet several recent studies have reported false negative results of real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction rRT PCR Here we report two representative false negative cases and discuss the supplementary role of clinical data with rRT PCR including laboratory examination results and computed tomography features Coinfection with SARS COV 2 and other viruses has been discussed as well ',1 32163542,'Histopathologic Changes and SARS CoV 2 Immunostaining in the Lung of a Patient With COVID 19 ',?,1 32061635,'Nutraceuticals have potential for boosting the type 1 interferon response to RNA viruses including influenza and coronavirus ',?,0 32144127,'Coronavirus disease 2019 covid 19 a guide for UK GPs ',?,1 32197116,'Prisons and custodial settings are part of a comprehensive response to COVID 19 ',?,1 31534035,'Diversity of Dromedary Camel Coronavirus HKU23 in African Camels Revealed Multiple Recombination Events among Closely Related Betacoronaviruses of the Subgenus Embecovirus ','Genetic recombination has frequently been observed in coronaviruses Here we sequenced multiple complete genomes of dromedary camel coronavirus HKU23 DcCoV HKU23 from Nigeria Morocco and Ethiopia and identified several genomic positions indicative of cross species virus recombination events among other betacoronaviruses of the subgenus Embecovirus clade A beta CoVs Recombinant fragments of a rabbit coronavirus RbCoV HKU14 were identified at the hemagglutinin esterase gene position Homolog fragments of a rodent CoV were also observed at 8 9 kDa open reading frame 4a at the 3 end of the spike gene The patterns of recombination differed geographically across the African region highlighting a mosaic structure of DcCoV HKU23 genomes circulating in dromedaries Our results highlighted active recombination of coronaviruses circulating in dromedaries and are also relevant to the emergence and evolution of other betacoronaviruses including Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV IMPORTANCE< b> Genetic recombination is often demonstrated in coronaviruses and can result in host range expansion or alteration in tissue tropism Here we showed interspecies events of recombination of an endemic dromedary camel coronavirus HKU23 with other clade A betacoronaviruses Our results supported the possibility that the zoonotic pathogen MERS CoV which also cocirculates in the same camel species may have undergone similar recombination events facilitating its emergence or may do so in its future evolution ',0 31324180,'Development of oligonucleotide microarray for accurate and simultaneous detection of avian respiratory viral diseases ','Avian influenza virus AIV infectious bronchitis virus IBV and Newcastle disease virus NDV are important avian pathogens that can cause enormous economic loss on the poultry industry Different respiratory etiological agents may induce similar clinical signs that make differential diagnosis difficult Importantly AIV brings about severe threat to human public health Therefore a novel method that can distinguish these viruses quickly and simultaneously is urgently needed ',0 32190908,'A doubt of multiple introduction of SARS CoV 2 in Italy a preliminary overview ','The emergence of the novel beta Coronavirus recently renamed as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 has raised serious concerns due to the virus rapid dissemination worldwide Nevertheless there is limited information about the genomic epidemiology of SARS CoV 2 circulating in Italy from surveillance studies The shortage of complete genomic sequences available impairs our understanding of the SARS CoV 2 introduction and establishment in the country To better understand its dynamics in Italy we analysed complete genomes of SARS CoV 2 isolates obtained directly from clinical samples Our phylogenetic reconstructions suggest possible multiple introduction of SARS CoV 2 Continued genomic surveillance strategies are needed to improve monitoring and understanding of the currently SARS CoV 2 epidemics which might help to attenuate public health impact of infectious diseases This article is protected by copyright All rights reserved ',1 30979679,'Main factors influencing recovery in MERS Co V patients using machine learning ','Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MERS is a major infectious disease which has affected the Middle Eastern countries especially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia KSA since 2012 The high mortality rate associated with this disease has been a major cause of concern This paper aims at identifying the major factors influencing MERS recovery in KSA ',0 32049463,?,?,1 30775355,'Absence of neutralizing activity in serum 1 year after successful treatment with antivirals and recovery from MERS in South Korea ','We evaluated the neutralizing activity in serum from three patients > 1 year after recovery from Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS associated with mild pneumonia treated with antivirals during the MERS outbreak in South Korea at 2015 The neutralizing activity in serum was measured by pseudovirus inhibition assays Three fold diluted serum of subjects showed only 9 7\% 10 3\% and 2 2\% reductions in relative light units So significant neutralizing activity was not demonstrated in any sera of three patients with mild pneumonia > 1 year after being successfully treated with antiviral agents and recovering from MERS coronavirus infection ',0 32194995,'The outbreak of SARS CoV 2 pneumonia calls for viral vaccines ','The outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 that is caused by SARS CoV 2 has spread rapidly in China and has developed to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern However no specific antiviral treatments or vaccines are available yet This work aims to share strategies and candidate antigens to develop safe and effective vaccines against SARS CoV 2 ',1 32087114,'An interactive web based dashboard to track COVID 19 in real time ',?,1 32184132,'Spatial transmission of COVID 19 via public and private transportation in China ',?,1 32179508,'Covid 19 junior doctor calls on colleagues to gather supplies for staff working long hours ',?,1 32133159,'Potential benefits of precise corticosteroids therapy for severe 2019 nCoV pneumonia ',?,1 32174284,'A Generic Computer Assisted Four Pronged Approach for the Management of Emerging Global Pathogens Some Comments on COVID 19 ',?,1 32166600,'China s local governments are combating COVID 19 with unprecedented responses from a Wenzhou governance perspective ','The COVID 19 caused by a novel strain of Coronavirus has been spreading rapidly since its onset in Wuhan the capital city of central China s Hubei Province in December 2019 It is highly communicable through human to human transmission China has been making unprecedented efforts in treating the confirmed cases identifying and isolating their close contacts and suspected cases to control the source of infection and cut the route of transmission China s devotion in handling this epidemic has effectively and efficiently curbed communication domestically and across the border Representative measures adopted by Wenzhou the worst hit city out of Hubei Province are examined to elucidate those massive undertakings with the aim of enhancing international understanding and building global rapport in fighting this evolving epidemic situation ',1 32149773,'Effectiveness of glucocorticoid therapy in patients with severe novel coronavirus pneumonia protocol of a randomized controlled trial ','At the end of 2019 a novel coronavirus outbreak emerged in Wuhan China and its causative organism has been subsequently designated the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV The virus has since rapidly spread to all provinces and autonomous regions of China and to countries outside of China Patients who become infected with 2019 nCoV may initially develop mild upper respiratory tract symptoms However a significant fraction of these patients goes on to subsequently develop serious lower respiratory disease The effectiveness of adjunctive glucocorticoid therapy uses in the management of 2019 nCoV infected patients with severe lower respiratory tract infections is not clear and warrants further investigation ',1 32191689,'Initial Investigation of Transmission of COVID 19 Among Crew Members During Quarantine of a Cruise Ship Yokohama Japan February 2020 ','An outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 among passengers and crew on a cruise ship led to quarantine of approximately 3 700 passengers and crew that began on February 3 2020 and lasted for nearly 4 weeks at the Port of Yokohama Japan 1 By February 9 20 cases had occurred among the ship s crew members By the end of quarantine approximately 700 cases of COVID 19 had been laboratory confirmed among passengers and crew This report describes findings from the initial phase of the cruise ship investigation into COVID 19 cases among crew members during February 4 12 2020 ',1 32134205,'Clinical and CT features in pediatric patients with COVID 19 infection Different points from adults ','To discuss the different characteristics of clinical laboratory and chest computed tomography CT in pediatric patients from adults with 2019 novel coronavirus COVID 19 infection ',1 32193905,'First Pediatric Case of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Korea ','The large outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 that started in Wuhan China has now spread to many countries worldwide Current epidemiologic knowledge suggests that relatively few cases are seen among children which limits opportunities to address pediatric specific issues on infection control and the children s contribution to viral spread in the community Here we report the first pediatric case of COVID 19 in Korea The 10 year old girl was a close contact of her uncle and her mother who were confirmed to have COVID 19 In this report we present mild clinical course of her pneumonia that did not require antiviral treatment and serial viral test results from multiple specimens Lastly we raise concerns on the optimal strategy of self quarantine and patient care in a negative isolation room for children ',1 32051071,' Perinatal and neonatal management plan for prevention and control of 2019 novel coronavirus infection 1st Edition ','Since December 2019 the novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV infection has been prevalent in China Due to immaturity of immune function and the possibility of mother fetal vertical transmission neonates are particularly susceptible to 2019 nCoV The perinatal neonatal departments should cooperate closely and take integrated approaches and the neonatal intensive care unit should prepare the emergency plan for 2019 nCoV infection as far as possible so as to ensure the optimal management and treatment of potential victims According to the latest 2019 nCoV national management plan and the actual situation the Working Group for the Prevention and Control of Neonatal 2019 nCoV Infection in the Perinatal Period of the Editorial Committee of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics puts forward recommendations for the prevention and control of 2019 nCoV infection in neonates ',1 31816342,'Identification of the immunodominant neutralizing regions in the spike glycoprotein of porcine deltacoronavirus ','Porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV is an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus in pigs that poses a novel threat to swine husbandry worldwide Crucial to halting PDCoV transmission and infection is the development of effective therapies and vaccines The spike S protein of coronavirus is the major target of host neutralizing antibodies however the immunodominant neutralizing region in the S protein of PDCoV has not been defined Here three truncations of the PDCoV S protein were generated the N terminal domain of the S1 subunit NTD amino acids aa 50 286 the C terminal domain of the S1 subunit CTD aa 278 616 and S2 subunit aa 601 1087 The proteins were expressed using an E coli expression system Polyclonal antisera against the three recombinant proteins were produced in rabbits and mice All three antisera were able to inhibit PDCoV infection in vitro as determined by virus neutralization assay fluorescent focus neutralization assay and plaque reduction neutralization The CTD specific antisera had the most potent PDCoV neutralizing effect indicating that the CTD region may contain the major neutralizing epitope s in the PDCoV S protein Based on these findings CTD may be a promising target for development of an effective vaccine against PDCoV infection in pigs ',0 32096566,'Early phylogenetic estimate of the effective reproduction number of SARS CoV 2 ','To reconstruct the evolutionary dynamics of the 2019 novel coronavirus recently causing an outbreak in Wuhan China 52 SARS CoV 2 genomes available on 4 February 2020 at Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data were analyzed The two models used to estimate the reproduction number coalescent based exponential growth and a birth death skyline method indicated an estimated mean evolutionary rate of 7 8 x 10 4< sup> subs site year range 1 1 x 10 4< sup> 15 x 10 4< sup> and a mean tMRCA of the tree root of 73 days The estimated R value was 2 6 range 2 1 5 1 and increased from 0 8 to 2 4 in December 2019 The estimated mean doubling time of the epidemic was between 3 6 and 4 1 days This study proves the usefulness of phylogeny in supporting the surveillance of emerging new infections even as the epidemic is growing ',1 32141569,'COVID 19 Novel Coronavirus 2019 recent trends ','The World Health Organization WHO has issued a warning that although the 2019 novel coronavirus COVID 19 from Wuhan City China is not pandemic it should be contained to prevent the global spread The COVID 19 virus was known earlier as 2019 nCoV As of 12 February 2020 WHO reported 45 171 cases and 1115 deaths related to COVID 19 COVID 19 is similar to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV virus in its pathogenicity clinical spectrum and epidemiology Comparison of the genome sequences of COVID 19 SARS CoV and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV showed that COVID 19 has a better sequence identity with SARS CoV compared to MERS CoV However the amino acid sequence of COVID 19 differs from other coronaviruses specifically in the regions of 1ab polyprotein and surface glycoprotein or S protein Although several animals have been speculated to be a reservoir for COVID 19 no animal reservoir has been already confirmed COVID 19 causes COVID 19 disease that has similar symptoms as SARS CoV Studies suggest that the human receptor for COVID 19 may be angiotensin converting enzyme 2 ACE2 receptor similar to that of SARS CoV The nucleocapsid N protein of COVID 19 has nearly 90\% amino acid sequence identity with SARS CoV The N protein antibodies of SARS CoV may cross react with COVID 19 but may not provide cross immunity In a similar fashion to SARS CoV the N protein of COVID 19 may play an important role in suppressing the RNA interference RNAi to overcome the host defense This mini review aims at investigating the most recent trend of COVID 19 ',1 30900940,'Preliminary investigation on feline coronavirus presence in the reproductive tract of the tom cat as a potential route of viral transmission ','Feline infectious peritonitis FIP is an immune mediated disease initiated by feline coronavirus FCoV infection To date the only proven route of transmission is the faecal oral route but a possible localisation of FCoV in the reproductive tract of tom cats is of concern owing to the involvement of the male reproductive tract during FIP and to the presence of reproduction disorders in FCoV endemic feline catteries The aim of the study was to investigate the presence and localisation of FCoV in semen and or in the reproductive tract of tom cats and its possible association with seroconversion and viraemic phase ',0 32102621,'No credible evidence supporting claims of the laboratory engineering of SARS CoV 2 ',?,1 31055885,'Molecular characteristics and pathogenic assessment of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus isolates from the 2018 endemic outbreaks on Jeju Island South Korea ','Since the 2013 2014 incursion of the virulent G2b porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus PEDV pandemic strains in South Korea frequent moderate scale regional outbreaks have recurred In particular areas of Jeju Island with extensive swine production have faced repeated epidemics since the re emergence in 2014 The current study reports the complete genome sequences and molecular characterization of the representative PEDV strains responsible for the 2018 endemic outbreaks on Jeju Island All isolates were determined to belong genetically to the highly pathogenic pandemic G2b group Full length genome sizes of four isolates differed from that of the G2b epidemic field strain due to insertion or deletion DEL mutations in the non structural protein nsp or spike S protein coding regions The 2018 Jeju isolates shared 96 7\% 98 7\% and 98 5\% 99 4\% identity at the S gene and whole genome levels respectively compared to global G2b PEDV strains Genetic and phylogenetic analyses indicated that the 2018 isolates were closest to the 2014 G2b re emergent Jeju strains but appeared to have undergone substantial rapid independent evolution Among the isolates a notable nsp3 DEL variant strain KOR KNU 1807 2018 was isolated and propagated by continuous passages in Vero cells and displayed typical PEDV induced syncytia formation Genomic sequencing identified a unique 8 nt DEL in the extreme C terminal region of the S gene at the 4th passage KNU 1807 P4 compared to its original sample This DEL resulted in the premature termination of S by nine amino acid residues EVFEKVHVQ which contained a KxHxx motif that is a potential endoplasmic reticulum retrieval signal In vivo animal studies showed that variant strain KNU 1807 had decreased virulence in suckling piglets These results advance our knowledge regarding the genetic variation and pathogenicity of the G2b PEDV endemic strains prevalent in Jeju swine herds in South Korea ',0 32100978,' Thoughts and suggestions on modern construction of disease prevention and control system ','The critical period for the prevention and control of novel coronavirus pneumonia NCP in China in response to requirements for accelerating the modernization of the disease prevention and control system we analyzed and summarized the current situation existing problems and deficiencies in China s modernization of disease prevention and control system In addition we put forward the contents and countermeasures for the modernization of the disease prevention and control system The modernization of the disease prevention and control system should be built around governance modernization talent modernization equipment modernization scientific research modernization and modernization of the regulatory system The countermeasures and suggestions need to reposition the disease prevention and control system rationalize the management system and operating mechanism strengthen the modernization of talents and equipment strengthen scientific research on disease prevention and control and further improve the disease prevention and control legal system ',1 30833083,'The crystal structure of main protease from mouse hepatitis virus A59 in complex with an inhibitor ','Mouse hepatitis virus A59 MHV A59 is a representative member of the genus betacoronavirus within the subfamily Coronavirinae which infects the liver brain and respiratory tract Through different inoculation routes MHV A59 can provide animal models for encephalitis hepatitis and pneumonia to explore viral life machinery and virus host interactions In viral replication non structural protein 5 Nsp5 also termed main protease Mpro< sup> plays a dominant role in processing coronavirus encoded polyproteins and is thus recognized as an ideal target of anti coronavirus agents However no structure of the MHV A59 Mpro< sup> has been reported and molecular exploration of the catalysis mechanism remains hindered Here we solved the crystal structure of the MHV A59 Mpro< sup> complexed with a Michael acceptor based inhibitor N3 Structural analysis revealed that the Cb of the vinyl group of N3 covalently bound to C145 of the catalytic dyad of Mpro< sup> which irreversibly inactivated cysteine protease activity The lactam ring of the P1 side chain and the isobutyl group of the P2 side chain which mimic the conserved residues at the same positions of the substrate fit well into the S1 and S2 pockets Through a comparative study with Mpro< sup> of other coronaviruses we observed that the substrate recognition pocket and enzyme inhibitory mechanism is highly conservative Altogether our study provided structural features of MHV A59 Mpro< sup> and indicated that a Michael acceptor inhibitor is an ideal scaffold for antiviral drugs ',0 32111262,'A mathematical model for simulating the phase based transmissibility of a novel coronavirus ','As reported by the World Health Organization a novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV was identified as the causative virus of Wuhan pneumonia of unknown etiology by Chinese authorities on 7 January 2020 The virus was named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 by International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses on 11 February 2020 This study aimed to develop a mathematical model for calculating the transmissibility of the virus ',1 32092385,'The continuous evolution and dissemination of 2019 novel human coronavirus ',?,1 32193314,'Preventing COVID 19 prejudice in academia ',?,1 32185369,'Liver and Kidney Injuries in COVID 19 and Their Effects on Drug Therapy a Letter to Editor ',?,1 32023684,' Efficient management of novel coronavirus pneumonia by efficient prevention and control in scientific manner ','At the end of 2019 sporadic and clustered case with " pneumonia of unknown origin" emerged in Wuhan Hubei province The causative pathogen was quickly confirmed as " 2019 nCoV" The epidemic soon spread throughout the country and became a pandemic in over a month Government and medical institutions across the country mobilized all kinds of resources and took a variety of measures to actively treat patients and stop the epidemic Based on current studies the author summarized the clinical characteristics and evolution of the novel viral pneumonia and proposed the key points of diagnosis and treatment the scientific management of both confirmed and suspected cases and the scientific management of disease prevention and control ',1 32105641,'COVID 19 pneumonia what has CT taught us ',?,1 31813836,'Climate factors and incidence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus ','Our understanding of climate factors and their links to the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV outbreaks is incomplete This study aimed to estimate the monthly incidence of MERS CoV cases and to investigate their correlation to climate factors ',0 32043842,' 2019 novel coronavirus infection in a three month old baby ','Huan Er Nu 3Yue 19Ri Ling Hu Bei Xiao Gan Ren Yin Fa Re 4 hZhu Yuan Wai Zhou Xie Bai Xi Bao Bu Gao Xiong XXian Pian Shi You Fei Wen Li Lue Zeng Cu Si You Dian Pian Zhuang Yin Ying Yan Shi Zi 2019Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du 2019 nCoV He Suan Jian Ce Cheng Yang Xing 2019 nCoVGan Ran Zhen Duan Cheng Li Fu He Pu Tong Xing Jing Ji Ji Zhi Liao 15 dHou Quan Yu Chu Yuan Huan Er Hu Xi Dao Zheng Zhuang Chu Xian Jiao Wan Zheng Zhuang Jiao Qing Huan Er Fu Mu Zai Huan Er Fa Bing 7 dHou 2019 nCoVJian Ce Yang Xing Ti Shi Jia Ting Nei Chuan Bo Shi 2019 nCoVGan Ran De Zhong Yao Chuan Bo Tu Jing Huan Er Sui Ran Lian Xu 3Ci Yan Shi Zi Zhuan Yin Tong Qi De Tan Ji Fen Bian Reng Ke Jian Chu 2019 nCoVHe Suan Huan Er Mu Qin Wu Fa Re Ji Hu Xi Dao Zheng Zhuang Dan Xiong Bu CTFa Xian Zuo Fei Ji You Shang Fei Shen Chu Xing Bing Bian Ti Shi Fei Bu Bing Bian Ke Jian Yu Wu Zheng Zhuang 2019 nCoVGan Ran Zhe ',1 32162990,'COVID 19 Infection Early Lessons ',?,1 32114193,'Comparison of different samples for 2019 novel coronavirus detection by nucleic acid amplification tests ','An ongoing outbreak of severe respiratory pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus has recently emerged in China Here we report the epidemiological clinical laboratory and radiological characteristics of 19 suspect cases We compared the positive ratio of 2019 nCoV nucleic acid amplification test results from different samples including oropharyngeal swab blood urine and stool with 3 different fluorescent RT PCR kits Nine out of the 19 patients had 2019 nCoV infection detected using oropharyngeal swab samples and the virus nucleic acid was also detected in eight of these nine patients using stool samples None of positive results was identified in the blood and urine samples These three different kits got the same result for each sample and the positive ratio of nucleic acid detection for 2019 nCoV was only 47 4\% in the suspect patients Therefore it is possible that infected patients have been missed by using nucleic acid detection only It might be better to make a diagnosis combining the computed tomography scans and nucleic acid detection ',1 32123989,'The novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 infections in China prevention control and challenges ',?,1 31964246,'Polymorphisms in dipeptidyl peptidase 4 reduce host cell entry of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus ','Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS coronavirus MERS CoV causes a severe respiratory disease in humans The MERS CoV spike S glycoprotein mediates viral entry into target cells For this MERS CoV S engages the host cell protein dipeptidyl peptidase 4 DPP4 CD26 and the interface between MERS CoV S and DPP4 has been resolved on the atomic level Here we asked whether naturally occurring polymorphisms in DPP4 that alter amino acid residues required for MERS CoV S binding influence cellular entry of MERS CoV By screening of public databases we identified fourteen such polymorphisms Introduction of the respective mutations into DPP4 revealed that all except one D346 348 were compatible with robust DPP4 expression Four polymorphisms K267E K267N A291P and D346 348 strongly reduced binding of MERS CoV S to DPP4 and S protein driven host cell entry as determined using soluble S protein and S protein bearing rhabdoviral vectors respectively Two polymorphisms K267E and A291P were analyzed in the context of authentic MERS CoV and were found to attenuate viral replication Collectively we identified naturally occurring polymorphisms in DPP4 that negatively impact cellular entry of MERS CoV and might thus modulate MERS development in infected patients ',0 30828040,'Repeated avian infectious bronchitis virus infections within a single chicken farm ','Genotyping of avian infectious bronchitis virus IBV was performed on trachea and kidney samples of six chickens obtained from a single farm in Japan Using two primer sets targeting the spike S protein gene the S1 and S2 regions of DNA fragments were amplified Sequences of amplified S1 fragments extracted from both organs were identical among the six chickens showing a JP I genotype Sequences of amplified S2 fragments differed between trachea and kidney samples The kidney profile showed a group IV genotype whereas the trachea profile showed an unclassified group This result showed that two different IBVs infected the six chickens The first IBV infection induced poor protective immunity in this farm permitting a second IBV infection to occur ',0 31154749,'Generation of Full Length Infectious cDNA Clones of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV was first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012 and related infection cases have been reported in over 20 countries Roughly 10 000 human cases have so far been reported in total with fatality rates at up to 40\% The majority of cases have occurred in Saudi Arabia with mostly sporadic outbreaks outside the country except for the one in South Korea in 2015 The Korean MERS CoV strain was isolated from the second Korean patient and its genome was fully sequenced and deposited To develop virusspecific protective and therapeutic agents against the Korean isolate and to investigate molecular determinants of virus host interactions it is of paramount importance to generate its full length cDNA Here we report that two full length cDNAs from a Korean patientisolated MERS CoV strain were generated by a combination of conventional cloning techniques and efficient Gibson assembly reactions The full length cDNAs were validated by restriction analysis and their sequence was verified by Sanger method The resulting cDNA was efficiently transcribed in vitro and the T7 promoter driven expression was robust The resulting reverse genetic system will add to the published list of MERS CoV cDNAs and facilitate the development of Korean isolate specific antiviral measures ',0 32119824,'The response of Milan s Emergency Medical System to the COVID 19 outbreak in Italy ',?,1 32164830,'COVID 19 with spontaneous pneumomediastinum ',?,1 32198775,'Is there a role for lung ultrasound during the COVID 19 pandemic ',?,1 30593385,'Effect of route of inoculation on innate and adaptive immune responses to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection in suckling pigs ','The effects of route of administration on systemic and gut mucosal immune responses induced by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV infection in suckling pigs were investigated Twenty four conventional 5 day old suckling piglets were randomly divided into four groups and were inoculated orally intranasally I N intramuscularly I M with PEDV or DMEM mock Pigs were monitored daily for clinical signs and fecal viral load Blood samples were collected at 7 14 21 days post infection dpi and subjected for the analyses of serum antibody production T cell and natural killer NK cell frequencies NK cytotoxicity and serum cytokine levels Oral inoculation led to higher levels of PEDV specific IgA antibodies in both serum and gut mucosal sites than did other routes of inoculation Intranasal inoculation elicited significantly higher titers of virus specific IgG antibodies in serum PEDV infected pigs regardless of inoculation routes had significantly lower NK cell frequencies than those of the control pigs at 14 dpi The orally inoculated pigs had significantly higher CD3+CD8+ T cell frequencies as compared to I N or I M inoculated pigs at 14 dpi while there was no significant difference among orally I N or I M inoculated pigs and control pigs in CD3+CD4+ T cell frequencies in peripheral blood PEDV infected and control pigs had low but detectable NK cell activities at 14 and 21 dpi however NK cell activities were barely detectable at 7 dpi whether the pigs were infected or not Serum IL 10 levels were induced drastically in orally infected pigs at 7 dpi and then gradually declined Serum IL 12 levels followed a similar pattern while the fold change was much lower In conclusion oral inoculation may generate more comprehensive immune responses ',0 32199943,'Predicting the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 ACE2 utilizing capability as the receptor of SARS CoV 2 ','SARS CoV 2 the newly identified human coronavirus causing severe pneumonia epidemic was probably originated from Chinese horseshoe bats However direct transmission of the virus from bats to humans is unlikely due to lack of direct contact implying the existence of unknown intermediate hosts Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 ACE2 is the receptor of SARS CoV 2 but only ACE2s of certain species can be utilized by SARS CoV 2 Here we evaluated and ranked the receptor utilizing capability of ACE2s from various species by phylogenetic clustering and sequence alignment with the currently known ACE2s utilized by SARS CoV 2 As a result we predicted that SARS CoV 2 tends to utilize ACE2s of various mammals except murines and some birds such as pigeon This prediction may help to screen the intermediate hosts of SARS CoV 2 ',1 32087216,'A Novel Coronavirus COVID 19 Outbreak A Call for Action ',?,1 32164708,'What further should be done to control COVID 19 outbreaks in addition to cases isolation and contact tracing measures ',?,1 32192550,'Letter to editor Role of masks respirator protection against 2019 novel coronavirus COVID 19 ',?,1 32164053,'Estimating the reproductive number and the outbreak size of Novel Coronavirus disease COVID 19 using mathematical model in Republic of Korea ','Since the first novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 patient was diagnosed on 20 Jan about 30 patients were diagnosed in Korea until 17 Feb However 5 298 more patient were confirmed until 4 Mar The purpose is to estimate and evaluate the effectiveness of preventive measures using mathematical modeling ',0 32130038,'Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 Role of Chest CT in Diagnosis and Management ','OBJECTIVE < b> The objective of our study was to determine the misdiagnosis rate of radiologists for coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 and evaluate the performance of chest CT in the diagnosis and management of COVID 19 The CT features of COVID 19 are reported and compared with the CT features of other viruses to familiarize radiologists with possible CT patterns MATERIALS AND METHODS < b> This study included the first 51 patients with a diagnosis of COVID 19 infection confirmed by nucleic acid testing 23 women and 28 men age range 26 83 years and two patients with adenovirus one woman and one man ages 58 and 66 years We reviewed the clinical information CT images and corresponding image reports of these 53 patients The CT images included images from 99 chest CT examinations including initial and follow up CT studies We compared the image reports of the initial CT study with the laboratory test results and identified CT patterns suggestive of viral infection RESULTS < b> COVID 19 was misdiagnosed as a common infection at the initial CT study in two inpatients with underlying disease and COVID 19 Viral pneumonia was correctly diagnosed at the initial CT study in the remaining 49 patients with COVID 19 and two patients with adenovirus These patients were isolated and obtained treatment Ground glass opacities GGOs and consolidation with or without vascular enlargement interlobular septal thickening and air bronchogram sign are common CT features of COVID 19 The The " reversed halo" sign and pulmonary nodules with a halo sign are uncommon CT features The CT findings of COVID 19 overlap with the CT findings of adenovirus infection There are differences as well as similarities in the CT features of COVID 19 compared with those of the severe acute respiratory syndrome CONCLUSION < b> We found that chest CT had a low rate of missed diagnosis of COVID 19 3 9\% 2 51 and may be useful as a standard method for the rapid diagnosis of COVID 19 to optimize the management of patients However CT is still limited for identifying specific viruses and distinguishing between viruses ',1 31539770,'Generating and evaluating type I interferon receptor deficient and feline TMPRSS2 expressing cells for propagating serotype I feline infectious peritonitis virus ','Feline coronavirus infection can progress to a fatal infectious peritonitis which is a widespread feline disease without an effective vaccine Generating feline cells with reduced ability to respond to interferon IFN is an essential step facilitating isolation of new candidate vaccine strains Here we describe the use of Crispr Cas technology to disrupt type I IFN signaling in two feline cell lines AK D and Fcwf 4 CU and evaluate the replication kinetics of a serotype I feline infectious peritonitis virus FIPV within these cells We report that polyclonal cell populations and a clonal isolate termed Fcwf 4 IRN exhibited significantly diminished IFN responsiveness and allowed FIPV replication kinetics comparable to parental cells Furthermore we demonstrate that replication of FIPV is enhanced by ectopic expression of a host serine protease TMPRSS2 in these cells We discuss the potential of these cells for isolating new clinical strains and for propagating candidate vaccine strains of FIPV ',0 32178547,'Challenges and Countermeasures of Integrative Cancer Therapy in the Epidemic of COVID 19 ',?,1 32183930,'Estimating the asymptomatic proportion of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 cases on board the Diamond Princess cruise ship Yokohama Japan 2020 ','On 5 February 2020 in Yokohama Japan a cruise ship hosting 3 711 people underwent a 2 week quarantine after a former passenger was found with COVID 19 post disembarking As at 20 February 634 persons on board tested positive for the causative virus We conducted statistical modelling to derive the delay adjusted asymptomatic proportion of infections along with the infections timeline The estimated asymptomatic proportion was 17 9\% 95\% credible interval CrI 15 5 20 2\% Most infections occurred before the quarantine start ',1 32113824,'First case of Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 pneumonia in Taiwan ','An outbreak of respiratory illness proved to be infected by a 2019 novel coronavirus officially named Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 was notified first in Wuhan China and has spread rapidly in China and to other parts of the world Herein we reported the first confirmed case of novel coronavirus pneumonia NCP imported from China in Taiwan This case report revealed a natural course of NCP with self recovery which may be a good example in comparison with medical treatments ',1 31401955,'Dose response and transmission the nexus between reservoir hosts environment and recipient hosts ','Dose is the nexus between exposure and all upstream processes that determine pathogen pressure and is thereby an important element underlying disease dynamics Understanding the relationship between dose and disease is particularly important in the context of spillover where nonlinearities in the dose response could determine the likelihood of transmission There is a need to explore dose response models for directly transmitted and zoonotic pathogens and how these interactions integrate within host factors to consider for example heterogeneity in host susceptibility and dose dependent antagonism Here we review the dose response literature and discuss the unique role dose response models have to play in understanding and predicting spillover events We present a re analysis of dose response experiments for two important zoonotic pathogens Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Nipah virus to exemplify potential difficulties in differentiating between appropriate models with small exposure experiment datasets We also discuss the data requirements needed for robust selection between dose response models We then suggest how these processes could be modelled to gain more realistic predictions of zoonotic transmission outcomes and highlight the exciting opportunities that could arise with increased collaboration between the virology and epidemiology disciplines This article is part of the theme issue Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover ',0 31184286,'Frequency of Escherichia coli< i> virotypes in calf diarrhea and intestinal morphologic changes associated with these virotypes or other diarrheagenic pathogens ','Calf diarrhea is a common cause of pre weaning morbidity and mortality in cattle operations We evaluated the role of Escherichia coli< i> by assessing the frequency of genes encoding virulence factors virotypes in E coli< i> from feces or intestinal contents and the association of these virotypes or other diarrheagenic pathogens with intestinal morphologic changes in calves with or without diarrhea E coli< i> was isolated from 408 feces and 105 intestines of calves with diarrhea and compared to those isolated from 635 feces and 100 intestines of calves without diarrhea from 2002 to 2016 Virotype EAST1 F17 in combination with minor virotypes was the most commonly detected type but without differences in frequency between the 2 groups of calves No significant intestinal morphologic changes were observed with the different E coli< i> virotypes in either group of calves except for bacterial attachment to enterocytes for virotype STa F5 which was detected only in calves with diarrhea These observations suggest that E coli< i> excluding virotype STa F5 is not a significant diarrhea causing agent in calves However the intestinal lesions observed in ~82\% of calves with diarrhea were attributed to other diarrheagenic pathogens that include bovine coronavirus Clostridium perfringens Cryptosporidium< i> spp Eimeria< i> spp rotavirus and Salmonella< i> spp ',0 32145714,' Analysis of the pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with COVID 19 in Hubei Province ','Objective < b> To study the effect of COVID 19 on pregnancy outcomes and neonatal prognosis in Hubei Province Methods < b> A retrospective comparison of the pregnancy outcomes was done between 16 women with COVID 19 and 45 women without COVID 19 Also the results of laboratory tests imaging examinations and the 2019 nCoV nucleic acid test were performed in 10 cases of neonatal deliverd from women with COVID 19 Results < b> 1 Of the 16 pregnant women with COVID 19 15 cases were ordinary type and 1 case was severe type No one has progressed to critical pneumonia The delivery method of the two groups was cesarean section and the gestational age were 38 7+ 1 4 and 37 9+ 1 6 weeks there was no significant difference between the two groups P< i>> 0 05 Also there wee no significant differences in the intraoperative blood loss and birth weight of the newborn between the two groups all P< i>> 0 05 2 Ten cases of neonates delivered from pregnant women with COVID 19 were collected The 2019 nCoV nucleic acid test were all negative There were no significant differences in fetal distress meconium stained amniotic fluid preterm birth and neonatal asphyxia between the two groups all P< i>> 0 05 3 In the treatment of uterine contraction fatigue carbetocin or carboprost tromethamine was used more in cesarean section for pregnant women with COVID 19 1 3+ 0 6 compared with Non COVID 19 group 0 5+ 0 7 the difference was statistically significant P< i>=0 001 Conclusions < b> If there is an indication for obstetric surgery or critical illness of COVID 19 in pregnant women timely termination of pregnancy will not increase the risk of premature birth and asphyxia of the newborn but it is beneficial to the treatment and rehabilitation of maternal pneumonia Preventive use of long acting uterotonic agents could reduce the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage during surgery 2019 nCoV infection has not been found in neonates deliverd from pregnant women with COVID 19 ',1 32150752,'Web Exclusive Annals On Call Understanding the Spread of COVID 19 ',?,1 32184201,'Covid 19 ibuprofen should not be used for managing symptoms say doctors and scientists ',?,1 32108862,'Genome Detective Coronavirus Typing Tool for rapid identification and characterization of novel coronavirus genomes ','Genome Detective is a web based user friendly software application to quickly and accurately assemble all known virus genomes from next generation sequencing datasets This application allows the identification of phylogenetic clusters and genotypes from assembled genomes in FASTA format Since its release in 2019 we have produced a number of typing tools for emergent viruses that have caused large outbreaks such as Zika and Yellow Fever Virus in Brazil Here we present The Genome Detective Coronavirus Typing Tool that can accurately identify the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS related coronavirus SARS CoV 2 sequences isolated in China and around the world The tool can accept up to 2 000 sequences per submission and the analysis of a new whole genome sequence will take approximately one minute The tool has been tested and validated with hundreds of whole genomes from ten coronavirus species and correctly classified all of the SARS related coronavirus SARSr CoV and all of the available public data for SARS CoV 2 The tool also allows tracking of new viral mutations as the outbreak expands globally which may help to accelerate the development of novel diagnostics drugs and vaccines to stop the COVID 19 disease ',1 32135587,' 2019 novel coronavirus infection in a three month old baby ','Huan Er Nu 3Yue 19Ri Ling Hu Bei Xiao Gan Ren Yin Fa Re 4 hZhu Yuan Wai Zhou Xie Bai Xi Bao Bu Gao Xiong XXian Pian Shi You Fei Wen Li Lue Zeng Cu Si You Dian Pian Zhuang Yin Ying Yan Shi Zi 2019Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du 2019 nCoV He Suan Jian Ce Cheng Yang Xing 2019 nCoVGan Ran Zhen Duan Cheng Li Fu He Pu Tong Xing Jing Ji Ji Zhi Liao 15 dHou Quan Yu Chu Yuan Huan Er Hu Xi Dao Zheng Zhuang Chu Xian Jiao Wan Zheng Zhuang Jiao Qing Huan Er Fu Mu Zai Huan Er Fa Bing 7dHou 2019 nCoVJian Ce Yang Xing Ti Shi Jia Ting Nei Chuan Bo Shi 2019 nCoVGan Ran De Zhong Yao Chuan Bo Tu Jing Huan Er Sui Ran Lian Xu 3Ci Yan Shi Zi Zhuan Yin Tong Qi De Tan Ji Fen Bian Reng Ke Jian Chu 2019 nCoVHe Suan Huan Er Mu Qin Wu Fa Re Ji Hu Xi Dao Zheng Zhuang Dan Xiong Bu CTFa Xian Zuo Fei Ji You Shang Fei Shen Chu Xing Bing Bian Ti Shi Fei Bu Bing Bian Ke Jian Yu Wu Zheng Zhuang 2019 nCoVGan Ran Zhe ',1 31022925,'Characterization of a New Member of Alphacoronavirus with Unique Genomic Features in Rhinolophus Bats ','Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses bat species and populations we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surveillance In this study we described a new member of alphaCoV BtCoV Rh YN2012 in bats with unique genome features Unique accessory genes ORF4a< i> and ORF4b< i> were found between the spike gene and the envelope gene while ORF8< i> gene was found downstream of the nucleocapsid gene All the putative genes were further confirmed by reverse transcription analyses One unique gene at the 3 end of the BtCoV Rh YN2012 genome ORF9< i> exhibits ~30\% amino acid identity to ORF7a< i> of the SARS related coronavirus Functional analysis showed ORF4a protein can activate IFN b production whereas ORF3a can regulate NF kB production We also screened the spike mediated virus entry using the spike pseudotyped retroviruses system although failed to find any fully permissive cells Our results expand the knowledge on the genetic diversity of bat coronaviruses Continuous screening of bat viruses will help us further understand the important role played by bats in coronavirus evolution and transmission ',0 31783264,'Use of whole genome sequencing in the molecular investigation of care associated HCoV OC43 infections in a hematopoietic stem cell transplant unit ','While respiratory viral infections are recognized as a frequent cause of illness in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation HSCT recipients HCoV OC43 infections have rarely been investigated as healthcare associated infections in this population ',0 32160114,'The pandemic of coronavirus tackling the latest plague ',?,1 32049687,'Overview of The 2019 Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV The Pathogen of Severe Specific Contagious Pneumonia SSCP ','In late December 2019 a previous unidentified coronavirus currently named as the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV emerged from Wuhan China and resulted in a formidable outbreak in many cities in China and expanding globally including Thailand Republic of Korea Japan USA Philippines Viet Nam and our country as of 2 6 2020 at least 25 countries The disease is officially named as the Severe Specific Contagious Pneumonia SSCP in 1 15 2019 and is a notifiable communicable disease of the 5 category by the Taiwan CDC the Ministry of Health SSCP is a potential zoonotic disease with low to moderate estimated 2 5\% mortality rate Person to person transmission may occur through droplet or contact transmission and jeopardized first line healthcare workers if lack of stringent infection control or no proper personal protective equipment available Currently there is no definite treatment for SSCP although some drugs are under investigation To promptly identify patients and prevent further spreading physicians should be aware of travel or contact history for patients with compatible symptoms ',1 32134381,'Lack of Vertical Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 China ','A woman with 2019 novel coronavirus disease in her 35th week of pregnancy delivered an infant by cesarean section in a negative pressure operating room The infant was negative for severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 This case suggests that mother to child transmission is unlikely for this virus ',1 32072297,'Important roles of dietary taurine creatine carnosine anserine and 4 hydroxyproline in human nutrition and health ','Taurine a sulfur containing b amino acid creatine a metabolite of arginine glycine and methionine carnosine a dipeptide b alanyl L histidine and 4 hydroxyproline an imino acid also often referred to as an amino acid were discovered in cattle and the discovery of anserine a methylated product of carnosine b alanyl 1 methyl L histidine also originated with cattle These five nutrients are highly abundant in beef and have important physiological roles in anti oxidative and anti inflammatory reactions as well as neurological muscular retinal immunological and cardiovascular function Of particular note taurine carnosine anserine and creatine are absent from plants and hydroxyproline is negligible in many plant source foods Consumption of 30 g dry beef can fully meet daily physiological needs of the healthy 70 kg adult human for taurine and carnosine and can also provide large amounts of creatine anserine and 4 hydroxyproline to improve human nutrition and health including metabolic retinal immunological muscular cartilage neurological and cardiovascular health The present review provides the public with the much needed knowledge of nutritionally and physiologically significant amino acids dipeptides and creatine in animal source foods including beef Dietary taurine creatine carnosine anserine and 4 hydroxyproline are beneficial for preventing and treating obesity cardiovascular dysfunction and ageing related disorders as well as inhibiting tumorigenesis improving skin and bone health ameliorating neurological abnormalities and promoting well being in infants children and adults Furthermore these nutrients may promote the immunological defense of humans against infections by bacteria fungi parasites and viruses including coronavirus through enhancing the metabolism and functions of monocytes macrophages and other cells of the immune system Red meat including beef is a functional food for optimizing human growth development and health ',0 31199522,'Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein counteracts BST2 mediated restriction of virus like particle release ','BST2 tetherin an interferon inducible antiviral factor can block the cellular release of various enveloped viruses We previously reported that human coronavirus 229E HCoV 229E infection can alleviate the BST2 tethering of HIV 1 virions by downregulating cell surface BST2 suggesting that coronaviruses are capable of encoding anti BST2 factors Here we report our new finding that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV spike S glycoprotein similar to Vpu is capable of antagonizing the BST2 tethering of SARS CoV HCoV 229E and HIV 1 virus like particles via BST2 downregulation However unlike Vpu which downmodulates BST2 by means of proteasomal and lysosomal degradation pathways BST2 downregulation is apparently mediated by SARS CoV S through the lysosomal degradation pathway only We found that SARS CoV S colocalized with both BST2 and reduced cell surface BST2 suggesting an association between SARS CoV S and BST2 that targets the lysosomal degradation pathway According to one recent report SARS CoV ORF7a antagonizes BST2 by interfering with BST2 glycosylation1< sup> Our data provide support for the proposal that SARS CoV and other enveloped viruses are capable of evolving supplementary anti BST2 factors in a manner that requires virus replication Further experiments are required to determine whether the BST2 mediated restriction of authentic SARS CoV virions is alleviated by the SARS CoV spike protein ',0 32131914,'The novel coronavirus COVID 19 infection in Hangzhou An experience to share ',?,1 32125362,'Epidemiologic Features and Clinical Course of Patients Infected With SARS CoV 2 in Singapore ','Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 emerged in Wuhan China in December 2019 and has spread globally with sustained human to human transmission outside China ',1 32053580,'Erratum Vol 69 No 5 ',?,1 32199470,'The global community needs to swiftly ramp up the response to contain COVID 19 ',?,1 32153144,'COVID 19 A Clinical Syndrome Manifesting as Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis ',?,1 32064854,' The network investigation on knowledge attitude and practice about Novel coronavirus pneumonia of the residents in Anhui Province ','Objective < b> To analyze the current situation of the knowledge attitudes and practice about Novelcoronavirus pneumonia NCP of the residents in Anhui Province Methods < b> Anonymous network sampling survey was carried out with an electronic questionnaire that designed by the questionnaire star and a total of 4016 subjects from Anhui province were investigated The content of the survey includes that the basic information of subjects the residents knowledge attitudes and practice about NCP as well as their satisfaction with the prevention and control measures adopted by the government and health authorities and the suggestions on future prevention The questionnaire doesn t involve any privacy information and all questions were mandatory to ensure the response rate Results < b> The M< i> P< i> 25 P< i> 75 age the 4016 subjects was 21 19 24 and the ranging from 7 to 80 years old The number of males was1431 35 6\% Social networking tools such as WeChat and QQ were the main sources of epidemic information for residents 97 8\% 3 929 respondents Residents have a high awareness rate of the main symptoms transmission routes using of masks hand washing and treatment information of NCP while a low awareness rate of the atypical symptoms 92 6\% of the subjects n< i>=3 720 think that the outbreak was scary In terms of psychological behavior scores the results showed that female 9 38+ 4 81 the urban 9 37+ 5 02 and the medical workers 10 79+ 5 19 had a poorer mental health than the male 8 45+ 5 00 the rural 8 71+ 4 75 and the non medical workers the students 8 85+ 4 83 public institude workers 9 02+ 5 08 others 8 97+ 5 39 P< i> < 0 05 71 9\% of the residents n< i>=2 887 were satisfied with the local epidemic control measures The residents took various of the measures to prevent and control the epidemic The ratio of residents that could achieve " no gathering and less going out" " wear masks when going out" and " do not go to crowded and closed places" was up to 97 4\% n< i>=3 913 93 6\% n< i>=3758 and 91 5\% n< i>=3 673 respectively Conclusion < b> The residents in Anhui province have a good KAP about NCP yet it is necessary to strengthen the community publicity the mental health maintenance of residents and students health education ',1 31855530,'Diabetes Mellitus Hypertension and Death among 32 Patients with MERS CoV Infection Saudi Arabia ','Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are recognized risk factors for severe clinical outcomes including death associated with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection Among 32 virus infected patients in Saudi Arabia severity of illness and frequency of death corresponded closely with presence of multiple and more severe underlying conditions ',0 30632963,'Determination of host proteins composing the microenvironment of coronavirus replicase complexes by proximity labeling ','Positive sense RNA viruses hijack intracellular membranes that provide niches for viral RNA synthesis and a platform for interactions with host proteins However little is known about host factors at the interface between replicase complexes and the host cytoplasm We engineered a biotin ligase into a coronaviral replication transcription complex RTC and identified > 500 host proteins constituting the RTC microenvironment siRNA silencing of each RTC proximal host factor demonstrated importance of vesicular trafficking pathways ubiquitin dependent and autophagy related processes and translation initiation factors Notably detection of translation initiation factors at the RTC was instrumental to visualize and demonstrate active translation proximal to replication complexes of several coronaviruses Collectively we establish a spatial link between viral RNA synthesis and diverse host factors of unprecedented breadth Our data may serve as a paradigm for other positive strand RNA viruses and provide a starting point for a comprehensive analysis of critical virus host interactions that represent targets for therapeutic intervention ',0 32161416,'Politicians please work together to minimise the spread of COVID 19 ',?,1 31269354,'Effects of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection on tight junction protein gene expression and morphology of the intestinal mucosa in pigs ','Tight junction proteins are important for the maintenance and repair of the intestinal mucosal barrier The present study investigated relationships among tight junction protein gene expression porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV infection and intestinal mucosal morphology in piglets We compared the expression of six tight junction proteins ZO 1 ZO 2 Occludin Claudin 1 Claudin 4 and Claudin 5 between seven day old piglets infected with PEDV and normal piglets as well as in PEDV infected porcine intestinal epithelial cells IPEC J2 We also evaluated differences in mucosal morphology between PEDV infected and normal piglets The expression of six tight junction protein genes was lower in PEDV infected piglets than in the normal animals The expression of ZO 1 ZO 2 Occludin and Claudin 4 in the intestine tissue was significantly lower p 0 05 in PEDV infected than in normal piglets The expression of Claudin 5 in the jejunum was significantly lower in PEDV infected piglets than in the normal animals p 0 01 The expression of Claudin 1 and Claudin 5 genes in the ileum was significantly higher in PEDV infected piglets than in normal piglets p 0 01 Morphologically the intestinal mucosa in PEDV infected piglets exhibited clear pathological changes including breakage and shedding of intestinal villi In PEDV infected IPEC J2 cells the mRNA expression of the six tight junction proteins showed a downward trend in particular the expression of the Occludin and Claudin 4 genes was significantly lower p 0 01 These data suggest that the expression of these six tight junction proteins especially Occludin and Claudin 4 plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier and resistance to PEDV infection in piglets ',0 32179106,'Coronavirus COVID 19 outbreak what the department of endoscopy should know ','Italy recorded its first case of confirmed acute respiratory case due to Coronavirus on February 18 2020 soon after the initial reports in China Since that time Italy and nations throughout the world have adopted very stringent and severe measures to protect populations from spread of infection Despite these measures the number of infected people is growing exponentially with a significant number of patients developing acute respiratory insufficiency Endoscopy departments face significant risk for diffusion of respiratory diseases that can be spread via an airborne route including aspiration of oral and fecal material via endoscopes The purpose of this article is to discuss the measures with specific focus on personal protection equipment and dressing code modalities which have been implemented in our hospital to prevent further dissemination of COVID 19 infection ',1 32145185,'Middle East respiratory syndrome ','The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV is a lethal zoonotic pathogen that was first identified in humans in Saudi Arabia and Jordan in 2012 Intermittent sporadic cases community clusters and nosocomial outbreaks of MERS CoV continue to occur Between April 2012 and December 2019 2499 laboratory confirmed cases of MERS CoV infection including 858 deaths 34 3\% mortality were reported from 27 countries to WHO the majority of which were reported by Saudi Arabia 2106 cases 780 deaths Large outbreaks of human to human transmission have occurred the largest in Riyadh and Jeddah in 2014 and in South Korea in 2015 MERS CoV remains a high threat pathogen identified by WHO as a priority pathogen because it causes severe disease that has a high mortality rate epidemic potential and no medical countermeasures This Seminar provides an update on the current knowledge and perspectives on MERS epidemiology virology mode of transmission pathogenesis diagnosis clinical features management infection control development of new therapeutics and vaccines and highlights unanswered questions and priorities for research improved management and prevention ',1 32086404,'Advice and guidance on coronavirus ',?,1 31811597,'Coronaviruses Detected in Bats in Close Contact with Humans in Rwanda ','Bats living in close contact with people in Rwanda were tested for evidence of infection with viruses of zoonotic potential Mucosal swabs from 503 bats representing 17 species were sampled from 2010 to 2014 and screened by consensus PCR for 11 viral families Samples were negative for all viral families except coronaviruses which were detected in 27 bats belonging to eight species Known coronaviruses detected included the betacorona viruses Kenya bat coronaviruses Eidolon bat coronavirus and Bat coronavirus HKU9 as well as an alphacoronavirus Chaerephon Bat coronavirus Novel coronaviruses included two betacorona viruses clustering with SARS CoV a 2d coronavirus and an alphacoronavirus ',0 32197108,'Clinical course and mortality risk of severe COVID 19 ',?,1 32102625,'Detectable 2019 nCoV viral RNA in blood is a strong indicator for the further clinical severity ','The novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV infection caused pneumonia we retrospectively analyzed the virus presence in the pharyngeal swab blood and the anal swab detected by real time PCR in the clinical lab Unexpectedly the 2109 nCoV RNA was readily detected in the blood 6 of 57 patients and the anal swabs 11 of 28 patients Importantly all of the 6 patients with detectable viral RNA in the blood cohort progressed to severe symptom stage indicating a strong correlation of serum viral RNA with the disease severity p< i> value = 0 0001 Meanwhile 8 of the 11 patients with annal swab virus positive was in severe clinical stage However the concentration of viral RNA in the anal swab Ct value = 24 + 39 was higher than in the blood Ct value = 34 + 39 from patient 2 suggesting that the virus might replicate in the digestive tract Altogether our results confirmed the presence of virus RNA in extra pulmonary sites ',1 32088847,'18< sup>F FDG PET CT findings of COVID 19 a series of four highly suspected cases ','The aim of this case series is to illustrate the 18< sup>F FDG PET CT findings of patients with acute respiratory disease caused by COVID 19 in Wuhan Hubei province of China ',1 32166310,'A Novel Approach for a Novel Pathogen using a home assessment team to evaluate patients for 2019 novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 ','Thousands of people in the United States have required testing for SARS CoV 2 Evaluation for a special pathogen is resource intensive We report an innovative approach to home assessment that in collaboration with public health enables safe evaluation and specimen collection outside the healthcare setting avoiding unnecessary exposures and resource utilization ',1 32129583,' Comparison of heart failure and 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in chest CT features and clinical characteristics ','Objective < b> To identify the characteristics including clinical features and pulmonary computed tomography CT features of heart failure and novel coronavirus pneumonia COVID 19 Methods < b> This study was a retrospective study A total of 7 patients with Heart failure and 12 patients with COVID 19 in the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University between December 1 2019 and February 15 2020 were enrolled The baseline clinical and imaging features of the two groups were statistically analyzed Results < b> There was no significant difference in age and sex between the two groups but the incidence of epidemiological contact history fever or respiratory symptoms in the COVID 19 group was significantly higher than that in the heart failure group 12 12 vs 2 7 P< i>=0 001 12 12 vs 4 7 P< i>< 0 001 While the proportion of cardiovascular diseases and impaired cardiac function was significantly less than that of the heart failure group 2 12 vs 7 7 P< i>< 0 001 0 12 vs 7 7 P< i>< 0 001 For imaging features both groups had ground glass opacity and thickening of interlobular septum but the ratio of central and gradient distribution was higher in patients with heart failure than that in patients with COVID 19 4 7 vs 1 12 P< i>=0 04 In heart failure group the ratio of the expansion of small pulmonary veins was also higher 3 7 vs 0 P< i>=0 013 and the lung lesions can be significantly improved after effective anti heart failure treatment Besides there are more disease with rounded morphology in COVID 19 9 12 vs 2 7 P=0 048 Conclusions < b> More patients with COVID 19 have epidemiological history and fever or respiratory symptoms There are significant differences in chest CT features such as enlargement of pulmonary veins lesions distribution and morphology between heart failure and COVID 19 ',1 32151324,'SARS CoV 2 is an appropriate name for the new coronavirus ',?,1 31350335,'A conserved region of nonstructural protein 1 from alphacoronaviruses inhibits host gene expression and is critical for viral virulence ','Coronaviruses are enveloped single stranded RNA viruses that are distributed worldwide They include transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV and the human coronaviruses severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV many of which seriously endanger human health and well being Only alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses harbor nonstructural protein 1 nsp1 which performs multiple functions in inhibiting antiviral host responses The role of the C terminus of betacoronavirus nsp1 in virulence has been characterized but the location of the alphacoronavirus nsp1 region that is important for virulence remains unclear Here using TGEV nsp1 as a model to explore the function of this protein in alphacoronaviruses we demonstrate that alphacoronavirus nsp1 inhibits host gene expression Solving the crystal structure of full length TGEV at 1 85 A resolution and conducting several biochemical analyses we observed that a specific motif amino acids 91 95 of alphacoronavirus nsp1 is a conserved region that inhibits host protein synthesis Using a reverse genetics system based on CRISPR Cas9 technology to construct a recombinant TGEV in which this specific nsp1 motif was altered we found that this mutation does not affect virus replication in cell culture but significantly reduces TGEV pathogenicity in pigs Taken together our findings suggest that alphacoronavirus nsp1 is an essential virulence determinant providing a potential paradigm for the development of a new attenuated vaccine based on modified nsp1 ',0 32049206,'Synanthropic rodents as virus reservoirs and transmitters ','This review focuses on reports of hepatitis E virus hantavirus rotavirus coronavirus and arenavirus in synanthropic rodents Rattus rattus Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus within urban environments Despite their potential impact on human health relatively few studies have addressed the monitoring of these viruses in rodents Comprehensive control and preventive activities should include actions such as the elimination or reduction of rat and mouse populations sanitary education reduction of shelters for the animals and restriction of the access of rodents to residences water and food supplies ',0 31399512,'The C terminal domain of the MERS coronavirus M protein contains a trans< i> Golgi network localization signal ','Coronavirus M proteins represent the major protein component of the viral envelope They play an essential role during viral assembly by interacting with all of the other structural proteins Coronaviruses bud into the endoplasmic reticulum ER Golgi intermediate compartment ERGIC but the mechanisms by which M proteins are transported from their site of synthesis the ER to the budding site remain poorly understood Here we investigated the intracellular trafficking of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV M protein Subcellular localization analyses revealed that the MERS CoV M protein is retained intracellularly in the trans< i> Golgi network TGN and we identified two motifs in the distal part of the C terminal domain as being important for this specific localization We identified the first motif as a functional diacidic DxE ER export signal because substituting Asp 211 and Glu 213 with alanine induced retention of the MERS CoV M in the ER The second motif 199< sup>KxGxYR204< sup> was responsible for retaining the M protein in the TGN Substitution of this motif resulted in MERS CoV M leakage toward the plasma membrane We further confirmed the role of 199< sup>KxGxYR204< sup> as a TGN retention signal by using chimeras between MERS CoV M and the M protein of infectious bronchitis virus IBV Our results indicated that the C terminal domains of both proteins determine their specific localization namely TGN and ERGIC cis< i> Golgi for MERS M and IBV M respectively Our findings indicate that MERS CoV M protein localizes to the TGN because of the combined presence of an ER export signal and a TGN retention motif ',0 32030925,'The First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Imported into Korea from Wuhan China Implication for Infection Prevention and Control Measures ','In December 2019 a viral pneumonia outbreak caused by a novel betacoronavirus the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV began in Wuhan China We report the epidemiological and clinical features of the first patient with 2019 nCoV pneumonia imported into Korea from Wuhan This report suggests that in the early phase of 2019 nCoV pneumonia chest radiography would miss patients with pneumonia and highlights taking travel history is of paramount importance for early detection and isolation of 2019 nCoV cases ',1 30840626,'Pneumonia severity index in viral community acquired pneumonia in adults ','Pneumonia severity index PSI is an important scoring system that can assess the severity of community acquired pneumonia and determine admission status However there is a lack of research on whether this scoring system can be applied to viral community acquired pneumonia The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of PSI in viral community acquired pneumonia This retrospective cohort study included 1 434 adult patients aged 18 years who were admitted to the emergency department of a university hospital during 2013 2015 because of community acquired pneumonia Viral infections were diagnosed by multiplex PCR Patients diagnosed with non viral community acquired pneumonia were included in the control group N = 1 173 The main outcome was 30 day all cause mortality multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to calculate the risk of death Respiratory viruses were detected in 261 18 2\% patients with community acquired pneumonia Two types of respiratory viruses were detected in 7 cases Of the 254 cases detected with only one virus 62 were influenza A 18 were influenza B 65 were rhinovirus 35 were respiratory syncytial virus 25 were metapneumovirus 20 were parainfluenza 17 were coronavirus 7 were bocavirus and 5 were adenovirus Mortality was not significantly different between patients with respiratory virus and those without respiratory virus the 30 day all cause mortality rates were 20 3\% and 22 4\% respectively P = 0 45 Mortality rate increased with an increasing PSI score with or without respiratory viral infection Pulmonary severity index was significantly associated with mortality adjusted for respiratory virus detection hazard ratio = 1 024 95\% confidence interval = 1 020 1 028 Pneumonia severity index score is an important factor for assessing the prognosis of patients with community acquired pneumonia regardless of respiratory virus detection ',0 32162679,'Novel Coronavirus COVID 19 Epidemic What Are the Risks for Older Patients ',?,1 32173110,'A systematic review on the efficacy and safety of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID 19 ','COVID 19 coronavirus disease 2019 is a public health emergency of international concern As of this time there is no known effective pharmaceutical treatment although it is much needed for patient contracting the severe form of the disease The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence regarding chloroquine for the treatment of COVID 19 ',1 30849413,'PEDV nsp16 negatively regulates innate immunity to promote viral proliferation ','Type I IFNs IFN I provide a key mediator of innate antiviral response during virus proliferation Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV which causes diarrhea in swine of all ages is a worldwide distributed alphacoronavirus with economic importance Here we screened PEDV RNA modification enzymes involved in regulating antiviral response Whereas the PEDV nsp13 barely regulates type I IFN inflammatory cytokines IL 6 TNF a and MHCII nsp16 and nsp14 to a lesser extent down regulate these antiviral effectors Importantly we found nsp16 KDKE tetrad appears to play a key role in interferon inhibition by mutating the D129 catalytic residue Mechanistically nsp16 down regulates the activities of RIG I and MDA5 mediated IFN b and ISRE In turn the mRNA levels of IFIT family members IFIT1 IFIT2 IFIT3 was inhibited in cells overexpressing nsp16 In addition nsp10 enhanced the inhibitory effect of nsp16 on IFN b Altogether these results indicate PEDV nsp16 negatively regulates innate immunity to promote viral proliferation Findings from this study provides novel perspective to advance the understanding in the pathogenesis of PEDV ',0 32149772,'Comparative effectiveness and safety of ribavirin plus interferon alpha lopinavir ritonavir plus interferon alpha and ribavirin plus lopinavir ritonavir plus interferon alphain in patients with mild to moderate novel coronavirus pneumonia ',?,1 32125455,'Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 ACE2 as a SARS CoV 2 receptor molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target ',?,1 32051570,'Novel coronavirus takes flight from bats ',?,1 32051072,' Emergency response plan for the neonatal intensive care unit during epidemic of 2019 novel coronavirus ','2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV infection has been spreading in China since December 2019 Neonates are presumably the high risk population susceptible to 2019 nCoV due to immature immune function The neonatal intensive care unit NICU should be prepared for 2019 nCoV infections as far as possible The emergency response plan enables the efficient response capability of NICU During the epidemic of 2019 nCoV the emergency response plan for the NICU should be based on the actual situation including diagnosis isolation and treatment as well as available equipment and staffing and take into account the psychosocial needs of the families and neonatal care staff ',1 32197085,'Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS CoV 2 Associated with the COVID 19 Outbreak ','An outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 began in the city of Wuhan in China and has widely spread worldwide Currently it is vital to explore potential intermediate hosts of SARS CoV 2 to control COVID 19 spread Therefore we reinvestigated published data from pangolin lung samples from which SARS CoV like CoVs were detected by Liu et al 1 We found genomic and evolutionary evidence of the occurrence of a SARS CoV 2 like CoV named Pangolin CoV in dead Malayan pangolins Pangolin CoV is 91 02\% and 90 55\% identical to SARS CoV 2 and BatCoV RaTG13 respectively at the whole genome level Aside from RaTG13 Pangolin CoV is the most closely related CoV to SARS CoV 2 The S1 protein of Pangolin CoV is much more closely related to SARS CoV 2 than to RaTG13 Five key amino acid residues involved in the interaction with human ACE2 are completely consistent between Pangolin CoV and SARS CoV 2 but four amino acid mutations are present in RaTG13 Both Pangolin CoV and RaTG13 lost the putative furin recognition sequence motif at S1 S2 cleavage site that can be observed in the SARS CoV 2 Conclusively this study suggests that pangolin species are a natural reservoir of SARS CoV 2 like CoVs ',1 31097871,'Molecular characterization of a Korean porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain NB1 ','In Korea for the past 30 years 1987 present porcine epidemic diarrhea PED has been established as an endemic situation in which multiple genogroups of classical G1 and G2b and the recently introduced pandemic G2a coexisted Because of the dynamic nature of the virus continuous field monitoring for PEDV strains is required This study is the first to reveal prevalence of PEDV in 9 sampling provinces with an overall detection rate of 6 70\% Porcine endemic diarrhea virus PEDV was present in pigs of all ages especially in the non PED vaccinated groups The highest detection rate was in the finisher group 2 34\% followed by that in the newborn group 1 56\% Secondly using Sanger sequencing this study recovered a complete genome 28 005 nucleotides long of NB1 strain from a farm severely affected by PED Analyses of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences showed that NB1 differed from 18 other Korean PEDV mostly in 4 protein coding genes ORF1a ORF1b S and N Two amino acid substitutions V635E and Y681Q in the COE and S1D neutralizing epitopes of NB1 resulted in antigenic index alteration of the adjacent sites one of which contributed to a mutation that escaped neutralizing antibodies ',0 32044387,'Maps masks and media Traveller and practitioner resources for 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV acute respiratory virus ',?,1 32127703,'Mystery deepens over animal source of coronavirus ',?,1 32107909,' Treatment of pancreatic diseases and prevention of infection during outbreak of 2019 coronavirus disease ','Objective < b> To explorethe proper protective measures for pancreaticdiseases treatment during theoutbreak of 2019 coronavirus disease COVID 19 Method < b> Clinical data of four cases of patients that suffered COVID 19from February 2 nd 2020 to February 9 th 2020 in pancreatic surgery were reviewed After the first patientscuffednosocomial infection of COVID 19 the general protective measures in our department wereupdated Only one patient was admitted to each room alone with no more than one caregiver The body temperature of care givers was measuredtwice a day Primary protections were applied to all staff The floor was sterilized using disinfectant with an effective chlorine concentration of 1000 mg L The protective measures for interventional procedures were as follow Primary protection was applied to the operators ofcentral venipuncture catheter percutaneous abdominal pleural drainage percutaneous retroperitoneal drainage percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage and other surgical procedures with local anesthesiaand epidural anesthesia Secondary protection was applied to the operators of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and surgical procedures with general anesthesia Results < b> During Feb 2 nd 2020 to Feb 9 th 2020 four patients in our department were diagnosed with COVID 19 of which one was died of COVID 19 two were cured and one is still in hospital for COVID 19 After the update ofprotective measures in our department no more nosocomial infection of COVID 19occurred Two central venipuncture catheter three percutaneous abdominal pleural drainage one percutaneous retroperitoneal drainage one percuteneous transhepatic cholecyst drainage and one open surgery with general anesthesia were performed with no infection of operators Conclusions < b> The caregivers of patients are potential infection source of COVID 19 Enhanced protective measures including the management measures of caregivers can decrease the risk of nosocomial infection of COVID 19 ',1 32109443,'Clinical and computed tomographic imaging features of novel coronavirus pneumonia caused by SARS CoV 2 ','To investigate the clinical and imaging characteristics of computed tomography CT in novel coronavirus pneumonia NCP caused by SARS CoV 2 ',1 32143990,'The deadly coronaviruses The 2003 SARS pandemic and the 2020 novel coronavirus epidemic in China ','The 2019 nCoV is officially called SARS CoV 2 and the disease is named COVID 19 This viral epidemic in China has led to the deaths of over 1800 people mostly elderly or those with an underlying chronic disease or immunosuppressed state This is the third serious Coronavirus outbreak in less than 20 years following SARS in 2002 2003 and MERS in 2012 While human strains of Coronavirus are associated with about 15\% of cases of the common cold the SARS CoV 2 may present with varying degrees of severity from flu like symptoms to death It is currently believed that this deadly Coronavirus strain originated from wild animals at the Huanan market in Wuhan a city in Hubei province Bats snakes and pangolins have been cited as potential carriers based on the sequence homology of CoV isolated from these animals and the viral nucleic acids of the virus isolated from SARS CoV 2 infected patients Extreme quarantine measures including sealing off large cities closing borders and confining people to their homes were instituted in January 2020 to prevent spread of the virus but by that time much of the damage had been done as human human transmission became evident While these quarantine measures are necessary and have prevented a historical disaster along the lines of the Spanish flu earlier recognition and earlier implementation of quarantine measures may have been even more effective Lessons learned from SARS resulted in faster determination of the nucleic acid sequence and a more robust quarantine strategy However it is clear that finding an effective antiviral and developing a vaccine are still significant challenges The costs of the epidemic are not limited to medical aspects as the virus has led to significant sociological psychological and economic effects globally Unfortunately emergence of SARS CoV 2 has led to numerous reports of Asians being subjected to racist behavior and hate crimes across the world ',1 32173241,'Asymptomatic carrier state acute respiratory disease and pneumonia due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 Facts and myths ','Since the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 formerly known as the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV in Wuhan China in December 2019 which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 more than 75 000 cases have been reported in 32 countries regions resulting in more than 2000 deaths worldwide Despite the fact that most COVID 19 cases and mortalities were reported in China the WHO has declared this outbreak as the sixth public health emergency of international concern The COVID 19 can present as an asymptomatic carrier state acute respiratory disease and pneumonia Adults represent the population with the highest infection rate however neonates children and elderly patients can also be infected by SARS CoV 2 In addition nosocomial infection of hospitalized patients and healthcare workers and viral transmission from asymptomatic carriers are possible The most common finding on chest imaging among patients with pneumonia was ground glass opacity with bilateral involvement Severe cases are more likely to be older patients with underlying comorbidities compared to mild cases Indeed age and disease severity may be correlated with the outcomes of COVID 19 To date effective treatment is lacking however clinical trials investigating the efficacy of several agents including remdesivir and chloroquine are underway in China Currently effective infection control intervention is the only way to prevent the spread of SARS CoV 2 ',1 31843650,'Burden of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in Saudi Arabia ','MERS coronavirus infection is currently responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality in Saudi Arabia Understanding its burden as an emerging infectious disease is vital for devising appropriate control strategies In this study the burden of MERS CoV was estimated over 31months period from June 6 2012 to January 5 2015 The total number of patients was 835 528 63 2\% patients were male 771 92 3\% patients were 25 years of age and 210 25 1\% patients were healthcare workers A total of 751 89 9\% patients required hospitalization The median duration between onset of illness and hospitalization was 2 days interquartile range 0 5 The median length of hospital stay was 14 days IQR 6 27 The overall case fatality rate was 43 1\% Basic reproductive number was 0 9 Being Saudi non healthcare workers and age 65 years were significantly associated with higher mortality In conclusion MERS CoV infection caused a substantial health burden in Saudi Arabia ',0 32171866,'Clinical feature of COVID 19 in elderly patients a comparison with young and middle aged patients ','Due to the general susceptibility of new coronaviruses the clinical characteristics and outcomes of elderly and young patients may be different ',1 32007643,'Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV in China from 2019 to 2020 A data driven analysis in the early phase of the outbreak ','An ongoing outbreak of a novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV pneumonia hit a major city in China Wuhan December 2019 and subsequently reached other provinces regions of China and other countries We present estimates of the basic reproduction number R0< sub> of 2019 nCoV in the early phase of the outbreak ',1 32105680,'Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 and Pregnancy What obstetricians need to know ','Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 is an emerging disease with a rapid increase in cases and deaths since its first identification in Wuhan China in December 2019 Limited data are available about COVID 19 during pregnancy however information on illnesses associated with other highly pathogenic coronaviruses i e severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS and the Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS might provide insights into COVID 19 s effects during pregnancy ',1 32198066,'Advance of promising targets and agents against 2019 nCoV in China ',?,1 31836720,'A database of geopositioned Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus occurrences ','As a World Health Organization Research and Development Blueprint priority pathogen there is a need to better understand the geographic distribution of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV and its potential to infect mammals and humans This database documents cases of MERS CoV globally with specific attention paid to zoonotic transmission An initial literature search was conducted in PubMed Web of Science and Scopus after screening articles according to the inclusion exclusion criteria a total of 208 sources were selected for extraction and geo positioning Each MERS CoV occurrence was assigned one of the following classifications based upon published contextual information index unspecified secondary mammal environmental or imported In total this database is comprised of 861 unique geo positioned MERS CoV occurrences The purpose of this article is to share a collated MERS CoV database and extraction protocol that can be utilized in future mapping efforts for both MERS CoV and other infectious diseases More broadly it may also provide useful data for the development of targeted MERS CoV surveillance which would prove invaluable in preventing future zoonotic spillover ',0 31347336,'Impact of the 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak on Emergency Care Utilization and Mortality in South Korea ','In May 2015 South Korea experienced an epidemic of Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS This study investigated the impacts of MERS epidemic on emergency care utilization and mortality in South Korea ',0 32191340,'COVID 19 pandemic perspectives on an unfolding crisis ',?,1 30631056,'SREBP dependent lipidomic reprogramming as a broad spectrum antiviral target ','Viruses are obligate intracellular microbes that exploit the host metabolic machineries to meet their biosynthetic demands making these host pathways potential therapeutic targets Here by exploring a lipid library we show that AM580 a retinoid derivative and RAR a agonist is highly potent in interrupting the life cycle of diverse viruses including Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and influenza A virus Using click chemistry the overexpressed sterol regulatory element binding protein SREBP is shown to interact with AM580 which accounts for its broad spectrum antiviral activity Mechanistic studies pinpoint multiple SREBP proteolytic processes and SREBP regulated lipid biosynthesis pathways including the downstream viral protein palmitoylation and double membrane vesicles formation that are indispensable for virus replication Collectively our study identifies a basic lipogenic transactivation event with broad relevance to human viral infections and represents SREBP as a potential target for the development of broad spectrum antiviral strategies ',0 32017984,'Measures for diagnosing and treating infections by a novel coronavirus responsible for a pneumonia outbreak originating in Wuhan China ','On 10 January 2020 a new coronavirus causing a pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan City in central China was denoted as 2019 nCoV by the World Health Organization WHO As of 24 January 2020 there were 887 confirmed cases of 2019 nCoV infection including 26 deaths reported in China and other countries Therefore combating this new virus and stopping the epidemic is a matter of urgency Here we focus on advances in research and development of fast diagnosis methods as well as potential prophylactics and therapeutics to prevent or treat 2019 nCoV infection ',1 30722024,'Evidence for Cross Protection Against Subsequent Febrile Respiratory Illness Episodes From Prior Infections by Different Viruses Among Singapore Military Recruits 2009 2014 ','Few studies have evaluated the relative cross protection conferred by infection with different groups of viruses through studies of sequential infections in humans We investigated the presence of short lived relative cross protection conferred by specific prior viral infections against subsequent febrile respiratory illness FRI ',0 32112884,'Clinical characteristics and imaging manifestations of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 A multi center study in Wenzhou city Zhejiang China ','Little is known about COVID 19 outside Hubei The aim of this paper was to describe the clinical characteristics and imaging manifestations of hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID 19 infection in Wenzhou Zhejiang China ',1 32203757,'Policies on the use of respiratory protection for hospital health workers to protect from coronavirus disease COVID 19 ',?,0 32017661,'CT Imaging Features of 2019 Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV ','In this retrospective case series chest CT scans of 21 symptomatic patients from China infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV were reviewed with emphasis on identifying and characterizing the most common findings Typical CT findings included bilateral pulmonary parenchymal ground glass and consolidative pulmonary opacities sometimes with a rounded morphology and a peripheral lung distribution Notably lung cavitation discrete pulmonary nodules pleural effusions and lymphadenopathy were absent Follow up imaging in a subset of patients during the study time window often demonstrated mild or moderate progression of disease as manifested by increasing extent and density of lung opacities ',1 32147715,'" The Art of War" in the Era of Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 ',?,1 32107548,'Occupational risks for COVID 19 infection ',?,1 32193352,'Covid 19 UK government calls on industry to help boost testing capacity to 25 000 people a day ',?,1 32192541,'Coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 outbreak in Iran actions and problems ',?,1 32160149,'Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 from Patient with 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease United States ','The etiologic agent of an outbreak of pneumonia in Wuhan China was identified as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in January 2020 A patient in the United States was given a diagnosis of infection with this virus by the state of Washington and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on January 20 2020 We isolated virus from nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal specimens from this patient and characterized the viral sequence replication properties and cell culture tropism We found that the virus replicates to high titer in Vero CCL81 cells and Vero E6 cells in the absence of trypsin We also deposited the virus into 2 virus repositories making it broadly available to the public health and research communities We hope that open access to this reagent will expedite development of medical countermeasures ',1 31883083,'Studying Evolutionary Adaptation of MERS CoV ','Forced viral adaptation is a powerful technique employed to study the ways viruses may overcome various selective pressures that reduce viral replication Here we describe methods for in vitro serial passaging of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV to select for mutations which increase replication on semi permissive cell lines as described in Letko et al Cell Rep 24 1730 1737 2018 ',0 31050610,'Influenza virus RNA recovered from droplets and droplet nuclei emitted by adults in an acute care setting ','Transmission in hospital settings of seasonal influenza viruses and novel agents such as the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV is well described but poorly understood The characterization of potentially infectious bio aerosols in the healthcare setting remains an important yet ill defined factor in the transmission of respiratory viruses Empiric data describing the distribution of bio aerosols enable discernment of potential exposure risk to respiratory viruses We sought to determine the distribution of influenza virus RNA emitted into the air by participants with laboratory confirmed influenza and whether these emissions had the potential to reach healthcare workers breathing zones Two stage cyclone bio aerosol samplers from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health were placed 0 5 1 0 m near field and 2 1 2 5 m far field from infected patient participants as well as in the corridor immediately outside their rooms In addition healthcare worker participants providing care to infected participants were recruited to wear a polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE filter cassette in their breathing zones Viral RNA was detected from the air emitted by 37 5\% of the 16 participants infected with influenza virus and distributed both in near and far fields and in all tested particle sizes < 1 um 1 4 um and > 4 um Viral RNA was recovered in droplet nuclei and beyond 1 m from naturally infected participants in the healthcare setting and from the breathing zone of one healthcare worker There was no correlation between patient participant nasal viral load and recovery of viral RNA from the air and we did not identify any significant association between RNA detection from the air and patient demographics or clinical presentation A more substantial study is required to identify patient determinants of virus emission into the air and delineate implications for evidence based policy for prevention and control ',0 32111656,'Covid 19 school closures and bans on mass gatherings will need to be considered says England s CMO ',?,1 32122636,'Guide to Understanding the 2019 Novel Coronavirus ',?,0 32149037,'Early Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of 28 Cases of Coronavirus Disease in South Korea ','The first confirmed case of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 in South Korea was reported in January 2020 with 28 confirmed cases reported as of February 14th< sup> 2020 The epidemiological and clinical characteristics of all 28 cases were analyzed in response to this disease ',1 32072919,' Health protection guideline of mobile cabin hospitals during Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia NPC outbreak ','This guideline is applicable to the health protection requirements of large indoor stadiums which are reconstructed as treatment sites for the Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia NPC patients with mild symptoms during the outbreak Focusing on the health emergency scenario of severe virus infectious diseases and atypical places where NPC patients with mild symptom gather from perspectives of functional zones hygiene facilities personal protection and management system health risk protection recommendations and countermeasures are comprehensively proposed to mainly protect staffs and surrounding environment The implementation of this guideline will provide technique support for emergency requirements of indoor stadiums reconstructed as mobile cabin hospitals ',1 32182131,'Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 Outbreak on ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Care in Hong Kong China ',?,1 32096611,'2019 Novel coronavirus infection and gastrointestinal tract ',?,1 32034899,' Expert consensus on the use of corticosteroid in patients with 2019 nCoV pneumonia ',?,1 32080723,'Quantifying the association between domestic travel and the exportation of novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV cases from Wuhan China in 2020 a correlational analysis ',?,1 32078069,'2019 novel coronavirus of pneumonia in Wuhan China emerging attack and management strategies ','An ongoing outbreak of 2019 nCoV pneumonia was first identified in Wuhan Hubei province China at the end of 2019 With the spread of the new coronavirus accelerating person to person transmission in family homes or hospitals and intercity spread of 2019 nCoV occurred At least 40 261 cases confirmed 23 589 cases suspected 909 cases death and 3444 cases cured in China and worldwide 24 countries confirmed 383 cases being diagnosed 1 case death in February 10th 2020 At present the mortality of 2019 nCoV in China is 2 3\% compared with 9 6\% of SARS and 34 4\% of MERS reported by WHO It seems the new virus is not as fatal as many people thought Chinese authorities improved surveillance network made the laboratory be able to recognize the outbreak within a few weeks and announced the virus genome that provide efficient epidemiological control More comprehensive information is required to understand 2019 nCoV feature the epidemiology of origin and spreading and the clinical phenomina According to the current status blocking transmission isolation protection and alternative medication are the urgent management strategies against 2019 nCoV ',1 31875608,'An ultra rapid real time RT PCR method for detecting Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus using a mobile PCR device PCR1100 ','Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS coronavirus MERS CoV is usually diagnosed through highly sensitive and specific genetic tests such as real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction RT PCR Currently two real time RT PCR assays targeting the upE and ORF1a regions of the MERS CoV genome are widely used and are the standard assays recommended by the World Health Organization WHO The MERS outbreaks to date suggest that rapid diagnosis and subsequent isolation of infected patients particularly superspreaders are critical for containment However conventional real time RT PCR assays require large laboratory instruments and amplification takes approximately 2 h These are disadvantages for rapid diagnosis Here an ultra rapid real time RT PCR test was established a multiplex assay for upE and ORF1a running on the mobile PCR1100 device As few as five copies of MERS CoV RNA can be detected within 20 min using the WHO standard assays with similar sensitivity and specificity to those of a conventional real time PCR instrument such as the LightCyler enabling timely intervention to control MERS CoV infection ',0 32147628,'Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 ','The SARS CoV 2 virus emerged in December 2019 and then spread rapidly worldwide particularly to China Japan and South Korea Scientists are endeavoring to find antivirals specific to the virus Several drugs such as chloroquine arbidol remdesivir and favipiravir are currently undergoing clinical studies to test their efficacy and safety in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 in China some promising results have been achieved thus far This article summarizes agents with potential efficacy against SARS CoV 2 ',1 32145466,'Serial interval of novel coronavirus COVID 19 infections ','To estimate the serial interval of novel coronavirus COVID 19 from information on 28 infector infectee pairs ',1 30619176,'Respiratory Viral Infections in Patients With Cancer or Undergoing Hematopoietic Cell Transplant ','Survival rates for pediatric cancer have steadily improved over time but it remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among children Infections are a major complication of cancer and its treatment Community acquired respiratory viral infections CRV in these patients increase morbidity mortality and can lead to delay in chemotherapy These are the result of infections with a heterogeneous group of viruses including RNA viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus RSV influenza virus IV parainfluenza virus PIV metapneumovirus HMPV rhinovirus RhV and coronavirus CoV These infections maintain a similar seasonal pattern to those of immunocompetent patients Clinical manifestations vary significantly depending on the type of virus and the type and degree of immunosuppression ranging from asymptomatic or mild disease to rapidly progressive fatal pneumonia Infections in this population are characterized by a high rate of progression from upper to lower respiratory tract infection and prolonged viral shedding Use of corticosteroids and immunosuppressive therapy are risk factors for severe disease The clinical course is often difficult to predict and clinical signs are unreliable Accurate prognostic viral and immune markers which have become part of the standard of care for systemic viral infections are currently lacking and management of CRV infections remains controversial Defining effective prophylactic and therapeutic strategies is challenging especially considering the spectrum of immunocompromised patients the variety of respiratory viruses and the presence of other opportunistic infections and medical problems Prevention remains one of the most important strategies against these viruses Early diagnosis supportive care and antivirals at an early stage when available and indicated have proven beneficial However with the exception of neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza infection there are no accepted treatments In high risk patients pre emptive treatment with antivirals for upper respiratory tract infection URTI to decrease progression to LRTI is a common strategy In the future viral load and immune markers may prove beneficial in predicting severe disease supporting decision making and monitor treatment in this population ',0 32099934,'An updated estimation of the risk of transmission of the novel coronavirus 2019 nCov ','The basic reproduction number of an infectious agent is the average number of infections one case can generate over the course of the infectious period in a naive uninfected population It is well known that the estimation of this number may vary due to several methodological issues including different assumptions and choice of parameters utilized models used datasets and estimation period With the spreading of the novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV infection the reproduction number has been found to vary reflecting the dynamics of transmission of the coronavirus outbreak as well as the case reporting rate Due to significant variations in the control strategies which have been changing over time and thanks to the introduction of detection technologies that have been rapidly improved enabling to shorten the time from infection symptoms onset to diagnosis leading to faster confirmation of the new coronavirus cases our previous estimations on the transmission risk of the 2019 nCoV need to be revised By using time dependent contact and diagnose rates we refit our previously proposed dynamics transmission model to the data available until January 29th < sup> 2020 and re estimated the effective daily reproduction ratio that better quantifies the evolution of the interventions We estimated when the effective daily reproduction ratio has fallen below 1 and when the epidemics will peak Our updated findings suggest that the best measure is persistent and strict self isolation The epidemics will continue to grow and can peak soon with the peak time depending highly on the public health interventions practically implemented ',1 32065057,'Molecular and serological investigation of 2019 nCoV infected patients implication of multiple shedding routes ','In December 2019 a novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV caused an outbreak in Wuhan China and soon spread to other parts of the world It was believed that 2019 nCoV was transmitted through respiratory tract and then induced pneumonia thus molecular diagnosis based on oral swabs was used for confirmation of this disease Likewise patient will be released upon two times of negative detection from oral swabs However many coronaviruses can also be transmitted through oral fecal route by infecting intestines Whether 2019 nCoV infected patients also carry virus in other organs like intestine need to be tested We conducted investigation on patients in a local hospital who were infected with this virus We found the presence of 2019 nCoV in anal swabs and blood as well and more anal swab positives than oral swab positives in a later stage of infection suggesting shedding and thereby transmitted through oral fecal route We also showed serology test can improve detection positive rate thus should be used in future epidemiology Our report provides a cautionary warning that 2019 nCoV may be shed through multiple routes ',1 32108160,'Emergence of a novel human coronavirus threatening human health ',?,1 32118642,'Science in the fight against the novel coronavirus disease ',?,1 32171389,'SARS CoV 2 RNA more readily detected in induced sputum than in throat swabs of convalescent COVID 19 patients ',?,1 31208426,'Respiratory virus associated with surgery in children patients ','Viral respiratory infection VRI is a common contraindication to elective surgery Asymptomatic shedding among pediatric surgery patients PSPs could potentially lead to progression of symptomatic diseases and cause outbreaks of respiratory diseases The aim of this study is to investigate the incidence of infection among mild symptomatic PSP group and asymptomatic PSP group after surgical procedure ',0 32151318,'Managing neonates with respiratory failure due to SARS CoV 2 Authors reply ',?,1 32071443,'Scientists fear coronavirus spread in countries least able to contain it ',?,1 32087623,' Comparison of the clinical characteristics between RNA positive and negative patients clinically diagnosed with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia ','Objective < b> To raise awareness about 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia NCP and reduce missed diagnosis rate and misdiagnosis rate by comparing the clinical characteristics between RNA positive and negative patients clinically diagnosed with NCP Methods < b> From January 2020 to February 2020 54 patients who were newly diagnosed with NCP in Wuhan Fourth Hospital were included in this study RT PCR method was used to measure the level of 2019 nCov RNA in pharyngeal swab samples of these patients The patients were divided into RNA positive and negative group and the differences of clinical laboratory and radiological characteristics were compared Results < b> There were 31 RNA of 2019 nCov positive cases and 23 negative cases Common clinical symptoms of two groups were fever 80 64\% vs < i> 86 96\% chills 61 29\% vs < i>52 17\% cough 80 64\% vs < i>95 65\% fatigue 61 30\% vs < i>56 52\% chest distress 77 42\% vs < i>73 91\% Some other symptoms were headache myalgia dyspnea diarrhea nausea and vomiting The laboratory and radiological characteristics of two groups mainly were lymphopenia increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate increased C reactive protein increased lactate dehydrogenase decreased oxygenation index normal white blood cell count and bilateral chest CT involvement There was no statistically significant difference in other clinical characteristics except for dyspnea between two groups Conclusions < b> RNA positive and negative NCP patients shared similar clinical symptoms while RNA positive NCP patients tended to have dyspnea Therefore we should improve the understanding of NCP to prevent missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis In addition more rapid and accurate NCP diagnostic approaches should be further developed ',1 31963705,'In Vivo Antiviral Effects of U18666A Against Type I Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus ','Background < b> The cationic amphiphilic drug U18666A inhibits the proliferation of type I FIPV in vitro In this study we evaluated the in vivo antiviral effects of U18666A by administering it to SPF cats challenged with type I FIPV Methods < b> Ten SPF cats were randomly assigned to two experimental groups FIPV KU 2 were inoculated intraperitoneally to cats The control group was administered PBS and the U18666A treated group was administered U18666A subcutaneously at 2 5 mg kg on day 0 and 1 25 mg kg on days 2 and 4 after viral inoculation Results < b> Two of the five control cats administered PBS alone developed FIP Four of the five cats administered U18666A developed no signs of FIP One cat that temporarily developed fever had no other clinical symptoms and no gross lesion was noted on an autopsy after the end of the experiment The FIPV gene was detected intermittently in feces and saliva regardless of the development of FIP or administration of U18666A Conclusions < b> When U18666A was administered to cats experimentally infected with type I FIPV the development of FIP might be suppressed compared with the control group However the number of animals with FIP is too low to establish anti viral effect of U18666A in cats ',0 32197002,'Covid 19 and the Stiff Upper Lip The Pandemic Response in the United Kingdom ',?,1 32184199,'Working together to contain and manage COVID 19 ',?,1 32125140,'Broad Spectrum Antiviral Agent Niclosamide and Its Therapeutic Potential ','The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 highlights an urgent need for therapeutics Through a series of drug repurposing screening campaigns niclosamide an FDA approved anthelminthic drug was found to be effective against various viral infections with nanomolar to micromolar potency such as SARS CoV MERS CoV ZIKV HCV and human adenovirus indicating its potential as an antiviral agent In this brief review we summarize the broad antiviral activity of niclosamide and highlight its potential clinical use in the treatment of COVID 19 ',1 31625590,'Health risk assessment at mass gatherings a report of the camel festival in Saudi Arabia ','The King Abdel Aziz Camel Festival in Riyadh Saudi Arabia aims to showcase the socio cultural and economic roles of camels in the Middle East and attracts visitors from many countries in the Region ',0 31775769,'Development and comparison of enzyme linked immunosorbent assays based on recombinant trimeric full length and truncated spike proteins for detecting antibodies against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus ','Since 2010 outbreaks of genotype 2 G2 porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV have caused high mortality in neonatal piglets and have had devastating impacts on the swine industry in many countries A reliable serological assay for evaluating the PEDV specific humoral and mucosal immune response is important for disease survey monitoring the efficacy of immunization and designing strategies for the prevention and control of PED Two PEDV spike S glycoprotein based indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assays ELISAs were developed using G2b PEDV Pintung 52 PEDV PT trimeric full length S and truncated S1 501< sup> proteins derived from the human embryonic kidney HEK 293 cell expression system The truncated S1 501< sup> protein was selected from a superior expressed stable cell line The sensitivity and specificity of these two ELISAs were compared to immunostaining of G2b PEDV PT infected cells and to a commercial nucleocapsid N based indirect ELISA kit using a panel of PEDV negative and hyperimmune sera ',0 32125128,' Estimating the basic reproduction number of COVID 19 in Wuhan China ','Objective < b> The number of confirmed and suspected cases of the COVID 19 in Hubei province is still increasing However the estimations of the basic reproduction number of COVID 19 varied greatly across studies The objectives of this study are 1 to estimate the basic reproduction number R 0 < i> of COVID 19 reflecting the infectiousness of the virus and 2 to assess the effectiveness of a range of controlling intervention Method < b> The reported number of daily confirmed cases from January 17 to February 8 2020 in Hubei province were collected and used for model fit Four methods the exponential growth EG maximum likelihood estimation ML sequential Bayesian method SB and time dependent reproduction numbers TD were applied to estimate the R 0 < i> Result < b> Among the four methods the EG method fitted the data best The estimated R 0 < i> was 3 49 95\% CI< i> 3 42 3 58 by using EG method The R 0 < i> was estimated to be 2 95 95\%CI< i> 2 86 3 03 after taking control measures Conclusion < b> In the early stage of the epidemic it is appropriate to estimate R 0 < i> using the EG method Meanwhile timely and effective control measures were warranted to further reduce the spread of COVID 19 ',1 32009128,'History is repeating itself Probable zoonotic spillover as the cause of the 2019 novel Coronavirus Epidemic','Pathogen transmission from a vertebrate animal to a human also known as zoonotic spillover represents a global public health burden which while associated with multiple outbreaks still remains a poorly understood phenomenon Coronaviruses like influenza viruses circulate in nature in various animal species Alpha coronaviruses and beta coronaviruses can infect mammals and gamma coronaviruses and delta coronaviruses tend to infect birds but some of them can also be transmitted to mammals Although still preliminary current data suggest that bats are the most probable initial source of the current 2019 novel CoV 2019nCoV outbreak that begun on December 2019 in Wuhan China apparently spreading from a " wet market" to multiple cities and provinces in China This epidemic of 2019nCoV already reaching more than 6 000 cases to day end of January 2020 > 90\% in China will not be the last one linked to zoonotic spillover events ',1 32174096,' Management strategies for patients with gynecological malignancies during the outbreak of COVID19 ','Objective < b> To explore the management strategies for patients with gynecological malignant tumors during the outbreak and transmission of COVID19 Methods < b> We retrospectively analyzed the clinical characteristics treatment and disease outcomes of three patients with gynecological malignancies associated with COVID19 in Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University in January 2020 and proposed management strategies for patients with gynecological tumors under risk of COVID19 Results < b> Three patients were treated COVID19 based on the national diagnosis and treatment protocol as well as research progress Meanwhile these patients were appropriately adjusted the treatment plan in accordance with the clinical guidelines for gynecological tumors Pneumonia was cured in 2 patients and one patient died of COVID 19 Conclusions < b> Patients with gynecological malignant tumors are high risk groups prone to COVID 19 infection and gynecological oncologists need to carry out education prevention control and treatment according to specific conditions While actively preventing and controlling COVID 19 the diagnosis and treatment of gynecological malignant tumors should be carried out in an orderly and safe manner ',1 32179126,'Timely blood glucose management for the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 is urgently needed ',?,1 32169615,'Makeshift hospitals for COVID 19 patients where health care workers and patients need sufficient ventilation for more protection ',?,1 31628684,'Evaluation of a multiplex PCR assay for detection of respiratory viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in oropharyngeal swab samples from outpatients ','Respiratory viruses such as influenza viruses initially infect the upper airways but can manifest as severe lower respiratory tract infections in high risk patients with significant morbidity and mortality For syndromic diagnosis several multiplex nucleic acid amplification tests have been developed for clinics of which SureX 13 Respiratory Pathogen Multiplex Kit ResP can simultaneously detect 13 pathogens directly from airway secretion specimens The organisms identified are influenza virus A influenza virus A pdmH1N1 2009 influenza virus A H3N2 influenza virus B adenovirus boca virus rhinovirus parainfluenza virus coronavirus respiratory syncytial virus human metapneumovirus Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia ',0 32179788,'Ginkgolic acid inhibits fusion of enveloped viruses ','Ginkgolic acids GA are alkylphenol constituents of the leaves and fruits of Ginkgo biloba GA has shown pleiotropic effects in vitro including antitumor effects through inhibition of lipogenesis decreased expression of invasion associated proteins through AMPK activation and potential rescue of amyloid b Ab induced synaptic impairment GA was also reported to have activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Several mechanisms for this activity have been suggested including SUMOylation inhibition blocking formation of the E1 SUMO intermediate inhibition of fatty acid synthase non specific SIRT inhibition and activation of protein phosphatase type 2C Here we report that GA inhibits Herpes simplex virus type 1 HSV 1 by inhibition of both fusion and viral protein synthesis Additionally we report that GA inhibits human cytomegalovirus HCMV genome replication and Zika virus ZIKV infection of normal human astrocytes NHA We show a broad spectrum of fusion inhibition by GA of all three classes of fusion proteins including HIV Ebola virus EBOV influenza A virus IAV and Epstein Barr virus EBV In addition we show inhibition of a non enveloped adenovirus Our experiments suggest that GA inhibits virion entry by blocking the initial fusion event Data showing inhibition of HSV 1 and CMV replication when GA is administered post infection suggest a possible secondary mechanism targeting protein and DNA synthesis Thus in light of the strong effect of GA on viral infection even after the infection begins it may potentially be used to treat acute infections e g Coronavirus EBOV ZIKV IAV and measles and also topically for the successful treatment of active lesions e g HSV 1 HSV 2 and varicella zoster virus VZV ',1 32165854,'Coronavirus disease 2019 is fever an adequate screening for the returning travelers ','On Thursday 30 January 2020 World Health Organization declared Coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 2019 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern Since its identification in late December 2019 in Wuhan Hubei Province People s Republic of China the number of cases imported into other countries is increasing and the epidemiological map is changing rapidly On the other hand body temperature screening fever is the major test performed at points of entry i e airports in the returning travelers in most of the countries with limited resources However the recent report on asymptomatic contact transmission of COVID 19 and travelers who passed the symptoms based screening and tested positive for COVID 19 using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction RT PCR challenges this approach as body temperature screening may miss travelers incubating the disease or travelers concealing fever during travel On this note travel restrictions to and from high risk areas and or 14 days quarantine of travelers coming from high risk areas are recommended to prevent possible importation of COVID 19 Currently RT PCR is a reliable test in detecting both symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID 19 ',1 31128495,'Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus expressing the spike protein of genotype 2b porcine epidemic diarrhea virus A platform for vaccine development against emerging epidemic isolates ','Emerging porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses PEDVs have caused large economic losses since 2010 and G2b is the prevalent globally epidemic genotype Given the fastidious isolation of emerging PEDV in cell culture and difficulties in retaining the isolate infectivity upon further in vitro passage highly attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus rVSVMT< sub> was used as a vector to express the PEDV spike S protein aiming to develop a subunit vaccine against G2b viruses An S protein with 19 of its cytoplasmic domain amino acids deleted could be incorporated into VSV particles generating rVSVMT< sub> VSVMT< sub> SD19< sub> with high efficiency Our results suggest that VSVMT< sub> SD19< sub> could effectively induce PEDV specific immunity in pigs via intramuscular but not intranasal immunization Notably immunizations of sows with VSV MT< sub> SD19< sub> provided protective lactogenic immunity against a virulent G2b PEDV challenge in piglets Consequently recombinant VSVMT< sub> may be a promising platform for preparing a subunit vaccine against PEDV ',0 32170774,'Application of a Risk Analysis Tool to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV Outbreak in Saudi Arabia ','The Grunow Finke assessment tool GFT is an accepted scoring system for determining likelihood of an outbreak being unnatural in origin Considering its high specificity but low sensitivity a modified Grunow Finke tool mGFT has been developed with improved sensitivity The mGFT has been validated against some past disease outbreaks but it has not been applied to ongoing outbreaks This study is aimed to score the outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV in Saudi Arabia using both the original GFT and mGFT The publicly available data on human cases of MERS CoV infections reported in Saudi Arabia 2012 2018 were sourced from the FluTrackers World Health Organization Saudi Ministry of Health and published literature associated with MERS outbreaks investigations The risk assessment of MERS CoV in Saudi Arabia was analyzed using the original GFT and mGFT criteria algorithms and thresholds The scoring points for each criterion were determined by three researchers to minimize the subjectivity The results showed 40 points of total possible 54 points using the original GFT likelihood 74\% and 40 points of a total possible 60 points likelihood 67\% using the mGFT both tools indicating a high likelihood that human MERS CoV in Saudi Arabia is unnatural in origin The findings simply flag unusual patterns in this outbreak but do not prove unnatural etiology Proof of bioattacks can only be obtained by law enforcement and intelligence agencies This study demonstrated the value and flexibility of the mGFT in assessing and predicting the risk for an ongoing outbreak with simple criteria ',0 32092392,'Analysis of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 ACE2 from different species sheds some light on cross species receptor usage of a novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV ',?,1 31265112,'Simultaneous and visual detection of infectious bronchitis virus and Newcastle disease virus by multiple LAMP and lateral flow dipstick ','Infectious bronchitis virus IBV and Newcastle disease virus NDV are both important viruses seriously affecting poultry industry worldwide In this study reverse transcription LAMP RT LAMP was combined with lateral flow dipstick LFD forming a novel detection tool which could simultaneously detect IBV and NDV visually Primers targeted the 5 untranslated region 5 UTR of IBV genome and the conserved region of NDV large polymerase gene LP The specificity and sensitivity of this multiple reverse transcription LAMP LFD mRT LAMP LFD assay were compared with those of conventional RT PCR nested RT PCR nRT PCR quantification RT PCR qRT PCR and RT LAMP monitored by electrophoresis No non specific amplifications were observed when the assays were tested with unrelated viruses According to the sensitivity study when detecting IBV or NDV alone the lowest detection limits of mRT LAMP LFD were 100 8 IBV RNA copies reaction and 100 7 NDV RNA copies reaction Furthermore when detecting IBV and NDV simultaneously the lowest detection limit was the same as that of the single detection assays In the clinical sample study mRT LAMP LFD performed the best among these assays When tested with IBV or NDV single infected samples the mean detection rates were 98 65\% and 97 25\% respectively In the IBV and NDV co infected sample study the mean detection rates of IBV and NDV were both 95\% This study showed that mRT LAMP LFD was a promising qualitative detection tool suitable for field single or multiple IBV and NDV detection ',0 31985285,'Use of intestine related biomarkers for detecting intestinal epithelial damage in neonatal calves with diarrhea ','To evaluate the usefulness of intestinal biomarkers in determining the presence of intestinal epithelial damage in neonatal calves with diarrhea caused by 4 etiologic agents ',0 32167538,'Critical Care Utilization for the COVID 19 Outbreak in Lombardy Italy Early Experience and Forecast During an Emergency Response ',?,1 31048107,'Differential recognition of peptides within feline coronavirus polyprotein 1 ab by sera from healthy cats and cats with feline infectious peritonitis ','The aim of the study was to identify peptides within the polyprotein Pp 1 ab that are differentially recognised by cats with either enteric or systemic disease following infection with feline coronavirus Overlapping 12 mer peptides n = 28 426 across the entire Pp1ab were arrayed on peptide chips and reacted with pooled sera from coronavirus seropositive cats and from one seronegative cat Eleven peptides were further tested in ELISA with individual serum samples and three were selected for further screening Two peptides 16433 and 4934 in the nsp3 region encoding the papain 1 and 2 proteases were identified for final testing Peptide 4934 reacted equally with positive sera from healthy cats and cats with feline infectious peritonitis FIP while peptide 16433 was recognized predominantly by FIP affected cats The value of antibody tests based on these peptides in differentiating between the enteric and FIP forms of feline coronavirus infection remains to be determined ',0 32059798,'Early lessons from the frontline of the 2019 nCoV outbreak ',?,1 30658390,'Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Vaccine Candidates Cautious Optimism ','Efforts towards developing a vaccine for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV have yielded promising results Utilizing a variety of platforms several vaccine approaches have shown efficacy in animal models and begun to enter clinical trials In this review we summarize the current progress towards a MERS CoV vaccine and highlight potential roadblocks identified from previous attempts to generate coronavirus vaccines ',0 32171067,'Sex difference and smoking predisposition in patients with COVID 19 ',?,1 32162702,'2019 novel coronavirus patients clinical characteristics discharge rate and fatality rate of meta analysis ','The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical data discharge rate and fatality rate of COVID 19 patients for clinical help The clinical data of COVID 19 patients from December 2019 to February 2020 were retrieved from four databases We statistically analyzed the clinical symptoms and laboratory results of COVID 19 patients and explained the discharge rate and fatality rate with a single arm meta analysis The available data of 1994 patients in 10 literatures were included in our study The main clinical symptoms of COVID 19 patients were fever 88 5\% cough 68 6\% myalgia or fatigue 35 8\% expectoration 28 2\% and dyspnea 21 9\% Minor symptoms include headache or dizziness 12 1\% diarrhea 4 8\% nausea and vomiting 3 9\% The results of the laboratory showed that the lymphocytopenia 64 5\% increase of C reactive protein 44 3\% increase of lactic dehydrogenase 28 3\% and leukocytopenia 29 4\% were more common The results of single arm meta analysis showed that the male took a larger percentage in the gender distribution of COVID 19 patients 60\% 95\% CI 0 54 0 65 the discharge rate of COVID 19 patients was 42\% 95\% CI 0 29 0 55 and the fatality rate was 7\% 95\% CI 0 04 0 10 ',1 32155789,'Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease COVID 19 Epidemic among the General Population in China ','Background < i> The 2019 coronavirus disease COVID 19 epidemic is a public health emergency of international concern and poses a challenge to psychological resilience Research data are needed to develop evidence driven strategies to reduce adverse psychological impacts and psychiatric symptoms during the epidemic The aim of this study was to survey the general public in China to better understand their levels of psychological impact anxiety depression and stress during the initial stage of the COVID 19 outbreak The data will be used for future reference Methods < i> From 31 January to 2 February 2020 we conducted an online survey using snowball sampling techniques The online survey collected information on demographic data physical symptoms in the past 14 days contact history with COVID 19 knowledge and concerns about COVID 19 precautionary measures against COVID 19 and additional information required with respect to COVID 19 Psychological impact was assessed by the Impact of Event Scale Revised IES R and mental health status was assessed by the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale DASS 21 Results < i> This study included 1210 respondents from 194 cities in China In total 53 8\% of respondents rated the psychological impact of the outbreak as moderate or severe 16 5\% reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms 28 8\% reported moderate to severe anxiety symptoms and 8 1\% reported moderate to severe stress levels Most respondents spent 20 24 h per day at home 84 7\% were worried about their family members contracting COVID 19 75 2\% and were satisfied with the amount of health information available 75 1\% Female gender student status specific physical symptoms e g myalgia dizziness coryza and poor self rated health status were significantly associated with a greater psychological impact of the outbreak and higher levels of stress anxiety and depression p< i> < 0 05 Specific up to date and accurate health information e g treatment local outbreak situation and particular precautionary measures e g hand hygiene wearing a mask were associated with a lower psychological impact of the outbreak and lower levels of stress anxiety and depression p< i> < 0 05 Conclusions < i> During the initial phase of the COVID 19 outbreak in China more than half of the respondents rated the psychological impact as moderate to severe and about one third reported moderate to severe anxiety Our findings identify factors associated with a lower level of psychological impact and better mental health status that can be used to formulate psychological interventions to improve the mental health of vulnerable groups during the COVID 19 epidemic ',1 32068012,'Novel coronavirus pneumonia emergency in Zhuhai impact and challenges ',?,1 31927690,'Molecular surveillance of viral pathogens associated with diarrhea in pre weaned Korean native calves ','Calf diarrhea causes severe economic losses in the cattle industry worldwide This study investigated the prevalence of bovine coronavirus BCoV bovine norovirus BNoV bovine group A rotavirus BoRVA and bovine torovirus BToV in calves aged 60 days regardless of diarrhea across nine different regions in the Republic of Korea ROK and reported associations between these viruses and diarrhea Fecal samples were collected rectally from 689 calves normal n = 360 and diarrheic n = 329 BNoV 84 689 12 2\% was the most prevalent regardless of diarrhea followed by BCoV 37 689 5 4\% BToV 15 689 2 2\% and BoRVA 13 689 1 9\% Although BCoV P = 0 032 and BoRVA P = 0 007 were significantly associated with diarrhea in pre weaned calves BNoV and BToV showed no association Infection by the four pathogens had no relationship with calf age BoRVA was detected only in calves aged < 30 days but this finding was not statistically significant Phylogenetic analysis revealed that BCoV isolates obtained in this study were distinct from the other known BCoVs and all BNoV isolates belonged to GIII 2 genotype genetic variations in BNoVs are present in the ROK BoRVA isolates distributed in the ROK were assigned to G6P 5 Within the P 5 genotype our isolates were divided into two lineages P 5 III and P 5 VIII P 5 VIII lineage was dominant in pre weaned Korean native calves Our BToV isolates were more closely related to a European isolate B145 than to Japanese isolates Here BNoV was frequently identified in calves suggesting its non significant contribution to calf diarrhea whereas BCoV and BoRVA were responsible for calf diarrhea in the ROK Consequently our results highlight the importance of rapid diagnosis against these viruses in calf diarrhea ',0 32162212,'Preparing for a COVID 19 pandemic a review of operating room outbreak response measures in a large tertiary hospital in Singapore ','The coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 outbreak has been designated a public health emergency of international concern To prepare for a pandemic hospitals need a strategy to manage their space staff and supplies so that optimum care is provided to patients In addition infection prevention measures need to be implemented to reduce in hospital transmission In the operating room these preparations involve multiple stakeholders and can present a significant challenge Here we describe the outbreak response measures of the anesthetic department staffing the largest 1 700 bed academic tertiary level acute care hospital in Singapore Singapore General Hospital and a smaller regional hospital Sengkang General Hospital These include engineering controls such as identification and preparation of an isolation operating room administrative measures such as modification of workflow and processes introduction of personal protective equipment for staff and formulation of clinical guidelines for anesthetic management Simulation was valuable in evaluating the feasibility of new operating room set ups or workflow We also discuss how the hierarchy of controls can be used as a framework to plan the necessary measures during each phase of a pandemic and review the evidence for the measures taken These containment measures are necessary to optimize the quality of care provided to COVID 19 patients and to reduce the risk of viral transmission to other patients or healthcare workers ',1 31844690,'Cross sectional investigation and risk factor analysis of community acquired and hospital associated canine viral infectious respiratory disease complex ','Canine infectious respiratory disease complex CIRDC is associated with multiple factors The possible transmission source can be via community acquired infection CAI or hospital associated infection HAI but the variable factors within these two routes are not well described This study aimed to i investigate a cross sectional incidence of canine respiratory viruses including influenza CIV parainfluenza distemper CDV respiratory coronavirus CRCoV adenovirus 2 and herpesvirus in respiratory diseased dogs and ii analyze the possibly related risk factors In total 209 dogs with respiratory illness consisting of 133 CAI and 76 HAI dogs were studied Both nasal and oropharyngeal swabs were sampled from each dog and subjected for CIRDC virus detection using multiplex PCRs Common six viruses associated with CIRDC were detected in both groups with CIV and CRCoV being predominantly found Only CDV was significantly more prevalent in CAI than HAI dogs Multiple virus detections were found in 81 2\% and 78 9\% of CAI and HAI dogs respectively Co detection of CIV and CRCoV was represented the highest proportion and most often found with other CIRD viruses Moreover the clinical severity level was notably related to the age of infected dogs but not to the vaccination status sex and transmission route Since healthy or control dogs were not included in this study the prevalence of the CIRD virus infections could not be assessed ',0 31238156,'Detection of multiple viral sequences in the respiratory tract samples of suspected Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus patients in Jakarta Indonesia 2015 2016 ','The identification and analysis of viral etiological agents from suspected Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV cases admitted to Prof Dr Sulianti Saroso Infectious Disease Hospital IDH using molecular assays ',0 31418677,'Detection and characterization of a novel bat borne coronavirus in Singapore using multiple molecular approaches ','Bats are important reservoirs and vectors in the transmission of emerging infectious diseases Many highly pathogenic viruses such as SARS CoV and rabies related lyssaviruses have crossed species barriers to infect humans and other animals In this study we monitored the major roost sites of bats in Singapore and performed surveillance for zoonotic pathogens in these bats Screening of guano samples collected during the survey uncovered a bat coronavirus Betacoronavirus< i> in Cynopterus brachyotis< i> commonly known as the lesser dog faced fruit bat Using a capture enrichment sequencing platform the full length genome of the bat CoV was sequenced and found to be closely related to the bat coronavirus HKU9 species found in Leschenault s rousette discovered in the Guangdong and Yunnan provinces ',0 32196453,'Diagnostic Value of Chest CT in Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 ',?,1 32188590,'Covid 19 exposes weaknesses in European response to outbreaks ',?,1 30623094,'Human bocavirus coronavirus and polyomavirus detected among patients hospitalised with severe acute respiratory illness in South Africa 2012 to 2013 ','To investigate the prevalence of human bocavirus hBoV human coronaviruses hCoV and human polyomaviruses hPyV among patients with severe acute respiratory illness SARI in South Africa ',0 32199479,'Canada and COVID 19 learning from SARS ',?,1 31835559,'Feline Infectious Peritonitis as a Systemic Inflammatory Disease Contribution of Liver and Heart to the Pathogenesis ','Feline infectious peritonitis FIP is a fatal immune mediated disease of cats induced by feline coronavirus FCoV A combination of as yet poorly understood host and viral factors combine to cause a minority of FCoV infected cats to develop FIP Clinicopathological features include fever vasculitis and serositis with or without effusions all of which indicate a pro inflammatory state with cytokine release As a result primary immune organs as well as circulating leukocytes have thus far been of most interest in previous studies to determine the likely sources of these cytokines Results have suggested that these tissues alone may not be sufficient to induce the observed inflammation The current study therefore focussed on the liver and heart organs with a demonstrated ability to produce cytokines and therefore with huge potential to exacerbate inflammatory processes The IL 12 IL 10 ratio a marker of the immune system s inflammatory balance was skewed towards the pro inflammatory IL 12 in the liver of cats with FIP Both organs were found to upregulate mRNA expression of the inflammatory triad of cytokines IL 1b IL 6 and TNF a in FIP This amplifying step may be one of the missing links in the pathogenesis of this enigmatic disease ',0 32156648,'2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV outbreak A new challenge ','Following the public health emergency of international concern PHEIC declared by the World Health Organization WHO on 30 January 2020 and the recent outbreak caused by 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV officially renamed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 in China and 29 other countries we aimed to summarise the clinical aspects of the novelBetacoronavirus disease COVID 19 and its possible clinical presentations together with suggested therapeutic algorithms for patients who may require antimicrobial treatment ',1 31279241,'Crystal structure of the S1 subunit N terminal domain from DcCoV UAE HKU23 spike protein ','The DcCoV UAE HKU23 coronavirus is a newly found betacoronavirus betaCoV that can infect human cells The viral spike protein plays pivotal roles in mediating receptor recognition and membrane fusion and is therefore a key factor involved in viral pathogenesis and inter species transmission Here we reported the structural and functional characterization of the spike N terminal domain NTD from DcCoV UAE HKU23 HKU23 NTD Via mucin binding assays we showed that HKU23 NTD is able to bind sugars We further solved the structure of HKU23 NTD performed structure guided mutagenesis and successfully located the potential sugar binding pockets in the structure Furthermore via comparison of available betaCoV NTD structures we demonstrated that betaCoV NTDs contain a conserved b sandwich core but exhibit variant folds in the peripheral elements located in the top ceiling region and on the lateral side While showing different compositions and structures these peripheral elements are topologically equivalent b sandwich core insertions highlighting a divergent evolution process for betaCoVs to form different lineages ',0 31152250,'Molecular characterization of HLJ 073 a recombinant canine coronavirus strain from China with an ORF3abc deletion ','Canine enteric coronaviruses CCoVs are important enteric pathogens of dogs CCoVs with different variations are typically pantropic and pathogenic in dogs In this study we isolated a CCoV designated HLJ 073 from a dead 6 week old male Pekingese with gross lesions and diarrhea Interestingly sequence analysis suggested that HLJ 073 contained a 350 nt deletion in ORF3abc compared with reference CCoV isolates resulting in the loss of portions of ORF3a and ORF3c and the complete loss of ORF3b Phylogenetic analysis based on the S gene showed that HLJ 073 was more closely related to members of the FCoV II cluster than to members of the CCoV I or CCoV II cluster Furthermore recombination analysis suggested that HLJ 073 originated from the recombination of FCoV 79 1683 and CCoV A76 which were both isolated in the United States Cell tropism experiments suggested that HLJ 073 could effectively replicate in canine macrophages monocytes and human THP 1 cells This is the first report of the isolation of strain HLJ 073 in China and this virus has biological characteristics that are different from those of other reported CCoVs ',0 32134016,'Aetiological agents for pulmonary exacerbations in children with cystic fibrosis An observational study from a tertiary care centre in northern India ','Pulmonary disease is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis CF The infection occurs with a unique spectrum of bacterial pathogens that are usually acquired in an age dependent fashion The objective of this study was to find out the aetiological agents in respiratory specimens from children with CF during pulmonary exacerbation and relate with demographic variables ',0 32145190,'Liver injury in COVID 19 management and challenges ',?,1 32174069,'Report on the Epidemiological Features of Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 Outbreak in the Republic of Korea from January 19 to March 2 2020 ','Since the first case of coronavirus disease19 COVID 19 was reported in Wuhan China as of March 2 2020 the total number of confirmed cases of COVID 19 was 89 069 cases in 67 countries and regions As of 0 am March 2 2020 the Republic of Korea had the second largest number of confirmed cases n = 4 212 after China n = 80 026 This report summarizes the epidemiologic features and the snapshots of the outbreak in the Republic of Korea from January 19 and March 2 2020 ',1 31953166,'The continuing 2019 nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan China ',?,1 32099125,' No one is allowed to go out your stories from the coronavirus outbreak ',?,1 32024634,'China coronavirus should be on " everybody s agenda " says vaccine expert ',?,1 31950516,'Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan China The mystery and the miracle ',?,1 32125642,'Understanding SARS CoV 2 Mediated Inflammatory Responses From Mechanisms to Potential Therapeutic Tools ','Currently there is no effective antiviral therapy for SARS CoV 2 infection which frequently leads to fatal inflammatory responses and acute lung injury Here we discuss the various mechanisms of SARS CoV mediated inflammation We also assume that SARS CoV 2 likely shares similar inflammatory responses Potential therapeutic tools to reduce SARS CoV 2 induced inflammatory responses include various methods to block FcR activation In the absence of a proven clinical FcR blocker the use of intravenous immunoglobulin to block FcR activation may be a viable option for the urgent treatment of pulmonary inflammation to prevent severe lung injury Such treatment may also be combined with systemic anti inflammatory drugs or corticosteroids However these strategies as proposed here remain to be clinically tested for effectiveness ',1 32071427,'Virus against virus a potential treatment for 2019 nCov SARS CoV 2 and other RNA viruses ',?,1 32061200,' Analysis of CT features of 15 Children with 2019 novel coronavirus infection ','Objective < b> To explore imaging characteristics of children with 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV infection Methods < b> A retrospective analysis was performed on clinical data and chest CT images of 15 children diagnosed with 2019 nCoV They were admitted to the third people s Hospital of Shenzhen from January 16 to February 6 2020 The distribution and morphology of pulmonary lesions on chest CT images were analyzed Results < b> Among the 15 children there were 5 males and 10 females aged from 4 to 14 years old Five of the 15 children were febrile and 10 were asymptomatic on first visit The first nasal or pharyngeal swab samples in all the 15 cases were positive for 2019 nCoV nucleic acid For their first chest CT images 6 patients had no lesions while 9 patients had pulmonary inflammation lesions Seven cases of small nodular ground glass opacities and 2 cases of speckled ground glass opacities were found After 3 to 5 days of treatment 2019 nCoV nucleic acid in a second respiratory sample turned negative in 6 cases Among them chest CT images showed less lesions in 2 cases no lesion in 3 cases and no improvement in 1 case Other 9 cases were still positive in a second nucleic acid test Six patients showed similar chest CT inflammation while 3 patients had new lesions which were all small nodular ground glass opacities Conclusions < b> The early chest CT images of children with 2019 nCoV infection are mostly small nodular ground glass opacities The clinical symptoms of children with 2019 nCoV infection are nonspecific Dynamic reexamination of chest CT and nucleic acid are important ',1 32196387,'Strategies to Inform Allocation of Stockpiled Ventilators to Healthcare Facilities During a Pandemic ','During a severe pandemic especially one causing respiratory illness many people may require mechanical ventilation Depending on the extent of the outbreak there may be insufficient capacity to provide ventilator support to all of those in need As part of a larger conceptual framework for determining need for and allocation of ventilators during a public health emergency this article focuses on the strategies to assist state and local planners to allocate stockpiled ventilators to healthcare facilities during a pandemic accounting for critical factors in facilities ability to make use of additional ventilators These strategies include actions both in the pre pandemic and intra pandemic stages As a part of pandemic preparedness public health officials should identify and query healthcare facilities in their jurisdiction that currently care for critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation to determine existing inventory of these devices and facilities ability to absorb additional ventilators Facilities must have sufficient staff space equipment and supplies to utilize allocated ventilators adequately At the time of an event jurisdictions will need to verify and update information on facilities capacity prior to making allocation decisions Allocation of scarce life saving resources during a pandemic should consider ethical principles to inform state and local plans for allocation of ventilators In addition to ethical principles decisions should be informed by assessment of need determination of facilities ability to use additional ventilators and facilities capacity to ensure access to ventilators for vulnerable populations eg rural inner city and uninsured and underinsured individuals or high risk populations that may be more susceptible to illness ',1 32139372,'What we know so far COVID 19 current clinical knowledge and research ','In December 2019 health authorities in Wuhan China identified a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown aetiology linked to the city s South China Seafood Market Subsequent investigations revealed a novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 as the causative agent now at the heart of a major outbreak The rising case numbers have been accompanied by unprecedented public health action including the wholesale isolation of Wuhan Alongside this has been a robust scientific response including early publication of the pathogen genome and rapid development of highly specific diagnostics This article will review the new knowledge of SARS CoV 2 COVID 19 acute respiratory disease and summarise its clinical features ',1 32124990,'Analyzing the epidemiological outbreak of COVID 19 A visual exploratory data analysis approach ','There is an obvious concern globally regarding the fact about the emerging coronavirus 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV as a worldwide public health threat As the outbreak of COVID 19 causes by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 progresses within China and beyond rapidly available epidemiological data are needed to guide strategies for situational awareness and intervention The recent outbreak of pneumonia in Wuhan China caused by the SARS CoV 2 emphasizes the importance of analyzing the epidemiological data of this novel virus and predicting their risks of infecting people all around the globe In this study we present an effort to compile and analyze epidemiological outbreak information on COVID 19 based on the several open datasets on 2019 nCoV provided by the Johns Hopkins University World Health Organization Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention National Health Commission and DXY An exploratory data analysis with visualizations has been made to understand the number of different cases reported confirmed death and recovered in different provinces of China and outside of China Overall at the outset of an outbreak like this it is highly important to readily provide information to begin the evaluation necessary to understand the risks and begin containment activities ',1 32074261,'Discussing the ABCs of Health Security Antibiotic Resistance Biothreats and Coronavirus ',?,1 32060933,'2019 nCoV SARS CoV 2 rapid classification of betacoronaviruses and identification of Traditional Chinese Medicine as potential origin of zoonotic coronaviruses ','The current outbreak of a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome like coronavirus 2019 nCoV now named SARS CoV 2 illustrated difficulties in identifying a novel coronavirus and its natural host as the coding sequences of various Betacoronavirus species can be highly diverse By means of whole genome sequence comparisons we demonstrate that the noncoding flanks of the viral genome can be used to correctly separate the recognized four betacoronavirus subspecies The conservation would be sufficient to define target sequences that could in theory classify novel virus species into their subspecies Only 253 upstream noncoding sequences of Sarbecovirus are sufficient to identify genetic similarities between species of this subgenus Furthermore it was investigated which bat species have commercial value in China and would thus likely be handled for trading purposes A number of coronavirus genomes have been published that were obtained from such bat species These bats are used in Traditional Chinese Medicine and their handling poses a potential risk to cause zoonotic coronavirus epidemics SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The noncoding upstream and downstream flanks of coronavirus genomes allow for rapid classification of novel Betacoronavirus species and correct identification of genetic relationships Although bats are the likely natural host of 2019 nCoV the exact bat species that serves as the natural host of the virus remains as yet unknown Chinese bat species with commercial value were identified as natural reservoirs of coronaviruses and are used in Traditional Chinese Medicine Since their trading provides a potential risk for spreading zoonoses a change in these practices is highly recommended ',1 32151335,'Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID 19 infection in nine pregnant women a retrospective review of medical records ','Previous studies on the pneumonia outbreak caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 were based on information from the general population Limited data are available for pregnant women with COVID 19 pneumonia This study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics of COVID 19 in pregnancy and the intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID 19 infection ',1 30944180,'Arterivirus nsp4 Antagonizes Interferon Beta Production by Proteolytically Cleaving NEMO at Multiple Sites ','Equine arteritis virus EAV and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus PRRSV represent two members of the family Arteriviridae< i> and pose major threats for the horse and swine breeding industries worldwide A previous study suggested that PRRSV nsp4 a 3C like protease antagonizes interferon beta IFN b production by cleaving the NF kB essential modulator NEMO at a single site glutamate 349 E349 Here we demonstrated that EAV nsp4 also inhibited virus induced IFN b production by targeting NEMO for proteolytic cleavage and that the scission occurred at four sites E166 E171 glutamine 205 Q205 and E349 Additionally we found that besides the previously reported cleavage site E349 in NEMO scission by PRRSV nsp4 took place at two additional sites E166 and E171 These results imply that while cleaving NEMO is a common strategy utilized by EAV and PRRSV nsp4 to antagonize IFN induction EAV nsp4 adopts a more complex substrate recognition mechanism to target NEMO By analyzing the abilities of the eight different NEMO fragments resulting from EAV or PRRSV nsp4 scission to induce IFN b production we serendipitously found that a NEMO fragment residues 1 to 349 could activate IFN b transcription more robustly than full length NEMO whereas all other NEMO cleavage products were abrogated for the IFN b inducing capacity Thus NEMO cleavage at E349 alone may not be sufficient to completely inactivate the IFN response via this signaling adaptor Altogether our findings suggest that EAV and PRRSV nsp4 cleave NEMO at multiple sites and that this strategy is critical for disarming the innate immune response for viral survival IMPORTANCE< b> The arterivirus nsp4 encoded 3C like protease 3CLpro< sup> plays an important role in virus replication and immune evasion making it an attractive target for antiviral therapeutics Previous work suggested that PRRSV nsp4 suppresses type I IFN production by cleaving NEMO at a single site In contrast the present study demonstrates that both EAV and PRRSV nsp4 cleave NEMO at multiple sites and that this strategy is essential for disruption of type I IFN production Moreover we reveal that EAV nsp4 also cleaves NEMO at glutamine 205 Q205 which is not targeted by PRRSV nsp4 Notably targeting a glutamine in NEMO for cleavage has been observed only with picornavirus 3C proteases 3Cpro< sup> and coronavirus 3CLpro< sup> In aggregate our work expands knowledge of the innate immune evasion mechanisms associated with NEMO cleavage by arterivirus nsp4 and describes a novel substrate recognition characteristic of EAV nsp4 ',0 30820836,'Correction to Genetic Evidence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS Cov and Widespread Seroprevalence among Camels in Kenya ','The acknowledgement section in the original article was published incorrectly ',0 32149768,'A confirmed asymptomatic carrier of 2019 novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 ',?,1 32119884,'Novel coronavirus disease Covid 19 The first two patients in the UK with person to person transmission ',?,1 32063887,'Comprehensive Genomic Characterization Analysis of lncRNAs in Cells With Porcine Delta Coronavirus Infection ','Porcine delta coronavirus PDCoV is a novel emerging enterocytetropic virus causing diarrhea vomiting dehydration and mortality in suckling piglets Long non coding RNAs lncRNAs are known to be important regulators during virus infection Here we describe a comprehensive transcriptome profile of lncRNA in PDCoV infected swine testicular ST cells In total 1 308 annotated and 1 190 novel lncRNA candidate sequences were identified Gene Ontology GO and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes KEGG analysis revealed that these lncRNAs might be involved in numerous biological processes Clustering analysis of differentially expressed lncRNAs showed that 454 annotated and 376 novel lncRNAs were regulated after PDCoV infection Furthermore we constructed a lncRNA protein coding gene co expression interaction network The KEGG analysis of the co expressed genes showed that these differentially expressed lncRNAs were enriched in pathways related to metabolism and TNF signaling Our study provided comprehensive information about lncRNAs that would be a useful resource for studying the pathogenesis of and designing antiviral therapy for PDCoV infection ',0 32071448,'Coronavirus global solutions to prevent a pandemic ',?,1 31128983,'Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the last two years Health care workers still at risk ','An important emerging respiratory virus is the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV MERS CoV had been associated with a high case fatality rate especially among severe cases ',0 32107119,'Coronavirus Disease 2019 Coronaviruses and Blood Safety ','With the outbreak of unknown pneumonia in Wuhan China in December 2019 a new coronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 aroused the attention of the entire world The current outbreak of infections with SARS CoV 2 is termed Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 The World Health Organization declared COVID 19 in China as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern Two other coronavirus infections SARS in 2002 2003 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MERS in 2012 both caused severe respiratory syndrome in humans All 3 of these emerging infectious diseases leading to a global spread are caused by b coronaviruses Although coronaviruses usually infect the upper or lower respiratory tract viral shedding in plasma or serum is common Therefore there is still a theoretical risk of transmission of coronaviruses through the transfusion of labile blood products Because more and more asymptomatic infections are being found among COVID 19 cases considerations of blood safety and coronaviruses have arisen especially in endemic areas In this review we detail current evidence and understanding of the transmission of SARS CoV MERS CoV and SARS CoV 2 through blood products as of February 10 2020 and also discuss pathogen inactivation methods on coronaviruses ',1 31902509,'Genetic antigenic and pathogenic characterization of avian coronaviruses isolated from pheasants Phasianus colchicus in China ','Two viruses were isolated in 2017 from commercial pheasants with severe clinical signs and mortality in Shandong and Anhui provinces China respectively We examined the pathogenic effects of the viruses in chicken embryos and the size and morphology of the virus particles performed phylogenetic analysis based on the S1 gene and complete genomic sequences and examined the antibody responses against infectious bronchitis virus IBV The results suggested that the viruses I0623 17 and I0710 17 were avian coronaviruses and were identified as pheasant coronaviruses PhCoV with greatest similarity to IBV Further investigations of the antigenicity complete genome organization substitutions in multiple genes and viral pathogenicity replication and shedding in chickens and pheasants showed obvious differences between PhCoV and IBV in terms of antigenicity and viral pathogenicity replication and shedding in chickens and pheasants The close genetic relationship but obvious differences between PhCoVs and IBVs suggested the IBVs could be the ancestors of PhCoVs and that PhCoVs isolated from different outbreaks may have evolved independently from IBVs circulating in the specific region by adaption in pheasants This hypothesis was supported by analysis of the S1 gene fragments of the two PhCoVs isolated in the current study as well as PhCoVs isolated in the UK and selected IBV strains Such analyses indicated different evolution patterns and different tissue tropisms between PhCoVs isolated in different outbreaks Further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis by studying the complete genomic sequences of PhCoVs from different outbreaks and the pathogenicity of IBVs in pheasants to compare and clarify the relationships between PhCoVs and IBVs ',0 32154877,'The SARS CoV 2 Outbreak Diagnosis Infection Prevention and Public Perception ',?,1 31996093,'Discovery of a subgenotype of human coronavirus NL63 associated with severe lower respiratory tract infection in China 2018 ','Human coronavirus NL63 HCoV NL63 is primarily associated with common cold in children elderly and immunocompromised individuals Outbreaks caused by HCoV NL63 are rare Here we report a cluster of HCoV NL63 cases with severe lower respiratory tract infection that arose in Guangzhou China in 2018 Twenty three hospitalized children were confirmed to be HCoV NL63 positive and most of whom were hospitalized with severe pneumonia or acute bronchitis Whole genomes of HCoV NL63 were obtained using next generation sequencing Phylogenetic and single amino acid polymorphism analyses showed that this outbreak was associated with two subgenotypes C3 and B of HCoV NL63 Half of patients were identified to be related to a new subgenotype C3 One unique amino acid mutation at I507 L in spike protein receptor binding domain RBD was detected which segregated this subgenotype C3 from other known subgenotypes Pseudotyped virus bearing the I507 L mutation in RBD showed enhanced entry into host cells as compared to the prototype virus This study proved that HCoV NL63 was undergoing continuous mutation and has the potential to cause severe lower respiratory disease in humans ',0 31220864,'Combined adjuvant effect of ginseng stem leaf saponins and selenium on immune responses to a live bivalent vaccine of Newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus in chickens ','Vaccination with a live bivalent vaccine of Newcastle disease virus NDV and infectious bronchitis virus IBV is a routine practice in poultry industry in China This study was designed to evaluate ginseng stem leaf saponins GSLS in combination with selenium Se for their adjuvant effect on the immune response to vaccination against NDV and IBV in chickens A live bivalent vaccine of NDV and IBV was diluted in saline solution containing GSLS or Se or both and used to immunize chickens via a intraocular and intranasal route Results showed that GSLS promoted significantly higher NDV and IBV specific antibody responses with the highest antibody response detected in GSLS Se group The increased antibody was capable of neutralizing NDV and IBV In addition GSLS Se enhanced lymphocyte proliferation and production of IFN g and IL 4 More importantly GSLS Se was found to promote early production and prolong the duration of the antibody responses In order to improve the efficacy of vaccination in chicken flocks the diluent containing GSLS Se deserves further studies to evaluate its effect on other chicken vaccines ',0 32164078,' Efficient management of novel coronavirus pneumonia by efficient prevention and control in scientific manner ','At the end of 2019 sporadic and clustered case with " pneumonia of unknown origin" emerged in Wuhan Hubei province The causative pathogen was quickly confirmed as " 2019 nCoV" The epidemic soon spread throughout the country and became a pandemic in over a month Government and medical institutions across the country mobilized all kinds of resources and took a variety of measures to actively treat patients and stop the epidemic Based on current studies the author summarized the clinical characteristics and evolution of the novel viral pneumonia and proposed the key points of diagnosis and treatment the scientific management of both confirmed and suspected cases and the scientific management of disease prevention and control ',0 32164086,' Conventional respiratory support therapy for Severe Acute Respiratory Infections SARI Clinical indications and nosocomial infection prevention and control ','Severe acute respiratory infection SARI diseases such as SARS MERS pH1N1 can rapidly progress to acute respiratory failure with high lethality The outbreak of a novel coronavirus infection can lead to 15\%~ 30\% patients developing into acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS Respiratory support is the most important therapy for SARI patients with respiratory failure However respiratory support is a high skilled technology which means inappropriate application may bring related complications and cross infection of SARI pathogens among medical staff and non medical personnel in hospital Therefore it is meaningful to established a standardized indication of respiratory support and to prevent related nosocomial transmission in SARI patients ',0 31524301,'A Case Study Evaluating the Risk of Infection from Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV in a Hospital Setting Through Bioaerosols ','Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome an emerging viral infection with a global case fatality rate of 35 5\% caused major outbreaks first in 2012 and 2015 though new cases are continuously reported around the world Transmission is believed to mainly occur in healthcare settings through aerosolized particles This study uses Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment to develop a generalizable model that can assist with interpreting reported outbreak data or predict risk of infection with or without the recommended strategies The exposure scenario includes a single index patient emitting virus containing aerosols into the air by coughing leading to short and long range airborne exposures for other patients in the same room nurses healthcare workers and family visitors Aerosol transport modeling was coupled with Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the risk of MERS illness for the exposed population Results from a typical scenario show the daily mean risk of infection to be the highest for the nurses and healthcare workers 8 49 x 10 4< sup> and 7 91 x 10 4< sup> respectively and the lowest for family visitors and patients staying in the same room 3 12 x 10 4< sup> and 1 29 x 10 4< sup> respectively Sensitivity analysis indicates that more than 90\% of the uncertainty in the risk characterization is due to the viral concentration in saliva Assessment of risk interventions showed that respiratory masks were found to have a greater effect in reducing the risks for all the groups evaluated > 90\% risk reduction while increasing the air exchange was effective for the other patients in the same room only up to 58\% risk reduction ',0 32145719,' Screening and management of asymptomatic infection of corona virus disease 2019 COVID 19 ','To date the controlling of outbreak of corona virus disease 2019 COVID 19 has entered into a critical period in China Recently work resumption and public place is planning to open outside of Hubei suggesting an uncertain and complex development of the epidemic in the next stage Few days ago we conducted a study on the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of asymptomatic infections of COVID 19 and found them might be the infection source We believe that the findings are critical for developing public health intervention strategies for controlling COVID 19 infection in the future Screening among the high risk population and improving the sensitivity of measurement may contribute to the detection and management of asymptomatic infection ',1 32057575,'Recombinant infectious bronchitis coronavirus H120 with the spike protein S1 gene of the nephropathogenic IBYZ strain remains attenuated but induces protective immunity ','Infectious bronchitis IB is a highly infectious viral disease responsible for major economic losses in the poultry industry A reverse genetic vaccine is a safe rapid and effective method of achieving IB prevention and control In this study we constructed the recombinant strain rH120 S1 YZ using a reverse genetic system based on the backbone of the H120 vaccine strain with the S1 gene replaced with that of the QX like nephropathogenic strain ck CH IBYZ 2011 isolated in China The results of dwarf chicken embryos growth kinetics and viral titration in the embryos demonstrated that the biological characteristics of the recombinant virus remained unchanged Like the rH120 infected group and in contrast to the rIBYZ infected group no mortality clinical signs or lesions were observed in the lungs or kidneys of young chickens inoculated with rH120 S1 YZ The viral loads in various tissues cloacal and oral swabs was lower in most types of samples indicating that the rH120 S1 YZ strain was highly safe in chicks Compared to rH120 vaccination group when the efficacy of this strain was evaluated against the QX like IBV strain better protection with 100\% survival rate and no disease symptom or gross lesion was observed in the chickens vaccinated with rH120 S1 YZ Increased levels of IBV specific antibodies were detected in the serum of the rH120 S1 YZ vaccinated animals 14 days post vaccination Collectively our results suggest that the recombinant strain rH120 S1 YZ may represent a promising vaccine candidate against QX like IBVs ',0 32191830,'COVID 19 what should anaethesiologists and intensivists know about it ','Over the past three months the world has faced an unprecedented health hazard The World Health Organization has announced a pandemic infection with an unknown species of coronavirus called SARS CoV 2 Spreading mainly through the droplet route the virus causes mild symptoms in the majority of cases the most common being fever 80\% dry cough 56\% fatigue 22\% and muscle pain 7\% less common symptoms include a sore throat a runny nose diarrhea hemoptysis and chills A life threatening complication of SARS CoV 2 infection is an acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS which occurs more often in older adults those with immune disorders and co morbidities Severe forms of the infection being an indication for treatment in the intensive care unit comprise acute lung inflammation ARDS sepsis and septic shock The article presents basic information about etiology pathogenesis and diagnostics with particular emphasis on the importance of tomocomputer imaging clinical picture treatment and prevention of the infection It goes on to emphasize the specific risks of providing anesthesiology and intensive care services Due to the fact that effective causal treatment is not yet available and the number of infections and deaths increases day by day infection prevention and strict adherence to recommendations of infection control organizations remain the basis for fighting the virus ',1 31689903,'Emerging Highly Virulent Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Molecular Mechanisms of Attenuation and Rational Design of Live Attenuated Vaccines ','The highly virulent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV emerged in China in 2010 It infects pigs of all ages and causes severe diarrhea and high mortality rates in newborn pigs leading to devastating economic losses in the pork industry worldwide Effective and safe vaccines against highly virulent PEDV strains are still unavailable hampering the further prevention control and eradication of the disease in herds Vaccination of pregnant sows with live attenuated vaccines LAVs is the most effective strategy to induce lactogenic immunity in the sows which provides A passive protection of suckling piglets against PEDV via the colostrum beestings or first milk and milk Several LAV candidates have been developed via serially passaging the highly virulent PEDV isolates in non porcine Vero cells However their efficacies in the induction of sufficient protection against virulent PEDV challenge vary in vivo In this review we summarize the current knowledge of the virulence related mutations of PEDV and their potential roles in PEDV attenuation in vivo With the successful development of reverse genetics systems for PEDV we also discuss how to use them to generate promising LAV candidates that are safe effective and genetically stable This article provides timely insight into the rational design of effective and safe PEDV LAV candidates ',0 31430502,'Successful establishment of a reverse genetic system for QX type infectious bronchitis virus and technical improvement of the rescue procedure ','In this study a pathogenic avian infectious bronchitis virus IBV QX type strain YN was successfully rescued by vaccinia virus based reverse genetic technology Ten fragments contiguously spanning the complete IBV genome were amplified and cloned into the vaccinia virus genome by homologous recombination The full length genomic cDNA was transcribed in vitro and its transcript was transfected into BHK 21 N cells that could stably express IBV N protein At 48 h post transfection the culture medium was harvested and inoculated into 10 day old specific pathogen free embryonated chicken eggs to replicate the rescued virus This strategy was chosen to facilitate the rescue procedure and to ensure that the recombinant rYN virus will not require any cell culture adaptations After only one in ovo passage the recombinant YN virus rYN was successfully recovered and confirmed to possess the introduced silent marker mutation in its genome Biological characteristics of rYN such as the EID50< sub> TCID50< sub> replication in ovo and replication kinetcs in vitro were tested and all were similar to its parental strain YN Our findings demonstrate the successful construction of highly pathogenic QX type IBV using a modified rescue procedure allowing for future studies of the molecular biology and pathogenicity of IBV field strains ',0 32164424,'COVID 19 An Update on the Epidemiological Clinical Preventive and Therapeutic Evidence and Guidelines of Integrative Chinese Western Medicine for the Management of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease ','As of 22 February 2020 more than 77662 cases of confirmed COVID 19 have been documented globally with over 2360 deaths Common presentations of confirmed cases include fever fatigue dry cough upper airway congestion sputum production shortness of breath myalgia arthralgia with lymphopenia prolonged prothrombin time elevated C reactive protein and elevated lactate dehydrogenase The reported severe critical case ratio is approximately 7 10\% and median time to intensive care admission is 9 5 10 5 days with mortality of around 1 2\% varied geographically Similar to outbreaks of other newly identified virus there is no proven regimen from conventional medicine and most reports managed the patients with lopinavir ritonavir ribavirin beta interferon glucocorticoid and supportive treatment with remdesivir undergoing clinical trial In China Chinese medicine is proposed as a treatment option by national and provincial guidelines with substantial utilization We reviewed the latest national and provincial clinical guidelines retrospective cohort studies and case series regarding the treatment of COVID 19 by add on Chinese medicine We have also reviewed the clinical evidence generated from SARS and H1N1 management with hypothesized mechanisms and latest in silico< i> findings to identify candidate Chinese medicines for the consideration of possible trials and management Given the paucity of strongly evidence based regimens the available data suggest that Chinese medicine could be considered as an adjunctive therapeutic option in the management of COVID 19 ',1 31534041,'The 3 1 Angstrom Cryo electron Microscopy Structure of the Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Spike Protein in the Prefusion Conformation ','Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV is an alphacoronavirus that has a significant agricultural and economic impact due to the high mortality rate associated with infection of neonatal piglets Like other coronaviruses PEDV makes use of a large trimeric spike S glycoprotein to mediate membrane fusion and gain entry into host cells Despite the importance of the spike protein in viral entry and host immune responses high resolution structural information concerning this large macromolecular machine has been difficult to obtain Here we report the cryo electron microscopy structure of the PEDV S protein in the prefusion conformation at a resolution of 3 1 A Our studies revealed that the sialic acid binding domain at the N terminus of the S1 subunit has an orientation that is substantially different from that observed in the previously determined spike structure from human alphacoronavirus NL63 We also observed dissociated S1 subunit trimers wherein the putative receptor binding domains exist in a conformation differing from that observed in the intact spike proteins suggesting that the PEDV receptor binding domain undergoes conformational rearrangements akin to those that have been described in the related betacoronaviruses Collectively these data provide new insights into the biological processes that mediate alphacoronavirus attachment receptor engagement and fusion triggering while also identifying a source of conformational heterogeneity that could be manipulated to improve PEDV vaccine antigens IMPORTANCE< b> Coronavirus spike proteins are large densely glycosylated macromolecular machines that mediate receptor binding and membrane fusion to facilitate entry into host cells This report describes the atomic resolution structure of the spike protein from porcine epidemic diarrhea virus a pathogenic alphacoronavirus that causes severe agricultural damage The structure reveals a novel position for the sialic acid binding attachment domain in the intact spike We also observed shed fusion suppressive capping subunits that displayed the putative receptor binding domain in an accessible conformation These observations provide a basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms that drive the earliest stages of alphacoronavirus infection and will inform future efforts to rationally design vaccines ',0 32139464,'The clinical dynamics of 18 cases of COVID 19 outside of Wuhan China ',?,1 32199615,'Single cell RNA sequencing of 13 human tissues identify cell types and receptors of human coronaviruses ','The new coronavirus SARS CoV 2 outbreak from December 2019 in Wuhan Hubei China has been declared a global public health emergency Angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 ACE2 is the host receptor by SARS CoV 2 to infect human cells Although ACE2 is reported to be expressed in lung liver stomach ileum kidney and colon its expressing levels are rather low especially in the lung SARS CoV 2 may use co receptors auxiliary proteins as ACE2 partner to facilitate the virus entry To identify the potential candidates we explored the single cell gene expression atlas including 119 cell types of 13 human tissues and analyzed the single cell co expression spectrum of 51 reported RNA virus receptors and 400 other membrane proteins Consistent with other recent reports we confirmed that ACE2 was mainly expressed in lung AT2 liver cholangiocyte colon colonocytes esophagus keratinocytes ileum ECs rectum ECs stomach epithelial cells and kidney proximal tubules Intriguingly we found that the candidate co receptors manifesting the most similar expression patterns with ACE2 across 13 human tissues are all peptidases including ANPEP DPP4 and ENPEP Among them ANPEP and DPP4 are the known receptors for human CoVs suggesting ENPEP as another potential receptor for human CoVs We also conducted " CellPhoneDB" analysis to understand the cell crosstalk between CoV targets and their surrounding cells across different tissues We found that macrophages frequently communicate with the CoVs targets through chemokine and phagocytosis signaling highlighting the importance of tissue macrophages in immune defense and immune pathogenesis ',1 32201339,'Hand hygiene and the novel coronavirus pandemic The role of healthcare workers ',?,0 30637657,'Gonadal pathogenicity of an infectious bronchitis virus strain from the Massachusetts genotype ','An outbreak of infectious bronchitis caused by the IBVPR03 strain of the Massachusetts genotype affected H 120 vaccinated laying hens in South Brazil We investigated the cross protection of the vaccine by assessing the traqueal ciliostasis virus recovery and histopathological changes typically observed in the respiratory tract Although the IBVPR03 strain is S1 genotyped as Massachusetts with a high genomic similarity to the H 120 vaccine strains surprisingly we found no tropism or pathogenicity to the trachea in birds infected with this strain On the other hand we observed ovarian and testicle lesions Here we show that despite belonging in the Massachusetts genotype the IBVPR03 pathotype differs from the expected respiratory pattern causing instead marked histopathological changes in the gonads so far not associated with this group ',0 32186894,'Pregnancy and Perinatal Outcomes of Women With Coronavirus Disease COVID 19 Pneumonia A Preliminary Analysis ','OBJECTIVE < b> The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical manifestations and CT features of coronavirus disease COVID 19 pneumonia in 15 pregnant women and to provide some initial evidence that can be used for guiding treatment of pregnant women with COVID 19 pneumonia MATERIALS AND METHODS < b> We reviewed the clinical data and CT examinations of 15 consecutive pregnant women with COVID 19 pneumonia in our hospital from January 20 2020 to February 10 2020 A semiquantitative CT scoring system was used to estimate pulmonary involvement and the time course of changes on chest CT Symptoms and laboratory results were analyzed treatment experiences were summarized and clinical outcomes were tracked RESULTS < b> Eleven patients had successful delivery 10 cesarean deliveries and one vaginal delivery during the study period and four patients were still pregnant three in the second trimester and one in the third trimester at the end of the study period No cases of neonatal asphyxia neonatal death stillbirth or abortion were reported The most common early finding on chest CT was ground glass opacity GGO With disease progression crazy paving pattern and consolidations were seen on CT The abnormalities showed absorptive changes at the end of the study period for all patients The most common onset symptoms of COVID 19 pneumonia in pregnant women were fever 13 15 patients and cough 9 15 patients The most common abnormal laboratory finding was lymphocytopenia 12 15 patients CT images obtained before and after delivery showed no signs of pneumonia aggravation after delivery The four patients who were still pregnant at the end of the study period were not treated with antiviral drugs but had achieved good recovery CONCLUSION < b> Pregnancy and childbirth did not aggravate the course of symptoms or CT features of COVID 19 pneumonia All the cases of COVID 19 pneumonia in the pregnant women in our study were the mild type All the women in this study some of whom did not receive antiviral drugs achieved good recovery from COVID 19 pneumonia ',1 31780096,'Association between multiple respiratory viral infections and pediatric intensive care unit admission among infants with bronchiolitis ','It is unclear whether multiple respiratory viral infections are associated with more severe bronchiolitis requiring pediatric intensive care unit PICU admission We aimed to identify the association between multiple respiratory viral infections and PICU admission among infants with bronchiolitis ',0 31838830,'Surface displayed porcine IFN l3 in Lactobacillus plantarum< i> inhibits porcine enteric coronavirus infection of porcine intestinal epithelial cells ','Interferon IFN l plays an essential role in mucosal cells which exhibit strong antiviral activity Lactobacillus plantarum< i> L plantarum< i> has substantial application potential in the food and medical industries because of its probiotic properties Alphacoronaviruses especially porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV and transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV cause high morbidity and mortality in piglets resulting in economic loss The co infection of the two viruses is becoming increasingly frequent Therefore it is particularly important to develop a new drug to prevent diarrhea infected with mixed viruses in piglets In this study we first constructed an anchored expression vector with CWA C terminal cell wall anchor on L plantarum< i> Second we constructed two recombinant L plantarum< i> strains that anchored IFN l3 via pgsA N terminal transmembrane anchor and CWA Third we demonstrated that both recombinant strains possess strong antiviral effects against coronavirus infection in the intestinal porcine epithelial cell line J2 IPEC J2 However recombinant L plantarum< i> with the CWA anchor exhibited a more powerful antiviral effect than recombinant L plantarum< i> with pgsA Consistent with this finding Lb plantarum< i> pSIP 409 IFN l3 CWA enhanced the expression levels of IFN stimulated genes ISGs ISG15 OASL and Mx1 in IPEC J2 cells more than did recombinant Lb plantarum< i> pSIP 409 pgsA IFN l3 Our study verifies that recombinant L plantarum< i> inhibits PEDV and TGEV infection in IPEC J2 cells which may offer great potential for use as a novel oral antiviral agent in therapeutic applications for combating porcine epidemic diarrhea and transmissible gastroenteritis This study was the first study that recombinant L plantarum< i> suppresses PEDV and TGEV infection of IPEC J2 cells ',0 32057209,' Pharmacotherapeutics for the New Coronavirus Pneumonia ','The New Coronavirus Pneumonia NCP also named as COVID 19 by WHO on Feb 11 2020 is now causing a severe public health emergency in China since The number of diagnosed cases is more than 40 000 until the submission of this manuscript Coronavirus has caused several epidemic situations world widely but the present contagious disease caused by 2019 new Coronavirus is unprecedentedly fulminating The published cohorts of 2019 new Coronavirus n Cov are single center studies or retrospective studies We here share the therapeutic experiences of NCP treatment with literature review Combination of Ribavirin and Interferon a is recommended by the 5 th edition National Health Commission s Regimen Revised Edition because of the effect on MERS Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and the effectiveness of Lopinavir Ritonavir and Remdisivir needs to be confirmed by randomized controlled trial RCT given the situation of no specific antivirus drug on NCP is unavailable Systemic glucocorticosteroid is recommended as a short term use 1~2 mg kg 1 d 1 3~5d by the 5 th edition National Health Commission s Regimen Revised Edition yet RCTs are expected to confirm the effectiveness Inappropriate application of antibiotics should be avoided especially the combination of broad spectrum antibiotics for the NCP is not often complicated with bacterial infection ',1 31126693,'Human b defensin 2 is involved in CCR2 mediated Nod2 signal transduction leading to activation of the innate immune response in macrophages ','Beta defensins contribute to host innate defense against various pathogens including viruses although the details of their roles in innate immune cells are unclear We previously reported that human b defensin 2 HBD 2 activates primary innate immunity against viral infection and suggested that it plays a role in the induction of the adaptive immune response We analyzed the mechanisms by which HBD 2 primes innate antiviral immunity and polarized activation of macrophage like THP 1 cells using the receptor binding domain RBD of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV spike protein S RBD as a model antigen The expression of nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing 2 Nod2 type I interferons IFNs and proinflammatory mediators was enhanced in S RBD HBD 2 treated THP 1 cells S RBD HBD 2 treatment also enhanced phosphorylation and activation of receptor interacting serine threonine protein kinase 2 and IFN regulatory factor 3 compared to S RBD alone Finally HBD 2 conjugated S RBD interacted with C C chemokine receptor 2 CCR2 and Nod2 was involved in HBD 2 mediated CCR2 signaling which was associated with the activation and M1 polarization of THP 1 cells Therefore HBD 2 promotes CCR2 mediated Nod2 signaling which induces production of type I IFNs and an inflammatory response and enhances primary innate immunity leading to an effective adaptive immune response to HBD 2 conjugated antigen ',0 31999307,'The Novel Coronavirus Originating in Wuhan China Challenges for Global Health Governance ',?,1 32145465,'A conceptual model for the coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 outbreak in Wuhan China with individual reaction and governmental action ','The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 outbreak emerged in Wuhan China in the end of 2019 has claimed more than 2600 lives as of 24 February 2020 and posed a huge threat to global public health The Chinese government has implemented control measures including setting up special hospitals and travel restriction to mitigate the spread We propose conceptual models for the COVID 19 outbreak in Wuhan with the consideration of individual behavioural reaction and governmental actions e g holiday extension travel restriction hospitalisation and quarantine We employe the estimates of these two key components from the 1918 influenza pandemic in London United Kingdom incorporated zoonotic introductions and the emigration and then compute future trends and the reporting ratio The model is concise in structure and it successfully captures the course of the COVID 19 outbreak and thus sheds light on understanding the trends of the outbreak ',1 31987001,'Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan ','A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China Within a few weeks a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a patient with 2019 nCoV infection and compared it with other related coronavirus genomes Overall the genome of 2019 nCoV has 89\% nucleotide identity with bat SARS like CoVZXC21 and 82\% with that of human SARS CoV The phylogenetic trees of their orf1a b Spike Envelope Membrane and Nucleoprotein also clustered closely with those of the bat civet and human SARS coronaviruses However the external subdomain of Spike s receptor binding domain of 2019 nCoV shares only 40\% amino acid identity with other SARS related coronaviruses Remarkably its orf3b encodes a completely novel short protein Furthermore its new orf8 likely encodes a secreted protein with an alpha helix following with a beta sheet s containing six strands Learning from the roles of civet in SARS and camel in MERS hunting for the animal source of 2019 nCoV and its more ancestral virus would be important for understanding the origin and evolution of this novel lineage B betacoronavirus< i> These findings provide the basis for starting further studies on the pathogenesis and optimizing the design of diagnostic antiviral and vaccination strategies for this emerging infection ',1 32166483,'Pharmaceutical care recommendations for antiviral treatments in children with coronavirus disease 2019 ',?,1 32152612,'On a knife s edge of a COVID 19 pandemic is containment still possible ',?,1 31675966,'The immune response of young turkeys to haemorrhagic enteritis virus infection at different levels and sources of methionine in the diet ','Haemorrhagic enteritis HE of turkeys was first described in 1937 in the USA while in Poland it was first diagnosed in 1987 Polish haemorrhagic enteritis virus HEV isolates are usually low pathogenic and trigger a subclinical disease Unfortunately even the low pathogenic HEV strains cause severe immunosuppression leading to secondary bacterial infections and huge economic losses The objective of this study was to evaluate if the influence of Met on HEV infected turkeys immune response can be differentiated by both its level and source Met is one of the amino acids that not only play a nutritional role but also participate in and regulate key metabolic pathways and immune response In our study the birds were assigned to 4 dietary treatments which differed in Met levels 0 55 and 0 78\% in weeks 1 4 of age and 0 45 and 0 65\% in weeks 5 8 of age respectively and sources DL methionine DLM or DL methionine hydroxy analogue MHA ',0 32085840,'Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID 19 epidemic ',?,1 31573613,'Pathogenicity of a QX like avian infectious bronchitis virus isolated in China ','Avian infectious bronchitis is a serious and highly contagious disease caused by infectious bronchitis virus IBV We isolated a highly virulent IBV strain CK CH JS TAHY from kidneys of diseased chickens Phylogenetic analysis based on the S1 gene revealed that CK CH JS TAHY clustered with the QX like type The S1 gene has 1 620 nucleotides and encoded a polypeptide of 540 amino acids with typical coronavirus cleavage recognition sites of HRRR About 1 day old specific pathogen free White Leghorn chickens inoculated with CK CH JS TAHY at 105 5 EID50 exhibited clinical signs including coughing sneezing nasal discharge and tracheal vocalization accompanied by depression with 84\% mortality and 100\% morbidity The kidneys of dead birds were swollen and pale and exhibited severe urate deposition Histopathological examination revealed kidney hemorrhages multifocal necrosis of the renal tubules and trachea with cilia loss sloughing of epithelial cells and edema of the lamina propria IBV specific antibodies appeared at 10 D post infection Chickens vaccinated with a CK CH JS TAHY oil emulsion vaccine showed 26 7\% morbidity and 3\% mortality indicating a protective effect In conclusion the IBV strain is a virulent avian IBV and that exhibited severe pathogenicity in chickens and is a vaccine candidate to prevent infection by Chinese QX like nephropathogenic IBV strains ',0 31494196,'An insightful recollection since the distorted key theory was born about 23 years ago ','During the last three decades or so many efforts have been made to study the protein cleavage sites by some disease causing enzyme such as HIV human immunodeficiency virus protease and SARS severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus main proteinase It has become increasingly clear via this minireview that the motivation driving the aforementioned studies is quite wise and that the results acquired through these studies are very rewarding particularly for developing peptide drugs ',0 30944524,'Evolutionary relationship analysis of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus 4a and 4b protein coding sequences ','The 4a and 4b proteins of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV have been described for their antagonism on host innate immunity However unlike clustering patterns of the complete gene sequences of human and camel MERS CoVs the 4a and 4b protein coding regions did not constitute species specific phylogenetic groups Moreover given the estimated evolutionary rates of the complete 4a and 4b gene sequences the 4a and 4b proteins might be less affected by species specific innate immune pressures These results suggest that the 4a and 4b proteins of MERS CoV may function against host innate immunity in a manner independent of host species and or evolutionary clustering patterns ',0 30584600,'Coronaviruses in Avian Species Review with Focus on Epidemiology and Diagnosis in Wild Birds ','Coronaviruses CoVs are a large group of enveloped viruses with a single strand RNA genome which continuously circulate in mammals and birds and pose a threat to livestock companion animals and humans CoVs harboured by avian species are classified to the genera gamma and deltacoronaviruses Within the gamma CoVs the main representative is avian coronavirus a taxonomic name which includes the highly contagious infectious bronchitis viruses IBVs in chickens and similar viruses infecting other domestic birds such as turkeys guinea fowls or quails Additionally IBVs have been detected in healthy wild birds demonstrating that they may act as the vector between domestic and free living birds Moreover CoVs other than IBVs are identified in wild birds which suggests that wild birds play a key role in the epidemiology of other gammaCoVs and deltaCoVs Development of molecular techniques has significantly improved knowledge of the prevalence of CoVs in avian species The methods adopted in monitoring studies of CoVs in different avian species are mainly based on detection of conservative regions within the viral replicase nucleocapsid genes and 3 UTR or 5 UTR The purpose of this review is to summarise recent discoveries in the areas of epidemiology and diagnosis of CoVs in avian species and to understand the role of wild birds in the virus distribution ',0 31024747,'Immunogenicity of Different Forms of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome S Glycoprotein ','The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV was identified in 2012 during the first Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS outbreaks MERS CoV causes an acute lower respiratory infection in humans with a fatality rate of ~35 5\% Currently there are no registered vaccines or means of therapeutic protection against MERS in the world The MERS CoV S glycoprotein plays the most important role in the viral life cycle virus internalization The S protein is an immunodominant antigen and the main target for neutralizing antibodies In the present study the immunogenicities of five different forms of the MERS CoV S glycoprotein were compared the full length S glycoprotein the full length S glycoprotein with the transmembrane domain of the G glycoprotein of VSV S G the receptor binding domain RBD of the S glycoprotein the membrane fused RBD the RBD fused with the transmembrane domain of the VSV G glycoprotein RBD G and the RBD fused with Fc of human IgG1 RBD Fc Recombinant vectors based on human adenoviruses type 5 rAd5 were used as delivery vehicles Vaccination with all of the developed rAd5 vectors elicited a balanced Th1 Th2 response in mice The most robust humoral immune response was induced after the animal had been vaccinated with the membrane fused RBD rAd5 RBD G Only immunization with membrane forms of the glycoprotein rAd5 S rAd5 S G and rAd5 RBD G elicited neutralizing antibodies among all vaccinated animals The most significant cellular immune response was induced after vaccination of the animals with the full length S rAd5 S These investigations suggest that the full length S and the membrane form of the RBD RBD G are the most promising vaccine candidates among all the studied forms of S glycoprotein ',0 30906787,'Comparative Serological Study for the Prevalence of Anti MERS Coronavirus Antibodies in High and Low Risk Groups in Qatar ','Infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV could be asymptomatic or cause mild influenza like illness Therefore the prevalence of MERS CoV infections in the general population could be underestimated which necessitates active surveillance to determine the epidemiological importance of asymptomatic cases The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of various serological assays and to estimate the seroprevalence of anti MERS CoV antibodies in high and low risk groups in Qatar A total of 4858 samples were screened including 4719 samples collected from healthy blood donors BD over a period of five years 2012 2016 135 samples from baseline case contacts CC collected from individuals in close contact with three positive PCR confirmed patients CP and four samples from MERS CoV CP Initial screening using anti MERS CoV IgG IgG rS1 ELISA kit revealed ten reactive samples from BD 10 4719 0 21\% one from CC 1 135 0 74\% and three from CP 3 4 75\% Samples from CP but not from BD were also reactive by whole virus anti MERS CoV IgG n< i> = 3 4 and IgM n< i> = 1 4 indirect immunefluorescent tests IIFT and pseudoparticle neutralization test ppNT The reactive sample from CC was also confirmed by ppNT Surprisingly one out of thirteen 7 7\% randomly selected IgG rS1 ELISA negative BD samples from the initial screening was reactive by the IgM IIFT but not by the IgG IIFT and was subsequently confirmed by ppNT All IgG rS1 ELISA reactive samples from BD exhibited considerable reactivity to the four circulating human coronaviruses HKU1 OC43 229E and NL63 Cross reactivity with SARS was only reported for samples from CP using IgG and IgM IIFT In conclusion we report a low prevalence of anti MERS antibodies in the general population which coincides with the low number of all reported cases by the time of our study 2017 in Qatar n< i> = 21 The false positive results and the observed cross reactivity between MERS CoV and other circulating human coronavirus necessitate more detailed evaluation of available serological assays ',0 32035030,'The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus ',?,1 32160684,'Audio Interview Making Decisions about Covid 19 Testing and Treatment for Your Patients ',?,1 31300098,'Genotyping of avian infectious bronchitis virus in Iran Detection of D274 and changing in the genotypes rate ','The coronavirus avian Infectious bronchitis virus IBV poses economic threats to poultry farms worldwide affecting the performance of both meat type and egg laying birds To define the evolution of recent IBVs in Iran a genetic analysis based on hypervariable nucleotide sequences of S1 gene was carried out Tracheal swab samples were collected from 170 Broiler flocks during 2017 Ten tracheal swabs from each flock pooled From a total number of 170 flocks tested 84 71\% found to be positive Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed the presence of D274 as a first time in Iran IS 1494 06 was showed to be dominant IBV type circulating in broiler farms with a significantly higher prevalence than other four genotypes Considering fluctuations in QX type prevalence in recent years continuous monitoring is necessary to reduce economic consequences in layer and broiler farms The findings highlight the importance of using modified vaccination strategies that are adapted to the changing disease scenario ',0 32102793,'Covid 19 Italy confirms 11 deaths as cases spread from north ',?,1 32119831,'Coronavirus outbreak the role of companies in preparedness and responses ',?,1 32115186,'Outbreak of a new coronavirus what anaesthetists should know ',?,1 31992390,'Note from the editors novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV ',?,1 32157862,'CT Manifestations of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia A Case Report','Since December 2019 the outbreak of the novel coronavirus has impacted nearly > 90 000 people in more than 75 countries In this case report we aim to define the chest computed tomography findings of 2019 novel coronavirus associated with pneumonia and its successful resolution after treatment ',1 32007135,'Origins of MERS CoV and lessons for 2019 nCoV ',?,1 31822427,'Attenuated live infectious bronchitis virus QX vaccine disseminates slowly to target organs distant from the site of inoculation ','Infectious bronchitis IB is a highly contagious respiratory disease of poultry caused by the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus IBV Currently one of the most relevant genotypes circulating worldwide is IBV QX GI 19 for which vaccines have been developed by passaging virulent QX strains in embryonated chicken eggs Here we explored the attenuated phenotype of a commercially available QX live vaccine IB Primo QX in specific pathogens free broilers At hatch birds were inoculated with QX vaccine or its virulent progenitor IBV D388 and postmortem swabs and tissues were collected each day up to eight days post infection to assess viral replication and morphological changes In the trachea viral RNA replication and protein expression were comparable in both groups Both viruses induced morphologically comparable lesions in the trachea albeit with a short delay in the vaccinated birds In contrast in the kidney QX vaccine viral RNA was nearly absent which coincided with the lack of any morphological changes in this organ This was in contrast to high viral RNA titers and abundant lesions in the kidney after IBV D388 infection Furthermore QX vaccine showed reduced ability to reach and replicate in conjunctivae and intestines including cloaca resulting in significantly lower titers and delayed protein expression respectively Nephropathogenic IBVs might reach the kidney also via an ascending route from the cloaca based on our observation that viral RNA was detected in the cloaca one day before detection in the kidney In the kidney distal tubular segments collecting ducts and ureter were positive for viral antigen Taken together the attenuated phenotype of QX vaccine seems to rely on slower dissemination and lower replication in target tissues other than the site of inoculation ',0 32165426,'Covid 19 WHO declares pandemic because of " alarming levels" of spread severity and inaction ',?,1 32203671,'Rising to the Challenge of the Novel SARS coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 Advice for Pulmonary and Critical Care and an Agenda for Research ',?,0 31381232,'Characterization and evolution of the coronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus HLJBY isolated in China ','A strain of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus PEDV namely HLJBY was isolated in Heilongjiang province China To provide insight into the understanding of the phylogenetic and the current epidemiological status of PEDV PEDV HLJBY was compared with CV777 and other PEDV strains deposited in the GenBank The homology between the entire genomic nucleotide sequences of PEDV HLJBY and CV777 was 97 7\% The homology of M gene was the highest 99 0\% However the homology of ORF3 gene was 97 7\% and protein of ORF3 was 90 1\% In addition HLJBY showed the highest nucleotide identity 99 9\% with PEDV SX China 2017 strain and lowest similarity 91 2\% to PEDV Belgorod dom 2008 strain We analysed the changes in S gene and its protein of PEDV HLJBY with 65 historic PEDV strains The highest nucleotide identity was 99 9\% compared with PEDV SX China 2017 strain and the lowest nucleotide identity was 60 0\% compared with PEDV Belgorod dom 2008 strain The length of deduced amino acid sequences of S proteins varied from 1 372 to 1 390 amino acids aa Compared with most aa sequences of S proteins HLJBY exhibited 5 aa deletions position 55 59 61 144 Analysis and comparison of open reading frame 3 ORF3 proteins between HLJBY strain and other PEDV strains were also focused in this study We revealed that the length of deduced amino acid sequences of ORF3 proteins was 80 224 aa among tested strains and the identity of HLJBY ORF3 amino acids with other PEDV strains was 71 4\% 98 9\% ORF3 protein of both HLJBY strain and PEDV SX China 2017 strain consists of 91 aa with 133 aa deletions at their C end in relation to the other tested PEDV strains The phylogenetic tree based on different proteins or genes resulted in different phylogenetic groups For pathogenicity evaluation of PEDV HLJBY strain colostrum deprivation piglets were challenged with PEDV HLJBY and PEDV reference strain CV777 as a control the results showed that animals challenged with either of these PEDV strains developed diarrhoea and histopathological examination of small intestines of challenged animals showed acute viral enteritis with villous atrophy in either PEDV HLJBY P10 or PEDV CV777 P8 inoculated piglets ',0 32073161,'The course of clinical diagnosis and treatment of a case infected with coronavirus disease 2019 ',?,1 32054124,'Novel Coronavirus Outbreak in Wuhan China 2020 Intense Surveillance Is Vital for Preventing Sustained Transmission in New Locations ','The outbreak of pneumonia originating in Wuhan China has generated 24 500 confirmed cases including 492 deaths as of 5 February 2020 The virus 2019 nCoV has spread elsewhere in China and to 24 countries including South Korea Thailand Japan and USA Fortunately there has only been limited human to human transmission outside of China Here we assess the risk of sustained transmission whenever the coronavirus arrives in other countries Data describing the times from symptom onset to hospitalisation for 47 patients infected early in the current outbreak are used to generate an estimate for the probability that an imported case is followed by sustained human to human transmission Under the assumptions that the imported case is representative of the patients in China and that the 2019 nCoV is similarly transmissible to the SARS coronavirus the probability that an imported case is followed by sustained human to human transmission is 0 41 credible interval 0 27 0 55 However if the mean time from symptom onset to hospitalisation can be halved by intense surveillance then the probability that an imported case leads to sustained transmission is only 0 012 credible interval 0 0 099 This emphasises the importance of current surveillance efforts in countries around the world to ensure that the ongoing outbreak will not become a global pandemic ',1 31883096,'Metabolite Protein and Lipid Extraction MPLEx A Method that Simultaneously Inactivates Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and Allows Analysis of Multiple Host Cell Components Following Infection ','Mass spectrometry MS based integrated proteomics metabolomics and lipidomics collectively multi omics studies provide a very detailed snapshot of virus induced changes to the host following infection and can lead to the identification of novel prophylactic and therapeutic targets for preventing or lessening disease severity Multi omics studies with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV are challenging as the requirements of biosafety level 3 containment limit the numbers of samples that can be safely managed To address these issues the multi omics sample preparation technique MPLEx metabolite protein and lipid extraction was developed to partition a single sample into three distinct parts metabolites proteins and lipids for multi omics analysis while simultaneously inactivating MERS CoV by solubilizing and disrupting the viral envelope and denaturing viral proteins Here we describe the MPLEx protocol highlight the step of inactivation and describe the details of downstream processing instrumental analysis of the three separate analytes and their subsequent informatics pipelines ',0 31423971,'Transmissibility of MERS CoV Infection in Closed Setting Riyadh Saudi Arabia 2015 ','To investigate a cluster of Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS cases in a women only dormitory in Riyadh Saudi Arabia in October 2015 we collected epidemiologic information nasopharyngeal oropharyngeal swab samples and blood samples from 828 residents during November 2015 and December 2015 January 2016 We found confirmed infection for 19 8 by reverse transcription PCR and 11 by serologic testing Infection attack rates varied 2 7\% 32 3\% by dormitory building No deaths occurred Independent risk factors for infection were direct contact with a confirmed case patient and sharing a room with a confirmed case patient a protective factor was having an air conditioner in the bedroom For 9 women from whom a second serum sample was collected antibodies remained detectable at titers > 1 20 by pseudoparticle neutralization tests n = 8 and 90\% plaque reduction neutralization tests n = 2 In closed high contact settings MERS coronavirus was highly infectious and pathogenicity was relatively low ',0 32187288,'The novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 emergency and the role of timely and effective national health surveillance ',?,1 32052918,'The 2019 coronavirus Learning curves lessons and the weakest link ',?,1 32181488,'The positive impact of lockdown in Wuhan on containing the COVID 19 outbreak in China ','With its epicenter in Wuhan China the COVID 19 outbreak was declared a public health emergency of international concern PHEIC by the World Health Organization WHO Consequently many countries have implemented flight restrictions to China China itself has imposed a lockdown of the population of Wuhan as well as the entire Hubei province However whether these two enormous measures have led to significant changes in the spread of COVID 19 cases remains unclear ',1 32131142,'From the frontline of COVID 19 How prepared are we as obstetricians a commentary ',?,1 32013795,'2019 Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV Pneumonia ',?,1 32054787,'Prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir GS 5734 treatment in the rhesus macaque model of MERS CoV infection ','The continued emergence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MERS cases with a high case fatality rate stresses the need for the availability of effective antiviral treatments Remdesivir GS 5734 effectively inhibited MERS coronavirus MERS CoV replication in vitro and showed efficacy against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SARS CoV in a mouse model Here we tested the efficacy of prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir treatment in a nonhuman primate model of MERS CoV infection the rhesus macaque Prophylactic remdesivir treatment initiated 24 h prior to inoculation completely prevented MERS CoV induced clinical disease strongly inhibited MERS CoV replication in respiratory tissues and prevented the formation of lung lesions Therapeutic remdesivir treatment initiated 12 h postinoculation also provided a clear clinical benefit with a reduction in clinical signs reduced virus replication in the lungs and decreased presence and severity of lung lesions The data presented here support testing of the efficacy of remdesivir treatment in the context of a MERS clinical trial It may also be considered for a wider range of coronaviruses including the currently emerging novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV ',1 30877663,'Divergent coronaviruses detected in wild birds in Brazil including a central park in Sao Paulo ','Coronaviruses are single stranded positive sense RNA viruses associated with important avian diseases Their relatively high rates of mutation and recombination frequencies allow them to adapt to new hosts and ecological niches Although Brazil has 18\% of global avian species diversity studies regarding the presence of avian viral diseases in wild birds in South America are scarce In this study we performed a retrospective analysis of the presence of CoVs in 746 wild birds Oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs were obtained and placed together in vials containing VTM transport medium collected in different regions of Brazil between 2006 and 2013 Screening for viral nucleic acid was performed using conventional RT PCR and pancoronavirus nested PCR Positive samples were characterized by partial sequencing of the RNA dependent RNA polymerase RdRp gene and ensuing phylogenetic analysis was performed to investigate the association between virus epidemiology and bird migration routes Coronavirus RNA were detected and sequenced from six samples in which three were related to gammacoronaviruses group and the other three to deltacoronavirus group Our study documents the presence of CoVs related to avian gamma and deltacoronaviruses circulating in both urban and poultry farm regions of Brazil implicating wild birds as potential carriers of CoVs which may represent a risk to poultry farms and public health in Brazil ',0 32164083,' Pulmonary rehabilitation guidelines in the principle of 4S for patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV ','A recent epidemic of pneumonia cases in Wuhan China was caused by a novel coronavirus with strong infectivity the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV The article provides the pulmonary rehabilitation PR methods in the principle of 4S simple safe satisfy save for patients with pneumonia caused by the novel coronavirus shows how to establish a ventilative and convectional PR environment to prevent the spread of virus through droplets how to guide the patients to carry out PR how to carry out respiratory muscle training effective cough expectoration sneeze general exercise digestive function rehabilitation and psychological rehabilitation and how to clean and disinfect the PR environment ',0 32062875,' Retracted Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 34 children with 2019 novel coronavirus infection in Shenzhen ','Objective < b> To describe the characteristics of clinical manifestations and epidemiology of children with 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV infection Methods < b> All 34 children with laboratory confirmed 2019 nCoV infection by quantitative real time reverse transcription PCR through nasopharyngeal swab specimens were admitted to the Third People s Hospital of Shenzhen from January 19 to Febuary 7 2020 Clinical data and epidemiological history of these patients were retrospectively collected and analyzed Results < b> Among the 34 cases 14 were males and 20 were females The median age was 8 years and 11 months No patients had underlying diseases There were 28 children 82\% related with a family cluster outbreak There were 26 children 76\% with a travel or residence history in Hubei Province These patients could be categorized into different clinical types including 22 65\% common cases 9 26\% mild cases and 3 8 8\% asymptomatic cases No severe or critical cases were identified The most common symptoms were fever 17 cases 50\% and cough 13 cases 38\% In the 34 cases the white blood cell counts of 28 cases 82\% were normal Five cases had white blood cell counts more than 10x10 9 L One case had white blood cell counts less than 4x10 9 L Neutropenia and lymphopenia was found in one case respectively C reactive protein levels and erythrocyte sedimentation rates were elevated in 1 and 5 case respectively Elevated procalcitonin was found in 1 case and D Dimer in 3 cases The levels of lactic dehydrogenase LDH were more than 400 U L in 10 cases The CT images of these patients showed bilateral multiple patchy or nodular ground glass opacities and or infiltrating shadows in middle and outer zone of the lung or under the pleura Twenty patients were treated with lopinavir and ritonavir Glucocorticoids and immunoglobulin were not used in any cases All the cases improved and were discharged from hospital Further following up was need Conclusions < b> The clinical manifestations in children with 2019 nCoV infection are non specific and are milder than that in adults Chest CT scanning is heplful for early diagnosis Children s infection is mainly caused by family cluster outbreak and imported cases Family daily prevention is the main way to prevent 2019 nCoV infection ',1 32191813,'COVID 19 epidemic in Switzerland on the importance of testing contact tracing and isolation ','Switzerland is among the countries with the highest number of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 cases per capita in the world There are likely many people with undetected SARS CoV 2 infection because testing efforts are currently not detecting all infected people including some with clinical disease compatible with COVID 19 Testing on its own will not stop the spread of SARS CoV 2 Testing is part of a strategy The World Health Organization recommends a combination of measures rapid diagnosis and immediate isolation of cases rigorous tracking and precautionary self isolation of close contacts In this article we explain why the testing strategy in Switzerland should be strengthened urgently as a core component of a combination approach to control COVID 19 ',1 32009759,'Isolation and characterization of avian coronavirus from healthy Eclectus parrots Eclectus roratus< i> from Indonesia ','Avian coronavirus has a wide range of hosts from chickens and turkeys to wild birds This virus causes an economically and possibly environmentally important loss in the poultry industry Therefore research into the avian coronavirus in various species of birds is required The Eclectus parrot Eclectus roratus< i> is an endemic bird to Indonesia and Northern Australia and often kept as pets At present there has been limited information about avian coronavirus infection among birds This study aimed to determine the presence of and to characterize avian coronavirus isolated from Eclectus parrots in Indonesia ',0 32145402,'Traditional Chinese medicine for COVID 19 treatment ',?,1 32070391,'Critical care response to a hospital outbreak of the 2019 nCoV infection in Shenzhen China ',?,1 32174055,'What Is Needed to Make Interventional Radiology Ready for COVID 19 Lessons from SARS CoV Epidemic ',?,1 32125131,' Novel coronavirus pneumonia COVID 19 CT distribution and sign features ','Objective < b> To investigate the imaging findings of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia COVID 19 Methods < b> From January 20 to February 5 2020 a total of 130 patients diagnosed with COVID 19 from seven hospitals in China were collected The imaging data were reviewed and analyzed in detail Results < b> 1 Distribution the lesion detected in the lung unilaterally in 14 cases 10 7\% and bilaterally in 116 cases 89 3\% According to the distribution in the lobes of the lung all cases could be classified into subpleural distribution 102 cases 78 4\% centrilobular distribution 99 cases 76 1\% and diffused distribution 8 cases 6 1\% 2 Number of lesions single lesion 9 cases 6 9\% multiple lesions 113 cases 86 9\% diffuse lesions 8 cases 6 1\% 3 Imaging density 70 cases 53 8\% of ground glass opacity GGO 60 cases 46 2\% of GGO + consolidation 4 Accompanying signs 100 cases 76 9\% with vascular thickening 98 cases 75 3\% with " pleural parallel sign" " intralobular septal thickening" in 100 cases 76 9\% " halo sign" in 13 cases 10\% " reversed halo sign" in 6 cases 4 6\% pleural effusion in 3 cases 2 3 \% and pneumatocele in 2 cases 1 5\% no case with pulmonary cavity Among 35 patients that underwent follow up CT 21 patients 60\% improved while 14 40\% exacerbated Conclusions < b> COVID 19 imaging characteristic mainly has subpleural centrilobular and diffused distribution The first two distributions can overlap or progress to diffused distribution In the later period it was mainly manifested as organizing pneumonia and fibrosis The most valuable characteristic is the pleural parallel sign ',1 32203371,'Coronavirus lockdown What I learnt when I shut my cancer lab in 48 hours ',?,0 31776274,'Nucleocapsid Protein Recruitment to Replication Transcription Complexes Plays a Crucial Role in Coronaviral Life Cycle ','Coronavirus CoV nucleocapsid N proteins are key for incorporating genomic RNA into progeny viral particles In infected cells N proteins are present at the replication transcription complexes RTCs the sites of CoV RNA synthesis It has been shown that N proteins are important for viral replication and that the one of mouse hepatitis virus MHV a commonly used model CoV interacts with nonstructural protein 3 nsp3 a component of the RTCs These two aspects of the CoV life cycle however have not been linked We found that the MHV N protein binds exclusively to nsp3 and not other RTC components by using a systematic yeast two hybrid approach and we identified two distinct regions in the N protein that redundantly mediate this interaction A selective N protein variant carrying point mutations in these two regions fails to bind nsp3 in vitro< i> resulting in inhibition of its recruitment to RTCs in vivo< i> Furthermore in contrast to the wild type N protein this N protein variant impairs the stimulation of genomic RNA and viral mRNA transcription in vivo< i> and in vitro< i> which in turn leads to impairment of MHV replication and progeny production Altogether our results show that N protein recruitment to RTCs via binding to nsp3 is an essential step in the CoV life cycle because it is critical for optimal viral RNA synthesis IMPORTANCE< b> CoVs have long been regarded as relatively harmless pathogens for humans Severe respiratory tract infection outbreaks caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV however have caused high pathogenicity and mortality rates in humans These outbreaks highlighted the relevance of being able to control CoV infections We used a model CoV MHV to investigate the importance of the recruitment of N protein a central component of CoV virions to intracellular platforms where CoVs replicate transcribe and translate their genomes By identifying the principal binding partner at these intracellular platforms and generating a specific mutant we found that N protein recruitment to these locations is crucial for promoting viral RNA synthesis Moreover blocking this recruitment strongly inhibits viral infection Thus our results explain an important aspect of the CoV life cycle and reveal an interaction of viral proteins that could be targeted in antiviral therapies ',0 32150360,'Features Evaluation and Treatment Coronavirus COVID 19 ','According to the World Health Organization WHO viral diseases continue to emerge and represent a serious issue to public health In the last twenty years several viral epidemics such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV in 2002 to 2003 and H1N1 influenza in 2009 have been recorded Most recently the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV was first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012 In a timeline that reaches the present day an epidemic of cases with unexplained low respiratory infections detected in Wuhan the largest metropolitan area in China s Hubei province was first reported to the WHO Country Office in China on December 31 2019 Published literature can trace the beginning of symptomatic individuals back to the beginning of December 2019 As they were unable to identify the causative agent these first cases were classified as " pneumonia of unknown etiology " The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention CDC and local CDCs organized an intensive outbreak investigation program The etiology of this illness is now attributed to a novel virus belonging to the coronavirus CoV family COVID 19 On February 11 2020 the WHO Director General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus announced that the disease caused by this new CoV was a " COVID 19 " which is the acronym of " coronavirus disease 2019" In the past twenty years two additional coronavirus epidemics have occurred SARS CoV provoked a large scale epidemic beginning in China and involving two dozen countries with approximately 8000 cases and 800 deaths and the MERS CoV that began in Saudi Arabia and has approximately 2 500 cases and 800 deaths and still causes as sporadic cases This new virus seems to be very contagious and has quickly spread globally In a meeting on January 30 2020 per the International Health Regulations IHR 2005 the outbreak was declared by the WHO a Public Health Emergency of International Concern PHEIC as it had spread to 18 countries with four countries reporting human to human transmission An additional landmark occurred on February 26 2020 as the first case of the disease not imported from China was recorded in the United States Initially the new virus was called 2019 nCoV Subsequently the task of experts of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ICTV termed it the SARS CoV 2 virus as it is very similar to the one that caused the SARS outbreak SARS CoVs The CoVs have become the major pathogens of emerging respiratory disease outbreaks They are a large family of single stranded RNA viruses +ssRNA that can be isolated in different animal species 1 For reasons yet to be explained these viruses can cross species barriers and can cause in humans illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as MERS and SARS Interestingly these latter viruses have probably originated from bats and then moving into other mammalian hosts the Himalayan palm civet for SARS CoV and the dromedary camel for MERS CoV before jumping to humans The dynamics of SARS Cov 2 are currently unknown but there is speculation that it also has an animal origin The potential for these viruses to grow to become a pandemic worldwide seems to be a serious public health risk Concerning COVID 19 the WHO raised the threat to the CoV epidemic to the " very high" level on February 28 2020 Probably the effects of the epidemic caused by the new CoV has yet to emerge as the situation is quickly evolving World governments are at work to establish countermeasures to stem possible devastating effects Health organizations coordinate information flows and issues directives and guidelines to best mitigate the impact of the threat At the same time scientists around the world work tirelessly and information about the transmission mechanisms the clinical spectrum of disease new diagnostics and prevention and therapeutic strategies are rapidly developing Many uncertainties remain with regard to both the virus host interaction and the evolution of the epidemic with specific reference to the times when the epidemic will reach its peak At the moment the therapeutic strategies to deal with the infection are only supportive and prevention aimed at reducing transmission in the community is our best weapon Aggressive isolation measures in China have led to a progressive reduction of cases in the last few days In Italy in geographic regions of the north of the peninsula political and health authorities are making incredible efforts to contain a shock wave that is severely testing the health system In the midst of the crisis the authors have chosen to use the " Statpearls" platform because within the PubMed scenario it represents a unique tool that may allow them to make updates in real time The aim therefore is to collect information and scientific evidence and to provide an overview of the topic that will be continuously updated ',1 32101660,'Escaping Pandora s Box Another Novel Coronavirus ',?,1 32159318,' Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and coronavirus research update on pathogenesis of the infection induced by this indissoluble bond ','Yu Yan Zhong Ji Xing Hu Xi Xi Tong Zong He Zheng Guan Zhuang Bing Du SARS CoV Yi Yang 2019Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du 2019 nCoV Yi Shi Yi Xie Guan Jin Zhang Su Zhuan Hua Mei 2 ACE2 Wei Shou Ti Gan Ran Xi Bao ACE2Zuo Wei Shen Su Xie Guan Jin Zhang Su Xi Tong RAS De Zhong Yao Cheng Yuan Yu ACEHu Wei Jie Kang Er Zhe De Ping Heng Yu Shi Heng Zai Wei Hu Xin Xie Guan Xi Tong Sheng Li Gong Neng Ji Ti Yan Zheng Fan Ying Fei Sun Shang Deng Guo Cheng Zhong Jun Fa Hui Zhao Zhong Yao Zuo Yong Er Qi Zai Guan Zhuang Bing Du Gan Ran Yu Zhi Bing Ji Zhi Zhong Yi Fa Hui Zhao Fei Chang Zhong Yao De Zuo Yong Mu Qian Wei Zhi Zai 7Chong Ren Chu Gong Huan De Guan Zhuang Bing Du Zhong You 3Chong Yi ACE2Wei Shou Ti Gan Ran Xi Bao Ji SARS CoV Ren Lei Guan Zhuang Bing Du NL63 HCoV NL63 He 2019 nCoV Liao Jie Zhe Xie Bing Du Yu ACE2De Xiang Hu Zuo Yong Dui Yu Guan Zhuang Bing Du Gan Ran De Yu Fang He Zhi Liao Yi Yi Zhong Da Ben Wen Dui Xiang Guan Wen Xian Jin Xing Liao Shu Li Zong Jie Liao ACE2Ji RASXi Tong Zai Guan Zhuang Bing Du Gan Ran Zhi Bing Guo Cheng Zhong Fa Hui De Zuo Yong Dui Yu 2019 nCoVFang Zhi Guo Cheng Zhong Cun Zai De Zheng Yi Jin Xing Liao Gui Na Zhen Dui ACE2He RASXi Tong Zhong Ke Neng Cun Zai De 2019 nCoVDe Zhi Liao Ba Dian Jin Xing Liao Zhan Wang ',1 31275264,'Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Dromedaries in Ethiopia Is Antigenically Different From the Middle East Isolate EMC ','Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS is an emerging respiratory disease caused by the MERS coronavirus MERS CoV MERS has been endemic to Saudi Arabia since 2012 The reservoir of MERS CoV is the dromedary camel suggesting that MERS is primarily a zoonotic disease MERS CoV is common in dromedaries throughout the Middle East North Africa and East Africa as evidenced by neutralizing antibodies against MERS CoV however human cases have remained limited to the Middle East To better understand the cause of this difference the virological properties of African camel MERS CoV were analyzed based on the spike S protein in Ethiopia Nasal swabs were collected from 258 young dromedaries 2 years old in the Afar region of Ethiopia of which 39 were positive for MERS CoV as confirmed by genetic tests All positive tests were exclusive to the Amibara woreda region Using next generation sequencing two full length genomes of Amibara isolates were successfully decoded both isolates belonged to the C2 clade based on phylogenetic analysis of full length and S protein sequences Recombinant EMC isolates of MERS CoV in which the S protein is replaced with those of Amibara isolates were then generated to test the roles of these proteins in viral properties Amibara S recombinants replicated more slowly in cultured cells than in EMC S recombinants In neutralizing assays Amibara S recombinants were neutralized by lower concentrations of sera from both Ethiopian dromedaries and EMC isolate wild type immunized mouse sera relative to the EMC S recombinants indicating that viruses coated in the Amibara S protein were easier to neutralize than the EMC S protein Neutralization experiments performed using S1 S2 chimeric recombinants of the EMC and Amibara S proteins showed that the neutralization profile was dependent on the S1 region of the S protein These results suggest that the slower viral replication and the ease of neutralization seen in the Ethiopian MERS CoV are due to strain specific differences in the S protein and may account for the absence of human MERS CoV cases in Ethiopia ',0 32202240,'COVID 19 cytokines and immunosuppression what can we learn from severe acute respiratory syndrome ','A severe outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 emerged in China in December 2019 and spread so rapidly that more than 200 000 cases have so far been reported worldwide on January 30 2020 the WHO declared it the sixth public health emergency of international concern The two previously reported coronavirus epidemics severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS share similar pathogenetic epidemiological and clinical features as COVID 19 As little is currently known about SARS CoV 2 it is likely that lessons learned from these major epidemics can be applied to the new pandemic including the use of novel immunosuppressive drugs ',0 32100877,'Composition and divergence of coronavirus spike proteins and host ACE2 receptors predict potential intermediate hosts of SARS CoV 2 ','From the beginning of 2002 and 2012 severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV crossed the species barriers to infect humans causing thousands of infections and hundreds of deaths respectively Currently a novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 which has become the cause of the outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 was discovered Until 18 February 2020 there were 72 533 confirmed COVID 19 cases including 10 644 severe cases and 1872 deaths in China SARS CoV 2 is spreading among the public and causing substantial burden due to its human to human transmission However the intermediate host of SARS CoV 2 is still unclear Finding the possible intermediate host of SARS CoV 2 is imperative to prevent further spread of the epidemic In this study we used systematic comparison and analysis to predict the interaction between the receptor binding domain RBD of coronavirus spike protein and the host receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 ACE2 The interaction between the key amino acids of S protein RBD and ACE2 indicated that other than pangolins and snakes as previously suggested turtles Chrysemys picta bellii Chelonia mydas and Pelodiscus sinensis may act as the potential intermediate hosts transmitting SARS CoV 2 to humans ',1 32176361,'Potentially repurposing adamantanes for COVID 19 ',?,1 32090689,'Trypsin promotes porcine deltacoronavirus mediating cell to cell fusion in a cell type dependent manner ','Porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV is a newly emerging threat to the global porcine industry PDCoV has been successfully isolated using various medium additives including trypsin and although we know it is important for viral replication the mechanism has not been fully elucidated Here we systematically investigated the role of trypsin in PDCoV replication including cell entry cell to cell membrane fusion and virus release Using pseudovirus entry assays we demonstrated that PDCoV entry is not trypsin dependent Furthermore unlike porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV in which trypsin is important for the release of virus from infected cells PDCoV release was not affected by trypsin We also demonstrated that trypsin promotes PDCoV replication by enhancing cell to cell membrane fusion Most importantly our study illustrates two distinct spreading patterns from infected cells to uninfected cells during PDCoV transmission and the role of trypsin in PDCoV replication in cells with different virus spreading types Overall these results clarify that trypsin promotes PDCoV replication by mediating cell to cell fusion transmission but is not crucial for viral entry This knowledge can potentially contribute to improvement of virus production efficiency in culture not only for vaccine preparation but also to develop antiviral treatments ',0 32171190,' Impact of complicated myocardial injury on the clinical outcome of severe or critically ill COVID 19 patients ','Objective < b> To analyze the clinical characteristics of the severe or critically ill patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia COVID 19 and evaluate the impact of complicated myocardial injury on the prognosis of these patients Methods < b> A retrospective study was conducted in 54 patients who admitted to Tongji hospital from February 3 2020 to February 24 2020 and met the criteria of severe or critical conditions of COVID 19 The clinical characteristics and hospital mortality rate were analyzed and compared between the patients with or without myocardial injury which was defined with 3 times higher serum cardiac troponin value Results < b> The median age of the 54 patients was 68 59 8 74 3 years Among all the patients 24 44 4\% patients were complicated with hypertension 13 24 1\% with diabetes 8 14 8\% with coronary heart disease and 3 5 6\% with previous cerebral infarction During hospitalization 24 44 4\% of the patients were complicated with myocardial injury and 26 48 1\% patients died in hospital In hospital mortality was significantly higher in patients with myocardial injury than in patients without myocardial injury 14 60 9\% vs 8 25 8\% P< i>=0 013 Moreover the levels of C reactive protein 153 6 80 3 240 7 ng L vs 49 8 15 9 101 9 ng L and N terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide 852 0 400 0 2 315 3 ng L vs 197 0 115 3 631 0 ng L were significantly higher than patients without myocardial injury all P< i>< 0 01 Conclusions < b> Prevalence of myocardial injury is high among severe or critically ill COVID 19 patients Severe or critically ill COVID 19 patients with myocardial injury face a significantly higher risk of in hospital mortality The study suggests that it is important to monitor and manage the myocardial injury during hospitalization for severe or critically ill COVID 19 patients ',0 31666061,'Risk of transmission via medical employees and importance of routine infection prevention policy in a nosocomial outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS a descriptive analysis from a tertiary care hospital in South Korea ','In 2015 South Korea experienced an outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS and our hospital experienced a nosocomial MERS infection We performed a comprehensive analysis to identify the MERS transmission route and the ability of our routine infection prevention policy to control this outbreak ',0 31167913,'Species Specific Colocalization of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Attachment and Entry Receptors ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV uses the S1B< sup> domain of its spike protein to bind to dipeptidyl peptidase 4 DPP4 its functional receptor and its S1A< sup> domain to bind to sialic acids The tissue localization of DPP4 in humans bats camelids pigs and rabbits generally correlates with MERS CoV tropism highlighting the role of DPP4 in virus pathogenesis and transmission However MERS CoV S1A< sup> does not indiscriminately bind to all a2 3 sialic acids and the species specific binding and tissue distribution of these sialic acids in different MERS CoV susceptible species have not been investigated We established a novel method to detect these sialic acids on tissue sections of various organs of different susceptible species by using nanoparticles displaying multivalent MERS CoV S1A< sup> We found that the nanoparticles specifically bound to the nasal epithelial cells of dromedary camels type II pneumocytes in human lungs and the intestinal epithelial cells of common pipistrelle bats Desialylation by neuraminidase abolished nanoparticle binding and significantly reduced MERS CoV infection in primary susceptible cells In contrast S1A< sup> nanoparticles did not bind to the intestinal epithelium of serotine bats and frugivorous bat species nor did they bind to the nasal epithelium of pigs and rabbits Both pigs and rabbits have been shown to shed less infectious virus than dromedary camels and do not transmit the virus via either contact or airborne routes Our results depict species specific colocalization of MERS CoV entry and attachment receptors which may be relevant in the transmission and pathogenesis of MERS CoV IMPORTANCE< b> MERS CoV uses the S1B< sup> domain of its spike protein to attach to its host receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4 DPP4 The tissue localization of DPP4 has been mapped in different susceptible species On the other hand the S1A< sup> domain the N terminal domain of this spike protein preferentially binds to several glycotopes of a2 3 sialic acids the attachment factor of MERS CoV Here we show using a novel method that the S1A< sup> domain specifically binds to the nasal epithelium of dromedary camels alveolar epithelium of humans and intestinal epithelium of common pipistrelle bats In contrast it does not bind to the nasal epithelium of pigs or rabbits nor does it bind to the intestinal epithelium of serotine bats and frugivorous bat species This finding supports the importance of the S1A< sup> domain in MERS CoV infection and tropism suggests its role in transmission and highlights its potential use as a component of novel vaccine candidates ',0 32181680,'Role of the American Heart Association in the Global COVID 19 Pandemic ',?,1 32048891,'Are we ready for the new fatal Coronavirus scenario of Pakistan ',?,1 32178768,'First known person to person transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 in the USA ','Coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 is a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 first detected in China in December 2019 In January 2020 state local and federal public health agencies investigated the first case of COVID 19 in Illinois USA ',1 30644840,'Structure and oligomerization state of the C terminal region of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus nucleoprotein ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV is a human pathogen responsible for a severe respiratory illness that emerged in 2012 Structural information about the proteins that constitute the viral particle is scarce In order to contribute to a better understanding of the nucleoprotein N in charge of RNA genome encapsidation the structure of the C terminal domain of N from MERS CoV obtained using single crystal X ray diffraction is reported here at 1 97 A resolution The molecule is present as a dimer in the crystal structure and this oligomerization state is confirmed in solution as measured by additional methods including small angle X ray scattering measurements Comparisons with the structures of the C terminal domains of N from other coronaviruses reveals a high degree of structural conservation despite low sequence conservation and differences in electrostatic potential at the surface of the protein ',0 30691364,'Structure Based Vaccine Antigen Design ','Enabled by new approaches for rapid identification and selection of human monoclonal antibodies atomic level structural information for viral surface proteins and capacity for precision engineering of protein immunogens and self assembling nanoparticles a new era of antigen design and display options has evolved While HIV 1 vaccine development has been a driving force behind these technologies and concepts clinical proof of concept for structure based vaccine design may first be achieved for respiratory syncytial virus RSV where conformation dependent access to neutralization sensitive epitopes on the fusion glycoprotein determines the capacity to induce potent neutralizing activity Success with RSV has motivated structure based stabilization of other class I viral fusion proteins for use as immunogens and demonstrated the importance of structural information for developing vaccines against other viral pathogens particularly difficult targets that have resisted prior vaccine development efforts Solving viral surface protein structures also supports rapid vaccine antigen design and application of platform manufacturing approaches for emerging pathogens ',0 31252170,'A Systematic Review of therapeutic agents for the treatment of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV ','The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV was first described in 2012 and attracted a great international attention due to multiple healthcare associated outbreaks The disease carries a high case fatality rate of 34 5\% and there is no internationally or nationally recommended therapy ',0 32053148,'Three Emerging Coronaviruses in Two Decades ',?,1 32133831,' Epidemiological analysis on a family cluster of COVID 19 ','Objective < b> To understand the possible transmission route of a family cluster of COVID 19 in Zhengzhou and the potential infectivity of COVID 19 in incubation period and provide scientific evidence for the timely control of infectious source and curb the spread of the epidemic Methods < b> Epidemiological investigation was conducted for a family cluster of COVID 19 8 cases with descriptive epidemiological method and respiratory tract samples of the cases were collected for the nucleic acid detection of 2019 nCoV by RT PCR Results < b> Two primary cases which occurred on 31 January and 1 February 2020 respectively had a common exposure history in Wuhan The other six family members had onsets on 30 January 31 January 1 February three cases and 3 February 2020 Conclusions < b> In this family cluster of COVID 19 six family members were infected through common family exposure to the 2 primary cases Five secondary cases had onsets earlier than or on the same day as the primary cases indicating that COVID 19 is contagious in incubation period and the home isolation in the early phase of the epidemic might lead to the risk of family cluster of COVID 19 ',1 32164085,' Expert consensus on chloroquine phosphate for the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia ','At the end of December 2019 a novel coronavirus COVID 19 caused an outbreak in Wuhan and has quickly spread to all provinces in China and 26 other countries around the world leading to a serious situation for epidemic prevention So far there is still no specific medicine Previous studies have shown that chloroquine phosphate chloroquine had a wide range of antiviral effects including anti coronavirus Here we found that treating the patients diagnosed as novel coronavirus pneumonia with chloroquine might improve the success rate of treatment shorten hospital stay and improve patient outcome In order to guide and regulate the use of chloroquine in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia the multicenter collaboration group of Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province and Health Commission of Guangdong Province for chloroquine in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia developed this expert consensus after extensive discussion It recommended chloroquine phosphate tablet 500mg twice per day for 10 days for patients diagnosed as mild moderate and severe cases of novel coronavirus pneumonia and without contraindications to chloroquine ',0 32198178,'Covid 19 experts question the evidence behind closing London Underground and city metros during the pandemic ',?,1 32144176,'Trump claims public health warnings on covid 19 are a conspiracy against him ',?,1 32142596,'Machine Learning COVID 19 2019 nCoV and multi OMICS ',?,1 30593837,'Development of a SYBR green based real time RT PCR assay for rapid detection of the emerging swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus ','Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus SADS CoV is a novel coronavirus which was associated with severe diarrhea disease in pigs SADS CoV was first detected and identified as the causative agent of a devastating swine disease outbreak in southern China in 2017 Routine monitoring and early detection of the source of infection is therefore integral to the prevention and control of SADS CoV infection In this study a SYBR green based real time reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction RT qPCR technique was established for rapid detection and monitoring of this emerging virus Specific primers were designed based on the conserved region within the M gene of the viral genome The lowest detection limit of the RT qPCR assay was 10 copies mL This assay was specific and had no cross reaction with other 11 swine viruses The positive rate of 84 clinical samples for the SYBR green based RT qPCR and the conventional RT PCR was 73 81\% 62 84 and 53 57\% 45 84 respectively These results demonstrated that the SYBR green based RT qPCR technique was an effectively diagnostic method with higher sensitivity than probe based RT qPCR and gel based RT PCR for detection and epidemiological investigations of SADS CoV ',0 31239538,'Virome heterogeneity and connectivity in waterfowl and shorebird communities ','Models of host microbe dynamics typically assume a single host population infected by a single pathogen In reality many hosts form multi species aggregations and may be infected with an assemblage of pathogens We used a meta transcriptomic approach to characterize the viromes of nine avian species in the Anseriformes ducks and Charadriiformes shorebirds This revealed the presence of 27 viral species of which 24 were novel including double stranded RNA viruses Picobirnaviridae and Reoviridae single stranded RNA viruses Astroviridae Caliciviridae Picornaviridae a retro transcribing DNA virus Hepadnaviridae and a single stranded DNA virus Parvoviridae These viruses comprise multi host generalist viruses and those that are host specific indicative of both virome connectivity host sharing and heterogeneity host specificity Virome connectivity was apparent in two well described multi host virus species avian coronavirus and influenza A virus and a novel Rotavirus species that were shared among some Anseriform species while virome heterogeneity was reflected in the absence of viruses shared between Anseriformes and Charadriiformes as well as differences in viral abundance and alpha diversity among species Overall we demonstrate complex virome structures across host species that co exist in multi species aggregations ',0 32196087,'SARS CoV2 should inhibitors of the renin angiotensin system be withdrawn in patients with COVID 19 ',?,1 32170806,'Liver injury during highly pathogenic human coronavirus infections ','The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS Cov 2 the pathogen of 2019 novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 has posed a serious threat to global public health The WHO has declared the outbreak of SARS CoV 2 infection an international public health emergency Lung lesions have been considered as the major damage caused by SARS CoV 2 infection However liver injury has also been reported to occur during the course of the disease in severe cases Similarly previous studies have shown that liver damage was common in the patients infected by the other two highly pathogenic coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV and associated with the severity of diseases In this review the characteristics and mechanism of liver injury caused by SARS CoV MERS CoV as well as SARS CoV 2 infection were summarized which may provide help for further studies on the liver injury of COVID 19 ',1 32168464,'Estimating Risk for Death from 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease China January February 2020 ','Since December 2019 when the first case of 2019 novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 was identified in the city of Wuhan in the Hubei Province of China the epidemic has generated tens of thousands of cases throughout China As of February 28 2020 the cumulative number of reported deaths in China was 2 858 We estimated the time delay adjusted risk for death from COVID 19 in Wuhan as well as for China excluding Wuhan to assess the severity of the epidemic in the country Our estimates of the risk for death in Wuhan reached values as high as 12\% in the epicenter of the epidemic and 1\% in other more mildly affected areas The elevated death risk estimates are probably associated with a breakdown of the healthcare system indicating that enhanced public health interventions including social distancing and movement restrictions should be implemented to bring the COVID 19 epidemic under control ',1 31110623,'Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV in Oman Current Situation and Going Forward ',?,0 31061009,'Perceptions of postoutbreak management by management and healthcare workers of a Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreak in a tertiary care hospital a qualitative study ','This study examines perceptions of the operational and organisational management of a major outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MERS caused by a novel coronavirus MERS CoV in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia KSA Perspectives were sought from key decision makers and clinical staff about the factors perceived to promote and inhibit effective and rapid control of the outbreak ',0 30558354,'CD8+ T Cells Responding to the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Protein Delivered by Vaccinia Virus MVA in Mice ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV a novel infectious agent causing severe respiratory disease and death in humans was first described in 2012 Antibodies directed against the MERS CoV spike S protein are thought to play a major role in controlling MERS CoV infection and in mediating vaccine induced protective immunity In contrast relatively little is known about the role of T cell responses and the antigenic targets of MERS CoV that are recognized by CD8+ T cells In this study the highly conserved MERS CoV nucleocapsid N protein served as a target immunogen to elicit MERS CoV specific cellular immune responses Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara MVA a safety tested strain of vaccinia virus for preclinical and clinical vaccine research was used for generating MVA MERS N expressing recombinant N protein Overlapping peptides spanning the whole MERS CoV N polypeptide were used to identify major histocompatibility complex class I II restricted T cell responses in BALB c mice immunized with MVA MERS N We have identified a H2 d restricted decamer peptide epitope in the MERS N protein with CD8+ T cell antigenicity The identification of this epitope and the availability of the MVA MERS N candidate vaccine will help to evaluate MERS N specific immune responses and the potential immune correlates of vaccine mediated protection in the appropriate murine models of MERS CoV infection ',0 32107577,'Imaging and clinical features of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 ','The pneumonia caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 also called 2019 nCoV recently break out in Wuhan China and was named as COVID 19 With the spread of the disease similar cases have also been confirmed in other regions of China We aimed to report the imaging and clinical characteristics of these patients infected with SARS CoV 2 in Guangzhou China ',1 32145187,'Has China faced only a herald wave of SARS CoV 2 ',?,1 32120913,'Epidemiological Identification of A Novel Pathogen in Real Time Analysis of the Atypical Pneumonia Outbreak in Wuhan China 2019 2020 ','Virological tests have now shown conclusively that a novel coronavirus is causing the 2019 2020 atypical pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan China We demonstrate that non virological descriptive characteristics could have determined that the outbreak is caused by a novel pathogen in advance of virological testing Characteristics of the ongoing outbreak were collected in real time from two medical social media sites These were compared against characteristics of eleven pathogens that have previously caused cases of atypical pneumonia The probability that the current outbreak is due to " Disease X" i e previously unknown etiology as opposed to one of the known pathogens was inferred and this estimate was updated as the outbreak continued The probability expressed as a percentage that Disease X is driving the outbreak was assessed as over 29\% on 31 December 2019 one week before virus identification After some specific pathogens were ruled out by laboratory tests on 5 January 2020 the inferred probability of Disease X was over 49\% We showed quantitatively that the emerging outbreak of atypical pneumonia cases is consistent with causation by a novel pathogen The proposed approach which uses only routinely observed non virological data can aid ongoing risk assessments in advance of virological test results becoming available ',1 30711575,'Repurposing host based therapeutics to control coronavirus and influenza virus ','The development of highly effective antiviral agents has been a major objective in virology and pharmaceutics Drug repositioning has emerged as a cost effective and time efficient alternative approach to traditional drug discovery and development This new shift focuses on the repurposing of clinically approved drugs and promising preclinical drug candidates for the therapeutic development of host based antiviral agents to control diseases caused by coronavirus and influenza virus Host based antiviral agents target host cellular machineries essential for viral infections or innate immune responses to interfere with viral pathogenesis This review discusses current knowledge prospective applications and challenges in the repurposing of clinically approved and preclinically studied drugs for newly indicated antiviral therapeutics ',0 32181302,'Application of the ARIMA model on the COVID 2019 epidemic dataset ','Coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 2019 has been recognized as a global threat and several studies are being conducted using various mathematical models to predict the probable evolution of this epidemic These mathematical models based on various factors and analyses are subject to potential bias Here we propose a simple econometric model that could be useful to predict the spread of COVID 2019 We performed Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average ARIMA model prediction on the Johns Hopkins epidemiological data to predict the epidemiological trend of the prevalence and incidence of COVID 2019 For further comparison or for future perspective case definition and data collection have to be maintained in real time ',1 32197787,'Practical recommendations for the perioperative management of the patient with suspection or serious infection by coronavirus SARS CoV ','In December 2019 the Wuhan Municipal Health and health Commission Hubei Province China reported a series of cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology On January 7 2020 the Chinese authorities identified as a causative agent of the outbreak a new type of virus of the Coronaviridiae family called SARS CoV 2 Since then thounsands of cases have been reported with global dissemination Infections in humans cause a broad clinical spectrum ranging from mild upper respiratory tract infection to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis There is not specific treatment for SARS CoV 2 which is why the fundamental aspects are to establish adequate prevention measures and support treatment and management of complications ',1 32179000,'Long Term Care Facilities and the Coronavirus Epidemic Practical Guidelines for a Population at Highest Risk ',?,1 30688313,'A Fluorogenic Peptide Cleavage Assay to Screen for Proteolytic Activity Applications for coronavirus spike protein activation ','Enveloped viruses such as coronaviruses or influenza virus require proteolytic cleavage of their fusion protein to be able to infect the host cell Often viruses exhibit cell and tissue tropism and are adapted to specific cell or tissue proteases Moreover these viruses can introduce mutations or insertions into their genome during replication that may affect the cleavage and thus can contribute to adaptations to a new host Here we present a fluorogenic peptide cleavage assay that allows a rapid screening of peptides mimicking the cleavage site of viral fusion proteins The technique is very flexible and can be used to investigate the proteolytic activity of a single protease on many different substrates and in addition it also allows exploration of the activity of multiple proteases on one or more peptide substrates In this study we used peptides mimicking the cleavage site motifs of the coronavirus spike protein We tested human and camel derived Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronaviruses MERS CoV to demonstrate that single and double substitutions in the cleavage site can alter the activity of furin and dramatically change cleavage efficiency We also used this method in combination with bioinformatics to test furin cleavage activity of feline coronavirus spike proteins from different serotypes and strains This peptide based method is less labor and time intensive than conventional methods used for the analysis of proteolytic activity for viruses and results can be obtained within a single day ',0 31967321,'Cross species transmission of the newly identified coronavirus 2019 nCoV ','The current outbreak of viral pneumonia in the city of Wuhan China was caused by a novel coronavirus designated 2019 nCoV by the World Health Organization as determined by sequencing the viral RNA genome Many initial patients were exposed to wildlife animals at the Huanan seafood wholesale market where poultry snake bats and other farm animals were also sold To investigate possible virus reservoir we have carried out comprehensive sequence analysis and comparison in conjunction with relative synonymous codon usage RSCU bias among different animal species based on the 2019 nCoV sequence Results obtained from our analyses suggest that the 2019 nCoV may appear to be a recombinant virus between the bat coronavirus and an origin unknown coronavirus The recombination may occurred within the viral spike glycoprotein which recognizes a cell surface receptor Additionally our findings suggest that 2019 nCoV has most similar genetic information with bat coronovirus and most similar codon usage bias with snake Taken together our results suggest that homologous recombination may occur and contribute to the 2019 nCoV cross species transmission ',1 32011673,'Origin and evolution of the 2019 novel coronavirus ',?,1 32120170,'Psychological crisis interventions in Sichuan Province during the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak ',?,1 32202611,'Social Media and Emergency Preparedness in Response to Novel Coronavirus ',?,0 31456086,'Bovine coronavirus in Uruguay genetic diversity risk factors and transboundary introductions from neighboring countries ','Bovine coronavirus BCoV is a recognized cause of severe neonatal calf diarrhea with a negative impact on animal welfare leading to economic losses to the livestock industry Cattle production is one of the most important economic sectors in Uruguay The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of BCoV infections and their genetic diversity in Uruguayan calves and to describe the evolutionary history of the virus in South America The overall detection rate of BCoV in Uruguay was 7 8\% 64 824 7 7\% 60 782 in dairy cattle and 9 5\% 4 42 in beef cattle The detection rate of BCoV in samples from deceased and live calves was 10 0\% 6 60 and 7 6\% 58 763 respectively Interestingly there was a lower frequency of BCoV detection in calves born to vaccinated dams 3 3\% 8 240 than in calves born to unvaccinated dams 12 2\% 32 263 OR 4 02 95\%CI 1 81 8 90 p = 0 00026 The frequency of BCoV detection was higher in colder months 11 8\% 44 373 than in warmer months 1 5\% 3 206 OR 9 05 95\%CI 2 77 29 53 p = 0 000013 Uruguayan strains grouped together in two different lineages one with Argentinean strains and the other with Brazilian strains Both BCoV lineages were estimated to have entered Uruguay in 2013 one of them from Brazil 95\%HPD interval 2011 2014 and the other from Argentina 95\%HPD interval 2010 2014 The lineages differed by four amino acid changes and both were divergent from the Mebus reference strain Surveillance should be maintained to detect possible emerging strains that can clearly diverge at the antigenic level from vaccine strains ',0 32127122,'Letter to the editor Plenty of coronaviruses but no SARS CoV 2 ',?,1 32198986,'Review and Prospect of Pathological Features of Corona Virus Disease ','Since 2003 coronavirus has caused multiple major public health events that resulted in global epidemics such as severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS and corona virus disease 2019 COVID 19 Especially since COVID 19 has outbroken in Wuhan Hubei in December 2019 coronavirus has had a significant impact on people s health and lives But so far the pathological diagnosis of COVID 19 has been relatively deficient it is still confined to the pathological findings of punctured organs and the majority of medical workers have poor awareness of its pathological characteristics The COVID 19 as same as SARS and MERS is caused by coronaviruses and can cause viral pneumonia They have certain similarities This article comprehensively reviews the pathological features observed in the autopsies of the aforementioned three diseases in order to provide reference to the analysis of pathological changes of COVID 19 ',1 31703698,'Epitope based peptide vaccine design and target site depiction against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus an immune informatics study ','Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS COV is the main cause of lung and kidney infections in developing countries such as Saudi Arabia and South Korea This infectious single stranded positive + sense RNA virus enters the host by binding to dipeptidyl peptide receptors Since no vaccine is yet available for MERS COV rapid case identification isolation and infection prevention strategies must be used to combat the spreading of MERS COV infection Additionally there is a desperate need for vaccines and antiviral strategies ',0 32105045,'The coronavirus epidemic will reach Norway ',?,1 31952364,'Increased Detection of Viruses in Children with Respiratory Tract Infection Using PCR ','Respiratory viruses are a common cause of respiratory tract infection RTI particularly in neonates and children Rapid and accurate diagnosis of viral infections could improve clinical outcomes and reduce the use of antibiotics and treatment sessions Advances in diagnostic technology contribute to the accurate detection of viruses We performed a multiplex real time polymerase chain reaction PCR to investigate the viral etiology in pediatric patients and compared the detection rates with those determined using traditional antigen tests and virus cultures Fifteen respiratory viruses were included in our investigation respiratory syncytial virus A B RSV influenza virus A FluA and influenza virus B FluB human metapneumovirus MPV enterovirus EV human parainfluenza virus PIV types 1 4 human rhinovirus RV human coronavirus OC43 NL63 and 229E human adenovirus ADV and human bocavirus Boca In total 474 specimens were collected and tested Respiratory viruses were detected more frequently by PCR 357 75 3\% than they were by traditional tests 229 49 3\% The leading pathogens were RSV 113 23 8\% RV 72 15 2\% PIV3 53 11 2\% FluA 51 10 8\% and ADV 48 10 1\% For children younger than 5 years RSV and RV were most prevalent for children older than 5 years FluA and ADV were the most frequently detected Of the specimens 25 8\% 92 357 were coinfected with two or more viruses RV Boca PIV2 FluB and PIV4 had higher rates of coinfection MPV and PIV1 had the lowest rates of coinfection 9 1\% and 5 3\% To conclude the detection power of PCR was better than that of traditional antigen tests and virus cultures when considering the detection of respiratory viruses RSV and RV were the leading viral pathogens identified in the respiratory specimens One quarter of the positive specimens were coinfected with two or more viruses In the future further application of PCR may contribute to the rapid and accurate diagnosis of respiratory viruses and could improve patient outcomes ',0 32188753,'COVID 19 Knowns Unknowns and Questions ','The recent emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 from the Hubei province in China in late 2019 demonstrates the epidemic potential of coronaviruses The rapid spread of this virus across the world in only 2 months highlights the transmissibility of this family of viruses and the significant morbidity and mortality that they can cause We highlight the current state of knowledge of coronavirus biology while answering questions concerning the current outbreak of SARS CoV 2 ',1 31375588,'Establishment of a Virulent Full Length cDNA Clone for Type I Feline Coronavirus Strain C3663 ','Feline infectious peritonitis FIP is one of the most important infectious diseases in cats and is caused by feline coronavirus FCoV Tissue culture adapted type I FCoV shows reduced FIP induction in experimental infections which complicates the understanding of FIP pathogenesis caused by type I FCoV We previously found that the type I FCoV strain C3663 efficiently induces FIP in specific pathogen free cats through the naturally infectious route In this study we employed a bacterial artificial chromosome based reverse genetics system to gain more insights into FIP caused by the C3633 strain We successfully generated recombinant virus rC3663 from Fcwf 4 cells transfected with infectious cDNA that showed growth kinetics similar to those shown by the parental virus Next we constructed a reporter C3663 virus carrying the nanoluciferase Nluc gene to measure viral replication with high sensitivity The inhibitory effects of different compounds against rC3663 Nluc could be measured within 24 h postinfection Furthermore we found that A72 cells derived from canine fibroblasts permitted FCoV replication without apparent cytopathic effects Thus our reporter virus is useful for uncovering the infectivity of type I FCoV in different cell lines including canine derived cells Surprisingly we uncovered aberrant viral RNA transcription of rC3663 in A72 cells Overall we succeeded in obtaining infectious cDNA clones derived from type I FCoV that retained its virulence Our recombinant FCoVs are powerful tools for increasing our understanding of the viral life cycle and pathogenesis of FIP inducing type I FCoV IMPORTANCE< b> Feline coronavirus FCoV is one of the most significant coronaviruses because this virus induces feline infectious peritonitis FIP which is a lethal disease in cats Tissue culture adapted type I FCoV often loses pathogenicity which complicates research on type I FCoV induced feline infectious peritonitis FIP Since we previously found that type I FCoV strain C3663 efficiently induces FIP in specific pathogen free cats we established a reverse genetics system for the C3663 strain to obtain recombinant viruses in the present study By using a reporter C3663 virus we were able to examine the inhibitory effect of 68 compounds on C3663 replication in Fcwf 4 cells and infectivity in a canine derived cell line Interestingly one canine cell line A72 permitted FCoV replication but with low efficiency and aberrant viral gene expression ',0 31491938,'A Fusion Peptide in the Spike Protein of MERS Coronavirus ','Coronaviruses represent current and emerging threats for many species including humans Middle East respiratory syndrome related coronavirus MERS CoV is responsible for sporadic infections in mostly Middle Eastern countries with occasional transfer elsewhere A key step in the MERS CoV replication cycle is the fusion of the virus and host cell membranes mediated by the virus spike protein S The location of the fusion peptide within the MERS S protein has not been precisely mapped We used isolated peptides and giant unilamellar vesicles GUV to demonstrate membrane binding for a peptide located near the N terminus of the S2 domain Key residues required for activity were mapped by amino acid replacement and their relevance in vitro tested by their introduction into recombinant MERS S protein expressed in mammalian cells Mutations preventing membrane binding in vitro also abolished S mediated syncytium formation consistent with the identified peptide acting as the fusion peptide for the S protein of MERS CoV ',0 32098422,'Systematic Comparison of Two Animal to Human Transmitted Human Coronaviruses SARS CoV 2 and SARS CoV ','After the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS in the world in 2003 human coronaviruses HCoVs have been reported as pathogens that cause severe symptoms in respiratory tract infections Recently a new emerged HCoV isolated from the respiratory epithelium of unexplained pneumonia patients in the Wuhan seafood market caused a major disease outbreak and has been named the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 This virus causes acute lung symptoms leading to a condition that has been named as " coronavirus disease 2019" COVID 19 The emergence of SARS CoV 2 and of SARS CoV caused widespread fear and concern and has threatened global health security There are some similarities and differences in the epidemiology and clinical features between these two viruses and diseases that are caused by these viruses The goal of this work is to systematically review and compare between SARS CoV and SARS CoV 2 in the context of their virus incubation originations diagnosis and treatment methods genomic and proteomic sequences and pathogenic mechanisms ',1 32092388,'Chinese medical personnel against the 2019 nCoV ',?,1 31883085,'Biochemical Characterization of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein Proteolytic Processing ','The coronavirus spike envelope glycoprotein is an essential viral component that mediates virus entry events Biochemical assessment of the spike protein is critical for understanding structure function relationships and the roles of the protein in the viral life cycle Coronavirus spike proteins are typically proteolytically processed and activated by host cell enzymes such as trypsin like proteases cathepsins or proprotein convertases Analysis of coronavirus spike proteins by western blot allows the visualization and assessment of proteolytic processing by endogenous or exogenous proteases Here we present a method based on western blot analysis to investigate spike protein proteolytic cleavage by transient transfection of HEK 293 T cells allowing expression of the spike protein of the highly pathogenic Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the presence or absence of a cellular trypsin like transmembrane serine protease matriptase Such analysis enables the characterization of cleavage patterns produced by a host protease on a coronavirus spike glycoprotein ',0 32048741,'The progress of 2019 novel coronavirus event in China ',?,1 32123994,'Critical care crisis and some recommendations during the COVID 19 epidemic in China ',?,1 31630558,'Viral nucleic acid analysis with PCR in lacrimal tissue and nasal swab samples of primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction cases ','To evaluate the role of viral infections in the pathogenesis of primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction ',0 32144115,'Covid 19 are we getting the communications right ',?,1 32198179,'Covid 19 cases grow in US as Trump pushes promise of a malaria drug ',?,1 30992015,'Expression profile analysis of 5 day old neonatal piglets infected with porcine Deltacoronavirus ','Porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV is a novel coronavirus that can cause diarrhea in nursing piglets This study was aimed to investigate the roles of host differentially expressed genes on metabolic pathways in PDCoV infections ',0 32160299,'Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 Protecting Hospitals From the Invisible ',?,1 31561498,'Genetic Analysis of Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Yellow Chickens in Southern China over the Past Decade Revealing the Changes of Genetic Diversity Dominant Genotypes and Selection Pressure ','The high mutation rates of infectious bronchitis virus IBV pose economic threats to the poultry industry In order to track the genetic evolutionary of IBV isolates circulating in yellow chickens we continued to conduct the genetic analyses of the structural genes S1 E M and N from 64 IBV isolates in southern China during 2009 2017 The results showed that the dominant genotypes based on the four genes had changed when compared with those during 1985 2008 Based on the S1 gene phylogenetic tree LX4 type GI 19 was the most dominant genotype which was different from that during 1985 2008 The second most dominant genotype was LDT3 A type but this genotype disappeared after 2012 New type 1 GVI 1 isolates showed increasing tendency and there were four aa QKEP located in the hypervariable region HVR III and one aa S insertion in all the New type 1 isolates Both the analyses of amino acid entropy and molecular evolutionary rate revealed that the variations from large to small were S1 E M and N Purifying selection was detected in the S1 E M and N gene proteins which was different from the positive selection during 1985 2008 Six isolates were confirmed to be recombinants possibly generated from a vaccine virus of the 4 91 type or LDT3 A type and a circulating virus The estimated times for the most recent common ancestors based on the S1 E M and N genes were the years of 1744 1893 1940 and 1945 respectively Bayesian skyline analysis revealed a sharp decrease in genetic diversity of all the four structural genes after 2010 and since late 2015 the viral population rapidly rose In conclusion the IBVs circulating in southern China over the past decade have experienced a remarkable change in genetic diversity dominant genotypes and selection pressure indicating the importance of permanent monitoring of circulating strains and the urgency for developing new vaccines to counteract the emerging LX4 type and New type IBVs ',0 32125452,'Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID 19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan China ',?,1 31616667,'The Role of EGFR in Influenza Pathogenicity Multiple Network Based Approaches to Identify a Key Regulator of Non lethal Infections ','Despite high sequence similarity between pandemic and seasonal influenza viruses there is extreme variation in host pathogenicity from one viral strain to the next Identifying the underlying mechanisms of variability in pathogenicity is a critical task for understanding influenza virus infection and effective management of highly pathogenic influenza virus disease We applied a network based modeling approach to identify critical functions related to influenza virus pathogenicity using large transcriptomic and proteomic datasets from mice infected with six influenza virus strains or mutants Our analysis revealed two pathogenicity related gene expression clusters these results were corroborated by matching proteomics data We also identified parallel downstream processes that were altered during influenza pathogenesis We found that network bottlenecks nodes that bridge different network regions were highly enriched in pathogenicity related genes while network hubs highly connected network nodes were significantly depleted in these genes We confirmed that this trend persisted in a distinct virus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus SARS The role of epidermal growth factor receptor EGFR in influenza pathogenesis one of the bottleneck regulators with corroborating signals across transcript and protein expression data was tested and validated in additional mouse infection experiments We demonstrate that EGFR is important during influenza infection but the role it plays changes for lethal versus non lethal infections Our results show that by using association networks bottleneck genes that lack hub characteristics can be used to predict a gene s involvement in influenza virus pathogenicity We also demonstrate the utility of employing multiple network approaches for analyzing host response data from viral infections ',0 32135584,' Recommendations for the diagnosis prevention and control of the 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children first interim edition ','2019Nian 12Yue Yi Lai Hu Bei Sheng Wu Yi Shi Bao Fa Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan Liu Xing Yi Qing Hen Kuai Kuo San Xing Shi Yan Jun Sui Zhao Yi Qing Gao Feng Ji Geng Duo Di Qu Kai Zhan Bing Yuan Xue Jian Ce Er Tong Gan Ran Bao Gao Bing Li Shu Zheng Zai Ming Xian Zeng Duo Bei Shou Ge Fang Guan Zhu He Gao Du Zhong Shi Zhong Hua Yi Xue Hui Er Ke Xue Fen Hui He Zhong Hua Er Ke Za Zhi Bian Ji Wei Yuan Hui Zu Zhi Xiang Guan Zhuan Ye Zhuan Jia Zai Zong Jie Bu Fen Er Tong Bing Li Liu Xing Bing Xue Te Zheng He Lin Chuang Ji Bing Te Dian De Ji Chu Shang Zhong Dian Jiu Er Tong Bing Li Zhen Duan Biao Zhun Chu Zhi Liu Cheng Zhi Liao He Fang Kong Deng Ti Chu Jian Yi ',1 32192285,' Explanation of expert recommendations on medical nutrition for patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia ','Dang Qian Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan Jian Cheng Xin Guan Fei Yan Liu Xing Ji Chu Ying Yang Zhuang Kuang Jiao Chai De Lao Nian Ren He Man Bing Huan Zhe Gan Ran Hou Bing Qing Geng Jia Wei Zhong Tu Xian Ying Yang Zhi Liao Geng Jia Zhong Yao Wei Liao Jin Yi Bu Cu Jin Huan Zhe Kang Fu Ti Gao Zhi Liao Xiao Guo Jiang Di Si Wang Lu Zhong Hua Yi Xue Hui Chang Wai Chang Nei Ying Yang Xue Fen Hui CSPEN Ti Chu Liao Yi Xia 10Tiao Guan Yu Xin Guan Fei Yan Huan Zhe De Yi Xue Ying Yang Zhi Liao Zhuan Jia Jian Yi Xian Jiu Ying Yang Zhi Liao Yuan Ze Fang Fa Neng Liang Dan Bai Zhi Zhi Fang Fei Dan Bai Gong Neng Bi Ye Ti Liang Wei Liang Ying Yang Su Mian Yi Ying Yang Su Xiao Guo De Jian Ce Jin Xing Liao Jie Du Yi Li Yu Lin Chuang Yi Sheng Zai Zhi Liao Xin Guan Fei Yan Shi Ying Yong ',1 32161990,'Prevalence and impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID 19 in China ','Studies have reminded that cardiovascular metabolic comorbidities made patients more susceptible to suffer 2019 novel corona virus 2019 nCoV disease COVID 19 and exacerbated the infection The aim of this analysis is to determine the association of cardiovascular metabolic diseases with the development of COVID 19 ',1 31434175,'Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Encoded Accessory Proteins Impair MDA5 and TBK1 Mediated Activation of NF kB ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV is a newly emerging coronavirus which is zoonotic from bats and camels Its infection in humans can be fatal especially in patients with preexisting conditions due to smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD Among the 25 proteins encoded by MERS CoV 5 accessory proteins seem to be involved in viral evasion of the host immune responses Here we report that ORF4a ORF4b and ORF8b proteins alone or in combination effectively antagonize nuclear factor kappa B NF kB activation Interestingly the inhibition of NF kB by MERS CoV accessory proteins was mostly at the level of pattern recognition receptors melanoma differentiationassociated gene 5 MDA5 ORF4a and ORF4b additively inhibit MDA5 mediated activation of NF kB while that of retinoic acid inducible gene 1 RIG I is largely not perturbed Of note ORF8b was found to be a novel antagonist of MDA5 mediated NF kkB activation In addition ORF8b also strongly inhibits Tank binding kinase 1 TBK1 mediated induction of NF kB signaling Taken together MERS CoV accessory proteins are involved in viral escape of NF kB mediated antiviral immune responses ',0 30637649,'Evaluation on the efficacy and immunogenicity of recombinant DNA plasmids expressing S gene from porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and VP7 gene from porcine rotavirus ','Porcine rotavirus PoRV and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV usually co infect pigs in modern large scale piggery which both can cause severe diarrhea in newborn piglets and lead to significant economic losses to the pig industry The VP7 protein is the main coat protein of PoRV and the S protein is the main structural protein of PEDV which are capable of inducing neutralizing antibodies in vivo In this study a DNA vaccine pPI 2 EGFP VP7 S co expressing VP7 protein of PoRV and S protein of PEDV was constructed Six 8 week old mice were immunized with the recombinant plasmid pPI 2 EGFP VP7 S The high humoral immune responses virus specific antibody and cellular immune responses IFN g IL 4 and spleen lymphocyte proliferation were evaluated The immune effect through intramuscular injection increased with plasmid dose when compared with subcutaneous injection The immune enhancing effect of IFN a adjuvant was excellent compared with pig spleen transfer factor and IL 12 adjuvant These results demonstrated that pPI 2 EGFP VP7 S possess the immunological functions of the VP7 proteins of PoRV and S proteins of PEDV indicating that pPI 2 EGFP VP7 S is a candidate vaccine for porcine rotaviral infection PoR and porcine epidemic diarrhea PED ',0 31743644,'Membrane Cholesterol Modulates Oligomeric Status and Peptide Membrane Interaction of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Fusion Peptide ','The N terminal fusion peptide residues 770 788 of an S2 glycoprotein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV exposed upon receptor binding is crucial for virus entry into the host cell The fusion peptide alters the membrane organization and dynamics of the host membrane to facilitate membrane fusion Generally the effect of the fusion peptide on the membrane is sensitive to the lipid composition of target membranes In the present work we have utilized steady state and time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy in tandem with circular dichroism spectroscopy to elucidate the binding oligomeric status and secondary structure of the fusion peptide and its impact on the depth dependent membrane organization and dynamics We have used depth dependent fluorescence probes 1 6 diphenyl 1 3 5 hexatriene DPH and its trimethylammonium derivative TMA DPH to evaluate the effect of the peptide binding along the bilayer normal We have exploited the energy transfer efficiency of tryptophan between TMA DPH and DPH to determine the relative location of the solitary tryptophan present in the membrane bound fusion peptide We have further evaluated the effect of membrane cholesterol on the binding and organization of the peptide and the impact of peptide binding on the depth dependent physical properties of the membrane at various cholesterol concentrations Our results clearly demonstrate that the membrane cholesterol alters the oligomeric status of the membrane bound peptide and the effect of peptide binding on the depth dependent membrane organization and dynamics The role of cholesterol is important as the eukaryotic host cells contain a good amount of cholesterol that might be important for the entry of pathogenic viruses ',0 32197059,'Early Introduction of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 into Europe ','Early infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in Europe were detected in travelers from Wuhan China in January 2020 In 1 tour group 5 of 30 members were ill 3 cases were laboratory confirmed In addition a healthcare worker was infected This event documents early importation and subsequent spread of the virus in Europe ',1 31986258,'Data sharing and outbreaks best practice exemplified ',?,0 32179660,'Epidemiological Characteristics of 2143 Pediatric Patients With 2019 Coronavirus Disease in China ',?,1 32125269,'Community Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Shenzhen China 2020 ','Since early January 2020 after the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in Wuhan China 365 confirmed cases have been reported in Shenzhen China The mode of community and intrafamily transmission is threatening residents in Shenzhen Strategies to strengthen prevention and interruption of these transmissions should be urgently addressed ',1 31925415,'Ribavirin and Interferon Therapy for Critically Ill Patients With Middle East Respiratory Syndrome A Multicenter Observational Study ','The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of ribavirin and recombinant interferon RBV rIFN therapy on the outcomes of critically ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS accounting for time varying confounders ',0 32142885,'Association between 2019 nCoV transmission and N95 respirator use ',?,1 32032497,'Evolution of CT Manifestations in a Patient Recovered from 2019 Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV Pneumonia in Wuhan China ',?,1 30878524,'A complete protocol for whole genome sequencing of virus from clinical samples Application to coronavirus OC43 ','Genome sequencing of virus has become a useful tool for better understanding of virus pathogenicity and epidemiological surveillance Obtaining virus genome sequence directly from clinical samples is still a challenging task due to the low load of virus genetic material compared to the host DNA and to the difficulty to get an accurate genome assembly Here we introduce a complete sequencing and analyzing protocol called V ASAP for Virus Amplicon Sequencing Assembly Pipeline Our protocol is able to generate the viral dominant genome sequence starting from clinical samples It is based on a multiplex PCR amplicon sequencing coupled with a reference free analytical pipeline This protocol was applied to 11 clinical samples infected with coronavirus OC43 HcoV OC43 and led to seven complete and two nearly complete genome assemblies The protocol introduced here is shown to be robust to produce a reliable sequence and could be applied to other virus ',0 32052466,'Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China A systematic review ','An outbreak of a novel coronavirus COVID 19 or 2019 CoV infection has posed significant threats to international health and the economy In the absence of treatment for this virus there is an urgent need to find alternative methods to control the spread of disease Here we have conducted an online search for all treatment options related to coronavirus infections as well as some RNA virus infection and we have found that general treatments coronavirus specific treatments and antiviral treatments should be useful in fighting COVID 19 We suggest that the nutritional status of each infected patient should be evaluated before the administration of general treatments and the current children s RNA virus vaccines including influenza vaccine should be immunized for uninfected people and health care workers In addition convalescent plasma should be given to COVID 19 patients if it is available In conclusion we suggest that all the potential interventions be implemented to control the emerging COVID 19 if the infection is uncontrollable ',1 31452044,'Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus encoded ORF8b strongly antagonizes IFN b promoter activation its implication for vaccine design ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV is a causative agent of severe to fatal pneumonia especially in patients with pre existing conditions such as smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD MERS CoV transmission continues to be reported in the Saudi Arabian Peninsula since its discovery in 2012 However it has rarely been epidemic outside the area except one large outbreak in South Korea in May 2015 The genome of the epidemic MERS CoV isolated from a Korean patient revealed its homology to previously reported strains MERS CoV encodes 5 accessory proteins and generally they do not participate in the genome transcription and replication but rather are involved in viral evasion of the host innate immune responses Here we report that ORF8b an accessory protein of MERS CoV strongly inhibits both MDA5 and RIG I mediated activation of interferon beta promoter activity while downstream signaling molecules were left largely unaffected Of note MDA5 protein levels were significantly down regulated by ORF8b and co expression of ORF4a and ORF4b These novel findings will facilitate elucidation of mechanisms of virus encoded evasion strategies thus helping design rationale antiviral countermeasures against deadly MERS CoV infection ',0 31775191,'Causative agents and epidemiology of diarrhea in Korean native calves ','Calf diarrhea caused by infectious agents is associated with economic losses in the cattle industry The purpose of this study was to identify the causative agents and epidemiological characteristics of diarrhea in Korean native calves KNC In total 207 diarrheal KNC aged less than 7 months were investigated Fecal samples collected from the rectum were examined for causative agents using polymerase chain reaction PCR or real time PCR and the number of oocysts were counted Fourteen causative agents were detected from 164 of the 207 diarrheal KNC Rotavirus was the most common agent 34 8\% followed by Eimeria< i> spp 31 7\% Escherichia coli< i> 22 0\% Giardia< i> spp 14 0\% Clostridium difficile< i> 9 8\% bovine viral diarrhea virus 8 5\% coronavirus 7 9\% Cryptosporidium< i> spp 7 3\% torovirus 6 7\% parvovirus 5 5\% norovirus 4 9\% kobuvirus 1 8\% adenovirus 1 2\% and Salmonella< i> spp 0 6\% About 95 57 9\% of 164 calves were infected with a single causative agent and 42 1\% were infected by multiple agents No significant difference was observed in mortality between calves infected with a single agent and multiple agents The occurrence of diarrhea caused by rotavirus Eimeria< i> spp kobuvirus and Giardia< i> spp was significantly different based on onset age and the prevalence of diarrhea caused by rotavirus or C difficile< i> was significantly different between seasons This study help the understanding of KNC diarrhea for the development of an effective strategy for disease prevention and control especially in Eastern provinces of South Korea ',0 31943059,'Pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Wuhan China potential for international spread via commercial air travel ','There is currently an outbreak of pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Wuhan China Although there are still several unanswered questions about this infection we evaluate the potential for international dissemination of this disease via commercial air travel should the outbreak continue ',1 32070753,'Chloroquine for the 2019 novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 ',?,1 32178716,'Coronavirus just imagine ',?,1 32022275,'The first two cases of 2019 nCoV in Italy Where they come from ','A novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV has been identified as the causal pathogen of an ongoing epidemic with the first cases reported in Wuhan China last December 2019 and has since spread to other countries worldwide included Europe and very recently Italy In this short report phylogenetic reconstruction was used to better understand the transmission dynamics of the virus from its first introduction in China focusing on the more recent evidence of infection in a couple of Chinese tourists arrived in Italy on 23rd January 2020 and labeled as Coronavirus Italian cases A maximum clade credibility tree has been built using a dataset of 54 genome sequences of 2019 nCoV plus two closely related bat strains SARS like CoV available in GenBank Bayesian time scaled phylogenetic analysis was implemented in BEAST 1 10 4 The Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction showed that 2019 2020 nCoV firstly introduced in Wuhan on 25 November 2019 started epidemic transmission reaching many countries worldwide including Europe and Italy where the two strains isolated dated back 19 January 2020 the same that the Chinese tourists arrived in Italy Strains isolated outside China were intermixed with strains isolated in China as evidence of likely imported cases in Rome Italy and Europe as well In conclusion this report suggests that further spread of 2019 nCoV epidemic was supported by human mobility and that quarantine of suspected or diagnosed cases is useful to prevent further transmission Viral genome phylogenetic analysis represents a useful tool for the evaluation of transmission dynamics and preventive action ',1 30735813,'Geographical structure of bat SARS related coronaviruses ','Bats are the natural reservoirs of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV which caused the outbreak of human SARS in 2002 2003 We introduce the genetic diversity of SARS related coronaviruses SARSr CoVs discovered in bats and provide insights on the bat origin of human SARS We also analyze the viral geographical structure that may improve our understanding of the evolution of bat SARSr CoVs ',0 31959375,'The risk factors associated with MERS CoV patient fatality A global survey ','Risk factors associated with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV infection outcome were established by analyses of WHO data from September 23 2012 to 18 June 2018 Of the 2220 reported cases 1408 cases including 451 MERS CoV deaths were analyzed The case fatality rate was 32\% 95\% CI 29 4 34 5 Compared to MERS patients 30 years old those with > 30 years had the adjusted odds ratio estimate for death of 2 38 95\% CI 1 75 3 22 This index was 1 43 95\% CI 1 06 1 92 for Saudi patients in comparison to non Saudi 1 76 95\% CI 1 39 2 22 for patient with comorbidity in comparison to those without comorbidity 0 58 95\% CI 0 44 0 75 for those who had close contact to a camel in the past 14 days and 0 42 95\% CI 0 31 0 57 for patients with > 14 days with onset of signs and hospital admission compared to patients with 14 days ',0 32127126,'Latest assessment on COVID 19 from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC ',?,1 31569783,'Mucosal Immune Response to Feline Enteric Coronavirus Infection ','Feline infectious peritonitis is a devastating fatal disease of domestic cats caused by a pathogenic mutant virus derived from the ubiquitous feline enteric coronavirus FECV Infection by FECV is generally subclinical and little is known about the mucosal immune response that controls and eliminates the virus We investigated the mucosal immune response against FECV in an endemically infected breeding colony over a seven month period Thirty three cats were grouped according to FECV seropositivity and fecal virus shedding into naive immunologically quiescent convalescent and actively infected groups Blood fecal samples and colon biopsies were collected to assess the mucosal and systemic immunologic and virologic profile Results showed that cats with active FECV infections have strong systemic IgG and mucosal IgA responses that wane after virus clearance Significant FECV specific mucosal T cell IFNg responses were not detected in any of the three groups A shift toward an inflammatory state in the mucosa was suggested by increased IL17 FoxP3 expression However no histologic abnormalities were observed and no shifts in lymphocyte subpopulation phenotype or proliferation were noted Together the results suggest that control of FECV is mediated by humoral mucosal and systemic responses and that perturbations in the primary reservoir organ colon are minimal ',0 32026671,' Analysis of clinical features of 29 patients with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia ','Objective < b> To analyze the clinical characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV pneumonia and to investigate the correlation between serum inflammatory cytokines and severity of the disease Methods < b> 29 patients with 2019 ncov admitted to the isolation ward of Tongji hospital affiliated to Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in January 2020 were selected as the study subjects Clinical data were collected and the general information clinical symptoms blood test and CT imaging characteristics were analyzed According to the relevant diagnostic criteria the patients were divided into three groups mild 15 cases severe 9 cases and critical 5 cases The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and other markers in the serum of each group were detected and the changes of these indicators of the three groups were compared and analyzed as well as their relationship with the clinical classification of the disease Results < b> 1 The main symptoms of 2019 nCoV pneumonia was fever 28 29 with or without respiratory and other systemic symptoms Two patients died with underlying disease and co bacterial infection respectively 2 The blood test of the patients showed normal or decreased white blood cell count 23 29 decreased lymphocyte count 20 29 increased hypersensitive C reactive protein hs CRP 27 29 and normal procalcitonin In most patients serum lactate dehydrogenase LDH was significantly increased 20 29 while albumin was decreased 15 29 Alanine aminotransferase ALT aspartate aminotransferase AST total bilirubin Tbil serum creatinine Scr and other items showed no significant changes 3 CT findings of typical cases were single or multiple patchy ground glass shadows accompanied by septal thickening When the disease progresses the lesion increases and the scope expands and the ground glass shadow coexists with the solid shadow or the stripe shadow 4 There were statistically significant differences in the expression levels of interleukin 2 receptor IL 2R and IL 6 in the serum of the three groups P< 0 05 among which the critical group was higher than the severe group and the severe group was higher than the mildgroup However there were no statistically significant differences in serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha TNF a IL 1 IL 8 IL 10 hs CRP lymphocyte count and LDH among the three groups P> 0 05 Conclusion < b> The clinical characteristics of 2019 nCoV pneumonia are similar to those of common viral pneumonia High resolution CT is of great value in the differential diagnosis of this disease The increased expression of IL 2R and IL 6 in serum is expected to predict the severity of the 2019 nCoV pneumonia and the prognosis of patients ',1 32119980,'Is Africa prepared for tackling the COVID 19 SARS CoV 2 epidemic Lessons from past outbreaks ongoing pan African public health efforts and implications for the future ',?,1 32081569,'Community pharmacist in public health emergencies Quick to action against the coronavirus 2019 nCoV outbreak ','The 2019 nCoV infection that is caused by a novel strain of coronavirus was first detected in China in the end of December 2019 and declared a public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization on January 30 2020 Community pharmacists in one of the first areas that had confirmed cases of the viral infection Macau joined the collaborative force in supporting the local health emergency preparedness and response arrangements This paper aimed to improve the understanding of community pharmacists role in case of 2019 CoV outbreak based on the practical experiences in consultation with the recommendations made by the International Pharmaceutical Federation on the Coronavirus 2019 nCoV outbreak ',1 32110742,'Real time forecasts of the COVID 19 epidemic in China from February 5th to February 24th 2020 ','The initial cluster of severe pneumonia cases that triggered the COVID 19 epidemic was identified in Wuhan China in December 2019 While early cases of the disease were linked to a wet market human to human transmission has driven the rapid spread of the virus throughout China The Chinese government has implemented containment strategies of city wide lockdowns screening at airports and train stations and isolation of suspected patients however the cumulative case count keeps growing every day The ongoing outbreak presents a challenge for modelers as limited data are available on the early growth trajectory and the epidemiological characteristics of the novel coronavirus are yet to be fully elucidated We use phenomenological models that have been validated during previous outbreaks to generate and assess short term forecasts of the cumulative number of confirmed reported cases in Hubei province the epicenter of the epidemic and for the overall trajectory in China excluding the province of Hubei We collect daily reported cumulative confirmed cases for the 2019 nCoV outbreak for each Chinese province from the National Health Commission of China Here we provide 5 10 and 15 day forecasts for five consecutive days February 5th through February 9th with quantified uncertainty based on a generalized logistic growth model the Richards growth model and a sub epidemic wave model Our most recent forecasts reported here based on data up until February 9 2020 largely agree across the three models presented and suggest an average range of 7409 7496 additional confirmed cases in Hubei and 1128 1929 additional cases in other provinces within the next five days Models also predict an average total cumulative case count between 37 415 and 38 028 in Hubei and 11 588 13 499 in other provinces by February 24 2020 Mean estimates and uncertainty bounds for both Hubei and other provinces have remained relatively stable in the last three reporting dates February 7th 9th We also observe that each of the models predicts that the epidemic has reached saturation in both Hubei and other provinces Our findings suggest that the containment strategies implemented in China are successfully reducing transmission and that the epidemic growth has slowed in recent days ',1 32142226,'Why Your Rural Patients May Know More About Coronavirus Than You ',?,1 32191691,'Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Surveillance and Containment Measures for the First 100 Patients with COVID 19 in Singapore January 2 February 29 2020 ','Coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 was first reported in Wuhan China in December 2019 and has since spread globally resulting in > 95 000 confirmed COVID 19 cases worldwide by March 5 2020 1 Singapore adopted a multipronged surveillance strategy that included applying the case definition at medical consults tracing contacts of patients with laboratory confirmed COVID 19 enhancing surveillance among different patient groups all patients with pneumonia hospitalized patients in intensive care units ICUs with possible infectious diseases primary care patients with influenza like illness and deaths from possible infectious etiologies and allowing clinician discretion i e option to order a test based on clinical suspicion even if the case definition was not met to identify COVID 19 patients Containment measures including patient isolation and quarantine active monitoring of contacts border controls and community education and precautions were performed to minimize disease spread As of March 5 2020 a total of 117 COVID 19 cases had been identified in Singapore This report analyzes the first 100 COVID 19 patients in Singapore to determine the effectiveness of the surveillance and containment measures COVID 19 patients were classified by the primary means by which they were detected Application of the case definition and contact tracing identified 73 patients 16 were detected by enhanced surveillance and 11 were identified by laboratory testing based on providers clinical discretion Effectiveness of these measures was assessed by calculating the 7 day moving average of the interval from symptom onset to isolation in hospital or quarantine which indicated significant decreasing trends for both local and imported COVID 19 cases Rapid identification and isolation of cases quarantine of close contacts and active monitoring of other contacts have been effective in suppressing expansion of the outbreak and have implications for other countries experiencing outbreaks ',1 32159254,'Where are we now with COVID 19 ',?,1 32160997,'Covid 19 China s president Xi visits Wuhan amid confidence that virus is under control ',?,1 32098302,'Emergence of Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV Need for Rapid Vaccine and Biologics Development ','Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV is an emerging pathogen that was first identified in Wuhan China in late December 2019 This virus is responsible for the ongoing outbreak that causes severe respiratory illness and pneumonia like infection in humans Due to the increasing number of cases in China and outside China the WHO declared coronavirus as a global health emergency Nearly 35 000 cases were reported and at least 24 other countries or territories have reported coronavirus cases as early on as February Inter human transmission was reported in a few countries including the United States Neither an effective anti viral nor a vaccine is currently available to treat this infection As the virus is a newly emerging pathogen many questions remain unanswered regarding the virus s reservoirs pathogenesis transmissibility and much more is unknown The collaborative efforts of researchers are needed to fill the knowledge gaps about this new virus to develop the proper diagnostic tools and effective treatment to combat this infection Recent advancements in plant biotechnology proved that plants have the ability to produce vaccines or biopharmaceuticals rapidly in a short time In this review the outbreak of 2019 nCoV in China the need for rapid vaccine development and the potential of a plant system for biopharmaceutical development are discussed ',1 32034638,'Compensation of ACE2 Function for Possible Clinical Management of 2019 nCoV Induced Acute Lung Injury ',?,1 32172908,'Equine Coronavirus Associated Colitis in Horses A Retrospective Study ','Equine coronavirus ECoV is a known cause of fever anorexia and lethargy in adult horses Although there are multiple reports of ECoV outbreaks less is known about the clinical presentation of individual horses during a nonoutbreak situation The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical presentation of horses diagnosed with ECoV infection that were not associated with an outbreak Medical records of all horses admitted to Washington State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital during an 8 year period were reviewed 2010 2018 The five horses included in this study were older than 1 year of age were diagnosed with colitis tested positive for ECoV using real time polymerase chain reaction and were negative to other enteric pathogens Interestingly 4 of 5 horses had moderate to severe diarrhea 3 had abnormal large colon ultrasonography 2 had transient ventricular tachycardia and 2 had clinicopathologic evidence of liver dysfunction ECoV should be included as a differential diagnosis for individual horses presenting with anorexia fever lethargy and colitis Early identification of ECoV cases is key to implement appropriate biosecurity measures to prevent the potential spread of this disease ',0 32146924,'Toning down the 2019 nCoV media hype and restoring hope ',?,1 30859476,'Biological characterization and pathogenicity of a newly isolated Chinese highly virulent genotype GIIa porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain ','Since 2010 continual outbreaks of highly virulent variants of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV belonging to genotype GII have led to serious economic losses for the Chinese swine industry To better understand the biological characteristics and pathogenicity of the current prevalent Chinese PEDV field strains in this study a highly virulent Chinese genotype GIIa PEDV strain CH HBXT 2018 was isolated and serially propagated using Vero cells Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that strain CH HBXT 2018 contained novel insertion and deletion mutations in the S gene region relative to the classical strain and belonged to the genotype GIIa similar to other recently isolated PEDV strains from China and the United States Pig infection studies indicated that the CH HBXT 2018 strain was highly virulent in suckling piglets and the median pig diarrhea dose PDD50< sub> was 8 63 log10< sub>PDD50< sub> 3 mL at 7 days postinfection DPI The results of the present study are important for future PEDV challenge studies and the development of new PEDV vaccines based on prevalent field strains for the prevention and control of PED in China ',0 32096396,' Surgical treatment strategy for digestive system malignancies during the outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia ','The outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia occurred in Wuhan Hubei province of China at the end of 2019 and spread rapidly across the country After the outbreak of this disease the overwhelming majority of cities have launched the " first level response" and the regular diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients are greatly affected The digestive systemic cancer is the most common malignancy Most patients are diagnosed in the advanced stage with poor prognosis The epidemic of novel coronavirus pneumonia poses new challenges to diagnosis and treatment of the patients with digestive system malignancies Based on the fully understanding of the characteristics of digestive system tumors we should change the treatment strategy and adopt more reasonable treatment strategy timely during the epidemic period to minimize the adverse effects of the epidemic of novel coronavirus pneumonia on the treatment ',1 32005536,'Finding equipoise CEPI revises its equitable access policy ','Launched at Davos in January 2017 with funding from sovereign investors and philanthropic institutions the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations CEPI is an innovative partnership between public private philanthropic and civil organisations whose mission is to stimulate finance and co ordinate vaccine development against diseases with epidemic potential in cases where market incentives fail As of December 2019 CEPI has committed to investing up to 706 million in vaccine development This includes 19 vaccine candidates against its priority pathogens Lassa fever virus Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus Nipah virus Chikungunya Rift Valley fever and three vaccine platforms to develop vaccines against Disease X a novel or unanticipated pathogen As an entity largely supported by public funds ensuring equitable access to vaccines whose development it supports in low and middle income countries is CEPI s primary focus CEPI developed an initial equitable access policy shortly after its formation with key stakeholders expressing strong views about its content and prescriptive nature The CEPI board instructed that it be revisited after a year This paper describes the process of revising the policy and how key issues were resolved CEPI will continue to take an iterative rather than prescriptive approach to its policy one that reflects the needs of multiple stakeholders and ensures it can meet its equitable access goals ',0 31099550,'Novel Gold Nanorod Based HR1 Peptide Inhibitor for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV causes a severe acute respiratory syndrome like illness with high pathogenicity and mortality due to the lack of effective therapeutics Currently only few antiviral agents are available for the treatment of MERS but their effects have been greatly impaired by low antiviral activity poor metabolic stability and serious adverse effects Therefore the development of effective treatment for MERS is urgently needed In this study a series of heptad repeat 1 HR1 peptide inhibitors have been developed to inhibit HR1 HR2 mediated membrane fusion between MERS CoV and host cells which is the major pathway of MERS CoV induced host infections Particularly peptide pregnancy induced hypertension PIH exhibits potent inhibitory activity with IC50< sub> of 1 171 mM and its inhibitory effects can be further increased to 10 fold by forming a gold nanorod complex PIH AuNRs In addition PIH AuNRs display enhanced metabolic stability and biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo and therefore effectively prevent MERS CoV associated membrane fusion In summary PIH AuNRs represent a novel class of antiviral agents and have a great potential in treating MERS in the clinic ',0 30866764,'Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in non camelid domestic mammals ','Dromedary camels are natural host of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV However there are limited studies of MERS CoV infection of other domestic mammals exposed to infected dromedaries We expanded our surveillance among camels in Egypt Tunisia and Senegal to include other domestic mammalian species in contact with infected camels A total of 820 sera and 823 nasal swabs from cattle sheep goats donkeys buffaloes mules and horses were collected Swabs were tested using RT PCR and virus RNA positive samples were genetically sequenced and phylogenetically analysed Sera were screened using virus microneutralization tests and positive sera where available were confirmed using plaque reduction neutralization tests PRNT We detected 90\% PRNT confirmed MERS CoV antibody in 35 55 6\% of 63 sera from sheep collected from Senegal two sheep 1 8\% of 114 in Tunisia and a goat 0 9\% of 107 in Egypt with titres ranging from 1 80 to 1 320 We detected MERS CoV RNA in swabs from three sheep 1 2\% of 254 and five goats 4 1\% of 121 from Egypt and Senegal as well as one cow 1 9\% of 53 and three donkeys 7 1\% of 42 from Egypt Partial sequences of the RT PCR amplicons confirmed specificity of the results This study showed that domestic livestock in contact with MERS CoV infected camels may be at risk of infection We recommend expanding current MERS CoV surveillance in animals to include other livestock in close contact with dromedary camels The segregation of camels from other livestock in farms and live animal markets may need to be considered ',0 31082732,'The ER stress sensor IRE1 and MAP kinase ERK modulate autophagy induction in cells infected with coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus ','Coronavirus infection induces the generation of autophagosomes and certain host proteins regulating cellular autophagy are hijacked by some coronaviruses to facilitate the formation of double membrane vesicles However mechanisms underlying coronavirus induced autophagy remain largely unknown In this study we demonstrate that autophagosome formation and apparent autophagic flux are induced in cells infected with infectious bronchitis virus IBV a gammacoronavirus Notably IBV induced autophagy was dependent on autophagy related 5 ATG5 but not beclin1 BECN1 although both are essential proteins in the canonical autophagy pathway Moreover the ER stress sensor inositol requiring enzyme 1 IRE1 but not its substrate X box protein 1 XBP1 was also essential for the induction of autophagy during IBV infection Finally the anti apoptotic extracellular signal regulated kinase 1 2 ERK1 2 also contributed to IBV induced autophagy Our findings add new knowledge to the regulatory mechanisms governing coronavirus induced autophagy highlighting an extensive cross talk among cellular signaling pathways during coronavirus infection ',0 32105052,' Surgical treatment for esophageal cancer during the outbreak of COVID 19 ','Since December 2019 unexplained pneumonia has appeared in Wuhan City Hubei Province and a new type of coronavirus infection was confirmed as COVID 19 COVID 19 spread rapidly nationwide and abroad The COVID 19 has brought huge impacts to all the people and walks of life especially to the medical and health systems It has also brought great challenges to the treatment of patients with cancer Esophageal cancer is a common malignant tumor in China and most of the patients are in the middle and advanced stage when diagnosed with immunosuppressive and poor prognosis The selection of surgical procedures and perioperative managements of esophageal cancer require all thoracic surgeons work together to figure out a reasonable system of surgical treatment and emergency response ',1 32194152,'Aminoquinolines Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 Chloroquine or Hydroxychloroquine ',?,1 32107295,'A 25 Year Old Sample Contributes the Complete Genome Sequence of Avian Coronavirus< i> Vaccine Strain ArkDPI Reisolated from Commercial Broilers in the United States ','Here we report the complete genome sequence of Avian coronavirus< i> strain ArkDPI of the GI 9 lineage isolated from broiler chickens in North Georgia in 1994 This is the complete genome sequence of this vaccine strain reisolated from broilers in the United States ',0 32007145,'Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus implications for virus origins and receptor binding ','In late December 2019 patients presenting with viral pneumonia due to an unidentified microbial agent were reported in Wuhan China A novel coronavirus was subsequently identified as the causative pathogen provisionally named 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV As of Jan 26 2020 more than 2000 cases of 2019 nCoV infection have been confirmed most of which involved people living in or visiting Wuhan and human to human transmission has been confirmed ',1 32145768,'Can we contain the COVID 19 outbreak with the same measures as for SARS ','The severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS outbreak in 2003 resulted in more than 8000 cases and 800 deaths SARS was eventually contained by means of syndromic surveillance prompt isolation of patients strict enforcement of quarantine of all contacts and in some areas top down enforcement of community quarantine By interrupting all human to human transmission SARS was effectively eradicated By contrast by Feb 28 2020 within a matter of 2 months since the beginning of the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 more than 82 000 confirmed cases of COVID 19 have been reported with more than 2800 deaths Although there are striking similarities between SARS and COVID 19 the differences in the virus characteristics will ultimately determine whether the same measures for SARS will also be successful for COVID 19 COVID 19 differs from SARS in terms of infectious period transmissibility clinical severity and extent of community spread Even if traditional public health measures are not able to fully contain the outbreak of COVID 19 they will still be effective in reducing peak incidence and global deaths Exportations to other countries need not result in rapid large scale outbreaks if countries have the political will to rapidly implement countermeasures ',1 32078967,'Coronaphobia Fear and the 2019 nCoV outbreak ',?,1 30867314,'The Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus Envelope Protein Alters Golgi pH To Protect the Spike Protein and Promote the Release of Infectious Virus ','Coronaviruses CoVs assemble by budding into the lumen of the early Golgi complex prior to exocytosis The small CoV envelope E protein plays roles in assembly virion release and pathogenesis CoV E has a single hydrophobic domain HD is targeted to Golgi membranes and has cation channel activity in vitro< i> The E protein from avian infectious bronchitis virus IBV has dramatic effects on the secretory system which require residues in the HD Mutation of the HD of IBV E in a recombinant virus background results in impaired growth kinetics impaired release of infectious virions accumulation of IBV spike S protein on the plasma membrane compared to wild type WT IBV infected cells and aberrant cleavage of IBV S on virions We previously reported the formation of two distinct oligomeric pools of IBV E in transfected and infected cells Disruption of the secretory pathway by IBV E correlates with a form that is likely monomeric suggesting that the effects on the secretory pathway are independent of E ion channel activity Here we present evidence suggesting that the monomeric form of IBV E correlates with an increased Golgi luminal pH Infection with IBV or expression of IBV E induces neutralization of Golgi pH promoting a model in which IBV E alters the secretory pathway through interaction with host cell factors protecting IBV S from premature cleavage and leading to the efficient release of infectious virus from the cells This is the first demonstration of a coronavirus induced alteration in the microenvironment of the secretory pathway IMPORTANCE< b> Coronaviruses are important human pathogens with significant zoonotic potential Progress has been made toward identifying potential vaccine candidates for highly pathogenic human CoVs including the use of attenuated viruses that lack the CoV E protein or express E mutants However no approved vaccines or antiviral therapeutics exist Understanding the role of the CoV E protein in virus assembly and release is thus an important prerequisite for potential vaccines as well as in identifying novel antiviral therapeutics ',0 32141570,'Novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV prevalence biological and clinical characteristics comparison with SARS CoV and MERS CoV ','Human infections with zoonotic coronavirus contain emerging and reemerging pathogenic characteristics which have raised great public health concern This study aimed at investigating the global prevalence biological and clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus Wuhan China 2019 nCoV Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus SARS CoV and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV infection outbreaks ',1 32161107,'New coronavirus outbreak Framing questions for pandemic prevention ','We need to understand and quantify the dominant variables that govern the SARS CoV 2 outbreak rather than relying exclusively on confirmed cases and their geospatial spread ',1 32171450,'Identification of potential cross protective epitope between a new type of coronavirus 2019 nCoV and severe acute respiratory syndrome virus ',?,1 32188602,'Covid 19 all non urgent elective surgery is suspended for at least three months in England ',?,1 32046815,'Laboratory readiness and response for novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV in expert laboratories in 30 EU EEA countries January 2020 ','Timely detection of novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV infection cases is crucial to interrupt the spread of this virus We assessed the required expertise and capacity for molecular detection of 2019 nCoV in specialised laboratories in 30 European Union European Economic Area EU EEA countries Thirty eight laboratories in 24 EU EEA countries had diagnostic tests available by 29 January 2020 A coverage of all EU EEA countries was expected by mid February Availability of primers probes positive controls and personnel were main implementation barriers ',1 32180426,'An Analysis of 38 Pregnant Women with COVID 19 Their Newborn Infants and Maternal Fetal Transmission of SARS CoV 2 Maternal Coronavirus Infections and Pregnancy Outcomes ','The emergence of a novel coronavirus termed SARS CoV 2 and the potentially life threating respiratory disease that it can produce COVID 19 has rapidly spread across the globe creating a massive public health problem Previous epidemics of many emerging viral infections have typically resulted in poor obstetrical outcomes including maternal morbidity and mortality maternal fetal transmission of the virus and perinatal infections and death This communication reviews the effects of two previous coronavirus infections severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS caused by SARS CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS caused by MERS CoV on pregnancy outcomes In addition it analyzes literature describing 38 pregnant women with COVID 19 and their newborns in China to assess the effects of SARS CoV 2 on the mothers and infants including clinical laboratory and virologic data and the transmissibility of the virus from mother to fetus This analysis reveals that unlike coronavirus infections of pregnant women caused by SARS and MERS in these 38 pregnant women COVID 19 did not lead to maternal deaths Importantly and similar to pregnancies with SARS and MERS there were no confirmed cases of intrauterine transmission of SARS CoV 2 from mothers with COVID 19 to their fetuses All neonatal specimens tested including in some cases placentas were negative by rt PCR for SARS CoV 2 At this point in the global pandemic of COVID 19 infection there is no evidence that SARS CoV 2 undergoes intrauterine or transplacental transmission from infected pregnant women to their fetuses Analysis of additional cases is necessary to determine if this remains true ',1 32129925,'Uncertainties about the transmission routes of 2019 novel coronavirus ',?,1 32113510,'Convalescent plasma as a potential therapy for COVID 19 ',?,1 32061311,'Do not violate the International Health Regulations during the COVID 19 outbreak ',?,1 32172227,'Laboratory abnormalities in children with novel coronavirus disease 2019 ',?,1 32142886,'Effective strategies to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 outbreak in hospital ',?,1 30779958,'Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in Asia An alarming threat to the global pig industry ',?,0 30738233,'The 3D8 single chain variable fragment protein suppress infectious bronchitis virus transmission in the transgenic chickens ','Infectious bronchitis IB generated by the infectious bronchitis virus IBV causes economic difficulties for livestock farmers The 3D8 single chain variable fragment scFv protein is a recombinant antibody with nuclease activity that shows antiviral effects against various DNA and RNA viruses in mice and chickens In this experiment 3D8 scFv G2< sub> transgenic chickens produced by crossing 3D8 scFv G1< sub> transgenic rooster and wild type hens were screened by genomic PCR and immunohistochemistry analysis 3D8 scFv transgenic chickens wild type sibling chickens and SPF chickens were directly infected with IBV 5 chickens per group and indirectly infected by airborne propagation 15 chickens per group The relative IBV shedding titers were measured by quantitative real time PCR using oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs on days 3 and 5 after intraocular infection The viral load was significantly decreased in the 3D8 scFv transgenic chickens from the contact transmission group Additionally blood was collected from each group on day 17 post infection The ELISA results showed a marked reduction of the antibody titer against IBV in the 3D8 scFv transgenic chickens from the contact transmission group These results suggest that the 3D8 scFv protein potentially inhibits infectious bronchitis virus transmission in chickens ',0 32184129,'The cancellation of mass gatherings MGs Decision making in the time of COVID 19 ','Our recommendation as experts who have monitored health hazards at the Hajj for over 15 years especially if the situation with COVID 19 continues to escalate globally is that Hajj 2020 will be at risk of being suspended and a means for Muslims to fulfill their rights in the future either personally or even by proxy need to be announced The same holds true for the Summer 2020 Olympics in Japan and for many other MGs and large gatherings Decisions in the time of COVID 19 will be closely followed and will be a blueprint for other mass gatherings ',1 31439691,'Direct RNA nanopore sequencing of full length coronavirus genomes provides novel insights into structural variants and enables modification analysis ','Sequence analyses of RNA virus genomes remain challenging owing to the exceptional genetic plasticity of these viruses Because of high mutation and recombination rates genome replication by viral RNA dependent RNA polymerases leads to populations of closely related viruses so called " quasispecies " Standard short read sequencing technologies are ill suited to reconstruct large numbers of full length haplotypes of 1 RNA virus genomes and 2 subgenome length sg RNAs composed of noncontiguous genome regions Here we used a full length direct RNA sequencing DRS approach based on nanopores to characterize viral RNAs produced in cells infected with a human coronavirus By using DRS we were able to map the longest 26 kb contiguous read to the viral reference genome By combining Illumina and Oxford Nanopore sequencing we reconstructed a highly accurate consensus sequence of the human coronavirus HCoV 229E genome 27 3 kb Furthermore by using long reads that did not require an assembly step we were able to identify in infected cells diverse and novel HCoV 229E sg RNAs that remain to be characterized Also the DRS approach which circumvents reverse transcription and amplification of RNA allowed us to detect methylation sites in viral RNAs Our work paves the way for haplotype based analyses of viral quasispecies by showing the feasibility of intra sample haplotype separation Even though several technical challenges remain to be addressed to exploit the potential of the nanopore technology fully our work illustrates that DRS may significantly advance genomic studies of complex virus populations including predictions on long range interactions in individual full length viral RNA haplotypes ',0 32071450,'Avoid stigmatizing names for 2019 novel coronavirus ',?,1 31339932,'Increasing the translation of mouse models of MERS coronavirus pathogenesis through kinetic hematological analysis ','Newly emerging viral pathogens pose a constant and unpredictable threat to human and animal health Coronaviruses CoVs have a penchant for sudden emergence as evidenced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV MERS CoV and most recently swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus SADS CoV Small animal models of emerging viral pathogenesis are crucial to better understand the virus and host factors driving disease progression However rodent models are often criticized for their limited translatability to humans The complete blood count is the most ordered clinical test in the United States serving as the cornerstone of clinical medicine and differential diagnosis We recently generated a mouse model for MERS CoV pathogenesis through the humanization of the orthologous entry receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4 DPP4 To increase the translatability of this model we validated and established the use of an automated veterinary hematology analyzer VetScan HM5 at biosafety level 3 for analysis of peripheral blood MERS CoV lung titer peaked 2 days post infection concurrent with lymphopenia and neutrophilia in peripheral blood two phenomena also observed in MERS CoV infection of humans The fluctuations in leukocyte populations measured by Vetscan HM5 were corroborated by standard flow cytometry thus confirming the utility of this approach Comparing a sublethal and lethal dose of MERS CoV in mice analysis of daily blood draws demonstrates a dose dependent modulation of leukocytes Major leukocyte populations were modulated before weight loss was observed Importantly neutrophil counts on 1dpi were predictive of disease severity with a lethal dose of MERS CoV highlighting the predictive value of hematology in this model Taken together the inclusion of hematological measures in mouse models of emerging viral pathogenesis increases their translatability and should elevate the preclinical evaluation of MERS CoV therapeutics and vaccines to better mirror the complexity of the human condition ',0 32156680,'Covid 19 roundup of latest news ',?,1 31861369,'Minimum Determinants of Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus Enteric Tropism Are Located in the N Terminus of Spike Protein ','Transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV is an enteric coronavirus causing high morbidity and mortality in porcine herds worldwide that possesses both enteric and respiratory tropism The ability to replicate in the enteric tract directly correlates with virulence as TGEVs with an exclusive respiratory tropism are attenuated The tissue tropism is determined by spike S protein although the molecular bases for enteric tropism remain to be fully characterized Both pAPN and sialic acid binding domains aa 506 655 and 145 155 respectively are necessary but not sufficient for enteric tract infection Using a TGEV infectious cDNA and enteric TGEV SC11 or respiratory TGEV SPTV isolates encoding a full length S protein a set of chimeric recombinant viruses with a sequential modification in S protein amino terminus was engineered In vivo tropism either enteric respiratory or both was studied by inoculating three day old piglets and analyzing viral titers in lung and gut The data indicated that U655> G change in S gene S219A in S protein was required to confer enteric tropism to a respiratory virus that already contains the pAPN and sialic acid binding domains in its S protein Moreover an engineered virus containing U655> G and a 6 nt insertion at position 1124 Y374 T375insND in S protein was genetically stable after passage in cell cultures and increased virus titers in gut by 1000 fold We postulated that the effect of these residues in enteric tropism may be mediated by the modification of both glycosaminoglycan binding and S protein structure ',0 32153171,' Medical management and prevention instruction of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during the coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic ','Currently coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 was of clustering onset in China and challenging to the Chinese healthcare system Epidemiological data showed that the older patients with chronic commodities were at high risk of the involvement of the severe and critical type of COVID 19 especially patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD resulting in high mortalities There were nearly 100 million COPD patients in China and most of them were the elderly Once infected with COVID 19 it would be life threatening for the COPD patients Therefore during the epidemic it was of vital significance for us to attach great importance to optimize the management of COPD patients Based on these considerations the COPD Group of the Chinese Thoracic Society CTS and the COPD working Committee of the Chinese Association of Chest Physicians CACP altogether drafted the instruction for medical management and prevention of COPD during the COVID 19 epidemic period for the healthcare practitioner and patients ',1 32183901,'Epidemiology causes clinical manifestation and diagnosis prevention and control of coronavirus disease COVID 19 during the early outbreak period a scoping review ','The coronavirus disease COVID 19 has been identified as the cause of an outbreak of respiratory illness in Wuhan Hubei Province China beginning in December 2019 As of 31 January 2020 this epidemic had spread to 19 countries with 11 791 confirmed cases including 213 deaths The World Health Organization has declared it a Public Health Emergency of International Concern ',1 32152361,'Topological dynamics of the 2015 South Korea MERS CoV spread on contact networks ','Network analysis to examine infectious contact relations provides an important means to uncover the topologies of individual infectious contact networks This study aims to investigate the spread of diseases among individuals over contact networks by exploring the 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MERS outbreak in Korea We present several distinct features of MERS transmission by employing a comprehensive approach in network research to examine both the traced relationship matrix of infected individuals and their bipartite transmission routes among healthcare facilities visited for treatment The results indicate that a few super spreaders were more likely to hold certain structural advantages by linking to an exceptional number of other individuals causing several ongoing transmission events in neighbourhoods without the aid of any intermediary Thus the infectious contact network exhibited small world dynamics characterised by locally clustered contacts exposed to transmission paths via short path lengths In addition nosocomial infection analysis shows the pattern of a common source outbreak followed by secondary person to person transmission of the disease Based on the results we suggest policy implications related to the redesign of prevention and control strategies against the spread of epidemics ',1 32125129,' Analysis on the epidemic factors for the Corona Virus Disease ','Since December 2019 corona virus disease 2019 COVID 19 an emerging infection disease occurred in Wuhan has spread in the mainland China The epidemic factors on the basis of knowledge of SARS CoV 2 were discussed in this paper This puts a lot of pressure on clinical resources and care SARS CoV 2 is a novel corona virus the onset of COVID 19 is slow and the pathogenesis of SARS CoV 2 remains unclear and may lead to multiple organ damage These put a lot of pressure on clinical resources and care Source of infection including the patients asymptomatic carrier and patients in the incubation period are contagious It is difficult to control source of infection Routes of SARS CoV 2 transmission are diversified and the main routes of transmission for COVID 19 are droplet transmission and close contact transmission All population have susceptibility to SARS CoV 2 Social factors such population movements and aggregation accelerated the spread of SARS CoV 2 The Chinese government s adopted measures are positive and effective and are accepted by the expert group from the World Health Organization However it will be a long term hard work in the future to seriously summarize and think deeply to achieve public health security in China ',1 30961704,'Construction of Lentivirus Based Reference Material for RT PCR Detection of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and Its Application in External Quality Assessment ','Nucleic acid amplification technology NAT has been the most used one for rapid detection of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV since MERS CoV was first detected in 2012 It is important to develop stable and safe reference materials for assessing the quality of NAT kits and performing an external quality assessment EQA in different laboratories In this study the MERS CoV RNA fragments including upE ORF1b< i> and N< i> were packed within human immunodeficiency virus type 1 HIV 1 like particles The lyophilized virus like particles VLPs were found to be stable at 37 degC or below and safe to be used not only as the control material for PCR detection of MERS CoV but also as the reference material for EQA In an EQA organized by Ningbo International Travel Healthcare Center in China 49 participating institutions achieved 100\% agreement in detecting MERS CoV using various commercial diagnosis kits and different extraction methods However different Ct values reported by different sites for the same sample implied that a need exists to standardize the RNA extraction method and or the PCR detection conditions between the laboratories ',0 32198163,'Hiding in Plain Sight an Approach to Treating Patients with Severe COVID 19 Infection ','Patients with COVID 19 infection are at risk of acute respiratory disease syndrome ARDS and death The tissue receptor for COVID 19 is ACE2 and higher levels of ACE2 can protect against ARDS Angiotensin receptor blockers and statins upregulate ACE2 Clinical trials are needed to determine whether this drug combination might be used to treat patients with severe COVID 19 infection ',1 32171951,'Preliminary estimation of the novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 cases in Iran A modelling analysis based on overseas cases and air travel data ','As of 1 March 2020 Iran has reported 987 COVID 19 cases and including 54 associated deaths At least six neighboring countries Bahrain Iraq Kuwait Oman Afghanistan and Pakistan have reported imported COVID 19 cases from Iran We used air travel data and the cases from Iran to other Middle East countries and estimated 16533 95\% CI 5925 35538 COVID 19 cases in Iran by 25 February before UAE and other Gulf Cooperation Council countries suspended inbound and outbound flights from Iran ',1 32156607,'Positive rate of RT PCR detection of SARS CoV 2 infection in 4880 cases from one hospital in Wuhan China from Jan to Feb 2020 ','There s an outbreak of a novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 infection since December 2019 first in China and currently with more than 80 thousand confirmed infection globally in 29 countries till March 2 2020 Identification isolation and caring for patients early are essential to limit human to human transmission including reducing secondary infections among close contacts and health care workers preventing transmission amplification events The RT PCR detection of viral nucleic acid test NAT was one of the most quickly established laboratory diagnosis method in a novel viral pandemic just as in this COVID 19 outbreak ',1 31142674,'A Yeast Suppressor Screen Used To Identify Mammalian SIRT1 as a Proviral Factor for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Replication ','Viral proteins must intimately interact with the host cell machinery during virus replication Here we used the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae< i> as a system to identify novel functional interactions between viral proteins and eukaryotic cells Our work demonstrates that when the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV ORF4a accessory gene is expressed in yeast it causes a slow growth phenotype ORF4a has been characterized as an interferon antagonist in mammalian cells and yet yeast lack an interferon system suggesting further interactions between ORF4a and eukaryotic cells Using the slow growth phenotype as a reporter of ORF4a function we utilized the yeast knockout library collection to perform a suppressor screen where we identified the YDL042C SIR2 yeast gene as a suppressor of ORF4a function The mammalian homologue of SIR2 is SIRT1 an NAD dependent histone deacetylase We found that when SIRT1 was inhibited by either chemical or genetic manipulation there was reduced MERS CoV replication suggesting that SIRT1 is a proviral factor for MERS CoV Moreover ORF4a inhibited SIRT1 mediated modulation of NF kB signaling demonstrating a functional link between ORF4a and SIRT1 in mammalian cells Overall the data presented here demonstrate the utility of yeast studies for identifying genetic interactions between viral proteins and eukaryotic cells We also demonstrate for the first time that SIRT1 is a proviral factor for MERS CoV replication and that ORF4a has a role in modulating its activity in cells IMPORTANCE< b> Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV initially emerged in 2012 and has since been responsible for over 2 300 infections with a case fatality ratio of approximately 35\% We have used the highly characterized model system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae< i> to investigate novel functional interactions between viral proteins and eukaryotic cells that may provide new avenues for antiviral intervention We identify a functional link between the MERS CoV ORF4a proteins and the YDL042C SIR2 yeast gene The mammalian homologue of SIR2 is SIRT1 an NAD dependent histone deacetylase We demonstrate for the first time that SIRT1 is a proviral factor for MERS CoV replication and that ORF4a has a role in modulating its activity in mammalian cells ',0 32147731,'Diagnosis and Management of First Case of COVID 19 in Canada Lessons applied from SARS ','We report diagnosis and management of the first laboratory confirmed case of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 hospitalized in Toronto Canada No healthcare associated transmission occurred In the face of a potential pandemic of COVID 19 we suggest sustainable and scalable control measures developed based on lessons learned from SARS ',1 32056407,'Case of the Index Patient Who Caused Tertiary Transmission of COVID 19 Infection in Korea the Application of Lopinavir Ritonavir for the Treatment of COVID 19 Infected Pneumonia Monitored by Quantitative RT PCR ','Since mid December of 2019 coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 infection has been spreading from Wuhan China The confirmed COVID 19 patients in South Korea are those who came from or visited China As secondary transmissions have occurred and the speed of transmission is accelerating there are rising concerns about community infections The 54 year old male is the third patient diagnosed with COVID 19 infection in Korea He is a worker for a clothing business and had mild respiratory symptoms and intermittent fever in the beginning of hospitalization and pneumonia symptoms on chest computerized tomography scan on day 6 of admission This patient caused one case of secondary transmission and three cases of tertiary transmission Hereby we report the clinical findings of the index patient who was the first to cause tertiary transmission outside China Interestingly after lopinavir ritonavir Kaletra AbbVie was administered b coronavirus viral loads significantly decreased and no or little coronavirus titers were observed ',1 30688827,'A 3 Year Retrospective Study of the Epidemiology of Acute Respiratory Viral Infections in Pediatric Patients With Cancer Undergoing Chemotherapy ','Acute viral respiratory infections are common causes of febrile episodes in children There are still limited data about distribution of acute viral respiratory infections in children with cancer ',0 32139904,'COVID 19 and the cardiovascular system ',?,1 32108352,'Clinical trial analysis of 2019 nCoV therapy registered in China ','So far there is a lack of effective drugs for the new coronavirus pneumonia With more and more patients diagnosed China has carried out more than 100 clinical studies of new coronavirus infection including antiviral drugs antimalarial drugs glucocorticoids plasma therapy virus vaccine and other Western drugs while Chinese medicine research accounted for half of the studies Most of the trials were initiated by investigators and the study period would last for 1 to 11 months The primary endpoints included symptom improvement and virus nucleic acid turning negative but the optimal endpoint has not been determined Although the final results of studies will take a long time to complete the interim research data may provide some help for the current urgent demand for drug treatment Compared with that of during SARS period in 2003 China has the stronger capability to carry out clinical trials of new drugs in emergency period ',1 32078809,'Outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 ',?,1 32109372,'Potential association between COVID 19 mortality and health care resource availability ',?,1 32160273,'How Should U S Hospitals Prepare for Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 ',?,1 31954585,'Pathogen specific risk factors in acute outbreaks of respiratory disease in calves ','Respiratory tract infections bovine respiratory disease are a major concern in calf rearing The objective of this study was to identify pathogen specific risk factors associated with epidemic respiratory disease in calves A cross sectional study was conducted involving 128 outbreaks 29 dairy 58 dairy mixed and 41 beef in Belgium 2016 2018 A semiquantitative PCR for 7 respiratory pathogens was done on a pooled nonendoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage sample for each herd Potential risk factors were collected by questionnaire and derived from the national cattle registration databank Most outbreaks occurred between October and March and single and multiple viral infections were detected in 58 6\% 75 128 and 13 3\% 17 128 respectively Bovine coronavirus BCV was the most frequently isolated virus 38 4\% followed by bovine respiratory syncytial virus bRSV 29 4\% and parainfluenzavirus type 3 PI 3 8 1\% Mycoplasma bovis Mannheimia haemolytica Pasteurella multocida and Histophilus somni were detected in 33 3 41 2 89 1 and 36 4\% of the herds respectively Specific risk factors for BCV detection were detection of M haemolytica odds ratio OR = 2 8 95\% confidence interval = 1 1 7 5 increasing herd size OR = 1 3 1 0 1 8 for each increase with 100 animals and detection of BCV by antigen ELISA on feces in calves in the last year OR = 3 6 1 2 11 1 A seasonal effect was shown for bRSV only more in winter compared with autumn OR = 10 3 2 8 37 5 Other factors associated with bRSV were PI 3 detection OR = 13 4 2 1 86 0 prevalence of calves with respiratory disease OR = 1 02 1 00 1 04 per 1\% increase and number of days with respiratory signs before sampling OR = 0 99 0 98 0 99 per day increase Next to its association with BCV M haemolytica was more frequently detected in herds with 5 to 10 animals per pen OR = 8 0 1 4 46 9 compared with < 5 animals and in herds with sawdust as bedding OR = 18 3 1 8 191 6 Also for H somni housing on sawdust was a risk factor OR = 5 2 1 2 23 0 Purchase of cattle OR = 2 9 1 0 8 0 and housing of recently purchased animals in the same airspace OR = 5 0 1 5 16 5 were risk factors for M bovis This study identified pathogen specific risk factors that might be useful for the development of customized control and prevention and for the design of decision support tools to justify antimicrobial use by predicting the most likely pathogen before sampling results are available ',0 32176272,'Estimation of Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 Burden and Potential for International Dissemination of Infection From Iran ',?,1 32197957,'What Should Gastroenterologists and Patients Know About COVID 19 ',?,1 32108071,'Where did SARS CoV 2 come from ',?,1 31228586,'First autochthonous case of clinical Hepatozoon felis infection in a domestic cat in Central Europe ','Three different Hepatozoon Apicomplexa Hepatozoidae species have been described infecting domestic cats in Europe i e H felis H canis and H silvestris however reports on clinical hepatozoonosis are uncommon and treatment protocols are not clearly defined A six year old male European short hair cat from Austria presented poor general condition lethargy anorexia icterus a painful abdomen fever ruffled hair and a tick infestation and it had never left Austria Laboratory tests revealed leukopenia thrombocytopenia and increased serum levels of symmetric dimethylarginine SDMA and bilirubin In May Grunwald Giemsa stained blood smears structures resembling Hepatozoon gamonts were observed inside neutrophil granulocytes A PCR targeting a fragment of the 18S rRNA gene of Hepatozoon spp and DNA sequencing allowed the diagnosis of H felis DNA in blood samples The cat was treated with imidocarb dipropionate 6 mg kg body weight repeated after 14 days and doxycycline monohydrate 5 mg kg body weight twice a day p o for four weeks and recovered completely A broad haematological and biochemical laboratory control after six months showed all evaluated parameters under normal ranges Coinfection with other feline pathogens i e feline leukaemia virus feline immunodeficiency virus feline Coronavirus Leishmania and Dirofilaria immitis could not be detected This study reveals the presence of H felis in Austria and provides more evidence on the geographical distribution and pathogenicity of this parasite for domestic cats To the authors knowledge this is the first autochthonous case of feline hepatozoonosis in Central Europe ',0 32096564,'Combination of RT qPCR testing and clinical features for diagnosis of COVID 19 facilitates management of SARS CoV 2 outbreak ',?,1 31086770,'Occurrence of infectious bronchitis in layer birds in Plateau state north central Nigeria ','A flock of 54 wk old layer birds exhibiting signs of respiratory distress greenish diarrhea and drop in egg production was investigated A marked drop in egg production 55\% was recorded with eggs appearing white and soft shelled Mortality was in the range of 1\% 2\% with post mortem lesions revealing cloudy air sacs frothy and congested lungs Viral RNA was extracted from pooled tissue samples trachea lungs spleen and liver and tested for Avian influenza virus AIV Newcastle disease virus NDV and infectious bronchitis virus IBV by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction RT PCR In addition virus isolation was attempted in 9 11 day old embryonating chicken eggs ECE In order to determine the prevalence of IBV serotype s in the flock serum samples were screened by hemagglutination inhibition HI test using IBV antigens and antisera Arkansas Connecticut and Massachusetts Neither AIV nor NDV but IBV was detected in the tissue samples by RT PCR In addition virus isolate obtained after four serial passages in ECE produced dwarfed stunted and hemorrhagic embryos and the isolate was confirmed by RT PCR to be IBV The serum samples were 100\% seropositive for three serotypes with HI titres ranging from 5 to 12 Log2< sup> In this study IBV was confirmed as the causative agent of the observed respiratory distress and drop in egg production Also the evidence of co circulation of multiple IBV serotypes was established this to the best of our knowledge is the first of such report in Nigeria We recommend extensive molecular and sero epidemiology of circulating IBV genotypes and serotypes in Nigeria with the aim of developing better control strategies including vaccination ',0 32036774,'Emerging novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV current scenario evolutionary perspective based on genome analysis and recent developments ','Coronaviruses are the well known cause of severe respiratory enteric and systemic infections in a wide range of hosts including man mammals fish and avian The scientific interest on coronaviruses increased after the emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV outbreaks in 2002 2003 followed by Middle East Respiratory Syndrome CoV MERS CoV This decade s first CoV named 2019 nCoV emerged from Wuhan China and declared as Public Health Emergency of International Concern on January 30th< sup> 2020 by the World Health Organization WHO As on February 4 2020 425 deaths reported in China only and one death outside China Philippines In a short span of time the virus spread has been noted in 24 countries The zoonotic transmission animal to human is suspected as the route of disease origin The genetic analyses predict bats as the most probable source of 2019 nCoV though further investigations needed to confirm the origin of the novel virus The ongoing nCoV outbreak highlights the hidden wild animal reservoir of the deadly viruses and possible threat of spillover zoonoses as well The successful virus isolation attempts have made doors open for developing better diagnostics and effective vaccines helping in combating the spread of the virus to newer areas ',1 32198292,'Misguided drug advice for COVID 19 ',?,1 30969152,'Economic Impact of the 2015 MERS Outbreak on the Republic of Korea s Tourism Related Industries ','The 2015 Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS outbreak in the Republic of Korea ROK is an example of an infectious disease outbreak initiated by international travelers to a high income country This study was conducted to determine the economic impact of the MERS outbreak on the tourism and travel related service sectors including accommodation food and beverage and transportation in the ROK We projected monthly numbers of noncitizen arrivals and indices of services for 3 travel related service sectors during and after the MERS outbreak June 2015 to June 2016 using seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average models Tourism losses were estimated by multiplying the monthly differences between projected and actual numbers of noncitizen arrivals by average tourism expenditure per capita Estimated tourism losses were allocated to travel related service sectors to understand the distribution of losses across service sectors The MERS outbreak was correlated with a reduction of 2 1 million noncitizen visitors corresponding with US 2 6 billion in tourism loss for the ROK Estimated losses in the accommodation food and beverage service and transportation sectors associated with the decrease of noncitizen visitors were US 542 million US 359 million and US 106 million respectively The losses were demonstrated by lower than expected indices of services for the accommodation and food and beverage service sectors in June and July 2015 and for the transportation sector in June 2015 The results support previous findings that public health emergencies due to traveler associated outbreaks of infectious diseases can cause significant losses to the broader economies of affected countries ',0 32161351,'Coronavirus crisis hits ice locked Arctic research expedition ',?,1 32161028,'Covid 19 UK budget gives PS94 a week statutory sick pay to self isolators and their carers ',?,1 32196391,'Telehealth for global emergencies Implications for coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 ',?,1 32184486,'COVID 19 don t forget deaf people ',?,1 32054798,'Coronavirus not to blame for recent supply problems ',?,1 31237822,'SEROLOGICAL SURVEY FOR SELECT INFECTIOUS AGENTS IN WILD MAGELLANIC PENGUINS SPHENISCUS MAGELLANICUS< i> IN ARGENTINA 1994 2008 ','Despite being the most numerous penguin species in South America exposure of the Magellanic Penguin Spheniscus magellanicus< i> to pathogens has not yet been thoroughly assessed We collected serum from 1 058 Magellanic Penguins at 10 breeding colonies along the entire latitudinal range of this species in Argentina The work spanned 10 breeding seasons over 15 yr 1994 2008 Sera were tested for antibodies to select infectious agents Antibodies reacting against 16 pathogens were detected seroprevalence Aspergillus< i> sp 15 1\% Chlamydia psittaci< i> 6 5\% Salmonella< i> Pullorum 3 1\% Salmonella< i> Typhimurium 81 3\% Aviadenovirus< i> sp 18 1\% Duck atadenovirus A< i> 23 6\% Anatid herpesvirus 1< i> 0 7\% Avian orthoreovirus< i> 3 3\% Avian coronavirus< i> M41 43 5\% Avian coronavirus< i> C46 59 8\% Avian coronavirus< i> A99 37 4\% Avian coronavirus< i> JMK 40 2\% Tremovirus A< i> 0 3\% Avian avulavirus 1< i> 44 0\% Avian avulavirus 2< i> 43 8\% and Avian avulavirus 3< i> 46 6\% No antibodies were detected against nine infectious agents Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1< i> Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2< i> Infectious bursal disease virus< i> Avastrovirus 2< i> West Nile virus< i> Eastern equine encephalitis virus< i> Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus< i> Western equine encephalitis virus< i> and Influenza A virus< i> While restricted by limitations inherent to serological methods our results provide baseline knowledge for a key species in the South Atlantic Ocean This information is valuable for adaptive conservation management in a time of increasing environmental stressors affecting the Patagonian Sea one of the world s richest pelagic seabird communities ',0 32186661,'Presidential Powers and Response to COVID 19 ',?,1 31169078,'Antibodies and vaccines against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus ','The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV has spread through 27 countries and infected more than 2 200 people since its first outbreak in Saudi Arabia in 2012 The high fatality rate 35 4\% of this novel coronavirus and its persistent wide spread infectiousness in animal reservoirs have generated tremendous global public health concern However no licensed therapeutic agents or vaccines against MERS CoV are currently available and only a limited few have entered clinical trials Among all the potential targets of MERS CoV the spike glycoprotein S has been the most well studied due to its critical role in mediating viral entry and in inducing a protective antibody response in infected individuals The most notable studies include the recent discoveries of monoclonal antibodies and development of candidate vaccines against the S glycoprotein Structural characterization of MERS CoV S protein bound with these monoclonal antibodies has provided insights into the mechanisms of humoral immune responses against MERS CoV infection The current review aims to highlight these developments and discuss possible hurdles and strategies to translate these discoveries into ultimate medical interventions against MERS CoV infection ',0 32022836,'2019 Novel Coronavirus Important Information for Clinicians ',?,1 31668197,'The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MERS ','The Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS is a novel lethal zoonotic disease of humans caused by the MERS coronavirus MERS CoV Although MERS is endemic to the Middle East travelers have exported MERS CoV on return to their home countries Clinical manifestations range from mild to severe acute respiratory disease and death The elderly immunocompromised and those with chronic comorbid liver lung and hepatic conditions have a high mortality rate There is no specific treatment Person to person spread causes hospital and household outbreaks and thus improved compliance with internationally recommended infection control protocols and rapid implementation of infection control measures are required ',0 32164087,' Recommendations on extracorporeal life support for critically ill patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia ','Along with the sharp increase of confirmed cases novel coronavirus infection more critically ill cases require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ECMO support Based on the clinical data of novel coronavirus pneumonia NCP as well as the dada from previous clinical studies and the recommendations from the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization ELSO the committee board of the Chinese Society of Extracorporeal Life Support CSECLS made this recommendations to guide clinical ECMO application in the patients with NCP ',0 32132747,'Public health round up ',?,0 32031234,'2019 novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV estimating the case fatality rate a word of caution ',?,1 32083409,' Risk assessment of exported risk of novel coronavirus pneumonia from Hubei Province ','Objective < b> To evaluate the exported risk of novel coronavirus pneumonia NCP from Hubei Province and the imported risk in various provinces across China Methods < b> Data of reported NCP cases and Baidu Migration Indexin all provinces of the country as of February 14 2020 were collected The correlation analysis between cumulative number of reported cases and the migration index from Hubei was performed and the imported risks from Hubei to different provinces across China were further evaluated Results < b> A total of 49 970 confirmed cases were reported nationwide of which 37 884 were in Hubei Province The average daily migration index from Hubei to other provinces was 312 09 Wuhan and other cities in Hubei were 117 95 and 194 16 respectively The cumulative NCP cases of provinces was positively correlated with the migration index derived from Hubei province also in Wuhan and other cities in Hubei with correlation coefficients of 0 84 0 84 and 0 81 In linear model population migration from Hubei Province Wuhan and other cities in Hubei account for 71 2\% 70 1\% and 66 3\% of the variation respectively The period of high exported risk from Hubei occurred before January 27 of which the risks before January 23 mainly came from Wuhan and then mainly from other cities in Hubei Hunan Province Henan Province and Guangdong Province ranked the top three in terms of cumulative imported risk the cumulative risk indices were 58 61 54 75 and 49 62 respectively Conclusion < b> The epidemic in each province was mainly caused by the importation of Hubei Province Taking measures such as restricting the migration of population in Hubei Province and strengthening quarantine measures for immigrants from Hubei Province may greatly reduce the risk of continued spread of the epidemic ',1 30976080,'Genome Organization of Canada Goose Coronavirus A Novel Species Identified in a Mass Die off of Canada Geese ','The complete genome of a novel coronavirus was sequenced directly from the cloacal swab of a Canada goose that perished in a die off of Canada and Snow geese in Cambridge Bay Nunavut Canada Comparative genomics and phylogenetic analysis indicate it is a new species of Gammacoronavirus as it falls below the threshold of 90\% amino acid similarity in the protein domains used to demarcate Coronaviridae Additional features that distinguish the genome of Canada goose coronavirus include 6 novel ORFs a partial duplication of the 4 gene and a presumptive change in the proteolytic processing of polyproteins 1a and 1ab ',0 32023427,'The 2019 Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV Novel Virus Old Challenges ',?,1 32176764,'Managing COVID 19 in Low and Middle Income Countries ',?,1 31888266,'Endocytic Pathway of Feline Coronavirus for Cell Entry Differences in Serotype Dependent Viral Entry Pathway ','Feline coronavirus FCoV is a pathogen causing a lethal infectious disease in cats feline infectious peritonitis It has two serotypes type I FCoV and type II FCoV According to our previous study type I FCoV infection is inhibited by compounds inducing intracellular cholesterol accumulation whereas type II FCoV infection is not inhibited Intracellular cholesterol accumulation was reported to disrupt late endosome function Based on these findings types I and II FCoV are considered to enter the cytosol through late and early endosomes respectively We investigated whether the antiviral activities of a late endosome trafficking inhibitor and cholesterol accumulating agents are different between the FCoV serotypes The late endosome trafficking inhibitor did not inhibit type II FCoV infection but it inhibited type I FCoV infection Type I FCoV infection was inhibited by cholesterol accumulating triazoles but not by non cholesterol accumulating triazoles These phenomena were observed in both feline cell lines and feline primary macrophages This study provides additional information on the differences in intracellular reproductive cycle between type I and type II FCoV ',0 31233808,'Broad spectrum antiviral remdesivir inhibits human endemic and zoonotic deltacoronaviruses with a highly divergent RNA dependent RNA polymerase ','The genetically diverse Orthocoronavirinae CoV family is prone to cross species transmission and disease emergence in both humans and livestock Viruses similar to known epidemic strains circulating in wild and domestic animals further increase the probability of emergence in the future Currently there are no approved therapeutics for any human CoV presenting a clear unmet medical need Remdesivir RDV GS 5734 is a monophosphoramidate prodrug of an adenosine analog with potent activity against an array of RNA virus families including Filoviridae Paramyxoviridae Pneumoviridae and Orthocoronavirinae through the targeting of the viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase RdRp We developed multiple assays to further define the breadth of RDV antiviral activity against the CoV family Here we show potent antiviral activity of RDV against endemic human CoVs OC43 HCoV OC43 and 229E HCoV 229E with submicromolar EC50< sub> values Of known CoVs the members of the deltacoronavirus genus have the most divergent RdRp as compared to SARS and MERS CoV and both avian and porcine members harbor a native residue in the RdRp that confers resistance in beta CoVs Nevertheless RDV is highly efficacious against porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV These data further extend the known breadth and antiviral activity of RDV to include both contemporary human and highly divergent zoonotic CoV and potentially enhance our ability to fight future emerging CoV ',0 30684561,'Prophylactic efficacy of a human monoclonal antibody against MERS CoV in the common marmoset ','Effective antiviral treatments for MERS CoV are urgently needed LCA60 is a MERS CoV neutralizing monoclonal antibody isolated from a convalescent MERS patient Previously it was shown that treatment with LCA60 resulted in reduced disease and virus titers in mouse models of MERS CoV infection Here we tested the prophylactic efficacy of LCA60 in the common marmoset model of MERS CoV infection Intravenous administration of LCA60 one day before virus challenge resulted in high levels of MERS CoV neutralizing activity in circulating blood Clinically there was a moderate benefit of treatment with LCA60 including reduced respiratory involvement Although viral lung loads were not reduced in LCA60 treated animals as compared to controls there were fewer pathological changes in the lungs Thus prophylactic LCA60 treatment could be implemented to reduce disease burden in contacts of confirmed MERS CoV patients ',0 30854373,'PEDV and PDCoV Pathogenesis The Interplay Between Host Innate Immune Responses and Porcine Enteric Coronaviruses ','Enteropathogenic porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV and porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV members of the coronavirus family account for the majority of lethal watery diarrhea in neonatal pigs in the past decade These two viruses pose significant economic and public health burdens even as both continue to emerge and reemerge worldwide The ability to evade circumvent or subvert the host s first line of defense namely the innate immune system is the key determinant for pathogen virulence survival and the establishment of successful infection Unfortunately we have only started to unravel the underlying viral mechanisms used to manipulate host innate immune responses In this review we gather current knowledge concerning the interplay between these viruses and components of host innate immunity focusing on type I interferon induction and signaling in particular and the mechanisms by which virus encoded gene products antagonize and subvert host innate immune responses Finally we provide some perspectives on the advantages gained from a better understanding of host pathogen interactions This includes their implications for the future development of PEDV and PDCoV vaccines and how we can further our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying virus pathogenesis virulence and host coevolution ',0 32178711,'Treatment of COVID 19 old tricks for new challenges ',?,1 32147378,'COVID 19 and Blood Safety Help with a Dilemma ',?,1 32067043,'A familial cluster of infection associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating potential person to person transmission during the incubation period ','An ongoing outbreak of pneumonia associated with 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV was reported in China It is unclear if the infectivity exists during the incubation period although a person to person transmission has been reported in previous studies We report the epidemiological features of a familial cluster of four patients in Shanghai of which one was 88 years old man with moving difficulties and was only exposed to his asymptomatic family members who developed symptoms later The epidemiological evidence has shown a potential transmission of the 2019 nCoV during the incubation period ',1 32161940,'Dysregulation of immune response in patients with COVID 19 in Wuhan China ','In December 2019 coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 emerged in Wuhan and rapidly spread throughout China ',1 32198754,'Prepare to adapt Blood supply and transfusion support during the first 2 weeks of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus COVID 19 pandemic affecting Washington State ','The first coronavirus COVID 19 case was reported in United States US in the state of Washington approximately three months after the outbreak in Wuhan China Three weeks later the US federal government declared the pandemic a national emergency The number of confirmed COVID 19 positive cases increased rather rapidly and changed routine daily activities of the community ',1 30550839,'Asymptomatic Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV infection Extent and implications for infection control A systematic review ','The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV emerged in 2012 and attracted an international attention as the virus caused multiple healthcare associated outbreaks There are reports of the role of asymptomatic individuals in the transmission of MERS CoV however the exact role is not known ',0 31019150,'Pathogenesis of oral type I feline infectious peritonitis virus FIPV infection Antibody dependent enhancement infection of cats with type I FIPV via the oral route ','Feline infectious peritonitis virus FIPV causes a severe immune mediated disease called FIP in domestic and wild cats It is unclear whether FIP transmits from cat to cat through the oral route of FIPV infection and the reason for this includes that FIP is caused by oral inoculation with some FIPV strains e g type II FIPV WSU 79 1146 but is not caused by other FIPV e g type I FIPV KU 2 strain FIPV I KU 2 In this study when cats passively immunized with anti FIPV I KU 2 antibodies were orally inoculated with FIPV I KU 2 FIP was caused at a 50\% probability i e FIPV not causing FIP through oral infection caused FIP by inducing antibody dependent enhancement Many strains of type I FIPV do not cause FIP by inoculation through the oral route in cats Based on the findings of this study type I FIPV which orally infected cats may cause FIP depending on the condition ',0 32111449,'2019 novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 in Taiwan Reports of two cases from Wuhan China ','We reported two cases with community acquired pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 who returned from Wuhan China in January 2020 The reported cases highlight non specific clinical presentations of 2019 novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 as well as the importance of rapid laboratory based diagnosis ',1 32113505,'Secondary attack rate and superspreading events for SARS CoV 2 ',?,1 32099717,'Should and how can exercise be done during a coronavirus outbreak An interview with Dr Jeffrey A Woods ',?,1 32100980,' Chemotherapy strategy for colorectal cancer under the outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia ','The outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia NCP makes the medical treatment of colorectal cancers difficult Cancer patients are more susceptible to infection and tumor history is defined as an important factor of poor prognosis which challenges both doctors and patients For metastatic colorectal cancer CRC patients maintenance therapy is the optimal choice The patients with tumor progression or poor biological behaviorshould receive or or continue combination chemotherapy Adjuvant chemotherapy should reduce the intensity of treatment and shorten the therapy time Fever patients during chemotherapy need to receive differential diagnosis and screening according to national standards Patients with stable diseases and good general conditions may delay imaging examination Clinicians should make individual clinical decisions based on the specifics of each patient durding epidemic situation ',1 32162858,' Epidemiological investigation on a cluster epidemic of COVID 19 in a collective workplace in Tianjin ','Objective < b> To investigate and analysis the epidemiological characteristics of a cluster epidemic of COIVD 19 in a collective workplace in Tianjin evduate the prevention and control measures based on limited evidence and experience in early period of COVID 19 epidemic Methods < b> Descriptive research method was used to describe the distribution and other epidemiological characteristics of the cluster cases of COVID 19 Results < b> Since the onset of the first index case on January 15 ten confirmed COVID 19 cases had occurred in the workplace and the epidemic had spread from the workplace to 4 families infecting 7 family members The median age of 17 cases was 55 19 79 years All the 10 employee cases were males and in 7 family cases 3 were males and 4 were females Of the employee cases 8 worked in CW workshop and 2 worked in administrative office building The median exposure onset interval of all the cases was 4 0 12 days and the median exposure onset interval was 4 5 days in the employee cases and 4 days in the family cases The median onset medical care seeking interval was 4 days in the non isolated cases 2 5 days in the cases with home isolation after onset and 0 5 day in the cases with home isolation before onset Conclusion < b> The clustering of COVID 19 cases was observed in this workplace in Tianjin which affected 4 families In the early stage of the epidemic accurate and rapid blocking and control measures can completely prevent the large scale spread of COVID 19 ',1 32074487,'The coronavirus COVID 19 epidemic and patient safety ',?,0 32146694,'Clinical characteristics of 24 asymptomatic infections with COVID 19 screened among close contacts in Nanjing China ','Previous studies have showed clinical characteristics of patients with the 2019 novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 and the evidence of person to person transmission Limited data are available for asymptomatic infections This study aims to present the clinical characteristics of 24 cases with asymptomatic infection screened from close contacts and to show the transmission potential of asymptomatic COVID 19 virus carriers Epidemiological investigations were conducted among all close contacts of COVID 19 patients or suspected patients in Nanjing Jiangsu Province China from Jan 28 to Feb 9 2020 both in clinic and in community Asymptomatic carriers were laboratory confirmed positive for the COVID 19 virus by testing the nucleic acid of the pharyngeal swab samples Their clinical records laboratory assessments and chest CT scans were reviewed As a result none of the 24 asymptomatic cases presented any obvious symptoms while nucleic acid screening Five cases 20 8\% developed symptoms fever cough fatigue etc during hospitalization Twelve 50 0\% cases showed typical CT images of ground glass chest and 5 20 8\% presented stripe shadowing in the lungs The remaining 7 29 2\% cases showed normal CT image and had no symptoms during hospitalization These 7 cases were younger median age 14 0 years P=0 012 than the rest None of the 24 cases developed severe COVID 19 pneumonia or died The median communicable period defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests was 9 5 days up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases Through epidemiological investigation we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members which even caused severe COVID 19 pneumonia Overall the asymptomatic carriers identified from close contacts were prone to be mildly ill during hospitalization However the communicable period could be up to three weeks and the communicated patients could develop severe illness These results highlighted the importance of close contact tracing and longitudinally surveillance via virus nucleic acid tests Further isolation recommendation and continuous nucleic acid tests may also be recommended to the patients discharged ',1 32017662,'Chest CT Findings in 2019 Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV Infections from Wuhan China Key Points for the Radiologist ',?,1 32102726,'Expert Recommendations for Tracheal Intubation in Critically ill Patients with Noval Coronavirus Disease 2019 ','Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 caused by a novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 is a highly contagious disease It firstly appeared in Wuhan Hubei province of China in December 2019 During the next two months it moved rapidly throughout China and spread to multiple countries through infected persons travelling by air Most of the infected patients have mild symptoms including fever fatigue and cough But in severe cases patients can progress rapidly and develop to the acute respiratory distress syndrome septic shock metabolic acidosis and coagulopathy The new coronavirus was reported to spread via droplets contact and natural aerosols from human to human Therefore high risk aerosol producing procedures such as endotracheal intubation may put the anesthesiologists at high risk of nosocomial infections In fact SARS CoV 2 infection of anesthesiologists after endotracheal intubation for confirmed COVID 19 patients have been reported in hospitals in Wuhan The expert panel of airway management in Chinese Society of Anaesthesiology has deliberated and drafted this recommendation by which we hope to guide the performance of endotracheal intubation by frontline anesthesiologists and critical care physicians During the airway management enhanced droplet airborne PPE should be applied to the health care providers A good airway assessment before airway intervention is of vital importance For patients with normal airway awake intubation should be avoided and modified rapid sequence induction is strongly recommended Sufficient muscle relaxant should be assured before intubation For patients with difficult airway good preparation of airway devices and detailed intubation plans should be made ',1 32104915,'The neuroinvasive potential of SARS CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID 19 patients ','Following the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV another highly pathogenic coronavirus named SARS CoV 2 previously known as 2019 nCoV emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan China and rapidly spreads around the world This virus shares highly homological sequence with SARS CoV and causes acute highly lethal pneumonia coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 with clinical symptoms similar to those reported for SARS CoV and MERS CoV The most characteristic symptom of patients with COVID 19 is respiratory distress and most of the patients admitted to the intensive care could not breathe spontaneously Additionally some patients with COVID 19 also showed neurologic signs such as headache nausea and vomiting Increasing evidence shows that coronaviruses are not always confined to the respiratory tract and that they may also invade the central nervous system inducing neurological diseases The infection of SARS CoV has been reported in the brains from both patients and experimental animals where the brainstem was heavily infected Furthermore some coronaviruses have been demonstrated able to spread via a synapse connected route to the medullary cardiorespiratory center from the mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors in the lung and lower respiratory airways Considering the high similarity between SARS CoV and SARS CoV2 it remains to make clear whether the potential invasion of SARS CoV2 is partially responsible for the acute respiratory failure of patients with COVID 19 Awareness of this may have a guiding significance for the prevention and treatment of the SARS CoV 2 induced respiratory failure ',1 31634494,'Influences of cyclosporin A and non immunosuppressive derivatives on cellular cyclophilins and viral nucleocapsid protein during human coronavirus 229E replication ','The well known immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A inhibits replication of various viruses including coronaviruses by binding to cellular cyclophilins thus inactivating their cis trans peptidyl prolyl isomerase function Viral nucleocapsid proteins are inevitable for genome encapsidation and replication Here we demonstrate the interaction between the N protein of HCoV 229E and cyclophilin A not cyclophilin B Cyclophilin inhibitors abolish this interaction Upon infection cyclophilin A stays evenly distributed throughout the cell whereas cyclophilin B concentrates at ER bleb like structures We further show the inhibitory potential of non immunosuppressive CsA derivatives Alisporivir NIM811 compound 3 on HCoV 229E GFP and Luciferase replication in human Huh 7 5 hepatoma cells at 18 and 48 h time points post infection with EC50< sub> s at low micromolar ranges Thus non immunosuppressive CsA derivatives effectively inhibit HCoV 229E replication suggesting them as possible candidates for the treatment of HCoV infection The interruption of interaction between CypA and N protein by CsA and its derivatives suggest a mechanism how CypA inhibitors suppress viral replication ',0 32193300,'Coronavirus disruptions reverberate through research ',?,1 32045966,' First case of severe childhood novel coronavirus pneumonia in China ','1Li Zhu Su Wei " Jian Duan Fu Xie Ou Tu 6 d Fa Re Ban Hu Xi Ji Cu Ban Tian " De Huan Er Jiu Zhen Yu Wu Yi Er Tong Yi Yuan Zhong Zheng Yi Xue Ke Zhen Duan Wei Er Tong Wei Zhong Xing Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan NCP Yi " Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan " Er Tong " Wei Zhong Xing " Wei Guan Jian Ci Jian Suo Jie Zhi 2020Nian 2Yue 8Ri Zhong Guo Zhi Wang Wei Pu Wang Mo Fang Deng Xiang Guan Shu Ju Ku Wei Jian Bao Dao Ben Li Wei Zhong Guo Shou Li Wei Zhong Xing NCPHuan Er Yi Xiao Hua Dao Zheng Zhuang Qi Bing Zao Qi Hu Xi Dao Zheng Zhuang Bu Ming Xian Kuai Su Jin Zhan Wei Ji Xing Hu Xi Jiong Po Zong He Zheng Nong Du Zheng Xiu Ke Bing Ban You Ji Xing Shen Shuai Jie Huan Er Zao Qi Lian Xu 2Ci Yan Shi Zi 2019Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du 2019 nCoV He Suan Jian Ce Yin Xing Dui Yu Zhong Zheng Yi Si Bing Li Jian Yi Cai Ji Xia Hu Xi Dao Yang Ben Huo Zhong Fu Cai Ji Shang Hu Xi Dao Yang Ben Jin Xing Jian Ce Ti Wai Lian Xu Xie Ye Jing Hua Ji Zhu Ke Jin Zao Ying Yong Dao Wei Zhong Xing NCPHuan Er De Jiu Zhi Zhong ',1 32198005,'A case of COVID 19 and pneumonia returning from Macau in Taiwan Clinical course and anti SARS CoV 2 IgG dynamic ','A 46 year old woman presented to the emergency department with 2 day fever and cough at seven days after returning from Macau COVID 19 and pneumonia was diagnosed based on the positive real time RT PCR tests for oropharyngeal swab samples and the presence of anti SARS COV 2 IgG starting from the illness day 11 and post exposure 18 21 days ',1 32148173,'Is SARS CoV 2 originated from laboratory A rebuttal to the claim of formation via laboratory recombination ',?,1 32108087,'Learning to deal with dual use ',?,0 31696140,'Comparison of Rates of Hospitalization Between Single and Dual Virus Detection in a Mexican Cohort of Children and Adults With Influenza Like Illness ','Molecular detection methods allow for the simultaneous detection of several infectious agents This study assesses whether co infection with 2 viruses as compared with 1 is associated with increased hospitalization in those with acute respiratory infections ',0 32126736,'Small Molecule Inhibitors of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Fusion by Targeting Cavities on Heptad Repeat Trimers ','Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV is a newly emerging viral disease with fatal outcomes However no MERS CoV specific treatment is commercially available Given the absence of previous structure based drug discovery studies targeting MERS CoV fusion proteins this set of compounds is considered the first generation of MERS CoV small molecule fusion inhibitors After a virtual screening campaign of 1 56 million compounds followed by cell cell fusion assay and MERS CoV plaques inhibition assay three new compounds were identified Compound numbers 22 73 and 74 showed IC50< sub> values of 12 6 21 8 and 11 12 uM respectively and were most effective at the onset of spike receptor interactions The compounds exhibited safe profiles against Human embryonic kidney cells 293 HEK293 at a concentration of 20 uM with no observed toxicity in Vero cells at 10 uM The experimental results are accompanied with predicted favorable pharmacokinetic descriptors and drug likeness parameters In conclusion this study provides the first generation of MERS CoV fusion inhibitors with potencies in the low micromolar range ',0 32163661,'Surveillance and Taxonomic Analysis of the Coronavirus Dominant in Pigeons in China ','Coronaviruses CoVs are found in humans and a wide variety of wild and domestic animals and of substantial impact on human and animal health In poultry the genetic diversity evolution distribution and taxonomy of CoVs dominant in birds other than chickens remain enigmatic In our previous study we proposed that the CoVs dominant i e mainly circulating in ducks DdCoVs should represent a novel species which was different from the one represented by the CoVs dominant in chickens CdCoVs In this study we conducted a large scale surveillance of CoVs in chickens ducks geese pigeons and other birds quails sparrows and partridges using a conserved RT PCR assay The surveillance demonstrated that CdCoVs DdCoVs and the CoVs dominant in pigeons PdCoVs belong to different lineages and they are all prevalent in live poultry markets and the backyard flocks in some regions of China We further sequenced seven Coronaviridae wide conserved domains in their replicase polyprotein pp1ab of seven PdCoVs and found that the genetic distances in these domains between PdCoVs and DdCoVs or CdCoVs are large enough to separate PdCoVs into a novel species which were different from the ones represented by DdCoVs or CdCoVs within the genus Gammacoronavirus per the species demarcation criterion of International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses This report shed novel insight into the genetic diversity distribution evolution and taxonomy of avian CoVs ',1 32030926,'The Outbreak Cases with the Novel Coronavirus Suggest Upgraded Quarantine and Isolation in Korea ',?,1 32132669,'Novel antibody epitopes dominate the antigenicity of spike glycoprotein in SARS CoV 2 compared to SARS CoV ',?,1 32126292,'COVID 19 in Latin America The implications of the first confirmed case in Brazil ',?,1 30771080,'Genetic characterization of bovine coronavirus in Vietnam ','A maximum clade credibility tree constructed using the full length spike S and hemagglutinin esterase genes revealed that Vietnamese Bovine coronavirus BCoV strains belong to a single cluster C1 therefore they might share a common origin with Cuban and Chinese BCoV strains The omega values of cluster 1 C1 and cluster 2 C2 were 0 15734 and 0 11613 respectively and naive empirical bayes analysis identified two amino acid positions 179 and 501 in the S protein in C1 and three amino acid positions 113 501 and 525 in that of C2 that underwent positive selection p > 99\% The evolutionary rate of C1 was estimated to be 7 6206 x 10 4< sup> substitutions site year and the most recent common ancestor tMRCA of Vietnamese BCoVs was estimated to date back to 1962 95\% HPD 1950 1973 The effective population sizes of C1 and C2 underwent a rapid reduction after 2000 and 2004 respectively ',0 30634396,'Bats and Coronaviruses ','Bats are speculated to be reservoirs of several emerging viruses including coronaviruses CoVs that cause serious disease in humans and agricultural animals These include CoVs that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS porcine epidemic diarrhea PED and severe acute diarrhea syndrome SADS Bats that are naturally infected or experimentally infected do not demonstrate clinical signs of disease These observations have allowed researchers to speculate that bats are the likely reservoirs or ancestral hosts for several CoVs In this review we follow the CoV outbreaks that are speculated to have originated in bats We review studies that have allowed researchers to identify unique adaptation in bats that may allow them to harbor CoVs without severe disease We speculate about future studies that are critical to identify how bats can harbor multiple strains of CoVs and factors that enable these viruses to " jump" from bats to other mammals We hope that this review will enable readers to identify gaps in knowledge that currently exist and initiate a dialogue amongst bat researchers to share resources to overcome present limitations ',0 32157783,'COVID 19 and psoriasis Is it time to limit treatment with immunosuppressants A call for action ',?,1 32130405,'2019 novel coronavirus is undergoing active recombination ',?,1 32164400,' Epidemiological characteristics of confirmed COVID 19 cases in Tianjin ','Objective < b> To investigate the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 135 confirmed cases of COVID 19 in Tianjin Methods < b> The clinical and epidemiological data of 135 cases of COVID 19 in Tianjin were collected and the data were analyzed with descriptive method The factors influencing the severity of the illness were analyzed Results < b> Among the 135 COVID 19 cases 72 were males and 63 were females the age of the cases was 48 62+ 16 83 years and the case fatality rate was 2 22\% Local transmission caused 74 81\% of the cases A total of 33 clusters occurred involving 85 92\% of all COVID 19 cases The median of the incubation period of COVID 19 was 6 50 days the average generation interval was 5 days and the household secondary transmission rate was 20 46\% Fever was the main symptom 78 63\% followed by cough 56 48\% Multivariate regression analysis indicated that age OR< i>=1 038 95\%CI< i> 1 010 1 167 and the number of chronic underlying diseases OR< i>=1 709 95\%CI< i> 1 052 2 777 were the risk factors of severe illness Conclusions < b> Fever was the main symptom at the early phase of COVID 19 in Tianjin and the local cluster cases accounted for high proportion in confirmed COVID 19 cases reported in Tianjin Severe illness was prone to occur in people with old age and multi underlying diseases Strict isolation of close contacts and intensive care of high risk groups are the main measures to reduce the morbidity and case fatality of COVID 19 ',1 32173725,'Clinical characteristics of refractory COVID 19 pneumonia in Wuhan China ','Since December 2019 novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 infected pneumonia COVID 19 occurred in Wuhan and rapidly spread throughout China This study aimed to clarify the characteristics of patients with refractory COVID 19 ',1 32171754,'Washing our hands of the problem ',?,1 30634407,'Complement Receptor C5aR1 Inhibition Reduces Pyroptosis in hDPP4 Transgenic Mice Infected with MERS CoV ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV is a highly pathogenic virus with a crude mortality rate of ~35\% Previously we established a human DPP4 transgenic hDPP4 Tg mouse model in which we studied complement overactivation induced immunopathogenesis Here to better understand the pathogenesis of MERS CoV we studied the role of pyroptosis in THP 1 cells and hDPP4 Tg mice with MERS CoV infection We found that MERS CoV infection induced pyroptosis and over activation of complement in human macrophages The hDPP4 Tg mice infected with MERS CoV overexpressed caspase 1 in the spleen and showed high IL 1b levels in serum suggesting that pyroptosis occurred after infection However when the C5a C5aR1 axis was blocked by an anti C5aR1 antibody Ab expression of caspase 1 and IL 1b fell These data indicate that MERS CoV infection induces overactivation of complement which may contribute to pyroptosis and inflammation Pyroptosis and inflammation were suppressed by inhibiting C5aR1 These results will further our understanding of the pathogenesis of MERS CoV infection ',0 32087334,'The epidemic of 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV pneumonia and insights for emerging infectious diseases in the future ','At the end of December 2019 a novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV caused an outbreak of pneumonia spreading from Wuhan Hubei province to the whole country of China which has posed great threats to public health and attracted enormous attention around the world To date there are no clinically approved vaccines or antiviral drugs available for these human coronavirus infections Intensive research on the novel emerging human infectious coronaviruses is urgently needed to elucidate their route of transmission and pathogenic mechanisms and to identify potential drug targets which would promote the development of effective preventive and therapeutic countermeasures Herein we describe the epidemic and etiological characteristics of 2019 nCoV discuss its essential biological features including tropism and receptor usage summarize approaches for disease prevention and treatment and speculate on the transmission route of 2019 nCoV ',1 32083831,'The novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV outbreak think the unthinkable and be prepared to face the challenge ',?,1 32179533,'Covid 19 medical schools are urged to fast track final year students ',?,1 32046819,'Incubation period of 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV infections among travellers from Wuhan China 20 28 January 2020 ','A novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV is causing an outbreak of viral pneumonia that started in Wuhan China Using the travel history and symptom onset of 88 confirmed cases that were detected outside Wuhan in the early outbreak phase we estimate the mean incubation period to be 6 4 days 95\% credible interval 5 6 7 7 ranging from 2 1 to 11 1 days 2 5th to 97 5th percentile These values should help inform 2019 nCoV case definitions and appropriate quarantine durations ',1 32015507,'A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin ','Since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS 18 years ago a large number of SARS related coronaviruses SARSr CoVs have been discovered in their natural reservoir host bats1 4< sup> Previous studies have shown that some bat SARSr CoVs have the potential to infect humans5 7< sup> Here we report the identification and characterization of a new coronavirus 2019 nCoV which caused an epidemic of acute respiratory syndrome in humans in Wuhan China The epidemic which started on 12 December 2019 had caused 2 794 laboratory confirmed infections including 80 deaths by 26 January 2020 Full length genome sequences were obtained from five patients at an early stage of the outbreak The sequences are almost identical and share 79 6\% sequence identity to SARS CoV Furthermore we show that 2019 nCoV is 96\% identical at the whole genome level to a bat coronavirus Pairwise protein sequence analysis of seven conserved non structural proteins domains show that this virus belongs to the species of SARSr CoV In addition 2019 nCoV virus isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of a critically ill patient could be neutralized by sera from several patients Notably we confirmed that 2019 nCoV uses the same cell entry receptor angiotensin converting enzyme II ACE2 as SARS CoV ',1 32201972,'Global coronavirus pandemic 2019 nCOV Implication for an Italian medium size dermatological clinic of a ii level hospital ','On December 31 2019 from the Chinese city of Wuhan Hubei comes the first case of " atypcal ARDS interstitial pneumonia" On February 11 2020 the WHO officially announced the new name of the pathology associated with the coronavirus COVID 19 Coronavirus Disease 2019 On February 13 72000 cases have been recorded in China of which 15000 in Hubei with 242 deaths in a single day For this reason China put in place drastic containment measures for the virus spreading ',0 32196983,'Navigating Coronavirus Disease 2019 Covid 19 in Physiatry A CAN report for Inpatient Rehabilitation Facilities ','We are facing a global pandemic in relation to coronavirus disease 2019 Covid 19 Emergency preparedness plans often do not consider issues specific to inpatient rehabilitation facilities The CAN model can be used to prepare for natural disasters including the COVID 19 pandemic This report was created to aid specialists in acute Inpatient Rehabilitation Facilities This article is protected by copyright All rights reserved ',1 32154505,'The coronavirus 2019 nCoV epidemic Is hindsight 20 20 ',?,1 30969980,'A viral metagenomic survey identifies known and novel mammalian viruses in bats from Saudi Arabia ','Bats are implicated as natural reservoirs for a wide range of zoonotic viruses including SARS and MERS coronaviruses Ebola Marburg Nipah Hendra Rabies and other lyssaviruses Accordingly many One Health surveillance and viral discovery programs have focused on bats In this report we present viral metagenomic data from bats collected in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia KSA Unbiased high throughput sequencing of fecal samples from 72 bat individuals comprising four species lesser mouse tailed bat Rhinopoma hardwickii Egyptian tomb bat Taphozous perforatus straw colored fruit bat Eidolon helvum and Egyptian fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus revealed molecular evidence of a diverse set of viral families Picornaviridae hepatovirus teschovirus parechovirus Reoviridae rotavirus Polyomaviridae polyomavirus Papillomaviridae papillomavirus Astroviridae astrovirus Caliciviridae sapovirus Coronaviridae coronavirus Adenoviridae adenovirus Paramyxoviridae paramyxovirus and unassigned mononegavirales chuvirus Additionally we discovered a bastro like virus Middle East Hepe Astrovirus with a genomic organization similar to Hepeviridae However since it shared homology with Hepeviridae and Astroviridae at ORF1 and in ORF2 respectively the newly discovered Hepe Astrovirus may represent a phylogenetic bridge between Hepeviridae and Astroviridae ',0 32105610,'Scientists are sprinting to outpace the novel coronavirus ',?,1 32093921,'One world one health The novel coronavirus COVID 19 epidemic ',?,1 31176401,'ATN 161 reduces virus proliferation in PHEV infected mice by inhibiting the integrin a5b1 FAK signaling pathway ','Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus PHEV is a typical neurotropic virus that can cause obvious nerve damage Integrin a5b1 is a transmembrane macromolecular that closely related to neurological function We recently demonstrated that integrin a5b1 plays a critical role in PHEV invasion in vitro To determine the function and mechanism of integrin a5b1 in virus proliferation in vivo we established a mouse model of PHEV infection Integrin a5b1 FAK signaling pathway was activated in PHEV infected mice by qPCR Western blotting and GST pull down assays Viral proliferation and integrin a5b1 FAK signaling pathway were significantly inhibited after intravenous injection of ATN 161 an integrin a5b1 inhibitor Through a histological analysis we found that ATN 161 treated mice only showed pathological changes in neuronal cytoplasmic swelling at 5 day post infection In summary our results provide the first evidence that ATN 161 inhibits the proliferation of PHEV in mice and explores its underlying mechanisms of action ',0 32048560,'The global spread of 2019 nCoV a molecular evolutionary analysis ','The global spread of the 2019 nCoV is continuing and is fast moving as indicated by the WHO raising the risk assessment to high In this article we provide a preliminary phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis of this new virus A Maximum Clade Credibility tree has been built using the 29 available whole genome sequences of 2019 nCoV and two whole genome sequences that are highly similar sequences from Bat SARS like Coronavirus available in GeneBank We are able to clarify the mechanism of transmission among the countries which have provided the 2019 nCoV sequence isolates from their patients The Bayesian phylogeographic reconstruction shows that the 2019 2020 nCoV most probably originated from the Bat SARS like Coronavirus circulating in the Rhinolophus< i> bat family In agreement with epidemiological observations the most likely geographic origin of the new outbreak was the city of Wuhan China where 2019 nCoV time of the most recent common ancestor emerged according to molecular clock analysis around November 25th< sup> 2019 These results together with previously recorded epidemics suggest a recurring pattern of periodical epizootic outbreaks due to Betacoronavirus< i> Moreover our study describes the same population genetic dynamic underlying the SARS 2003 epidemic and suggests the urgent need for the development of effective molecular surveillance strategies of Betacoronavirus< i> among animals and Rhinolophus< i> of the bat family ',1 32042254,'Identifying factors and target preventive therapies for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome sucsibtable patients ','Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MERS is a respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus that was identified in 2012 in Saudi Arabia It is associated with significant mortality and morbidity We identified factors associated with the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV infection among suspected cases presented with sign and symptoms of upper respiratory infection or exposure to the virus We also looked at the impact of medication history on virus transmission ',0 32065348,'Can Chinese Medicine Be Used for Prevention of Corona Virus Disease 2019 COVID 19 A Review of Historical Classics Research Evidence and Current Prevention Programs ','Since December 2019 an outbreak of corona virus disease 2019 COVID 19 occurred in Wuhan and rapidly spread to almost all parts of China This was followed by prevention programs recommending Chinese medicine CM for the prevention In order to provide evidence for CM recommendations we reviewed ancient classics and human studies ',1 31685722,'Evaluation of serological assays available in a biosafety level 2 laboratory and their application for survey of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus among livestock in Ethiopia ','A serological survey of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV was conducted among dromedary camels and herbivorous animals sharing the same pasturage in Ethiopia The pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus coated with the spike protein of MERS CoV was used in virus neutralization VN tests performed in a biosafety level BSL 2 laboratory The results were similar to those obtained from the VN test using live MERS CoV and were more sensitive than the ELISA performed using synthetic MERS S1 fragment as the antigen as well as the competitive ELISA performed using a monoclonal antibody against MERS CoV According to the comprehensive results of the four types of serodiagnosis methods positive antibodies were detected only in dromedary camels and the remaining herbivorous animals were not infected with the virus Moreover using the present procedure serological tests for MERS CoV can be conducted even in BSL 2 laboratory ',0 32087125,'A distinct name is needed for the new coronavirus ',?,1 32127125,'Authors response Plenty of coronaviruses but no SARS CoV 2 ',?,1 32199511,'Mental health care for international Chinese students affected by the COVID 19 outbreak ',?,1 32155105,'Performance of radiologists in differentiating COVID 19 from viral pneumonia on chest CT ','Background Despite its high sensitivity in diagnosing COVID 19 in a screening population chest CT appearances of COVID 19 pneumonia are thought to be non specific Purpose To assess the performance of United States U S and Chinese radiologists in differentiating COVID 19 from viral pneumonia on chest CT Methods A total of 219 patients with both positive COVID 19 by RT PCR and abnormal chest CT findings were retrospectively identified from 7 Chinese hospitals in Hunan Providence China from January 6 to February 20 2020 A total of 205 patients with positive Respiratory Pathogen Panel for viral pneumonia and CT findings consistent with or highly suspicious for pneumonia by original radiology interpretation within 7 days of each other were identified from Rhode Island Hospital in Providence RI Three Chinese radiologists blindly reviewed all chest CTs n=424 to differentiate COVID 19 from viral pneumonia A sample of 58 age matched cases was randomly selected and evaluated by 4 U S radiologists in a similar fashion Different CT features were recorded and compared between the two groups Results For all chest CTs three Chinese radiologists correctly differentiated COVID 19 from non COVID 19 pneumonia 83\% 350 424 80\% 338 424 and 60\% 255 424 of the time respectively The seven radiologists had sensitivities of 80\% 67\% 97\% 93\% 83\% 73\% and 70\% and specificities of 100\% 93\% 7\% 100\% 93\% 93\% 100\% Compared to non COVID 19 pneumonia COVID 19 pneumonia was more likely to have a peripheral distribution 80\% vs 57\% p< 0 001 ground glass opacity 91\% vs 68\% p< 0 001 fine reticular opacity 56\% vs 22\% p< 0 001 and vascular thickening 59\% vs 22\% p< 0 001 but less likely to have a central+peripheral distribution 14 \% vs 35\% p< 0 001 pleural effusion 4 1 vs 39\% p< 0 001 and lymphadenopathy 2 7\% vs 10 2\% p< 0 001 Conclusion Radiologists in China and the United States distinguished COVID 19 from viral pneumonia on chest CT with high specificity but moderate sensitivity A translation of this abstract in Farsi is available in the supplement < i> trjmh chkhydh yn mqlh bh frsy dr Dmymh mwjwd st ',1 32187463,'Covid 19 The Search for Effective Therapy ',?,1 32053389,'Straining the System Novel Coronavirus COVID 19 and Preparedness for Concomitant Disasters ','Just a few weeks before the first confirmed case of novel coronavirus COVID 19 was reported in the United States the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC issued a bold promise to the nation the agency will use its scientific expertise to bring a new level of preparedness in the United States and global health security against current and growing threats finally eliminate certain diseases and bring an end to the devastation of epidemics 1< sup> The current outbreak of COVID 19 reminds us how urgent this promise is and just how critical it is to continue to sustain and strengthen our nation s public health infrastructure The unprecedented pace of the public health response to COVID 19 has only been possible because of prior investments in public health preparedness To accelerate our pace and meet the challenges of current and future health threats we must advance our world class data and analytics capabilities maintain and expand our state of the art public health laboratory capacity continue building a workforce of trusted expert public health professionals sustain our capacity to rapidly respond to outbreaks at their source and assure a strong global and domestic preparedness capacity Am J Public Health< i> Published online ahead of print February 13 2020 e1 e2 doi 10 2105 AJPH 2020 305618 ',1 32173576,'Patients of COVID 19 may benefit from sustained lopinavir combined regimen and the increase of eosinophil may predict the outcome of COVID 19 progression ','To explore the epidemiological information clinical characteristics therapeutic outcomes and temporal progression of laboratory findings in 2019 coronavirus disease COVID 19 patients exposed to lopinavir ',1 31986259,'Emerging understandings of 2019 nCoV ',?,1 31905881,'Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Nsp5 Inhibits Type I Interferon Production by Cleaving NEMO at Multiple Sites ','Feline infectious peritonitis FIP caused by virulent feline coronavirus is the leading infectious cause of death in cats The type I interferon type I IFN mediated immune responses provide host protection from infectious diseases Several coronaviruses have been reported to evolve diverse strategies to evade host IFN response However whether feline infectious peritonitis virus FIPV antagonizes the type I IFN signaling remains unclear In this study we demonstrated that FIPV strain DF2 infection not only failed to induce interferon b IFN b and interferon stimulated gene ISG production but also inhibited Sendai virus SEV or polyinosinic polycytidylic acid poly I C induced IFN b production Subsequently we found that one of the non structural proteins encoded by the FIPV genome nsp5 interrupted type I IFN signaling in a protease dependent manner by cleaving the nuclear factor kB NF kB essential modulator NEMO at three sites glutamine132 Q132 Q205 and Q231 Further investigation revealed that the cleavage products of NEMO lost the ability to activate the IFN b promoter Mechanistically the nsp5 mediated NEMO cleavage disrupted the recruitment of the TRAF family member associated NF kB activator TANK to NEMO which reduced the phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 3 IRF3 leading to the inhibition of type I IFN production Our research provides new insights into the mechanism for FIPV to counteract host innate immune response ',0 31994742,'Updated understanding of the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV in Wuhan China ','To help health workers and the public recognize and deal with the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV quickly effectively and calmly with an updated understanding A comprehensive search from Chinese and worldwide official websites and announcements was performed between 1 December 2019 and 9 30 am 26 January 2020 Beijing time A latest summary of 2019 nCoV and the current outbreak was drawn Up to 24 pm 25 January 2020 a total of 1975 cases of 2019 nCoV infection were confirmed in mainland China with a total of 56 deaths having occurred The latest mortality was approximately 2 84\% with a total of 2684 cases still suspected The China National Health Commission reported the details of the first 17 deaths up to 24 pm 22 January 2020 The deaths included 13 males and 4 females The median age of the people who died was 75 range 48 89 years Fever 64 7\% and cough 52 9\% were the most common first symptoms among those who died The median number of days from the occurence of the first symptom to death was 14 0 range 6 41 days and it tended to be shorter among people aged 70 years or more 11 5 range 6 19 days than those aged less than 70 years 20 range 10 41 days P = 033 The 2019 nCoV infection is spreading and its incidence is increasing nationwide The first deaths occurred mostly in elderly people among whom the disease might progress faster The public should still be cautious in dealing with the virus and pay more attention to protecting the elderly people from the virus ',1 32105637,'Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID 19 pneumonia in Wuhan China a descriptive study ','A cluster of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 pneumonia caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 were successively reported in Wuhan China We aimed to describe the CT findings across different timepoints throughout the disease course ',1 32096395,' The treatment proposal for the patients with breast diseases in the central epidemic area of 2019 coronavirus disease ','Currently the epidemic of 2019 coronavirus disease COVID 19 is still ongoing The characteristics including high contagiousness herd susceptibility and clinical phenotype diversity made a serious influence on people s daily life and rountine therapy for other diseases Breast dieases are clinical common diseases In the central epidemic area of COVID 19 Hubei province especially Wuhan the clinical specialists of breast diseases should consider all of the following factors comprehensively the prevention of COVID 19 the diagnosis and treatment of breast diseases and the accessibility of medical resources Besides we should select the appropriate therapy and optimize treatment process so as to prevent the propagation and cross infection of COVID 19 as well as manage the breast diseases without delay Therefore we carried out some management proposals of the patients with breast diseases in the central epidemic area during the epidemic of COVID 19 on the basis of conventional treatment guidelines and clinical experiences The suggestions and corrections from colleagues will be welcomed ',1 31113572,'Clinical presentation diagnostic findings and outcome of adult horses with equine coronavirus infection at a veterinary teaching hospital 33 cases 2012 2018 ','Equine coronavirus ECoV is a recently described enteric virus with worldwide outbreaks however there are little data available on clinical presentation diagnosis and outcome The study objective was to document case management of ECoV in adult horses presented to a referral hospital and compare to a cohort of horses that tested negative for ECoV A retrospective case series was performed based on positive real time quantitative PCR results for ECoV on faeces from horses treated at the UC Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital from 1 March 2012 to 31 March 2018 Horses negative for ECoV were matched to the ECoV positive group as controls Data collected included signalment history exam findings diagnostics treatment and follow up Thirty three horses median age 11 years range 2 37 years tested ECoV positive including three horses with co infections Presenting complaints for ECoV infected horses included historic fevers n = 25 30 83\% anorexia n = 14 30 47\% and colic n = 13 30 43\% ECoV positive horses had significantly lower white blood cell median 3 0 x 109< sup> L range 0 68 16 2 x 109< sup> L neutrophil median 1 26 x 109< sup> L range 0 15 14 4 x 109< sup> L and lymphocyte median 0 86 x 109< sup> L range 0 42 3 47 x 109< sup> L counts than ECoV negative horses Electrolyte and metabolic derangements and scant faeces were common Twenty seven horses were hospitalised for a median of 5 days range 0 5 14 days with 26 27 96\% horses surviving to discharge ECoV infection should be a differential diagnosis for adult horses with fever colic anorexia and leukopenia The disease has a low mortality rate but horses may require intensive care to resolve severe leukopenia systemic inflammation and metabolic disturbances ',0 30646565,'From SARS to MERS Thrusting Coronaviruses into the Spotlight ','Coronaviruses CoVs have formerly been regarded as relatively harmless respiratory pathogens to humans However two outbreaks of severe respiratory tract infection caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV as a result of zoonotic CoVs crossing the species barrier caused high pathogenicity and mortality rates in human populations This brought CoVs global attention and highlighted the importance of controlling infectious pathogens at international borders In this review we focus on our current understanding of the epidemiology pathogenesis prevention and treatment of SARS CoV and MERS CoV as well as provides details on the pivotal structure and function of the spike proteins S proteins on the surface of each of these viruses For building up more suitable animal models we compare the current animal models recapitulating pathogenesis and summarize the potential role of host receptors contributing to diverse host affinity in various species We outline the research still needed to fully elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of these viruses to construct reproducible animal models and ultimately develop countermeasures to conquer not only SARS CoV and MERS CoV but also these emerging coronaviral diseases ',0 32129672,'COVID 19 What Can We Learn From Stories From the Trenches ',?,1 32190290,'SARS CoV 2 and COVID 19 The most important research questions ','Coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 is an ongoing global health emergency Here we highlight nine most important research questions concerning virus transmission asymptomatic and presymptomatic virus shedding diagnosis treatment vaccine development origin of virus and viral pathogenesis ',1 32077660,' Preliminary study of the relationship between novel coronavirus pneumonia and liver function damage a multicenter study ','Objective < b> To analyze the clinical characteristics of cases of novel coronavirus pneumonia and a preliminary study to explore the relationship between different clinical classification and liver damage Methods < b> Consecutively confirmed novel coronavirus infection cases admitted to seven designated hospitals during January 23 2020 to February 8 2020 were included Clinical classification mild moderate severe and critical was carried out according to the diagnosis and treatment program of novel coronavirus pneumonia Trial Fifth Edition issued by the National Health Commission The research data were analyzed using SPSS19 0 statistical software Quantitative data were expressed as median interquartile range and qualitative data were expressed as frequency and rate Results < b> 32 confirmed cases that met the inclusion criteria were included 28 cases were of mild or moderate type 87 50\% and four cases 12 50\% of severe or critical type Four cases 12 5\% were combined with one underlying disease bronchial asthma coronary heart disease malignant tumor chronic kidney disease and one case 3 13\% was simultaneously combined with high blood pressure and malignant tumor The results of laboratory examination showed that the alanine aminotransferase ALT aspartate aminotransferase AST albumin ALB and total bilirubin TBil for entire cohort were 26 98 16 88 ~ 46 09 U L and 24 75 18 71 ~ 31 79 U L 39 00 36 20 ~ 44 20 g L and 16 40 11 34 ~ 21 15 mmol L respectively ALT AST ALB and TBil of the mild or moderate subgroups were 22 75 16 31 ~ 37 25 U L 23 63 18 71 ~ 26 50 U L 39 70 36 50 ~ 46 10 g L and 15 95 11 34 ~ 20 83 mmol L respectively ALT AST ALB and TBil of the severe or critical subgroups were 60 25 40 88 ~ 68 90 U L 37 00 20 88 ~ 64 45 U L 35 75 28 68 ~ 42 00 g L and 20 50 11 28 ~ 25 00 mmol L respectively Conclusion < b> The results of this multicenter retrospective study suggests that novel coronavirus pneumonia combined with liver damage is more likely to be caused by adverse drug reactions and systemic inflammation in severe patients receiving medical treatment Therefore liver function monitoring and evaluation should be strengthened during the treatment of such patients ',1 31056437,'MERS CoV infection among healthcare workers and risk factors for death Retrospective analysis of all laboratory confirmed cases reported to WHO from 2012 to 2 June 2018 ','Approximately half of the reported laboratory confirmed infections of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV have occurred in healthcare settings and healthcare workers constitute over one third of all secondary infections This study aimed to describe secondary cases of MERS CoV infection among healthcare workers and to identify risk factors for death ',0 32191350,'COVID 2019 and Pregnancy A plea for transparent reporting of all cases ','We read with great interest a recent editorial by Liang et al on the management of COVID 19 in pregnancy Their recommendations are clinically oriented and are likely to be useful to obstetricians and other healthcare professionals caring for such patients However we feel that development of evidence based guidelines has been hindered by selective reporting of cases We hereby would like to discuss a few additional points with regards to the challenges encountered while managing pregnant patients with COVID 19 ',1 32160971,'Positive result of Sars Cov 2 in sputum from a cured patient with COVID 19 ',?,1 32198275,'More awareness is needed for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2019 transmission through exhaled air during non invasive respiratory support experience from China ',?,1 32199494,'Estimation of COVID 19 outbreak size in Italy ',?,1 32011472,'Effect of isolation practice on the transmission of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus among hemodialysis patients A 2 year prospective cohort study ','Hemodialysis HD patients had a high rate of infection transmission and mortality during the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV outbreak in Saudi Arabia A standardized guideline on isolation technique for exposed HD patients is not available Thus this study aimed to evaluate the effect of different isolation strategies on the prevention of secondary viral transmission and clinical outcomes among exposed HD patients During the 2015 MERS CoV outbreak in Korea 116 patients in 3 HD units were incidentally exposed to individuals with confirmed MERS CoV infection and underwent different types of isolation which were as follows single room isolation n = 54 47\% cohort isolation n = 46 40\% and self imposed quarantine n = 16 13\% The primary outcome was rate of secondary viral transmission The secondary outcome measures were changes in clinical and biochemical markers during the isolation period difference in clinical and biochemical markers according to the types of isolation practice and effect of isolation practice on patient survival During a mean isolation period of 15 days no further cases of secondary transmission were detected among HD patients Plasma hemoglobin serum calcium and serum albumin levels and single pool Kt V decreased during the isolation period but normalized thereafter Patients who were subjected to self imposed quarantine had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure lower total cholesterol level and lower Kt V than those who underwent single room or cohort isolation During the 24 month follow up period 12 patients died However none of the deaths occurred during the isolation period and no differences were observed in patient survival rate according to different isolation strategies Although 116 participants in 3 HD units were incidentally exposed to MERS CoV during the 2015 outbreak in Korea strict patient surveillance and proper isolation practice prevented secondary transmission of the virus Thus a renal disaster protocol which includes proper contact surveillance and isolation practice must be established in the future to accommodate the needs of HD patients during disasters or outbreaks ',0 31883094,'Genetically Engineering a Susceptible Mouse Model for MERS CoV Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ','Since 2012 monthly cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV continue to cause severe respiratory disease that is fatal in ~35\% of diagnosed individuals The ongoing threat to global public health and the need for novel therapeutic countermeasures have driven the development of animal models that can reproducibly replicate the pathology associated with MERS CoV in human infections The inability of MERS CoV to replicate in the respiratory tracts of mice hamsters and ferrets stymied initial attempts to generate small animal models Identification of human dipeptidyl peptidase IV hDPP4 as the receptor for MERS CoV infection opened the door for genetic engineering of mice Precise molecular engineering of mouse DPP4 mDPP4 with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats CRISPR Cas9 technology maintained inherent expression profiles and limited MERS CoV susceptibility to tissues that naturally express mDPP4 notably the lower respiratory tract wherein MERS CoV elicits severe pulmonary pathology Here we describe the generation of the 288 330+ +< sup> MERS CoV mouse model in which mice were made susceptible to MERS CoV by modifying two amino acids on mDPP4 A288 and T330 and the use of adaptive evolution to generate novel MERS CoV isolates that cause fatal respiratory disease The 288 330+ +< sup> mice are currently being used to evaluate novel drug antibody and vaccine therapeutic countermeasures for MERS CoV The chapter starts with a historical perspective on the emergence of MERS CoV and animal models evaluated for MERS CoV pathogenesis and then outlines the development of the 288 330+ +< sup> mouse model assays for assessing a MERS CoV pulmonary infection in a mouse model and describes some of the challenges associated with using genetically engineered mice ',0 32160739,' Prone ventilation for novel coronavirus pneumonia no time to delay ','Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan COVID 19 Suo Zhi De Ji Xing Hu Xi Jiong Po Zong He Zheng ARDS Shi Zhong Xing He Wei Zhong Xing Huan Zhe Yu Hou Bu Liang De Zhu Yao Bing Yin Dui Chang Gui Fei Bao Hu He Fei Kai Fang Tong Qi Ce Lue Fan Ying Bu Jia Fu Wo Wei Tong Qi Shi Zhi Liao De Zhong Yao Cuo Shi Tong Guo Cu Jin Fei Fu Zhang Gai Shan Di Yang Xie Zheng Gao Tan Suan Xie Zheng Ji Ji Xing You Xin Gong Neng Shuai Jie Fu Wo Wei Tong Qi Tong Yang Dui Bing Qing Xiang Dui Jiao Qing De Huan Zhe You Xiao Ke Yu Fang Bing Qing Xiang Zhong Xing He Wei Zhong Xing Jin Zhan Mu Qian Lin Chuang Yi Shi Dui Fu Wo Wei Tong Qi Zhi Liao COVID 19Reng Cun Kun Huo Yin Ci Ji Xu Zai Lin Chuang Tui Yan ',1 32171191,' Genomic analysis of a 2019 nCoV strain in the first COVID 19 patient found in Hangzhou Zhejiang China ','Objective < b> To understand the viral genomic characteristics of a 2019 nCoV strain in the first COVID 19 patient found in Hangzhou China Methods < b> Viral RNA was extracted in throat swab and sputum sample of the patient and was performed real time reverse transcription PCR detection and obtained viral genome by high throughput sequencing method Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using 29 2019 nCoV genomes and 30 b coronavirus genomes deposited in NCBI GenBank Fifteen genomes from Wuhan were grouped by mutation sites and others were identified by Wuhan s or specific mutation sites Results < b> A 29 833 bp length genome of the first 2019 nCoV strain in Hangzhou was obtained covering full length of the coding regions of coronavirus Phylogenetic analysis showed that the genome was closest to the genome of a bat SARS like coronavirus strain RaTG13 with an identity of 96 11\% 28 666 29 826 Among the genes between two genomes E genes were highly conserved 99 56\% while S genes had lowest identity 92 87\% suggesting that S gene was of a faster evolutionary rate The genome sequence similarities among 29 strains from China Hangzhou Wuhan and Shenzhen Japan USA and Finland were all more than 99 9\% however some single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in some strains Conclusion < b> The genome of Hangzhou 2019 nCoV strain was very close to the genomes of strains from other cities in China and overseas collected at early epidemic phase The 2019 nCoV genome sequencing method used in this paper provides an useful tool for monitoring variation of viral genes ',1 32020126,'Calling all coronavirus researchers keep sharing stay open ',?,1 32187458,'SARS CoV 2 Infection in Children ',?,1 32036640,' Ten hot issues of breast cancer under the novel coronavirus ','2020Nian Chu Bao Fa De Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan Jian Cheng Xin Guan Fei Yan Zheng Zai Ying Xiang Zhao Quan Guo Ge Xing Ge Ye Ye Zai Ying Xiang Zhong Liu Huan Zhe De Zheng Chang Zhi Liao Lin Chuang Yi Sheng Mian Dui Huan Zhe Shi Xu Yao Jian Gu Yi Qing Fang Kong Ji Bing Zhi Liao Yi Ji Yi Liao Zi Yuan Fen Pei Deng Duo Zhong Yin Su De Ying Xiang Ru He He Li Diao Zheng Zui Jia Ye Zai Kao Yan Zhao Lin Chuang Yi Sheng Wei Ci Wo Men Yi Ju Lin Chuang Zhen Liao Zhi Nan Jie He Zhuan Jia Jing Yan Yi Ju Huan Zhe De Bu Tong Jie Duan He Fen Zi Fen Xing Jiu Xin Guan Fei Yan Yi Qing Xia Ru Xian Yan Zhen Liao Shi Ge Re Dian Wen Ti Ti Chu Zi Ji De Guan Dian Gong Tong Xing Can Kao He Pi Ping Zhi Zheng ',1 32184208,'Covid 19 BMA calls for rapid testing and appropriate protective equipment for doctors ',?,1 31013648,'Factors Influencing the Response to Infectious Diseases Focusing on the Case of SARS and MERS in South Korea ','Following the 2003 the severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS and the 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MERS outbreak in South Korea this research aims to explore and examine the factors influencing the response to infectious diseases which encompasses both communicable and non communicable diseases Through a qualitative research method this research categorizes the factors as inputs processes and outputs and applies them into the 2003 SARS and MERS outbreak in South Korea As the results conducted meta analyses to comprehensively analyze the correlations of factors influencing disaster response from a Korean context the findings show that the legislative factor had direct and indirect influence on the overall process of infectious disease response and that Leadership of the central government establishment of an intergovernmental response system the need for communication information sharing and disclosure and onsite response were identified as key factors influencing effective infectious disease response ',0 31383304,'Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus ORF3 protein causes endoplasmic reticulum stress to facilitate autophagy ','Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV the causative agent of PED is an enveloped positive stranded RNA virus in the genus Alphacoronavirus family Coronaviridae order Nidovirales PEDV non structural accessory protein ORF3 is an ion channel related to viral infectivity and pathogenicity Our previous study showed that PEDV ORF3 has expression characteristic of aggregation in cytoplasm but its biological function remains elusive Thus in this study we initiated the construction of various vectors to express ORF3 and found ORF3 localized in the cytoplasm in the aggregation manner Subsequently confocal microscopy analysis showed that the aggregated ORF3 localized in endoplasmic reticulum ER to trigger ER stress response via up regulation of GRP78 protein expression and activation of PERK eIF2a signaling pathway In addition our results showed that PEDV ORF3 could induce the autophagy through inducing conversion of LC3 I to LC3 II but couldn t influence the apoptosis In contrast conversion of LC3 I LC3 II could be significantly inhibited by 4 PBA an ER stress inhibitor indicating that ORF3 induced autophagy is dependent on ER stress response This work not only provides some new findings for the biological function of the PEDV ORF3 protein but also help us for the further understanding the molecular interaction between PEDV ORF3 protein and cells ',0 32103304,'Old Threat New Enemy Is Your Interventional Radiology Service Ready for the Coronavirus Disease 2019 ',?,1 31585655,'Prevalence of enteric pathogens in diarrheic and non diarrheic samples from pig farms with neonatal diarrhea in the North East of Spain ','Diarrhea is one of the major causes of neonatal mortality in pigs In the present study 31 pig farms with outbreaks of neonatal diarrhea were investigated in Catalonia NE Spain from February 2017 until June 2018 Two hundred and fifteen diarrheic samples from 1 to 7 days old piglets were tested for a panel of enteric pathogens In 19 of the studied farms additional fecal samples from apparently healthy pen mates were collected and tested for the same panel of infectious agents Samples were bacteriologically cultured and tested by PCR for E coli virulence factors genes C perfringens types A and C toxins Cpa Cpb Cpb2 and C difficile toxins TcdA TcdB Moreover Rotavirus A RVA Rotavirus B RVB Rotavirus C RVC porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV and transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV were also determined by RT qPCR More than one pathogen could be detected in all of the outbreaks Nevertheless RVA was the only agent that could be statistically correlated with the outcome of diarrhea For the other viruses and bacteria analyzed significant differences between the diseased pigs and the controls were not found In spite of this the individual analysis of each of the studied farms indicated that other agents such as RVB RVC toxigenic C difficile or pathogenic E coli could play a relevant role in the outbreak of diarrhea In conclusion the large diversity of agent combinations and disease situations detected in neonatal diarrhea outbreaks of this study stand for a more personalized diagnosis and management advice at a farm level ',0 31982944,'A recombinant infectious bronchitis virus from a chicken with a spike gene closely related to that of a turkey coronavirus ','Using viral metagenomics the complete genome sequence of an infectious bronchitis virus IBV strain named ahysx 1 from a fecal sample from a healthy chicken in Anhui province China was determined The genome sequence of ahysx 1 was found to be very similar to that of IBV strain ck CH LLN 131040 KX252787 except for the spike gene region which is similar to that of a turkey coronavirus strain EU022526 suggesting that ahysx 1 is a recombinant Recombination analysis and phylogenetic analysis based on the genomic sequences of ahysx 1 and other related strains confirmed that ahysx 1 appears to be a recombinant resulting from a recombination event that occurred between a chicken coronavirus and a turkey coronavirus Further studies need to be performed to determine whether this recombinant IBV strain is pathogenic and whether it is transmitted between chickens and turkeys ',0 31559955,'Vaccine against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus ',?,0 32006656,'The association between domestic train transportation and novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV outbreak in China from 2019 to 2020 A data driven correlational report ',?,1 32201335,'Cardiovascular Considerations for Patients Health Care Workers and Health Systems During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 Pandemic ','The coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 that has significant implications for the cardiovascular care of patients First those with COVID 19 and preexisting cardiovascular disease CVD have an increased risk of severe disease and death Second infection has been associated with multiple direct and indirect cardiovascular complications including acute myocardial injury myocarditis arrhythmias and venous thromboembolism Third therapies under investigation for COVID 19 may have cardiovascular side effects Fourth the response to COVID 19 can compromise the rapid triage of non COVID 19 patients with cardiovascular conditions Finally the provision of cardiovascular care may place health care workers in a position of vulnerability as they become host or vectors of virus transmission We hereby review the peer reviewed and preprint literature pertaining to cardiovascular considerations related to COVID 19 and highlight gaps in knowledge that require further study pertinent to patients health care workers and health systems ',0 32203360,'What China s coronavirus response can teach the rest of the world ',?,0 31349683,'Recombinant Chimeric Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus TGEV Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus PEDV Virus Provides Protection against Virulent PEDV ','Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV is an enteric coronavirus causing high morbidity and mortality in porcine herds worldwide Although both inactivated and live attenuated vaccines have been extensively used the emergence of highly virulent strains and the recurrent outbreaks even in vaccinated farms highlight the need of effective vaccines Engineering of genetically defined live attenuated vaccines is a rational approach for novel vaccine development In this line we engineered an attenuated virus based on the transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV genome expressing a chimeric spike protein from a virulent United States US PEDV strain This virus rTGEV RS SPEDV was attenuated in highly sensitive five day old piglets as infected animals did not lose weight and none of them died In addition the virus caused very minor tissue damage compared with a virulent virus The rTGEV RS SPEDV vaccine candidate was also attenuated in three week old animals that were used to evaluate the protection conferred by this virus compared with the protection induced by infection with a virulent PEDV US strain PEDV NVSL The rTGEV RS SPEDV virus protected against challenge with a virulent PEDV strain reducing challenge virus titers in jejunum and leading to undetectable challenge virus RNA levels in feces The rTGEV RS SPEDV virus induced a humoral immune response specific for PEDV including neutralizing antibodies Altogether the data indicated that rTGEV RS SPEDV is a promising vaccine candidate against virulent PEDV infection ',0 32112714,'The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it rapid review of the evidence ','The December 2019 coronavirus disease outbreak has seen many countries ask people who have potentially come into contact with the infection to isolate themselves at home or in a dedicated quarantine facility Decisions on how to apply quarantine should be based on the best available evidence We did a Review of the psychological impact of quarantine using three electronic databases Of 3166 papers found 24 are included in this Review Most reviewed studies reported negative psychological effects including post traumatic stress symptoms confusion and anger Stressors included longer quarantine duration infection fears frustration boredom inadequate supplies inadequate information financial loss and stigma Some researchers have suggested long lasting effects In situations where quarantine is deemed necessary officials should quarantine individuals for no longer than required provide clear rationale for quarantine and information about protocols and ensure sufficient supplies are provided Appeals to altruism by reminding the public about the benefits of quarantine to wider society can be favourable ',1 32022276,'Immunoinformatics aided identification of T cell and B cell epitopes in the surface glycoprotein of 2019 nCoV ','The 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV outbreak has caused a large number of deaths with thousands of confirmed cases worldwide especially in East Asia This study took an immunoinformatics approach to identify significant cytotoxic T lymphocyte CTL and B cell epitopes in the 2019 nCoV surface glycoprotein Also interactions between identified CTL epitopes and their corresponding major histocompatibility complex MHC class I supertype representatives prevalent in China were studied by molecular dynamics simulations We identified five CTL epitopes three sequential B cell epitopes and five discontinuous B cell epitopes in the viral surface glycoprotein Also during simulations the CTL epitopes were observed to be binding MHC class I peptide binding grooves via multiple contacts with continuous hydrogen bonds and salt bridge anchors indicating their potential in generating immune responses Some of these identified epitopes can be potential candidates for the development of 2019 nCoV vaccines ',1 31633330,'Functional Carbon Quantum Dots as Medical Countermeasures to Human Coronavirus ','Therapeutic options for the highly pathogenic human coronavirus HCoV infections are urgently needed Anticoronavirus therapy is however challenging as coronaviruses are biologically diverse and rapidly mutating In this work the antiviral activity of seven different carbon quantum dots CQDs for the treatment of human coronavirus HCoV 229E infections was investigated The first generation of antiviral CQDs was derived from hydrothermal carbonization of ethylenediamine citric acid as carbon precursors and postmodified with boronic acid ligands These nanostructures showed a concentration dependent virus inactivation with an estimated EC50< sub> of 52 + 8 mg mL 1< sup> CQDs derived from 4 aminophenylboronic acid without any further modification resulted in the second generation of anti HCoV nanomaterials with an EC50< sub> lowered to 5 2 + 0 7 mg mL 1< sup> The underlying mechanism of action of these CQDs was revealed to be inhibition of HCoV 229E entry that could be due to interaction of the functional groups of the CQDs with HCoV 229E entry receptors surprisingly an equally large inhibition activity was observed at the viral replication step ',0 30867325,'Evaluation of the Serologic Cross Reactivity between Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus and Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus Using Commercial Blocking Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay Kits ','This study compared the performances of three commercial transmissible gastroenteritis virus porcine respiratory coronavirus TGEV PRCV blocking enzyme linked immunosorbent assays ELISAs using serum samples n< i> = 528 collected over a 49 day observation period from pigs inoculated with TGEV strain Purdue n< i> = 12 TGEV strain Miller n< i> = 12 PRCV n< i> = 12 or with virus free culture medium n< i> = 12 ELISA results were evaluated both with " suspect" results interpreted as positive and then as negative All commercial kits showed excellent diagnostic specificity 99 to 100\% when testing samples from pigs inoculated with virus free culture medium However analyses revealed differences between the kits in diagnostic sensitivity percent TGEV or PRCV seropositive pigs and all kits showed significant P < < i>0 05 cross reactivity between TGEV and PRCV serum antibodies particularly during early stages of the infections Serologic cross reactivity between TGEV and PRCV seemed to be TGEV strain dependent with a higher percentage of PRCV false positive results for pigs inoculated with TGEV Purdue than for TGEV Miller Moreover the overall proportion of false positives was higher when suspect results were interpreted as positive regardless of the ELISA kit evaluated IMPORTANCE< b> Current measures to prevent TGEV from entering a naive herd include quarantine and testing for TGEV seronegative animals However TGEV serology is complicated due to the cross reactivity with PRCV which circulates subclinically in most swine herds worldwide Conventional serological tests cannot distinguish between TGEV and PRCV antibodies however blocking ELISAs using antigen containing a large deletion in the amino terminus of the PRCV S protein permit differentiation of PRCV and TGEV antibodies Several commercial TGEV PRCV blocking ELISAs are available but performance comparisons have not been reported in recent research This study demonstrates that the serologic cross reactivity between TGEV and PRCV affects the accuracy of commercial blocking ELISAs Individual test results must be interpreted with caution particularly in the event of suspect results Therefore commercial TGEV PRCV blocking ELISAs should only be applied on a herd basis ',0 32065056,'Detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus neutralizing antibody using high throughput imaging cytometry ','Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV is an emerging porcine coronavirus that causes a tremendous economic burden on the swine industry The assessment of PEDV neutralizing antibody levels provides a valuable tool to assess and predict herd immunity We evaluated the performance of a PEDV imaging cytometry based high throughput neutralization test HTNT and compared the HTNT to a fluorescent focus neutralization FFN assay using serum samples from pigs of known PEDV infection status n< i> = 159 Estimates of diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for HTNT and FFN assays derived from receiver operator characteristic ROC curve analyses showed that both PEDV FFN and HTNT provided excellent diagnostic performance However in the laboratory imaging cytometry provided an objective and semi automated approach that removed human subjectivity from the testing process and reduced the read time of a 96 well plate to < 4 min In addition imaging cytometry facilitated the rapid collection and long term storage of test images and data for further evaluation or client consultation For PEDV and other pathogens imaging cytometry could provide distinct advantages over classic virus neutralization or FFN assays for the detection and quantitation of neutralizing antibody ',0 32195887,'Computed Tomography Manifestations of 5 Cases of the Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 Pneumonia From Patients Outside Wuhan ','Clinical laboratory and computed tomography CT findings of 5 cases of the novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 pneumonia from patients outside of Wuhan were reviewed The human to human transmission of the virus may explain the infection of the disease outside of Wuhan CT examination is important in the early detection and follow up of the disease With a history of exposure or travelling symptoms of fever and cough and the typical CT manifestation such as ground glass opacity with a peripheral distribution we should also think of the possibility of the COVID 19 pneumonia in patients outside of Wuhan ',1 31118053,'Characterization of antiviral T cell responses during primary and secondary challenge of laboratory cats with feline infectious peritonitis virus FIPV ','Feline infectious peritonitis FIP is considered highly fatal in its naturally occurring form although up to 36\% of cats resist disease after experimental infection suggesting that cats in nature may also resist development of FIP in the face of infection with FIP virus FIPV Previous experimental FIPV infection studies suggested a role for cell mediated immunity in resistance to development of FIP This experimental FIPV infection study in specific pathogen free SPF kittens describes longitudinal antiviral T cell responses and clinical outcomes ranging from rapid progression slow progression and resistance to disease ',0 32094589,'Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS CoV 2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses ','Over the past 20 years several coronaviruses have crossed the species barrier into humans causing outbreaks of severe and often fatal respiratory illness Since SARS CoV was first identified in animal markets global viromics projects have discovered thousands of coronavirus sequences in diverse animals and geographic regions Unfortunately there are few tools available to functionally test these viruses for their ability to infect humans which has severely hampered efforts to predict the next zoonotic viral outbreak Here we developed an approach to rapidly screen lineage B betacoronaviruses such as SARS CoV and the recent SARS CoV 2 for receptor usage and their ability to infect cell types from different species We show that host protease processing during viral entry is a significant barrier for several lineage B viruses and that bypassing this barrier allows several lineage B viruses to enter human cells through an unknown receptor We also demonstrate how different lineage B viruses can recombine to gain entry into human cells and confirm that human ACE2 is the receptor for the recently emerging SARS CoV 2 ',1 32146248,'The psychiatric impact of the novel coronavirus outbreak ',?,1 32196410,'Hypothesis for potential pathogenesis of SARS CoV 2 infection a review of immune changes in patients with viral pneumonia ','Coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 with droplets and contact as the main means of transmission Since the first case appeared in Wuhan China in December 2019 the outbreak has gradually spread nationwide Up to now according to official data released by the Chinese health commission the number of newly diagnosed patients has been declining and the epidemic is gradually being controlled Although most patients have mild symptoms and good prognosis after infection some patients developed severe and die from multiple organ complications The pathogenesis of SARS CoV 2 infection in humans remains unclear Immune function is a strong defense against invasive pathogens and there is currently no specific antiviral drug against the virus This article reviews the immunological changes of coronaviruses like SARS MERS and other viral pneumonia similar to SARS CoV 2 Combined with the published literature the potential pathogenesis of COVID 19 is inferred and the treatment recommendations for giving high doses intravenous immunoglobulin and low molecular weight heparin anticoagulant therapy to severe type patients are proposed ',1 32185370,'Information Typology in Coronavirus COVID 19 Crisis a Commentary ',?,1 30644842,'Structure of interferon stimulated gene product 15 ISG15 from the bat species Myotis davidii and the impact of interdomain ISG15 interactions on viral protein engagement ','Bats have long been observed to be the hosts and the origin of numerous human diseases Bats like all mammals rely on a number of innate immune mechanisms to combat invading pathogens including the interferon type I II and III responses Ubiquitin like interferon stimulated gene product 15 ISG15 is a key modulator of these interferon responses Within these pathways ISG15 can serve to stabilize host proteins modulating innate immune responses and act as a cytokine Post translational modifications of viral proteins introduced by ISG15 have also been observed to directly affect the function of numerous viral proteins Unlike ubiquitin which is virtually identical across all animals comparison of ISG15s across species reveals that they are relatively divergent with sequence identity dropping to as low as 58\% among mammals In addition to serving as an obstacle to the zoonotic transmission of influenza these ISG15 species species differences have also long been shown to have an impact on the function of viral deISGylases Recently the structure of the first nonhuman ISG15 originating from mouse suggested that the structures of human ISG15 may not be reflective of other species Here the structure of ISG15 from the bat species Myotis davidii solved to 1 37 A resolution is reported Comparison of this ISG15 structure with those from human and mouse not only underscores the structural impact of ISG15 species species differences but also highlights a conserved hydrophobic motif formed between the two domains of ISG15 Using the papain like deISGylase from Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus as a probe the biochemical importance of this motif in ISG15 protein engagements was illuminated ',0 32092748,'COVID 19 Real time dissemination of scientific information to fight a public health emergency of international concern ','Rapidly sharing scientific information is an effective way to reduce public panic about COVID 19 and doing so is the key to providing real time guidance to epidemiologists working to contain the outbreak clinicians managing patients and modelers helping to understand future developments and the possible effectiveness of various interventions This issue has rapidly reviewed and published articles describing COVID 19 including the drug treatment options for SARS CoV 2 its clinical characteristics and therapies involving a combination of Chinese and Western medicine the efficacy of chloroquine phosphate in the treatment of COVID 19 associated pneumonia according to clinical studies and reflections on the system of reserve medical supplies for public health emergencies As an academic journal we will continue to quickly and transparently share data with frontline healthcare workers who need to know the epidemiological and clinical features of COVID 19 ',1 32091134,'Facing the COVID 19 outbreak What should we know and what could we do ',?,1 32079638,'Complete Genome Sequences of Five Human Coronavirus NL63 Strains Causing Respiratory Illness in Hospitalized Children in China ','We report the complete genome sequences of five human coronavirus NL63 HCoV NL63 strains obtained using next generation sequencing The five HCoV NL63 strains were obtained from hospitalized children with severe acute respiratory infection detected in Guangdong China This study provides several complete genomes of HCoV NL63 and improves our understanding of HCoV NL63 evolution in China ',1 32010938,'Travellers give wings to novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV ',?,1 32150528,'Serologic Detection of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Functional Antibodies ','We developed and validated 2 species independent protein based assays to detect Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus functional antibodies that can block virus receptor binding or sialic acid attachment Antibody levels measured in both assays correlated strongly with virus neutralizing antibody titers proving their use for serologic confirmatory diagnosis of Middle East respiratory syndrome ',0 31969317,'Coronavirus UK screens direct flights from Wuhan after US case ',?,1 32180157,'Brain Awareness Week CoVID 19 infection and Neurological Sciences ',?,1 32084675,' Thinking of treatment strategies for colorectal cancer patients in tumor hospitals under the background of coronavirus pneumonia ','In December 2019 a new outbreak of coronavirus pneumonia began to occur Its pathogen is 2019 nCoV which has the characteristics of strong infectivity and general susceptibility The current situation of prevention and control of new coronavirus pneumonia is severe In this context as front line medical workers bearing important responsibilities and pressure while through strict management strategy we can minimize the risk of infection exposure By summarizing the research progress and guidelines in recent years in the fields of colorectal cancer disease screening treatment strategies including early colorectal cancer locally advanced colorectal cancer obstructive colorectal cancer metastatic colorectal cancer and the treatment of patients after neoadjuvant therapy the choice of medication and time limit for adjuvant therapy the protective measures for patients undergoing emergency surgery the re examination of postoperative patients and the protection of medical staff etc authors improve treatment strategies in order to provide more choices for patients to obtain the best treatment under the severe epidemic situation of new coronavirus pneumonia Meanwhile we hope that it can also provide more timely treatment modeling schemes for colleagues ',1 32032674,'Outbreak of novel Corona virus 2019 nCoV implications for travelers to Pakistan ',?,1 30850666,'Decline of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and its complex evolutionary relationship with porcine respiratory coronavirus in the United States ','The epidemiology and genetic diversity of transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV in the United States US was investigated by testing clinical cases for TGEV by real time RT PCR between January 2008 and November 2016 Prevalence of TGEV ranged between 3 8 6 8\% and peaked during cold months until March 2013 in which prevalence decreased to < 0 1\% Nineteen complete TGEV genomes and a single strain of porcine respiratory coronavirus PRCV from the US were generated and compared to historical strains to investigate the evolution of these endemic coronaviruses Sixteen of our TGEV strains share 8 unique deletions and 119 distinct amino acid changes which might greatly affect the biological characteristics of the variant TGEV and resulted in a " variant" genotype of TGEV The " variant" genotype shared similar unique deletions and amino acid changes with the recent PRCV strain identified in this study suggesting a recombination event occurred between the variant TGEV and PRCV Moreover the results indicate the " variant" genotype is the dominant genotype circulating in the US Therefore this study provides insight into the occurrence origin genetic characteristics and evolution of TGEV and PRCV circulating in the US ',0 30955799,'Assessment of the safety and efficacy of an attenuated live vaccine based on highly virulent genotype 2b porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in nursing piglets ','We have previously reported the generation of the attenuated KNU 141112 S DEL5 ORF3 virus by continuous propagation of highly virulent G2b porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV in Vero cells The present study aimed to assess the safety of S DEL5 ORF3 and to evaluate its effectiveness as a live vaccine for prime booster vaccinations Reversion to virulence experiments revealed that the S DEL5 ORF3 strain retains its attenuated phenotype and genetic stability after five successive passages in susceptible piglets Pregnant sows were primed orally with an S DEL5 ORF3 live vaccine and boosted intramuscularly twice with a commercial killed vaccine at 2 week intervals prior to parturition This sow vaccination regimen completely protected nursing piglets against virulent G2b challenge as evidenced by the increase in survival rate from 0\% to 100\% and the significant reduction in diarrhea intensity including the amount and duration of PEDV fecal shedding In addition despite a 2 3 day period of weight loss in piglets from vaccinated sows after challenge their daily weight gain was recovered at 7 days post challenge and became similar to that of unchallenged pigs from unvaccinated sows over the course of the experiment Furthermore strong antibody responses to PEDV were verified in the sera and colostrum of immunized sows with the prime boost treatment and their offspring Altogether our data demonstrated that the attenuated S DEL5 ORF3 strain guarantees the safety to host animals with no reversion to virulence and is suitable as an effective primary live vaccine providing durable maternal lactogenic immunity for passive piglet protection ',0 32114748,' Precautions in ophthalmic practice in the prevention and control of the novel coronavirus pneumonia epidemic ','Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan Shi Xin Zhong Guo Cheng Li Yi Lai Zai Wo Guo Fa Sheng De Chuan Bo Su Du Zui Kuai Gan Ran Fan Wei Zui Yan Fang Kong Nan Du Zui Da De Yi Ci Zhong Da Tu Fa Gong Gong Wei Sheng Shi Jian Yan Ke Gong Zuo Zhe Zai Kang Ji Yi Qing Zhong Ji Ji Xing Dong Qi Lai Ben Wen Jie He Mu Qian Zui Xin De Ji Chu He Lin Chuang Yan Jiu Jin Zhan Yi Ji Zai Yi Qing Fang Kong Zhong De Shi Jian Jing Yan Zhen Dui Yan Bu Shi Fou Wei Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du 2019 nCoV Gan Ran Tu Jing Yan Ke Yi Shi Yi Qing Qi Jian Lin Chuang Gong Zuo De Fang Hu 2019 nCoVYan Bu Gan Ran Ji Lin Chuang Biao Xian Yi Ji Zhen Dui Gong Zhong De Yan Bu Fang Hu Ke Pu Jiao Yu Deng Fang Mian Jin Xing Chan Shu Zhi Chu Yan Ke Mu Qian Ying Guan Zhu De Wen Ti He Ji Ji Kai Zhan Gong Zuo De Huan Jie Bing Gei Yu Zhi Dao Yi Jian Xi Wang Neng Wei Yi Qing De Ke Xue Fang Kong He Jing Zhun Shi Ce Ti Gong Can Kao Zhong Hua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2020 56 < i> ',1 32151674,'Duration of quarantine in hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 infection a question needing an answer ',?,1 32073353,'Sensitivity of Chest CT for COVID 19 Comparison to RT PCR ',?,1 32165502,'RCVS may relax guidance due to Covid 19 ',?,1 32104917,'Development and Clinical Application of A Rapid IgM IgG Combined Antibody Test for SARS CoV 2 Infection Diagnosis ','The outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 quickly spread all over China and to more than 20 other countries Although the virus SARS Cov 2 nucleic acid RT PCR test has become the standard method for diagnosis of SARS CoV 2 infection these real time PCR test kits have many limitations In addition high false negative rates were reported There is an urgent need for an accurate and rapid test method to quickly identify large number of infected patients and asymptomatic carriers to prevent virus transmission and assure timely treatment of patients We have developed a rapid and simple point of care lateral flow immunoassay which can detect IgM and IgG antibodies simultaneously against SARS CoV 2 virus in human blood within 15 minutes which can detect patients at different infection stages With this test kit we carried out clinical studies to validate its clinical efficacy uses The clinical detection sensitivity and specificity of this test were measured using blood samples collected from 397 PCR confirmed COVID 19 patients and 128 negative patients at 8 different clinical sites The overall testing sensitivity was 88 66\% and specificity was 90 63\% In addition we evaluated clinical diagnosis results obtained from different types of venous and fingerstick blood samples The results indicated great detection consistency among samples from fingerstick blood serum and plasma of venous blood The IgM IgG combined assay has better utility and sensitivity compared with a single IgM or IgG test It can be used for the rapid screening of SARS CoV 2 carriers symptomatic or asymptomatic in hospitals clinics and test laboratories This article is protected by copyright All rights reserved ',1 32199792,'The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 An emerging global health threat ','The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 causing novel coronavirus infected pneumonia NCIP has affected the lives of 71 429 people globally Originating in China the disease has a rapid progression to other countries Research suggests remarkable genomic resemblance of 2019 nCoV with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SARS which has a history of a pandemic in 2002 With evidence of nosocomial spread a number of diligent measures are being employed to constrain its propagation Hence the Public Health Emergency of International Concern PHEIC has been established by the World Health Organization WHO with strategic objectives for public health to curtail its impact on global health and economy ',1 32147406,'Exploring the reasons for healthcare workers infected with novel coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 in China ',?,1 30593372,'Porcine deltacoronavirus induces TLR3 IL 12 IFN a IFN b and PKR mRNA expression in infected Peyer s patches in vivo ','Porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV is a newly identified swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes watery diarrhea in piglets and results in significant economic losses to the pig industry Currently there are no effective treatments or vaccines for PDCoV In particular the pathogenesis of PDCoV infection is still largely unknown In this study we reported that inoculating conventional weaned piglets with 1 x 109< sup> TCID50< sub> of the PDCoV CHN GD 2016 strain by oral feeding could cause severe diarrhea Virus RNA was detected in rectal swabs from 1 to 7 days post inoculation In addition microscopic lesions in small intestine were observed and viral antigen also detected in the small intestines with PDCoV immunohistochemical staining Importantly PDCoV significantly induced mRNA expression of TLR3 IL 12 IFN a IFN b and PKR the genes involved in modulation of the host immune responses in infected Peyer s patches at 3 d p i indicating that Peyer s patches play an important role in PDCoV immune responses in vivo Collectively our findings suggest that the observed gene expression profile might help explain immunological and pathological changes associated with PDCoV infection ',0 31694947,'Three Amino Acid Changes in Avian Coronavirus Spike Protein Allow Binding to Kidney Tissue ','Infectious bronchitis virus IBV infects ciliated epithelial cells in the chicken respiratory tract While some IBV strains replicate locally others can disseminate to various organs including the kidney Here we elucidate the determinants for kidney tropism by studying interactions between the receptor binding domain RBD of the viral attachment protein spike from two IBV strains with different tropisms Recombinantly produced RBDs from the nephropathogenic IBV strain QX and from the nonnephropathogenic strain M41 bound to the epithelial cells of the trachea In contrast only QX RBD binds more extensively to cells of the digestive tract urogenital tract and kidneys While removal of sialic acids from tissues prevented binding of all proteins to all tissues binding of QX RBD to trachea and kidney could not be blocked by preincubation with synthetic alpha 2 3 linked sialic acids The lack of binding of QX RBD to a previously identified IBV M41 receptor was confirmed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ELISA demonstrating that tissue binding of QX RBD is dependent on a different sialylated glycan receptor Using chimeric RBD proteins we discovered that the region encompassing amino acids 99 to 159 of QX RBD was required to establish kidney binding In particular QX RBD amino acids 110 to 112 KIP were sufficient to render IBV M41 with the ability to bind to kidney while the reciprocal mutations in IBV QX abolished kidney binding completely Structural analysis of both RBDs suggests that the receptor binding site for QX is located at a different location on the spike than that of M41 IMPORTANCE< b> Infectious bronchitis virus is the causative agent of infectious bronchitis in chickens Upon infection of chicken flocks the poultry industry faces substantial economic losses by diminished egg quality and increased morbidity and mortality of infected animals While all IBV strains infect the chicken respiratory tract via the ciliated epithelial layer of the trachea some strains can also replicate in the kidneys dividing IBV into the following two pathotypes nonnephropathogenic example IBV M41 and nephropathogenic viruses including IBV QX Here we set out to identify the determinants for the extended nephropathogenic tropism of IBV QX Our data reveal that each pathotype makes use of a different sialylated glycan ligand with binding sites on opposite sides of the attachment protein This knowledge should facilitate the design of antivirals to prevent coronavirus infections in the field ',0 32157848,' Practice and Reflection on the Battle against COVID 19 by Guangdong Medical Aid Team in the city of Honghu ','Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan Yi Qing Bao Fa Yi Lai Quan Guo Shang Xia Kai Zhan Liao Yi Chang Shi Wu Qian Li De Kang Yi Zu Ji Zhan Ben Wen Chan Shu Liao Yan Dong Chi Yuan Hu Bei Hong Hu Shi Yi Liao Dui Zai Dang Zhong Yang Ge Ji Zheng Fu Guan Yu Yi Qing Fang Kong De Jue Ce Bu Shu Xia Jie He Dang Di Shi Ji Qing Kuang Xun Su Zhi Ding Chu You Zhen Dui Xing De Kang Yi Xing Dong Fang An Bing Tong Guo Qie Shi Shi Shi Fang Kong Ju Cuo Qu De Liao Jiao Hao De Cheng Xiao Xing Cheng Liao " Zheng Fu Tong Chou Zhuan Jia Zhu Dao Shu Ju Zhi Cheng Quan Min Can Yu " De Xin Guan Fei Yan Fang Kong Hong Hu Mo Shi Yi Qi Wei Wo Guo Xian Ji Cheng Shi Ti Gong Qie Shi Ke Xing De Yi Qing Fang Kong Can Kao ',1 31474664,'Porcine IL 12 plasmid as an adjuvant improves the cellular and humoral immune responses of DNA vaccine targeting transmissible gastroenteritis virus spike gene in a mouse model ','Transmissible gastroenteritis TGE caused by transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV is a highly infectious disease in pigs Vaccination is an effective approach to prevent TGEV infection Here we evaluated the potential of TGEV S1 as a DNA vaccine and porcine interleukin pIL 12 as an adjuvant in a mouse model A DNA vaccine was constructed with the TGEV S1 gene to induce immune response in an experimental mouse model pIL 12 was chosen as the immunological adjuvant within this DNA vaccine The pVAX1 TGEV S1 and pVAX1 pIL 12 vectors were transfected into BHK 21 cells and expressed in vitro Experimental mice were separately immunized with each of the recombinant plasmids and controls through the intramuscular route The lymphocytes isolated from the blood and spleen were analyzed for proliferation cytotoxic activities and populations of CD4+< sup> and CD8+< sup> cells The titers of TGEV S1 in an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ELISA and TGEV neutralizing antibodies and the concentrations of interferon IFN g and IL 4 were also analyzed in the serum The plasmids pVAX1 TGEV S1 and pVAX1 pIL 12 could be expressed in BHK 21 cells and the combination of pVAX1 TGEV S1 and pVAX1 pIL 12 could induce a significant increase in all markers pIL 12 could act as an immunological adjuvant in the DNA vaccine for TGEV S1 Furthermore the DNA vaccine prepared using TGEV S1 and porcine IL 12 could induce excellent humoral and cellular immune responses ',0 31666364,'Metagenomic Nanopore Sequencing of Influenza Virus Direct from Clinical Respiratory Samples ','Influenza is a major global public health threat as a result of its highly pathogenic variants large zoonotic reservoir and pandemic potential Metagenomic viral sequencing offers the potential for a diagnostic test for influenza virus which also provides insights on transmission evolution and drug resistance and simultaneously detects other viruses We therefore set out to apply the Oxford Nanopore Technologies sequencing method to metagenomic sequencing of respiratory samples We generated influenza virus reads down to a limit of detection of 102< sup> to 103< sup> genome copies ml in pooled samples observing a strong relationship between the viral titer and the proportion of influenza virus reads P< i> = 4 7 x 10 5< sup> Applying our methods to clinical throat swabs we generated influenza virus reads for 27 27 samples with mid to high viral titers cycle threshold CT< sub>< i> values < 30 and 6 13 samples with low viral titers CT< sub>< i> values 30 to 40 No false positive reads were generated from 10 influenza virus negative samples Thus Nanopore sequencing operated with 83\% sensitivity 95\% confidence interval CI 67 to 93\% and 100\% specificity 95\% CI 69 to 100\% compared to the current diagnostic standard Coverage of full length virus was dependent on sample composition being negatively influenced by increased host and bacterial reads However at high influenza virus titers we were able to reconstruct > 99\% complete sequences for all eight gene segments We also detected a human coronavirus coinfection in one clinical sample While further optimization is required to improve sensitivity this approach shows promise for the Nanopore platform to be used in the diagnosis and genetic analysis of influenza virus and other respiratory viruses ',0 32139552,'SARS CoV 2 induced diarrhoea as onset symptom in patient with COVID 19 ',?,1 32133963,'China Coronavirus Outbreak All the Latest Updates ',?,1 32040190,'A qualitative study of zoonotic risk factors among rural communities in southern China ','Strategies are urgently needed to mitigate the risk of zoonotic disease emergence in southern China where pathogens with zoonotic potential are known to circulate in wild animal populations However the risk factors leading to emergence are poorly understood which presents a challenge in developing appropriate mitigation strategies for local communities ',1 30616206,'Identification and formation mechanism of a novel noncoding RNA produced by avian infectious bronchitis virus ','Viral noncoding nc RNAs have been shown to play important roles in viral life cycle Many viruses employ different mechanism to produce ncRNAs Here we report that coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus IBV produces a novel ncRNA in virus infected cells This ncRNA consists of 563 nucleotides excluding a poly A tail is mainly derived from the 3 untranslated region of IBV genome and contains a 63 nt long of terminal leader sequence derived from the 5 end of the viral genome Using mutagenesis and reverse genetics we reveal that this ncRNA is a subgenomic RNA generated by discontinuous transcription mechanism ',0 32048501,' Respiratory support for severe 2019 nCoV pneumonia suffering from acute respiratory failure time and strategy ','Respiratory support is a very important technique for saving severe 2019 nCoV pneumonia patients who suffering respiratory failure which can improve oxygenation reduce mortality Therefore how to reasonable using respiratory support technique is the key point that relating success or failure In this paper the authors introduce their experience on treating severe 2019 nCoV pneumonia it is hopeful for current fighting against 2019 nCoV in China ',1 32176257,'COVID 19 and the Risk to Health Care Workers A Case Report ',?,1 32189463,'The possibility of COVID 19 transmission from eye to nose ',?,1 31350464,'Differential neurodegenerative phenotypes are associated with heterogeneous voiding dysfunction in a coronavirus induced model of multiple sclerosis ','Patients with multiple sclerosis MS develop a variety of lower urinary tract symptoms LUTS We previously characterized a murine model of neurogenic bladder dysfunction induced by a neurotropic strain of a coronavirus In the present study we further study the role of long lasting neurodegeneration on the development of neurogenic bladder dysfunction in mice with corona virus induced encephalitis CIE Long term follow up study revealed three phenotypes of neurodegenerative symptom development recovery REC group chronic progression C PRO group and chronic disease with relapsing remitting episodes C RELAP group The levels of IL 1b in REC group IL 10 in C RELAP group and IL 1b IL 6 IL 10 and TNF a in C PRO group were diminished in the brain The levels of TNF a in REC group and INF g IL 2 TGF b and TNF a in the C PRO group were also diminished in the urinary bladder Mice in C RELAP group showed a delayed recovery of voiding function In vitro contractility studies determined a decreased basal detrusor tone and reduced amplitude of nerve mediated contractions in C RELAP group whereas C PRO group had elevated muscle mediated contractions In conclusion mice with CIE developed three phenotypes of neurologic impairment mimicking different types of MS progression in humans and showed differential mechanisms driving neurogenic bladder dysfunction ',0 32125133,' Epidemic trend of corona virus disease 2019 COVID 19 in mainland China ','Objective < b> In order to master the epidemic trend of corona virus disease 2019 COVID 19 and evaluate the effect of prevention and control we evaluate the epidemic dynamics of COVID 19 in mainland China Hubei province Wuhan city and other provinces outside Hubei from January 16 to February 14 2020 Methods < b> We collected the daily number of new confirmed COVID 19 cases by nucleic acid detection reported by the National Health Commission from January 16 2020 to February 14 2020 The analysis includes the epidemic curve of the new confirmed cases multiple of the new confirmed cases for period over period multiple of the new confirmed cases for fixed base and the period over period growth rate of the new confirmed cases Results < b> From January 16 to February 14 2020 the cumulative number of new confirmed cases of COVID 19 in mainland China was 50 031 including 37 930 in Hubei province 22 883 in Wuhan city and 12 101 in other provinces outside Hubei The peak of the number of new confirmed cases in other provinces outside Hubei was from January 31 to February 4 2020 and the peak of new confirmed cases in Wuhan city and Hubei province was from February 5 to February 9 2020 The number of new confirmed cases in other provinces outside Hubei showed a significant decline 23\% compared with the peak from February 5 to February 9 2020 while the number of new confirmed cases in Wuhan city 30\% compared with the peak and Hubei Province 37\% compared with the peak decreased significantly from February 10 to February 14 2020 Conclusion < b> The epidemic prevention and control measures taken by the state and governments at all levels have shown very significant effects effectively curbing the spread of the COVID 19 epidemic in China ',1 32169574,'A commentary on " World Health Organization declares global emergency A review of the 2019 novel Coronavirus COVID 19 " ',?,1 31518629,'Epitope mapping and cellular localization of swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus nucleocapsid protein using a novel monoclonal antibody ','A swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus SADS CoV that causes severe diarrhea in suckling piglets was identified in Southern China in 2017 To develop an antigen that is specific sensitive and easy to prepare for serological diagnosis antigenic sites in the SADS CoV nucleocapsid N protein were screened We generated and characterized an N reactive monoclonal antibody mAb 3E9 from mice immunized with recombinant N protein Through fine epitope mapping of mAb 3E9 using a panel of eukaryotic expressed polypeptides with GFP tags we identified the motif 343< sup>DAPVFTPAP351< sup> as the minimal unit of the linear B cell epitope recognized by mAb 3E9 Protein sequence alignment indicated that 343< sup>DAPVFTPAP351< sup> was highly conserved in different SADS CoV strains and SADS related coronaviruses from bat with one substitution in this motif in HKU2 related bat coronavirus Using mAb 3E9 we observed that N protein was expressed in the cytoplasm and was in the nucleolus during SADS CoV replication N protein was immunoprecipitated from SADS CoV infected Vero E6 cells Taken together our results indicated that 3E9 mAb could be a useful tool to investigate the structure and function of N protein during viral replication ',0 32060789,'The First Disease X is Caused by a Highly Transmissible Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ','Based on the announcement of the World Health Organization WHO in 2018 the Wuhan pneumonia caused by an unknown etiology should be recognized as the first Disease X Later the pathogen was identified to be a novel coronavirus denoted 2019 nCoV which has 79 5\% and 96\% whole genome sequence identify to SARS CoV and bat SARS related coronavirus SARSr CoV RaTG13 respectively suggesting its potential bat origin With high human to human transmission rate R0 2019 nCoV has quickly spread in China and other countries resulting in 34 953 confirmed cases and 725 deaths as of 8 February 2020 thus calling for urgent development of therapeutics and prophylactics Here we suggest renaming 2019 nCoV as " transmissible acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus TARS CoV " and briefly review the advancement of research and development of neutralizing antibodies and vaccines targeting the receptor binding domain RBD and viral fusion inhibitors targeting the heptad repeat 1 HR1 domain in spike protein of 2019 nCoV ',1 32195703,'Precautions for Intubating Patients with COVID 19 ',?,1 32072300,'How to face the novel coronavirus infection during the 2019 2020 epidemic the experience of Sichuan Provincial People s Hospital ',?,1 32114075,'Asymptomatic coronavirus infection MERS CoV and SARS CoV 2 COVID 19 ',?,1 32112336,'Management strategies of neonatal jaundice during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak ','The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 formally known as 2019 nCoV has become a most challenging health emergency Owing to rigorous quarantine and control measures taken in China routine neonatal health surveillance and follow up have become challenging Without follow up surveillance some rapid and progressive newborn diseases such as bilirubin encephalopathy may be ignored The characteristics of onset age of kernicterus suggest that monitoring of bilirubin level at home provides a useful way to alert hospital visits and to prevent the development of extremely hyperbilirubinemia Therefore we developed an online follow up program for convenient monitoring of bilirubin level of newborns that is based on our practical experiences The aim is to make our management strategies of neonatal jaundice tailored to the infection prevention and control during the COVID 19 epidemic ',1 32113198,' Fitting and forecasting the trend of COVID 19 by SEIR + CAQ dynamic model ','Objectives < b> Fitting and forecasting the trend of COVID 19 epidemics Methods < b> Based on SEIR dynamic model considering the COVID 19 transmission mechanism infection spectrum and prevention and control procedures we developed SEIR + CAQ dynamic model to fit the frequencies of laboratory confirmed cases obtained from the government official websites The data from January 20 2020 to February 7 2020 were used to fit the model while the left data between February 8 12 were used to evaluate the quality of forecasting Results < b> According to the cumulative number of confirmed cases between January 29 to February 7 the fitting bias of SEIR + CAQ model for overall China except for cases of Hubei province Hubei province except for cases of Wuhan city and Wuhan city was less than 5\% For the data of subsequent 5 days between February 8 to 12 which were not included in the model fitting the prediction biases were less than 10\% Regardless of the cases diagnosed by clinical examines the numbers of daily emerging cases of China Hubei province not included Hubei Province Wuhan city not included and Wuhan city reached the peak in the early February Under the current strength of prevention and control the total number of laboratory confirmed cases in overall China will reach 80 417 till February 29 2020 respectively Conclusions < b> The proposed SEIR + CAQ dynamic model fits and forecasts the trend of novel coronavirus pneumonia well and provides evidence for decision making ',1 32199938,'Catheterization Laboratory Considerations During the Coronavirus COVID 19 Pandemic From ACC s Interventional Council and SCAI ',?,1 32181969,'Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Transplantation a view from the inside ','Since December 2019 world healthcare community faced with Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 outbreak caused by SARS CoV 2 Due to the high viral contagiousness and the possible transmission during the pre symptomatic phase COVID 19 progressively spread to several countries Currently Italy is the third Country for number of confirmed cases after mainland China and South Chorea and the first western nation with a well established deceased transplant program to tackle a COVID 19 outbreak1< sup> ',1 32191143,'Should patients stop their biologic treatment during the COVID 19 pandemic ',?,1 32033844,'Respiratory viral infection in lung transplantation induces exosomes that trigger chronic rejection ','Respiratory viral infections can increase the risk of chronic lung allograft dysfunction after lung transplantation but the mechanisms are unknown In this study we determined whether symptomatic respiratory viral infections after lung transplantation induce circulating exosomes that contain lung associated self antigens and assessed whether these exosomes activate immune responses to self antigens ',0 32202401,'Urology practice during COVID 19 pandemic ','The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and the disease it causes coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 is generating a rapid and tragic health emergency in Italy due to the need to provide assistance to an overwhelming number of infected patients and at the same time treat all the non deferrable oncological and benign conditions A panel of Italian urologists has agreed on possible strategies for the reorganization of urological routine practice and on a set of recommendations that should facilitate the process of rescheduling both surgical and outpatient activities during the COVID 19 pandemic and in the subsequent phases This document could be a valid tool to be used in routine clinical practice and possibly a cornerstone for further discussion on the topic also considering the further evolution of the COVID 19 pandemic It also may provide useful recommendations for national and international urological societies in a condition of emergency ',0 30705449,'What is the evidence that bovine coronavirus is a biologically significant respiratory pathogen in cattle ','Coronaviruses including bovine coronavirus BCoV are etiologically associated with enteric and respiratory disease across a wide range of mammalian and avian species The role of BCoV in calfhood diarrhea is well established but its role in the bovine respiratory disease complex BRDC has been controversial This review re examines the evidence that BCoV is a significant pathogen in the BRDC ',0 32184131,'Comparison of clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease COVID 19 and severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS as experienced in Taiwan ',?,1 31131400,'Delicate structural coordination of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus Nsp13 upon ATP hydrolysis ','To date an effective therapeutic treatment that confers strong attenuation toward coronaviruses CoVs remains elusive Of all the potential drug targets the helicase of CoVs is considered to be one of the most important Here we first present the structure of the full length Nsp13 helicase of SARS CoV SARS Nsp13 and investigate the structural coordination of its five domains and how these contribute to its translocation and unwinding activity A translocation model is proposed for the Upf1 like helicase members according to three different structural conditions in solution characterized through H D exchange assay including substrate state SARS Nsp13 dsDNA bound with AMPPNP transition state bound with ADP AlF4 and product state bound with ADP We observed that the b19 b20 loop on the 1A domain is involved in unwinding process directly Furthermore we have shown that the RNA dependent RNA polymerase RdRp SARS Nsp12 can enhance the helicase activity of SARS Nsp13 through interacting with it directly The interacting regions were identified and can be considered common across CoVs which provides new insights into the Replication and Transcription Complex RTC of CoVs ',0 32174094,' Comparison of pathological changes and pathogenic mechanisms caused by H1N1 influenza virus highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus SARS CoV MERS CoV and 2019 nCoV coronavirus ','Wo Guo Wu Yi Chu Xian De Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan Yi Qing Jing Guo Xun Su Fa Zhan Yi Dui Quan Guo Zao Cheng Yan Zhong Ying Xiang Dan Dao Mu Qian Wei Zhi Dui Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan Bing Li Bian Hua He Fa Bing Ji Zhi Que Zhi Zhi Shen Shao Ben Wen Zong Jie Zhong Zheng Liu Gan Bing Du H1N1 Gao Zhi Bing Xing Qin Liu Gan Bing Du H5N1 SARS CoV MERS CoVJi 2019 nCoVGuan Zhuang Bing Du Ji Chong Yin Qi Zhong Da Yi Qing Bing Du Gan Ran Xing Ji Bing De Bing Li Gai Bian Shi Jian Fei Zu Zhi Jun Biao Xian Wei Mi Man Xing Fei Pao Sun Shang diffuse alveolar damage DAD Dan Bu Tong Bing Du Yin Qi De Bing Li Biao Xian Cun Zai Chai Yi Zhong Zheng Liu Gan Bing Du 2009 H1N1Bing Du Yu Shou Ti a 2 6 SAJi a 2 3 SAJie He Chu DADBing Bian Wai Chang Ban You Shang Hu Xi Dao Qi Guan Zhi Qi Guan He Xi Zhi Qi Guan De Yan Xing Bing Bian Qie Jiao Yi He Bing Xi Jun Gan Ran Gao Zhi Bing Xing Qin Liu Gan Bing Du H5N1Zhu Yao Jie He a 2 3 SAShou Ti Zhu Yao Lei Ji Fei Pao Shang Pi Ji Xi Zhi Qi Guan Shao Jian Shang Hu Xi Dao Ji Qi Guan Zhi Qi Guan Bing Bian Chang Ban Ju Zao Fei Chu Xie Ji Fei Zu Zhi Pi Si Ji Hua Ji Xian Wei Hua Jiao Shao Jian SARS CoVTong Guo Jie He Xie Guan Jin Zhang Su Zhuan Huan Mei 2 ACE2 Jin Ru Xi Bao Bing Bian Yu Bing Cheng Xiang Guan DADShen Chu Qi Yi Ban Jian Yu Bing Cheng 10~14 dSi Wang Huan Zhe Bing Cheng Da Yu 10 dHuan Zhe Biao Xian Wei DADJi Hua Qi Bing Chang Ban You Bi Sai Xing Xi Zhi Qi Guan Yan Ban Ji Hua Xing Fei Yan Yang Gai Bian Ji Fei Pao Qiang Nei Xian Zhu Duo He Ju Xi Bao SARS CoVJi H5N1Gan Ran Huan Zhe Fei Wai Qi Guan Jun Ke Jian Pi He Lin Ba Jie Nei Lin Ba Xi Bao Hao Jie Ji Xing Shen Xiao Guan Pi Si Gu Sui Nei Shi Xie Xi Bao Xian Xiang ',1 32142979,'Li Wenliang a face to the frontline healthcare worker The first doctor to notify the emergence of the SARS CoV 2 COVID 19 outbreak ',?,1 32119961,'Anti HCV nucleotide inhibitors repurposing against COVID 19 ','A newly emerged Human Coronavirus HCoV is reported two months ago in Wuhan China COVID 19 Until today > 2700 deaths from the 80 000 confirmed cases reported mainly in China and 40 other countries Human to human transmission is confirmed for COVID 19 by China a month ago Based on the World Health Organization WHO reports SARS HCoV is responsible for > 8000 cases with confirmed 774 deaths Additionally MERS HCoV is responsible for 858 deaths out of about 2500 reported cases The current study aims to test anti HCV drugs against COVID 19 RNA dependent RNA polymerase RdRp ',1 31351410,'Porcine deltacoronavirus nsp15 antagonizes interferon b production independently of its endoribonuclease activity ','Porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV is an emerging swine coronavirus causing diarrhea and intestinal damage in nursing piglets Previous work showed that PDCoV infection inhibits type I interferon IFN production To further identify and characterize the PDCoV encoded IFN antagonists will broaden our understanding of its pathogenesis Nonstructural protein 15 nsp15 encodes an endoribonuclease that is highly conserved among vertebrate nidoviruses coronaviruses and arteriviruses and plays a critical role in viral replication and transcription Here we found that PDCoV nsp15 significantly inhibits Sendai virus SEV induced IFN b production PDCoV nsp15 disrupts the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF kB p65 subunit but not antagonizes the activation of transcription factor IRF3 Interestingly site directed mutagenesis found that PDCoV nsp15 mutants H129A H234A K269A lacking endoribonuclease activity also suppress SEV induced IFN b production and NF kB activation suggesting that the endoribonuclease activity is not required for its ability to antagonize IFN b production Taken together our results demonstrate that PDCoV nsp15 is an IFN antagonist and it inhibits interferon b production via an endoribonuclease activity independent mechanism ',0 30827377,'Chicken anaemia virus enhances and prolongs subsequent avian influenza H9N2 and infectious bronchitis viral infections ','Immunosuppressive viral diseases have a great economic importance in the poultry industry due to the increased susceptibility to secondary infections Chicken anaemia virus CAV is one of the major immunosuppressive diseases in chickens In addition low pathogenic avian influenza LPAI of subtype H9N2 and infectious bronchitis IB viruses are among the most frequently reported respiratory viral diseases in poultry worldwide In the present study specific pathogen free chickens were used to understand the impact of CAV on secondary infection with LPAI H9N2 or IB viruses Clinical outcomes viral shedding dynamics and cytokine levels wereassessed The results exhibit that chickens previously infected with CAV produceconsiderablyhigher titresof LPAI H9N2 or IB viruses in the oropharyngeal swabs P < 0 05 tracheas and kidneys In addition the immunologic effect of CAV provokedthe development of clinical signs of LPAI H9N2 and IB virus infections Moreover results suggested that pre infection with CAV directly correlated with elevated levels of IL 6 and IFNg These findings underline the importance of CAV pre infection on LPAI H9N2 or IB infection in chickens and indicate that co circulation of CAV can contribute to the spread and evolution of LPAI H9N2 and IB viruses ',0 30973929,'Synthetic surfactin analogues have improved anti PEDV properties ','Surfactin has antiviral activity against various enveloped viruses by inhibiting viral membrane fusion However the potential utility of surfactin as an antiviral drug is limited by its cytotoxicity In this study 10 surfactin analogues were obtained by chemical synthesis and evaluated to determine their anti PEDV activities hemolytic activities and critical micelle concentrations The main goal of our study was to develop a safer drug a surfactin analogue with high anti PEDV activity and low hemolytic activity Compared with surfactin one of the analogues we developed SLP5 has lower hemolytic activity with the same antiviral activity The selectivity index of SLP5 is 52 while the SI for surfactin is 4 in other words the safe and effective concentration range of SLP5 is 12 times greater than that of surfactin Like surfactin SLP5 has a direct antiviral effect on PEDV Structurally SLP5 is a linear lipopeptide with three carboxyl groups Surfactin derivatives similar to SLP5 could be obtained by lactone bond hydrolyzation of surfactin as well as total synthesis ',0 30682525,'Epidemiology of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus among Chinese pig populations A meta analysis ','Porcine epidemic diarrhea results from infection with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV It is an acute and highly contagious enteric disease in swine characterized by watery diarrhea and vomiting Here we performed a systematic review and meta analysis in order to assess the prevalence of PEDV infection in pig populations from mainland China ',0 31684870,'Identification and analysis of long non coding RNAs that are involved in inflammatory process in response to transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection ','Transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV infection can cause acute inflammation Long noncoding RNAs lncRNAs play important roles in a number of biological process including inflammation response However whether lncRNAs participate in TGEV induced inflammation in porcine intestinal epithelial cells IPECs is largely unknown ',0 32146454,'Seroprevalence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus in dromedaries and their traders in upper Egypt ','Camel trade in Egypt depends mainly on importation Seemingly healthy imported camels are responsible for the ingress of serious diseases into Egypt A striking example of this concerning public health globally is the Middle East respiratory coronavirus MERS CoV which causes case fatalities of over 34\% Here we determined the seroepidemiological situation of the MERS CoV in imported camels and their traders in Upper Egypt ',0 32156330,'Rapid establishment of laboratory diagnostics for the novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 in Bavaria Germany February 2020 ','The need for timely establishment of diagnostic assays arose when Germany was confronted with the first travel associated outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 in Europe We describe our laboratory experiences during a large contact tracing investigation comparing previously published real time RT PCR assays in different PCR systems and a commercial kit We found that assay performance using the same primers and probes with different PCR systems varied and the commercial kit performed well ',1 32019614,'SARS to novel coronavirus old lessons and new lessons ','The response to the novel coronavirus outbreak in China suggests that many of the lessons from the 2003 SARS epidemic have been implemented and the response improved as a consequence Nevertheless some questions remain and not all lessons have been successful The national and international response demonstrates the complex link between public health science and politics when an outbreak threatens to impact on global economies and reputations The unprecedented measures implemented in China are a bold attempt to control the outbreak we need to understand their effectiveness to balance costs and benefits for similar events in the future ',1 32132196,'Improved molecular diagnosis of COVID 19 by the novel highly sensitive and specific COVID 19 RdRp Hel real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay validated in vitro< i> and with clinical specimens ','On 31st< sup> December 2019 the World Health Organization was informed of a cluster of cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan China Subsequent investigations identified a novel coronavirus now named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 from the affected patients Highly sensitive and specific laboratory diagnostics are important for controlling the rapidly evolving SARS CoV 2 associated Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 epidemic In this study we developed and compared the performance of three novel real time RT PCR assays targeting the RNA dependent RNA polymerase RdRp helicase Hel spike S and nucleocapsid N genes of SARS CoV 2 with that of the reported RdRp P2 assay which is used in > 30 European laboratories Among the three novel assays the COVID 19 RdRp Hel assay had the lowest limit of detection in vitro< i> 1 8 TCID50< sub> ml with genomic RNA and 11 2 RNA copies reaction with in vitro< i> RNA transcripts Among 273 specimens from 15 patients with laboratory confirmed COVID 19 in Hong Kong 77 28 2\% were positive by both the COVID 19 RdRp Hel and RdRp P2 assays The COVID 19 RdRp Hel assay was positive for an additional 42 RdRd P2 negative specimens 119 273 43 6\% vs 77 273 28 2\% P< 0 001 including 29 120 24 2\% respiratory tract specimens and 13 153 8 5\% non respiratory tract specimens The mean viral load of these specimens was 3 21x104< sup> RNA copies ml range 2 21x102< sup> to 4 71x105< sup> RNA copies ml The COVID 19 RdRp Hel assay did not cross react with other human pathogenic coronaviruses and respiratory pathogens in cell culture and clinical specimens whereas the RdRp P2 assay cross reacted with SARS CoV in cell culture The highly sensitive and specific COVID 19 RdRp Hel assay may help to improve the laboratory diagnosis of COVID 19 ',1 31062580,'Development of Label Free Colorimetric Assay for MERS CoV Using Gold Nanoparticles ','Worldwide outbreaks of infectious diseases necessitate the development of rapid and accurate diagnostic methods Colorimetric assays are a representative tool to simply identify the target molecules in specimens through color changes of an indicator e g nanosized metallic particle and dye molecules The detection method is used to confirm the presence of biomarkers visually and measure absorbance of the colored compounds at a specific wavelength In this study we propose a colorimetric assay based on an extended form of double stranded DNA dsDNA self assembly shielded gold nanoparticles AuNPs under positive electrolyte e g 0 1 M MgCl2< sub> for detection of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV This platform is able to verify the existence of viral molecules through a localized surface plasmon resonance LSPR shift and color changes of AuNPs in the UV vis wavelength range We designed a pair of thiol modified probes at either the 5 end or 3 end to organize complementary base pairs with upstream of the E protein gene upE and open reading frames ORF 1a on MERS CoV The dsDNA of the target and probes forms a disulfide induced long self assembled complex which protects AuNPs from salt induced aggregation and transition of optical properties This colorimetric assay could discriminate down to 1 pmol mL of 30 bp MERS CoV and further be adapted for convenient on site detection of other infectious diseases especially in resource limited settings ',0 32156224,'COVID 19 Australia Epidemiology Report 6 Reporting week ending 19 00 AEDT 7 March 2020 ','This is the sixth epidemiological report for coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 reported in Australia as at 19 00 Australian Eastern Daylight Time AEDT 7 March 2020 It includes data on COVID 19 cases diagnosed in Australia the international situation and a review of current evidence ',1 32044388,'Coronavirus 2019 nCoV Is the genie already out of the bottle ',?,1 32195698,'COVID 19 Infection Implications for Perioperative and Critical Care Physicians ','Healthcare systems worldwide are responding to Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 an emerging infectious syndrome caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 virus Patients with COVID 19 can progress from asymptomatic or mild illness to hypoxemic respiratory failure or multisystem organ failure necessitating intubation and intensive care management Healthcare providers and particularly anesthesiologists are at the frontline of this epidemic and they need to be aware of the best available evidence to guide therapeutic management of patients with COVID 19 and to keep themselves safe while doing so Here the authors review COVID 19 pathogenesis presentation diagnosis and potential therapeutics with a focus on management of COVID 19 associated respiratory failure The authors draw on literature from other viral epidemics treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome and recent publications on COVID 19 as well as guidelines from major health organizations This review provides a comprehensive summary of the evidence currently available to guide management of critically ill patients with COVID 19 ',1 32188445,'Coronavirus the spread of misinformation ',?,1 32199941,'COVID 19 OUTBREAK IN NORTHERN ITALY FIRST PRACTICAL INDICATIONS FOR RADIOTHERAPY DEPARTMENTS ',?,1 32127711,'Open peer review platform for COVID 19 preprints ',?,1 32171869,'Clinical progression of patients with COVID 19 in Shanghai China ','Studies on the 2019 novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 have generally been limited to the description of the epidemiology and initial clinical characteristics We investigated the temporal progression in patients with COVID 19 ',1 32198147,'Covid 19 GPs can stop health checks for over 75s and routine medicine reviews ',?,1 30637608,'In vitro antiviral activity of Griffithsin against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus ','Griffithsin is a lectin with potent antiviral activity against enveloped viruses The objective of this study was to assess Griffithsin s inhibitory effect on porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV The results showed that Griffithsin reduced PEDV infection of Vero cells by approximately 82 8\% Moreover using time of addition assays and RT qPCR we found that delayed addition of Griffithsin had a weaker inhibitory effect on PEDV than earlier treatment The mechanism of Griffithsin s action against PEDV involved both preventing viral attachment to host cells and disrupting cell to cell transmission its dual mode of action distinguished Griffithsin from most other antiviral drugs In conclusion Griffithsin was identified as a potent PEDV inhibitor and may represent a candidate drug for preventing PEDV infection ',0 32166511,'18F FDG PET CT and COVID 19 ',?,1 32125934,'Helping the Radiologist The Role of Scientific Journals to Help Prevent the Spread of COVID 19 ',?,1 32195311,'From SARS to COVID 19 A previously unknown SARS related coronavirus SARS CoV 2 of pandemic potential infecting humans Call for a One Health approach ','Human coronaviruses continue to pose a threat to human health The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 in December 2019 which causes coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 an acute respiratory disease marked the third introduction of a highly pathogenic coronavirus into the human population in the twenty first century This recent emergence of a previously unknown coronavirus in China leads to huge impacts on humans globally Covid 19 is a challenge to global public health Here we discuss the COVID 19 outbreak in a one health context highlighting the need for the implementation of one health measures and practices to improve human health and reduce the emergence of pandemic viruses ',1 32077659,' Exploring the mechanism of liver enzyme abnormalities in patients with novel coronavirus infected pneumonia ','Objective < b> To explore and analyze the possible mechanism of liver injury in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia NCP Methods < b> The correlation between ALT AST and other liver enzyme changes condition and NCP patients disease status reported in the literature was comprehensively analyzed ACE2 expression in liver tissue for novel coronavirus was analyzed based on single cell sequencing GSE115469 data RNA Seq method was used to analyze Ace2 expression and transcription factors related to its expression in liver tissues at various time points after hepatectomy in mouse model of acute liver injury with partial hepatectomy t< i> test or Spearman rank correlation analysis was used for statistical analysis Results < b> ALT and AST were abnormally elevated in some patients with novel coronavirus infection and the rate and extent of ALT and AST elevation in severe NCP patients were higher than those in non severe patients Liver tissue results of single cell sequencing and immunohistochemistry showed that ACE2 was only expressed in bile duct epithelial cells of normal liver tissues and very low in hepatocytes In a mouse model of acute liver injury with partial hepatectomy Ace2 expression was down regulated on the first day but it was elevated up to twice of the normal level on the third day and returned to normal level on seventh day when the liver recovered and hepatocyte proliferation stopped Whether this phenomenon suggests that the bile duct epithelial cells with positive expression of Ace2 participate in the process of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy deserves further study In RNA Seq data 77 transcription factors were positively correlated with the expression of ACE2 r > 0 2 FDR < 0 05 which were mainly enriched in the development differentiation morphogenesis and cell proliferation of glandular epithelial cells Conclusion < b> We assumed that in addition to the over activated inflammatory response in patients with NCP the up regulation of ACE2 expression in liver tissue caused by compensatory proliferation of hepatocytes derived from bile duct epithelial cells may also be the possible mechanism of liver tissue injury caused by 2019 novel coronavirus infection ',1 31216779,'Preventive Behavioral Responses to the 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Outbreak in Korea ','This study examined the public s preventive behavioral responses during the 2015 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV outbreak in Korea and the influencing factors Two cross sectional telephone surveys were conducted by Gallup Korea using random digit dialing in June 2015 n< i> = 2004 The main outcome variables were nonpharmaceutical preventive measures survey 1 Measures for reducing transmission handwashing face masks and survey 2 Measures for avoiding contact with others Multiple logistic regression was used to identify the factors influencing preventive behaviors In survey 1 60 3\% of respondents reported more frequent handwashing and 15 5\% reported wearing face masks at least once due to the MERS CoV epidemic In survey 2 41 56\% of respondents reported practicing avoidance measures The concerned group was more likely to practice reducing transmission measures odds ratio OR 4 5 95\% confidence interval CI 3 3 6 1 and avoidance measures OR = 9 6 95\% CI 6 4 14 4 The respondents who had low trust in president or ruling party had a higher practice rate of reducing transmission measures OR = 1 7 95\% CI 1 2 2 6 and avoidance measures OR = 2 1 95\% CI 1 2 3 5 Cooperative prevention measures need appropriated public concern based on effective risk communication ',0 32048481,' NOVEL CORONAVIRUS THAT RECENTLY EMERGED IN CHINA ',?,1 32061313,'COVID 19 what is next for public health ',?,1 32167489,'The convalescent sera option for containing COVID 19 ',?,1 31591674,'Prevalence and risk factors for agents causing diarrhea Coronavirus Rotavirus Cryptosporidium spp Eimeria spp and nematodes helminthes according to age in dairy calves from Brazil ','The present study attempted to verify the prevalence of and risk factors for diarrhea causing agents in dairy calves from Brazil Additionally ages with a higher risk of occurrence for each agent were verified by means of the receiver operating characteristic ROC curve The collections were performed on 39 farms belonging to 29 municipalities located in eight states of Brazil It was possible to conclude that the prevalence of Coronavirus Rotavirus Cryptosporidium spp Eimeria spp and nematodes was 7 20\% 95\% CI 4 54 9 78 6 37\% 95\% CI 3 85 8 89 51 52\% 95\% CI 45 26 55 57 3 46\% 95\% CI 2 24 4 67 and 3 46\% 95\% CI 2 24 4 67 respectively Ages with higher probabilities of occurrence of these diseases in calves were < 10 > 8 > 6 > 37 and > 36 days respectively Diarrhea occurred more significantly P < 0 0001 in animals less than 21 days old and mainly on those receiving milk through automatic feeders P < 0 001 Cryptosporidium spp were a risk factor for the occurrence of Rotavirus and vice versa P = 0 0039 and presented a positive correlation with Coronavirus P = 0 0089 Calves that drink water from rivers streams and ponds had a higher chance of being infected by Eimeria spp P < 0 0001 as well as developing infection by nematodes P < 0 0001 The results found in this study highlight the importance of studying the agents of diarrhea together once they act as coinfection where the losses triggered for the owners will involve some of these agents simultaneously ',0 32184489,'A year without conferences How the coronavirus pandemic could change research ',?,1 31081422,'High mortality from viral pneumonia in patients with cancer ','Background < b> With the advancement of diagnostic methods a viral infection is increasingly recognized in adult patients with pneumonia and the outcomes can be fatal especially in high risk patients We aimed to examine the clinical characteristics of adults with viral pneumonia and also to determine the associated factors with short term mortality in those patients Methods < b> Adult patients who were diagnosed as viral pneumonia between January 2010 and December 2015 were consecutively included Data were collected through reviews of electronic medical records The primary outcome was 30 day mortality Results < b> A total of 1503 patients with viral pneumonia were included with a mean age of 66 0 years and male predominance in 60\% The most common viral pathogen was rhinovirus followed by influenza virus and parainfluenza virus PIV Viral bacterial co infection and multiple viral infections were found in 24 5\% and 5 2\% respectively The 30 day mortality was 7 1\% in total patients and it was not different according to viral pathogens However cancer patients had higher mortality than non cancer patients for the PIV 12 3\% vs 3 8\% p< i> < 05 and coronavirus 24 4\% vs 3 0\% p< i> < 01 infections On the multivariate analysis old age 65 OR 1 66 95\% CI 1 06 2 60 viral bacterial co infection OR 1 61 95\% CI 1 05 2 48 malignancy OR 2 26 95\% CI 1 50 3 40 and shock at the initial presentation OR 2 12 95\% CI 1 03 4 37 were significantly associated with mortality Conclusions < b> The mortality from viral pneumonia was high in adult patients Old age viral bacterial co infection underlying malignancy and initial shock were independent predictors of mortality ',0 31301071,'Detection of selected viral pathogens in dogs with canine infectious respiratory disease in Austria ','To assess the prevalence of canine parainfluenza virus canine adenovirus type 2 canine distemper virus canine respiratory coronavirus and influenza virus A infections in 1 privately owned or 2 kennelled dogs showing signs consistent with canine infectious respiratory disease and 3 clinically healthy dogs in Vienna Austria ',0 31102656,'The effects of past SARS experience and proximity on declines in numbers of travelers to the Republic of Korea during the 2015 MERS outbreak A retrospective study ','The experience of previous sizable outbreaks may affect travelers decisions to travel to an area with an ongoing outbreak ',0 30728254,'Coronavirus Endoribonuclease Activity in Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Suppresses Type I and Type III Interferon Responses ','Identifying viral antagonists of innate immunity and determining if they contribute to pathogenesis are critical for developing effective strategies to control emerging viruses Previously we reported that an endoribonuclease EndoU encoded by murine coronavirus plays a pivotal role in evasion of host innate immune defenses in macrophages Here we asked if the EndoU activity of porcine epidemic diarrhea coronavirus PEDV which causes acute diarrhea in swine plays a role in antagonizing the innate response in porcine epithelial cells and macrophages the sites of viral replication We constructed an infectious clone of PEDV Colorado strain icPEDV wt and an EndoU mutant PEDV icPEDV EnUmt by changing the codon for a catalytic histidine residue of EndoU to alanine His226Ala We found that both icPEDV wt and icPEDV EnUmt propagated efficiently in interferon IFN deficient Vero cells In contrast the propagation of icPEDV EnUmt was impaired in porcine epithelial cells LLC PK1 where we detected an early and robust transcriptional activation of type I and type III IFNs Infection of piglets with the parental Colorado strain icPEDV wt or icPEDV EnUmt revealed that all viruses replicated in the gut and induced diarrhea however there was reduced viral shedding and mortality in the icPEDV EnUmt infected animals These results demonstrate that EndoU activity is not required for PEDV replication in immortalized IFN deficient Vero cells but is important for suppressing the IFN response in epithelial cells and macrophages which facilitates replication shedding and pathogenesis in vivo< i> We conclude that PEDV EndoU activity is a key virulence factor that suppresses both type I and type III IFN responses IMPORTANCE< b> Coronaviruses CoVs can emerge from an animal reservoir into a naive host species to cause pandemic respiratory or gastrointestinal diseases with significant mortality in humans or domestic animals Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV an alphacoronavirus alpha CoV infects gut epithelial cells and macrophages inducing diarrhea and resulting in high mortality in piglets How PEDV suppresses the innate immune response was unknown We found that mutating a viral endoribonuclease EndoU results in a virus that activates both the type I interferon response and the type III interferon response in macrophages and epithelial cells This activation of interferon resulted in limited viral replication in epithelial cell cultures and was associated with reduced virus shedding and mortality in piglets This study reveals a role for EndoU activity as a virulence factor in PEDV infection and provides an approach for generating live attenuated vaccine candidates for emerging coronaviruses ',0 32085849,'The first Vietnamese case of COVID 19 acquired from China ',?,1 31463771,'Short hairpin RNAs targeting M and N genes reduce replication of porcine deltacoronavirus in ST cells ','Porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV is a recently identified coronavirus that causes intestinal diseases in neonatal piglets with diarrhea vomiting dehydration and post infection mortality of 50 100\% Currently there are no effective treatments or vaccines available to control PDCoV To study the potential of RNA interference RNAi as a strategy against PDCoV infection two short hairpin RNA shRNA expressing plasmids pGenesil M and pGenesil N that targeted the M and N genes of PDCoV were constructed and transfected separately into swine testicular ST cells which were then infected with PDCoV strain HB BD The potential of the plasmids to inhibit PDCoV replication was evaluated by cytopathic effect virus titers and real time quantitative RT PCR assay The cytopathogenicity assays demonstrated that pGenesil M and pGenesil N protected ST cells against pathological changes with high specificity and efficacy The 50\% tissue culture infective dose showed that the PDCoV titers in ST cells treated with pGenesil M and pGenesil N were reduced 13 2 and 32 4 fold respectively Real time quantitative RT PCR also confirmed that the amount of viral RNA in cell cultures pre transfected with pGenesil M and pGenesil N was reduced by 45 8 and 56 1\% respectively This is believed to be the first report to show that shRNAs targeting the M and N genes of PDCoV exert antiviral effects in vitro which suggests that RNAi is a promising new strategy against PDCoV infection ',0 32025807,'miRNA repertoire and host immune factor regulation upon avian coronavirus infection in eggs ','Avian infectious bronchitis virus IBV is a coronavirus with great economic impact on the poultry industry causing an acute and highly contagious disease in chickens that primarily affects the respiratory and reproductive systems The cellular regulation of IBV pathogenesis and the host immune responses involved remain to be fully elucidated MicroRNAs miRNAs have emerged as a class of crucial regulators of numerous cellular processes including responses to viral infections Here we employed a high throughput sequencing approach to analyze the miRNA composition of the spleen and the lungs of chicken embryos upon IBV infection Compared to healthy chicken embryos 13 and six miRNAs were upregulated in the spleen and the lungs respectively all predicted to influence viral transcription cytokine production and lymphocyte functioning Subsequent downregulation of NFATC3 NFAT5 SPPL3 and TGFB2 genes in particular was observed only in the spleen demonstrating the biological functionality of the miRNAs in this lymphoid organ This is the first study that describes the modulation of miRNAs and the related host immune factors by IBV in chicken embryos Our data provide novel insight into complex virus host interactions and specifically highlight components that could affect the host s immune response to IBV infection ',0 32196627,'Point of Care Lung Ultrasound findings in novel coronavirus disease 19 pnemoniae a case report and potential applications during COVID 19 outbreak ','An outbreak of a novel coronavirus disease 19 nCoV 19 infection began in December 2019 in Wuhan China and now involved the whole word Several health workers have been infected in different countries We report the case of a young man with documented nCoV 19 infection evaluated with lung ultrasound and discuss potential applications of lung ultrasound in this setting Lung ultrasound allowed the identification of nCoV 19 infection at bed side Moreover lung ultrasound can have several other advantages such as reduced health worker exposition to infected patients repeatability during follow up low costs and easier application in low resource settings ',1 31834525,'miR 142a 3p promotes the proliferation of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus by targeting Rab3a ','Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus PHEV is a typical neurotropic coronavirus that mainly invades the central nervous system CNS in piglets and causes vomiting and wasting disease Emerging evidence suggests that PHEV alters microRNA miRNA expression profiles and miRNA has also been postulated to be involved in its pathogenesis but the mechanisms underlying this process have not been fully explored In this study we found that PHEV infection upregulates miR 142a 3p RNA expression in N2a cells and in the CNS of mice Downregulation of miR 142a 3p by an miRNA inhibitor led to a significant repression of viral proliferation implying that it acts as a positive regulator of PHEV proliferation Using a dual luciferase reporter assay miR 142a 3p was found to bind directly bound to the 3 untranslated region 3 UTR of Rab3a mRNA and downregulate its expression Knockdown of Rab3a expression by transfection with an miR 142a 3p mimic or Rab3a siRNA significantly increased PHEV replication in N2a cells Conversely the use of an miR 142a 3p inhibitor or overexpression of Rab3a resulted in a marked restriction of viral production at both the mRNA and protein level Our data demonstrate that miR 142a 3p promotes PHEV proliferation by directly targeting Rab3a mRNA and this provides new insights into the mechanisms of PHEV related pathogenesis and virus host interactions ',0 32180224,'How do we plan hematopoietic cell transplant and cellular therapy with the looming COVID 19 threat ',?,1 31767070,'Pathogenicity of a QX like strain of infectious bronchitis virus and effects of accessory proteins 3a and 3b in chickens ','QX like genotype infectious bronchitis virus IBV has become prevalent in recent years Few studies have reported the effects of accessory proteins 3a and 3b on pathogenicity in vivo We developed a reverse genetics system to manipulate the genome of a QX like IBV strain IBYZ Recombinant viruses rIBYZ ScAUG3a rIBYZ ScAUG3b and rIBYZ ScAUG3ab were generated These viruses do not express the accessory proteins 3a 3b or 3ab due to a mutation in the AUG start codons In SPF embryonated eggs the recombinant viruses grew to the same viral load as parental strain rIBYZ The pathogenicity of rIBYZ and recombinant viruses was examined in 1 day old SPF chickens In SPF chickens rIBYZ ScAUG3a had a lower mortality than rIBYZ The clinical signs gross lesions and histopathological changes of rIBYZ ScAUG3a group were comparable to those of rIBYZ group However viral distribution and viral shedding showed that the viral loads of rIBYZ ScAUG3a were lower than those of rIBYZ in tissue samples and swab specimens The rIBYZ ScAUG3b and rIBYZ ScAUG3ab strains showed attenuated pathogenicity compared to rIBYZ as no chickens died and all the parameters tested were considerably low This study indicates that the absence of accessory proteins 3a and 3b in IBV lead to attenuated pathogenicity in chickens Protein 3b has a greater effect on pathogenicity than protein 3a These findings may be used in vaccination trials for the development of a new live attenuated vaccine ',0 31225937,'Birth seasonality studies in a large Prader Willi syndrome cohort ','Prader Willi syndrome PWS is generally due to sporadic paternal deletions of the chromosome 15q11 q13 region followed by maternal disomy 15 Advanced maternal age is more commonly seen in those with maternal disomy 15 Environmental factors e g drug use occupational chemical exposure infectious agents and irradiation could account for chromosome changes Previous evidence of differences in male and female gametogenesis could suggest an environmental role in the causation of the paternal 15q11 q13 deletion seen in PWS Certain occupations such as hydrocarbon exposing occupations e g landscaping farming and painting and viral exposure e g human coronavirus 229E causing upper respiratory infections in adults with an incorporation site in the human genome at chromosome 15q11 can be seasonal in nature and contribute to chromosome damage To assess we reviewed birth seasonality data in a large cohort of individuals with PWS recruited nationally N = 355 but no significant differences were seen by month between those with the 15q11 q13 deletion compared with maternal disomy 15 when analyzing quarterly seasonal patterns Although early evidence supported birth seasonality differences in PWS a larger number of individuals in our recent study using advanced genetic testing methods did not find this observation ',0 32198130,'Mitigating Risk of COVID 19 in Dialysis Facilities ',?,1 32125355,'Priorities for the US Health Community Responding to COVID 19 ',?,1 32119825,'Feasibility of controlling COVID 19 outbreaks by isolation of cases and contacts ','Isolation of cases and contact tracing is used to control outbreaks of infectious diseases and has been used for coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 Whether this strategy will achieve control depends on characteristics of both the pathogen and the response Here we use a mathematical model to assess if isolation and contact tracing are able to control onwards transmission from imported cases of COVID 19 ',1 32141279,' Advances on presymptomatic or asymptomatic carrier transmission of COVID 19 ','COVID 19 is rapidly spreading Patients in incubation period and healthy carriers are possible sources for transmission However such sources of infection cannot be effectively identified due to the symptoms absent The research evidence is very lacking so far although there are a few studies suggesting that presymptomatic or asymptomatic carrier may cause COVID 19 transmission Nearly half of the literature is in the state of preprint without peer review The question of " the degree to which presymptomatic or asymptomatic infections can transmit" is not fully understood There is an urgent need to screen infected carriers in larger close contacts or in the general population and assess their risk for transmission ',1 31776269,'Molecular Basis of Binding between Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and CD26 from Seven Bat Species ','Continued reports of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV infecting humans have occurred since the identification of this virus in 2012 MERS CoV is prone to cause endemic disease in the Middle East with several dozen spillover infections to other continents It is hypothesized that MERS CoV originated from bat coronaviruses and that dromedary camels are its natural reservoir Although gene segments identical to MERS CoV were sequenced from certain species of bats and one species experimentally shed the virus it is still unknown whether other bats can transmit the virus Here at the molecular level we found that all purified bat CD26s bCD26s from a diverse range of species interact with the receptor binding domain RBD of MERS CoV with equilibrium dissociation constant values ranging from several to hundreds at the micromolar level Moreover all bCD26s expressed in this study mediated the entry of pseudotyped MERS CoV to receptor expressing cells indicating the broad potential engagement of bCD26s as MERS CoV receptors Further structural analysis indicated that in the bat receptor compared to the human receptor substitutions of key residues and their adjacent amino acids leads to decreased binding affinity to the MERS RBD These results add more evidence to the existing belief that bats are the original source of MERS CoV and suggest that bCD26s in many species can mediate the entry of the virus which has significant implications for the surveillance and control of MERS CoV infection IMPORTANCE< b> In this study we found that bat CD26s bCD26s from different species exhibit large diversities especially in the region responsible for binding to the receptor binding domain RBD of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV However they maintain the interaction with MERS RBD at varied affinities and support the entry of pseudotyped MERS CoV These bat receptors polymorphisms seem to confer evolutionary pressure for the adaptation of CD26 binding virus such as the ancestor of MERS CoV and led to the generation of diversified CD26 engaging CoV strains Thus our data add more evidence to support that bats are the reservoir of MERS CoV and similar viruses as well as further emphasize the necessity to survey MERS CoV and other CoVs among bats ',0 30621895,'Network analyses using case control data to describe and characterize the initial 2014 incursion of porcine epidemic diarrhea PED in Canadian swine herds ','The overall objective of this study was to describe the contact structure and animal movement patterns of porcine epidemic diarrhea PED case herds and matched control herds during the initial incursion of PEDV in Canada and to evaluate possible mechanisms of spread during this period Possible mechanisms of spread included transmission through a common source herd to herd transmission and transmission due to low biosecurity Three hypotheses were evaluated by assessing 1 whether feed supplier semen supplier and or animal transportation company networks contained a higher proportion of case herds compared to randomly permuted networks 2 whether the proportion of case herds in the giant weak component differed from randomly permuted networks and 3 whether external herd biosecurity defined as the number of mean contacts with other herds in a one mode network was different between case and control herds The study period for recruiting case and control herds was from January 22 2014 to March 1 2014 and a 30 day history of each participating site was collected using a questionnaire The study included swine herds located in central and eastern Canadian provinces Multiple two mode networks with swine herds and service suppliers were constructed This included feed suppliers animal movement animal transportation companies semen suppliers and a complete network with all service providers The complete network consisted of 145 nodes There were a total of 765 edges in the complete network and majority were between feed suppliers and primary herds 29 8\% 228 765 The proportion of case herds in the largest feed supplier network was higher than what was expected using randomly permuted networks suggesting that the likely mechanism of spread during this phase was a common source through the feed network A single feed supplier FS1 had the highest out degree and outgoing contact chain indicating its importance in disease spread throughout the feed and complete networks Network descriptive measures as well as the results of the hypotheses testing indicate little significance in the roles of animal movement animal transportation companies and semen suppliers during the initial phase of the 2014 Canadian PED outbreak ',0 31109068,'Characteristics of the Life Cycle of Porcine Deltacoronavirus PDCoV In Vitro Replication Kinetics Cellular Ultrastructure and Virion Morphology and Evidence of Inducing Autophagy ','Porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV causes severe diarrhea and vomiting in affected piglets The aim of this study was to establish the basic in vitro characteristics of the life cycle such as replication kinetics cellular ultrastructure virion morphology and induction of autophagy of PDCoV Time course analysis of viral subgenomic and genomic RNA loads and infectious titers indicated that one replication cycle of PDCoV takes 5 to 6 h Electron microscopy showed that PDCoV infection induced the membrane rearrangements with double membrane vesicles and large virion containing vacuoles The convoluted membranes structures described in alpha and beta coronavirus were not observed PDCoV infection also increased the number of autophagosome like vesicles in the cytoplasm of cells and the autophagy response was detected by LC3 I II and p62 Western blot analysis For the first time this study presents the picture of the PDCoV infection cycle which is crucial to help elucidate the molecular mechanism of deltacoronavirus replication ',0 32080991,'Viral Load Kinetics of SARS CoV 2 Infection in First Two Patients in Korea ','As of February 2020 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 outbreak started in China in December 2019 has been spreading in many countries in the world With the numbers of confirmed cases are increasing information on the epidemiologic investigation and clinical manifestation have been accumulated However data on viral load kinetics in confirmed cases are lacking Here we present the viral load kinetics of the first two confirmed patients with mild to moderate illnesses in Korea in whom distinct viral load kinetics are shown This report suggests that viral load kinetics of SARS CoV 2 may be different from that of previously reported other coronavirus infections such as SARS CoV ',1 32011232,'Accelerated viral dynamics in bat cell lines with implications for zoonotic emergence ','Bats host virulent zoonotic viruses without experiencing disease A mechanistic understanding of the impact of bats virus hosting capacities including uniquely constitutive immune pathways on cellular scale viral dynamics is needed to elucidate zoonotic emergence We carried out virus infectivity assays on bat cell lines expressing induced and constitutive immune phenotypes then developed a theoretical model of our in vitro< i> system which we fit to empirical data Best fit models recapitulated expected immune phenotypes for representative cell lines supporting robust antiviral defenses in bat cells that correlated with higher estimates for within host viral propagation rates In general heightened immune responses limit pathogen induced cellular morbidity which can facilitate the establishment of rapidly propagating persistent infections within host Rapidly transmitting viruses that have evolved with bat immune systems will likely cause enhanced virulence following emergence into secondary hosts with immune systems that diverge from those unique to bats ',0 32170953,'Limiting spread of COVID 19 from cruise ships lessons to be learnt from Japan ',?,1 32056396,'Pneumonia Associated with 2019 Novel Coronavirus Can Computed Tomographic Findings Help Predict the Prognosis of the Disease ',?,1 32171740,'New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus what to expect for COVID 19 ','Recently a novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV officially known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 emerged in China Despite drastic containment measures the spread of this virus is ongoing SARS CoV 2 is the aetiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 characterised by pulmonary infection in humans The efforts of international health authorities have since focused on rapid diagnosis and isolation of patients as well as the search for therapies able to counter the most severe effects of the disease In the absence of a known efficient therapy and because of the situation of a public health emergency it made sense to investigate the possible effect of chloroquine hydroxychloroquine against SARS CoV 2 since this molecule was previously described as a potent inhibitor of most coronaviruses including SARS CoV 1 Preliminary trials of chloroquine repurposing in the treatment of COVID 19 in China have been encouraging leading to several new trials Here we discuss the possible mechanisms of chloroquine interference with the SARS CoV 2 replication cycle ',1 32074719,' Several suggestion of operation for colorectal cancer under the outbreak of Corona Virus Disease 19 in China ','Pneumonia caused by SARS Cov 2 infection has been reported in Wuhan since December 2019 and spread rapidly across the country The radical operation of colorectal cancer is confine operation Patients with colorectal cancer should receive operation as soon as possible after elective operation is resumed in each hospital SARS Cov 2 virus can be transmitted by asymptomatic infectors and it has been confirmed to be transmitted by droplets and contact However fecal oral transmission and aerosol transmission have not been excluded Based onLaparoscopic colorectal operation experiences the author suggests that the surgery strategy for colorectal cancer patients under the COVID 19 situation Recommending laparoscopy assisted radical surgery for colorectal cancer patients The aerosols need to be strictly managed during operation NOSES and TaTME should be carried out with cautious during the epidemic period Protective stoma should be carried out scientifically and reasonably and the protection of operating room personnel should be strengthened ',1 30850426,'Frequency of molecular detection of equine coronavirus in faeces and nasal secretions in 277 horses with acute onset of fever ','Due to the inconsistent development of enteric signs associated with ECoV infection in adult horses many practitioners collect nasal secretions rather than feces for the molecular diagnostic work up of such horses ',0 30897856,'A Single V672F Substitution in the Spike Protein of Field Isolated PEDV Promotes Cell Cell Fusion and Replication in VeroE6 Cells ','While porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV infects and replicates in enterocytes lining villi of neonatal piglets with high efficiency naturally isolated variants typically grow poorly in established cell lines unless adapted by multiple passages Cells infected with most cell adapted PEDVs usually displayed large syncytia a process triggered by the spike protein S To identify amino acids responsible for S mediated syncytium formation we constructed and characterized chimeric S proteins of the cell adapted variant YN144 in which the receptor binding domain RBD and S1 S2 cleavage site were replaced with those of a poorly culturable field isolate G2 We demonstrated that the RBD not the S1 S2 cleavage site is critical for syncytium formation mediated by chimeric S proteins Further mutational analyses revealed that a single mutation at the amino acid residue position 672 V672F could enable the chimeric S with the entire RBD derived from the G2 strain to trigger large syncytia Moreover recombinant PEDV viruses bearing S of the G2 strain with the single V672F substitution could induce extensive syncytium formation and replicate efficiently in VeroE6 cells stably expressing porcine aminopeptidase N VeroE6 APN Interestingly we also demonstrated that while the V672F mutation is critical for the syncytium formation in VeroE6 APN cells it exerts a minimal effect in Huh 7 cells thereby suggesting the difference in receptor preference of PEDV among host cells ',0 32106852,'Q& A The novel coronavirus outbreak causing COVID 19 ',?,1 30932810,'First detection of bovine coronavirus in Yak Bos grunniens and a bovine coronavirus genome with a recombinant HE gene ','The yak Bosgrunniens is a unique domestic bovine species that plays an indispensable role for herdsmen in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau Here 336 diarrhoeic samples were collected from yaks on 29 farms in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau from 2015 to 2017 Approximately 69 05 \% 232 336 of the diarrhoeic samples were assessed as bovine coronavirus BCoV positive by RT PCR assay and most of the detected strains showed a unique evolution based on 40 spike S nucleocapsid N and haemagglutinin esterase HE gene fragments Notably the 12 complete S genes detected shared 1 identical amino acid mutation E121V in the S1 subunit compared with the other 150 complete S genes in the GenBank database Furthermore a BCoV strain designated YAK HY24 CH 2017 was isolated from one diarrhoeic sample virus titre 108 17< sup>TCID50 ml 1< sup> and a phylogenetic analysis based on complete genome sequences revealed that strain YAK HY24 CH 2017 has the closest genetic relationship with the BCoV prototype strain Mebus Interestingly 2 significant characteristics were observed in the genome of strain YAK HY24 CH 2017 1 the strain had 26 unique amino acid variations in the S gene compared with the other 150 BCoV S genes in the GenBank database and 2 a recombination event was identified between the esterase and lectin domains of the HE gene In conclusion this study revealed the high prevalence of BCoV in yaks in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau To the best of our knowledge this is the first description of the molecular prevalence of BCoV in yaks and of a BCoV genome with an HE gene recombination ',0 31470645,'A Novel Bacterium Like Particle Vaccine Displaying the MERS CoV Receptor Binding Domain Induces Specific Mucosal and Systemic Immune Responses in Mice ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV a new coronavirus that has been causing severe and fatal acute respiratory illnesses in humans since its outbreak in 2012 has raised public fear worldwide The development of prophylactics and therapeutics is urgently needed to prevent and control MERS CoV infections In this study a bacterium Lactococcus lactis< i> like particle BLP vaccine displaying the MERS CoV receptor binding domain RBD was developed and gram positive enhancer matrix GEM particles were used as substrates to externally bind to the MERS CoV RBD through a protein anchor PA The designs included different numbers of lysin motif LysM repeats in the PAs linked by linkers RBD linker PA2 RLP2< sub> RBD linker PA3 RLP3< sub> and RBD PA3 RP3< sub> and three LysM repeats and a linker in the fusion proteins increased the binding activity to the RBD The specific immune responses were tested by intranasally immunizing mice with RLP3< sub> GEM with or without the adjuvant GEL01 The results showed that GEL01 adjuvanted RLP3< sub> GEM increased the systemic humoral cellular and local mucosal immune responses in the mouse model especially in the intestinal tract The above results indicate that the MERS CoV BLP product has the potential to be developed into a promising mucosal candidate vaccine to protect against MERS CoV infections ',0 32134800,'Clinical and High Resolution CT Features of the COVID 19 Infection Comparison of the Initial and Follow up Changes ','In late December 2019 an outbreak of coronavirus disease COVID 19 in Wuhan China was caused by a novel coronavirus newly named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 We aimed to quantify severity of COVID 19 infection on High Resolution CT and to determine its relationship with clinical parameters ',1 32143123,'Rapid random access detection of the novel SARS coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 previously 2019 nCoV using an open access protocol for the Panther Fusion ',?,1 32181903,'Platelet to lymphocyte ratio is associated with prognosis in patients with Corona Virus Disease 19 ','SinceDecember 2019 novelcoronavirus infected pneumonia emerged in Wuhan city and rapidly spread throughout China In severe novel coronavirus pneumonia cases the number of platelets their dynamic changes during the treatment platelet to lymphocyte ratio PLR were a concern We sought to describe platelet feature of these cases ',1 31727466,'Focus on Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV ','Since the first case of human infection by the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV in Saudi Arabia in June 2012 more than 2260 cases of confirmed MERS CoV infection and 803 related deaths have been reported since the 16th of October 2018 The vast majority of these cases 71\% were reported in Saudi Arabia but the epidemic has now spread to 27 countries and has not ceased 6 years later unlike SARS CoV that disappeared a little less than 2 years after emerging Due to the high fatality rate observed in MERS CoV infected patients 36\% much effort has been put into understanding the origin and pathophysiology of this novel coronavirus to prevent it from becoming endemic in humans This review focuses in particular on the origin epidemiology and clinical manifestations of MERS CoV as well as the diagnosis and treatment of infected patients The experience gained over recent years on how to manage the different risks related to this kind of epidemic will be key to being prepared for future outbreaks of communicable disease ',0 32160657,'Zoonotic implications of camel diseases in Iran ','Approximately 60\% of all human pathogens and 75\% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic of animal origin Camel zoonotic diseases can be encountered in all camel rearing countries In this article all studies carried out on camel zoonotic diseases in Iran are reviewed to show the importance of camels for public health in this country More than 900 published documents were systematically searched to find relevant studies from 1 890 until late 2018 The collected articles were classified according to the aetiological agents In this study 19 important zoonotic diseases were reported among Iranian camels including listeriosis leptospirosis plague Q fever brucellosis campylobacteriosis tuberculosis pasteurellosis clostridiosis salmonellosis Escherichia coli infections rabies camelpox Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever echinococcosis cryptosporidiosis toxoplasmosis and dermatophytosis most of which belong to bacterial viral parasitic and fungal pathogens respectively Results show that camels are one of the most important sources of infections and diseases in human therefore continuous monitoring and inspection programs are necessary to prevent the outbreak of zoonotic diseases caused by this animal in humans ',0 32092387,'Clinical Features of Atypical 2019 Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia with an initially Negative RT PCR Assay ',?,1 32114745,' Characteristics of peripheral blood leukocyte differential counts in patients with COVID 19 ','To investigate the early changes of peripheral blood leukocyte differential counts in patients with COVID 19 Ten patients with COVID 19 and 30 patients with other viral pneumonia non COVID 19 admitted to Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People s Hospital and Jinshan Branch Hospital from January 22 to February 17 2020 were enrolled in this study The differential counts of white blood cells were analyzed Patients in COVID 19 group showed relatively lower absolute white blood cell WBC count 4 95 3 90 6 03 x10 9 L lymphocyte absolute count 1 20 0 98 1 50 x10 9 L and eosinophil absolute count 0 01 0 01 0 01 x10 9 L Leukopenia developed in two patients 2 10 lymphocytopenia also in two patients 2 10 Seven over ten patients presented with eosinophil cytopenia In non COVID 19 group absolute WBC count was 8 20 6 78 9 03 x10 9 L P< i>< 0 001 lymphocyte absolute count 1 75 1 20 2 53 x10 9 L P< i>=0 036 eosinophil absolute count 0 02 0 01 0 03 x10 9 L P< i>=0 05 Lymphocytopenia occurred in 16 7\% patients eosinophil cytopenia in 16 7\% patients too In conclusion leukopenia lymphocytopenia and eosinophil cytopenia are more common in COVID 19 patients than those in non COVID 19 patients ',1 32190785,'Transmission potential of the novel coronavirus COVID 19 onboard the diamond Princess Cruises Ship 2020 ','An outbreak of COVID 19 developed aboard the Princess Cruises Ship during January February 2020 Using mathematical modeling and time series incidence data describing the trajectory of the outbreak among passengers and crew members we characterize how the transmission potential varied over the course of the outbreak Our estimate of the mean reproduction number in the confined setting reached values as high as ~11 which is higher than mean estimates reported from community level transmission dynamics in China and Singapore approximate range 1 1 7 Our findings suggest that R< i>t< sub> decreased substantially compared to values during the early phase after the Japanese government implemented an enhanced quarantine control Most recent estimates of R< i>t< sub> reached values largely below the epidemic threshold indicating that a secondary outbreak of the novel coronavirus was unlikely to occur aboard the Diamond Princess Ship ',1 32157732,'Harnessing the immune system via FcgR function in immune therapy A pathway to next gen mAbs ','The human FcgRs interact with antigen complexed IgG ligands to both activate and modulate a powerful network of inflammatory host protective effector functions that are key to the normal physiology of immune resistance to pathogens More than 100 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies mAbs are approved or in late stage clinical trials many of which harness the potent FcgR mediated effector systems to varying degrees This is most evident for antibodies targeting cancer cells inducing antibody dependent killing or phagocytosis but is also true to some degree for the mAbs that neutralise or remove small macromolecules such as cytokines or other immunoglobulins The use of mAb therapeutics has also revealed a " scaffolding" role for FcgR which in different contexts may either underpin the therapeutic mAb action such as immune agonism or may trigger catastrophic adverse effects The still unmet therapeutic need in many cancers inflammatory diseases or emerging infections such as SARS CoV 2 requires increased effort on the development of improved and novel mAbs A more mature appreciation of the immunobiology of individual FcgR function and the complexity of the relationships between FcgRs and antibodies is fuelling efforts to develop more potent " next gen" therapeutic antibodies Such development strategies now include focused glycan or protein engineering of the Fc to increase affinity and or tailor specificity for selective engagement of individual activating FcgRs or the inhibitory FcgRIIb or alternatively for the ablation of FcgR interaction altogether This review touches on recent aspects FcgR and IgG immunobiology and its relationship to the present and future actions of therapeutic mAbs ',1 31383414,'Erratum to " Clinical presentation diagnostic findings and outcome of adult horses with equine coronavirus infection at a veterinary teaching hospital 33 cases 2012 2018 " Vet J 248 2019 95 100 ',?,0 32057788,'Novel coronavirus poor quarantine and the risk of pandemic ',?,1 30571679,'GI 16 lineage 624 I or Q1 there and back again The history of one of the major threats for poultry farming of our era ','The genetic variability of Infectious bronchitis virus IBV is one of the main challenges for its control hindering not only the development of effective vaccination strategies but also its classification and consequently epidemiology understanding The 624 I and Q1 genotypes now recognized to be part of the GI 16 lineage represent an excellent example of the practical consequences of IBV molecular epidemiology limited knowledge In fact being their common origin unrecognized for a long time independent epidemiological pictures were drawn for the two genotypes To fix this misinterpretation the present study reconstructs the history population dynamics and spreading patterns of GI 16 lineage as a whole using a phylodynamic approach A collection of worldwide available hypervariable region 1 and 2 HVR12 and 3 HVR3 sequences of the S1 protein was analysed together with 258 HVR3 sequences obtained from samples collected in Italy the country where this genotype was initially identified since 1963 The results demonstrate that after its emergence at the beginning of the XX century GI 16 was able to persist until present days in Italy Approximately in the late 1980s it migrated to Asia which became the main nucleus for further spreading to Middle East Europe and especially South America likely through multiple introduction events A remarkable among country diffusion was also demonstrated in Asia and South America Interestingly although most of the recent Italian GI 16 strains originated from ancestral viruses detected in the same country a couple were closely related to Chinese ones supporting a backward viral flow from China to Italy Besides to the specific case study results this work highlights the misconceptions that originate from the lack of a unified nomenclature and poor molecular epidemiology data generation and sharing This shortcoming appears particularly relevant since the described scenario could likely be shared by many other IBV genotypes and pathogens in general ',0 31986261,'A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person to person transmission a study of a family cluster ','An ongoing outbreak of pneumonia associated with a novel coronavirus was reported in Wuhan city Hubei province China Affected patients were geographically linked with a local wet market as a potential source No data on person to person or nosocomial transmission have been published to date ',1 32088947,' Consideration on the strategies during epidemic stage changing from emergency response to continuous prevention and control ',?,1 30871190,'Construction and Immunogenicity of Novel Chimeric Virus Like Particles Bearing Antigens of Infectious Bronchitis Virus and Newcastle Disease Virus ','Infectious bronchitis virus IBV and Newcastle disease virus NDV are two poultry pathogens seriously affecting the poultry industry Here IBV S1 and the ectodomain of NDV F proteins were separately linked with the trans membrane and carboxy terminal domain of IBV S protein STMCT< sub> composing rS and rF thus a novel chimeric infectious bronchitis Newcastle disease IB ND virus like particles VLPs vaccine containing the rS rF and IBV M protein was constructed Under the transmission electron microscope TEM VLPs possessing similar morphology to natural IBV were observed To evaluate the immunogenicity of chimeric IB ND VLPs specific pathogen free SPF chickens were immunized with three increasing doses 50 75 and 100 mg protein of VLPs Results of ELISAs detecting IBV and NDV specific antibodies and IL 4 and IFN g T cell cytokines indicated that vaccination with chimeric IB ND VLPs could efficiently induce humoral and cellular immune responses In the challenge study chimeric IB ND VLPs 100 mg protein provided 100\% protection against IBV or NDV virulent challenge from death and viral RNA levels in tissues and swabs were greatly reduced Collectively chimeric IB ND VLPs are highly immunogenic and could provide complete protection from an IBV or NDV virulent challenge Chimeric IB ND VLPs are an appealing vaccine candidate and a promising vaccine platform bearing multivalent antigens ',0 32026148,'Diagnosis and treatment recommendations for pediatric respiratory infection caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus ','Since December 2019 an epidemic caused by novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV infection has occurred unexpectedly in China As of 8 pm 31 January 2020 more than 20 pediatric cases have been reported in China Of these cases ten patients were identified in Zhejiang Province with an age of onset ranging from 112 days to 17 years Following the latest National recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia caused by 2019 nCoV the 4th edition and current status of clinical practice in Zhejiang Province recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory infection caused by 2019 nCoV for children were drafted by the National Clinical Research Center for Child Health the National Children s Regional Medical Center Children s Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine to further standardize the protocol for diagnosis and treatment of respiratory infection in children caused by 2019 nCoV ',1 32057769,'The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019 nCoV contains a furin like cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade ','In 2019 a new coronavirus 2019 nCoV infecting Humans has emerged in Wuhan China Its genome has been sequenced and the genomic information promptly released Despite a high similarity with the genome sequence of SARS CoV and SARS like CoVs we identified a peculiar furin like cleavage site in the Spike protein of the 2019 nCoV lacking in the other SARS like CoVs In this article we discuss the possible functional consequences of this cleavage site in the viral cycle pathogenicity and its potential implication in the development of antivirals ',1 31831395,'Genetic diversity of MERS CoV spike protein gene in Saudi Arabia ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV was primarily detected in 2012 and still causing disease in human and camel Camel and bats have been identified as a potential source of virus for disease spread to human Although significant information related to MERS CoV disease spread infection epidemiology clinical features have been published A little information is available on the sequence diversity of Spike protein gene The Spike protein gene plays a significant role in virus attachment to host cells Recently the information about recombinant MERS CoV has been published So this work was designed to identify the emergence of any another recombinant virus in Jeddah Saudi Arabia ',0 30860018,'Gamma Irradiation as an Effective Method for Inactivation of Emerging Viral Pathogens ','Gamma irradiation using a cobalt 60 source is a commonly used method for the inactivation of infectious specimens to be handled safely in subsequent laboratory procedures Here we determined irradiation doses to safely inactivate liquid proteinaceous specimens harboring different emerging reemerging viral pathogens known to cause neglected tropical and other diseases of regional or global public health importance By using a representative arenavirus bunyavirus coronavirus filovirus flavivirus orthomyxovirus and paramyxovirus we found that these enveloped viruses differed in their susceptibility to irradiation treatment with adsorbed doses for inactivation of a target dose of 1 x 106< sup> 50\% tissue culture infectious dose TCID50< sub> mL ranging from 1 to 5 MRads This finding seemed generally inversely correlated with genome size Our data may help to guide other facilities in testing and verifying safe inactivation procedures ',0 30952879,'Inevitable isolation and the change of stress markers in hemodialysis patients during the 2015 MERS CoV outbreak in Korea ','During the outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV in 2015 one hemodialysis patient was infected with MERS CoV and the remaining hemodialysis HD patients n = 83 and medical staff n = 12 had to undergo dialysis treatment in an isolated environment This study was performed to investigate the effects of stress caused by dialysis treatment under isolation Plasma samples from the HD patients and medical staff were collected at the time of isolation M0 the following month M1 and three months after isolation M3 Parameters for stress included circulating cell free genomic DNA ccf gDNA circulating cell free mitochondria DNA ccf mtDNA and pentraxin 3 PTX 3 Decreased values of Hct kt v and ca x p were recovered after the end of two weeks of isolation The levels of ccf gDNA and ccf mtDNA were the highest at M0 and decreased gradually in both HD patients and the medical staff The normalization of ccf gDNA and ccf mtDNA was significantly delayed in HD patients compared with the response in the medical staff PTX 3 increased only in HD patients and was highest at M0 and it then gradually decreased Medical isolation and subnormal quality of care during the MERS outbreak caused extreme stress in HD patients Plasma cell free DNA and PTX 3 seems to be good indicators of stress and quality of care in HD patients ',0 32174565,'All eyes on Coronavirus What do we need to know as ophthalmologists< i> ',?,1 31900204,'Treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome with a combination of lopinavir ritonavir and interferon b1b MIRACLE trial statistical analysis plan for a recursive two stage group sequential randomized controlled trial ','The MIRACLE trial MERS CoV Infection tReated with A Combination of Lopinavir ritonavir and intErferon b1b investigates the efficacy of a combination therapy of lopinavir ritonavir and recombinant interferon b1b provided with standard supportive care compared to placebo provided with standard supportive care in hospitalized patients with laboratory confirmed MERS The MIRACLE trial is designed as a recursive two stage group sequential multicenter placebo controlled double blind randomized controlled trial The aim of this article is to describe the statistical analysis plan for the MIRACLE trial The primary outcome is 90 day mortality The primary analysis will follow the intention to treat principle The MIRACLE trial is the first randomized controlled trial for MERS treatment TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials gov NCT02845843 Registered on 27 July 2016 ',0 31383305,'Application of RNAscope technology to studying the infection dynamics of a Chinese porcine epidemic diarrhea virus variant strain BJ2011C in neonatal piglets ','The highly virulent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV variants cause the death of mainly neonatal piglets but how the viruses spread within the gastro intestinal tract in a temporal and spatial manner has remained poorly characterized but is critical to understand the viral pathogenesis In this study we used the Chinese PEDV epidemic strain BJ2011C as a model organism and took advantage of the newly developed RNAscope in situ hybridization technology to investigate the tempo spatial infection dynamics in neonatal piglets We found that the PEDV strain BJ2011C could quickly colonize the small intestine which occurred in just 6 h post infection with virus shedding starting at 6 hpi and peaking at 24 hpi Jejunum was the first target tissue for infection and then ileum followed by infrequent infection of duodenum In these tissues the virus nucleic acids were mainly present in the villous epithelial cells but not in crypt cells Interestingly the viral RNAs were not detectable by RNAscope in large intestines although tissue damages could be discerned by H & E staining Overall our results provide useful information about spread dynamics and tissue preference of PEDV epidemic strain BJ2011C ',0 31022218,'Canine infectious respiratory disease New insights into the etiology and epidemiology of associated pathogens ','Canine infectious respiratory disease CIRD is a syndrome where multiple viral and bacterial pathogens are involved sequentially or synergistically to cause illness There is limited information regarding the prevalence of pathogens related to CIRD in the United States as well as the role of co infections in the pathogenesis of the syndrome We aimed to conduct a comprehensive etiologic and epidemiologic study of multiple CIRD agents in a diverse dog population using molecular methods and statistical modeling analyses In addition a novel probe based multiplex real time PCR was developed to simultaneously detect and differentiate two species of Mycoplasma M canis and M cynos Canine adenovirus canine distemper virus canine parainfluenza virus coronavirus influenza A virus H3N2 and H3N8 Bordetella bronchiseptica M canis M cynos and Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus were investigated in specimens from clinically ill and asymptomatic dogs received at the Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Results showed low occurrence of classical CIRD agents such as B bronchiseptica canine adenovirus and distemper virus while highlighting the potential role of emerging bacteria such as M canis and M cynos Statistical modeling analyses of CIRD pathogens emphasized the impact of co infections on the severity of clinical presentation and showed that host factors such as animal age are the most important predictors of disease severity This study provides new insights into the current understanding of the prevalence and role of co infections with selected viruses and bacteria in the etiology of CIRD while underscoring the importance of molecular diagnosis and vaccination against this disease ',0 31690059,'Natural Bis Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids Tetrandrine Fangchinoline and Cepharanthine Inhibit Human Coronavirus OC43 Infection of MRC 5 Human Lung Cells ','Stephania< i>tetrandra< i> and other related species of Menispermaceae< i> are the major sources of the bis benzylisoquinoline alkaloids tetrandrine TET fangchinoline FAN and cepharanthine CEP Although the pharmacological properties of these compounds include anticancer and anti inflammatory activities the antiviral effects of these compounds against human coronavirus HCoV remain unclear Hence the aims of the current study were to assess the antiviral activities of TET FAN and CEP and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms in HCoV OC43 infected MRC 5 human lung cells These compounds significantly inhibited virus induced cell death at the early stage of virus infection TET FAN and CEP treatment dramatically suppressed the replication of HCoV OC43 as well as inhibited viral S and N protein expression The virus induced host response was reduced by compound treatment as compared with the vehicle control Taken together these findings demonstrate that TET FAN and CEP are potential natural antiviral agents for the prevention and treatment of HCoV OC43 infection ',0 32162604,'How Is the World Responding to the 2019 Coronavirus Disease Compared with the 2014 West African Ebola Epidemic The Importance of China as a Player in the Global Economy ','This article describes similarities and differences in the response of governments and the international community to the current 2019 coronavirus disease COVID 19 and the 2014 West African Ebola epidemic It expresses the opinion that the speed and scale of the response to the 2019 COVID 19 are affected by the important role that China plays in the global economy By contrast insufficient and less timely action was initially undertaken in West African countries during the 2014 Ebola epidemic It concludes by stating why preparedness for and response to all disease outbreaks also in countries of lower economic importance should become a priority in the global health agenda ',1 30771890,'Forecasting herd level porcine epidemic diarrhea PED frequency trends in Ontario Canada ','Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus PEDV emerged in North America in 2013 The first case of PEDV in Canada was identified on an Ontario farm in January 2014 Surveillance was instrumental in identifying the initial case and in minimizing the spread of the virus to other farms With recent advances in predictive analytics showing promise for health and disease forecasting the primary objective of this study was to apply machine learning predictive methods random forest artificial neural networks and classification and regression trees to provincial PEDV incidence data and in so doing determine their accuracy for predicting future PEDV trends Trend was defined as the cumulative number of new cases over a four week interval and consisted of four levels zero low medium and high Provincial PEDV incidence and prevalence estimates from an industry database as well as temperature humidity and precipitation data were combined to create the forecast dataset With 10 fold cross validation performed on the entire dataset the overall accuracy was 0 68 95\% CI 0 60 0 75 0 57 95\% CI 0 49 0 64 and 0 55 0 47 0 63 for the random forest artificial neural network and classification and regression tree models respectively Based on the cross validation approach to evaluating predictive accuracy the random forest model provided the best prediction ',0 32087116,'Asymptomatic cases in a family cluster with SARS CoV 2 infection ',?,1 32173381,'Emergence of SARS like Coronavirus in China An Update ',?,1 32109011,'Covid 19 Navigating the Uncharted ',?,1 32125873,'Relation Between Chest CT Findings and Clinical Conditions of Coronavirus Disease COVID 19 Pneumonia A Multicenter Study ','OBJECTIVE < b> The increasing number of cases of confirmed coronavirus disease COVID 19 in China is striking The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between chest CT findings and the clinical conditions of COVID 19 pneumonia MATERIALS AND METHODS < b> Data on 101 cases of COVID 19 pneumonia were retrospectively collected from four institutions in Hunan China Basic clinical characteristics and detailed imaging features were evaluated and compared between two groups on the basis of clinical status nonemergency mild or common disease and emergency severe or fatal disease RESULTS < b> Patients 21 50 years old accounted for most 70 2\% of the cohort and five 5 0\% patients had disease associated with a family outbreak Most patients 78 2\% had fever as the onset symptom Most patients with COVID 19 pneumonia had typical imaging features such as ground glass opacities GGO 87 86 1\% or mixed GGO and consolidation 65 64 4\% vascular enlargement in the lesion 72 71 3\% and traction bronchiectasis 53 52 5\% Lesions present on CT images were more likely to have a peripheral distribution 88 87 1\% and bilateral involvement 83 82 2\% and be lower lung predominant 55 54 5\% and multifocal 55 54 5\% Patients in the emergency group were older than those in the non emergency group Architectural distortion traction bronchiectasis and CT involvement score aided in evaluation of the severity and extent of the disease CONCLUSION < b> Patients with confirmed COVID 19 pneumonia have typical imaging features that can be helpful in early screening of highly suspected cases and in evaluation of the severity and extent of disease Most patients with COVID 19 pneumonia have GGO or mixed GGO and consolidation and vascular enlargement in the lesion Lesions are more likely to have peripheral distribution and bilateral involvement and be lower lung predominant and multifocal CT involvement score can help in evaluation of the severity and extent of the disease ',1 32118533,'COVID 19 in 2 Persons with Mild Upper Respiratory Symptoms on a Cruise Ship Japan ','We describe 2 cases of COVID 19 in patients with mild upper respiratory symptoms Both patients worked on a cruise ship quarantined off the coast of Japan One patient had persistent low grade upper respiratory tract symptoms without fever The other patient had rapid symptom cessation but persistent viral RNA detection ',1 31022991,'Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus PEDV ORF3 Interactome Reveals Inhibition of Virus Replication by Cellular VPS36 Protein ','The accessory protein ORF3 of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV has been proposed to play a key role in virus replication However our understanding of its function regarding virus and host interaction is still limited In this study we employed immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry to screen for cellular interacting partners of ORF3 Gene ontology analysis of the host interactome highlighted the involvement of ORF3 in endosomal and immune signaling pathways Among the identified ORF3 interacting proteins the vacuolar protein sorting associated protein 36 VPS36 was assessed for its role in PEDV replication VPS36 was found to interact with ORF3 regardless of its GLUE domain As a result of VPS36 ORF3 interaction PEDV replication was substantially suppressed in cells overexpressing VPS36 Interestingly the ORF3 protein expression was diminished in VPS36 overexpressing cells an effect that could not be restored by treatment of lysosomal inhibitors In addition disruption of endogenously expressed VPS36 by siRNA could partially augment PEDV replication Taken together our study provides mechanistic insights into the contribution of ORF3 in PEDV replication ',0 32183357,'2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID 19 Paving the Road for Rapid Detection and Point of Care Diagnostics ','We believe a point of care PoC device for the rapid detection of the 2019 novel Coronavirus SARS CoV 2 is crucial and urgently needed With this perspective we give suggestions regarding a potential candidate for the rapid detection of the coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 as well as factors for the preparedness and response to the outbreak of the COVID 19 ',1 32017153,'Updates on Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus epidemic ',?,1 31863793,'In silico and in vitro analysis of small molecules and natural compounds targeting the 3CL protease of feline infectious peritonitis virus ','The computational search of chemical libraries has been used as a powerful tool for the rapid discovery of candidate compounds To find small molecules with anti feline infectious peritonitis virus FIPV properties we utilized a virtual screening technique to identify the active site on the viral protease for the binding of the available natural compounds The protease 3CL 3CLpro< sup> plays an important role in the replication cycle of FIPV and other viruses within the family Coronaviridae The 15 best ranked candidate consensus compounds based on three docking tools were evaluated for further assays The protease inhibitor assay on recombinant FIPV 3CLpro< sup> was performed to screen the inhibitory effect of the candidate compounds with IC50< sub> ranging from 6 36 + 2 15 to 78 40 + 2 60 mM As determined by the cell based assay the compounds NSC345647 NSC87511 and NSC343256 showed better EC50< sub> values than the broad spectrum antiviral drug ribavirin and the protease inhibitor lopinavir under all the test conditions including pre viral entry post viral entry and prophylactic activity The NSC87511 particularly yielded the best selective index > 4 range of SI = 13 80 22 90 These results indicated that the natural small molecular compounds specifically targeted the 3CLpro< sup> of FIPV and inhibited its replication Structural modification of these compounds may generate a higher anti viral potency for the further development of a novel therapy against FIP ',0 31414643,'Differences of viral panel positive versus negative by real time PCR in COPD exacerbated patients ','Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD are often caused by respiratory tract infections The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical laboratory and computed tomography features of patients with hospitalized COPD exacerbations in which respiratory viruses were detected using a real time polymerase chain reaction PCR technique ',0 32098019,'Communicating the Risk of Death from Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID 19 ','To understand the severity of infection for a given disease it is common epidemiological practice to estimate the case fatality risk defined as the risk of death among cases However there are three technical obstacles that should be addressed to appropriately measure this risk First division of the cumulative number of deaths by that of cases tends to underestimate the actual risk because deaths that will occur have not yet observed and so the delay in time from illness onset to death must be addressed Second the observed dataset of reported cases represents only a proportion of all infected individuals and there can be a substantial number of asymptomatic and mildly infected individuals who are never diagnosed Third ascertainment bias and risk of death among all those infected would be smaller when estimated using shorter virus detection windows and less sensitive diagnostic laboratory tests In the ongoing COVID 19 epidemic health authorities must cope with the uncertainty in the risk of death from COVID 19 and high risk individuals should be identified using approaches that can address the abovementioned three problems Although COVID 19 involves mostly mild infections among the majority of the general population the risk of death among young adults is higher than that of seasonal influenza and elderly with underlying comorbidities require additional care ',1 32004066,'Novel Wuhan 2019 nCoV Coronavirus ',?,1 32060619,'Imaging features of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia ',?,1 32144096,'Covid 19 UK records first death as world s cases exceed 100 000 ',?,1 32164077,' Pharmacotherapeutic about the new coronavirus pneumonia ','Ben Wen Jie He Zuo Zhe De Shi Jian Jing Yan Yu Lin Chuang Xin Xi Dui Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Bing Chang Yong Yao Wu Zuo Chu Ping Jie Jian Yi Yu Fang Yong Kang Jun Yao Wu Yao Yan Ge Xian Zhi Shen Shang Xian Pi Zhi Ji Su Zhi Ying Yong Yu Yi Chu Xian Fei Sun Shang De Huan Zhe Bing Qie Yao Zhu Yi Yong Liang Yu Liao Cheng De Ge Ti Chai Yi Kang Bing Du Yao De Shi Yong Yao Shen Zhong Bing Jin Zao De Chu Yi Tui Jian Yao Wu Yao Bu Yao Ji Xu Shi Yong Xia Qu De Jie Lun Yi Bi Mian Bu Bi Yao De Yao Wu Sun Shang ',0 32108458,' Consideration and suggestions on development of blood transfusion department under the epidemic situation of novel coronavirus pneumonia ','Shu Xie Yi Zhi Yi Lai Du Shi Lin Chuang Zhi Liao Zhong Bi Bu Ke Shao De Shou Duan Sui Zhao Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan Yi Qing De Chi Xu Fa Zhan Ru He Zuo Hao Shu Xie Ke Gong Zuo Ren Yuan De Zi Wo Fang Hu Ru He Zuo Hao Wu Chang Xian Xie Zhi Yuan Zhe Zhao Mu Gong Zuo Ru He Bao Zhang Yi Yuan Zheng Chang Kai Zhan Shou Zhu Ru He Bao Zheng Ji Jiu Huan Zhe De Lin Chuang Yong Xie Ru He Fa Hui Shu Xie Ke De Xiang Guan Ji Zhu Fu Zhu Zhi Liao Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan Huan Zhe Du Shi Mu Qian Shu Xie Ke Ji Dai Jie Jue De Wen Ti Jie He Ge Xiang Zheng Ce De Fa Bu Yi Ji Bi Zhe Suo Zai Yi Yuan De Shu Xie Gong Zuo Jing Yan Ben Wen Dui Yi Shang Wen Ti Ti Chu Ge Ren Jian Yi Ji Si Kao Xi Wang Qi Dao Pao Zhuan Yin Yu De Zuo Yong Yi Qi Geng Hao Di Fa Hui Shu Xie Yi Xue Te Chang Wei Jin Yi Bu Zuo Hao Yu Fang Gong Zuo Qie Shi Bao Zhang Xie Ye An Quan Gong Ying Zuo Hao Chong Fen De Gong Zuo ',1 32129843,'Genomic diversity of SARS CoV 2 in Coronavirus Disease 2019 patients ','A novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 has infected more than 75 000 individuals and spread to over 20 countries It is still unclear how fast the virus evolved and how the virus interacts with other microorganisms in the lung ',1 30801935,'Point of care diagnostic assay for rapid detection of porcine deltacoronavirus using the recombinase polymerase amplification method ','Porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV has emerged and spread throughout the porcine industry in many countries over the last 6 years PDCoV caused watery diarrhoea vomiting and dehydration in newborn piglets A sensitive diagnostic method would be beneficial to the prevention and control of PDCoV infection Recombinase polymerase amplification RPA is an isothermal amplification method which has been widely used for virus detection A probe based reverse transcription RPA RT RPA assay was developed for real time detection of PDCoV The amplification can be finished in 20 min and fluorescence monitoring was performed by a portable device The lowest detection limit of the PDCoV RT RPA assay was 100 copies of RNA molecules per reaction moreover the RT RPA assay had no cross reaction with other common swine viruses The clinical performance of the RT RPA assay was evaluated using 108 clinical samples 54 intestine specimens and 54 faecal swab specimens The coincidence rate of the detection results for clinical samples between RT RPA and RT qPCR was 97 2\% In summary the real time RT RPA assay offers a promising alternative to RT qPCR for point of care detection of PDCoV ',0 32005657,'Coronavirus shows how UK must act quickly before being shut out of Europe s health protection systems ',?,1 32193883,'CT appearance of severe laboratory proven coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 in a Caucasian patient in Berlin Germany ',?,1 32124179,'Clinical trials for the treatment of Coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 A rapid response to urgent need ',?,1 32032543,'Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed ',?,1 32100487,'Emergent Strategies for the Next Phase of COVID 19 ',?,1 32167525,'From Containment to Mitigation of COVID 19 in the US ',?,1 32172226,'Prominent changes in blood coagulation of patients with SARS CoV 2 infection ','Background As the number of patients increases there is a growing understanding of the form of pneumonia sustained by the 2019 novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 which has caused an outbreak in China Up to now clinical features and treatment of patients infected with SARS CoV 2 have been reported in detail However the relationship between SARS CoV 2 and coagulation has been scarcely addressed Our aim is to investigate the blood coagulation function of patients with SARS CoV 2 infection Methods In our study 94 patients with confirmed SARS CoV 2 infection were admitted in Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University We prospectively collect blood coagulation data in these patients and in 40 healthy controls during the same period Results Antithrombin values in patients were lower than that in the control group p < 0 001 The values of D dimer fibrin fibrinogen degradation products FDP and fibrinogen FIB in all SARS CoV 2 cases were substantially higher than those in healthy controls Moreover D dimer and FDP values in patients with severe SARS CoV 2 infection were higher than those in patients with milder forms Compared with healthy controls prothrombin time activity PT act was lower in SARS CoV 2 patients Thrombin time in critical SARS CoV 2 patients was also shorter than that in controls Conclusions The coagulation function in patients with SARS CoV 2 is significantly deranged compared with healthy people but monitoring D dimer and FDP values may be helpful for the early identification of severe cases ',1 32033514,' Expert consensus for bronchoscopy during the epidemic of 2019 Novel Coronavirus infection Trial version ','Infection with 2019 Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV is mainly transmitted by respiratory droplets airborne transmission and direct contact However conducting bronchoscopy on patients with 2019 nCoV is a high risk procedure in which health care workers are directly exposed to the virus and the protection and operation procedures need to be strictly regulated According to the characteristics of bronchoscopy it is necessary to formulate the procedure requirements and precautions when conducting bronchoscopy in the current epidemic situation Relevant standards for preventing from infections should be strictly implemented in the operation of bronchoscopy It needs to emphasize that bronchoscopy should not be used as a routine means for the diagnosis of 2019 nCoV infection sampling The indications for bronchoscopy for other diseases should be strictly mastered and it is suggested that bronchoscopy should be postponed for those patients who is not in urgent situation ',1 32181911,'Diagnostic Utility of Clinical Laboratory Data Determinations for Patients with the Severe COVID 19 ','The role of clinical laboratory data in the differential diagnosis of the severe forms of COVID 19 has not been definitely established The aim of this study was to look for the warning index in severe COVID 19 patients We investigated forty three adult patients with COVID 19 The patients were classified into mild group 28 patients and severe group 15 patients Comparison of the haematological parameters between the mild and severe groups showed significant differences in IL 6 D Dimer GLU TT FIB and CRP P < 0 05 The optimal threshold and area under the ROC curve of IL 6 were 24 3 pg mL and 0 795 respectively while those of D Dimer were 0 28 ug L and 0 750 respectively The area under the ROC curve AUC of IL 6 combined with D Dimer was 0 840 The specificity of predicting the severity of COVID 19 during IL 6 and D Dimer tandem testing was up to 93 3\% while the sensitivity of IL 6 and D Dimer by parallel test in the severe COVID 19 was 96 4\% IL 6 and D Dimer were closely related to the occurrence of severe COVID 19 in the adult patients and their combined detection had the highest specificity and sensitivity for early prediction of the severity of COVID 19 patients which has important clinical value This article is protected by copyright All rights reserved ',1 32093211,'Characteristics of and Public Health Responses to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak in China ','In December 2019 cases of unidentified pneumonia with a history of exposure in the Huanan Seafood Market were reported in Wuhan Hubei Province A novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 was identified to be accountable for this disease Human to human transmission is confirmed and this disease named COVID 19 by World Health Organization WHO spread rapidly around the country and the world As of 18 February 2020 the number of confirmed cases had reached 75 199 with 2009 fatalities The COVID 19 resulted in a much lower case fatality rate about 2 67\% among the confirmed cases compared with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SARS and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MERS Among the symptom composition of the 45 fatality cases collected from the released official reports the top four are fever cough short of breath and chest tightness pain The major comorbidities of the fatality cases include hypertension diabetes coronary heart disease cerebral infarction and chronic bronchitis The source of the virus and the pathogenesis of this disease are still unconfirmed No specific therapeutic drug has been found The Chinese Government has initiated a level 1 public health response to prevent the spread of the disease Meanwhile it is also crucial to speed up the development of vaccines and drugs for treatment which will enable us to defeat COVID 19 as soon as possible ',1 32093043,'Risk Assessment of Novel Coronavirus COVID 19 Outbreaks Outside China ','We developed a computational tool to assess the risks of novel coronavirus outbreaks outside of China We estimate the dependence of the risk of a major outbreak in a country from imported cases on key parameters such as i the evolution of the cumulative number of cases in mainland China outside the closed areas ii the connectivity of the destination country with China including baseline travel frequencies the effect of travel restrictions and the efficacy of entry screening at destination and iii the efficacy of control measures in the destination country expressed by the local reproduction number R loc We found that in countries with low connectivity to China but with relatively high R loc the most beneficial control measure to reduce the risk of outbreaks is a further reduction in their importation number either by entry screening or travel restrictions Countries with high connectivity but low R loc benefit the most from policies that further reduce R loc Countries in the middle should consider a combination of such policies Risk assessments were illustrated for selected groups of countries from America Asia and Europe We investigated how their risks depend on those parameters and how the risk is increasing in time as the number of cases in China is growing ',1 32052373,'Practical recommendations for critical care and anesthesiology teams caring for novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV patients ','A global health emergency has been declared by the World Health Organization as the 2019 nCoV outbreak spreads across the world with confirmed patients in Canada Patients infected with 2019 nCoV are at risk for developing respiratory failure and requiring admission to critical care units While providing optimal treatment for these patients careful execution of infection control measures is necessary to prevent nosocomial transmission to other patients and to healthcare workers providing care Although the exact mechanisms of transmission are currently unclear human to human transmission can occur and the risk of airborne spread during aerosol generating medical procedures remains a concern in specific circumstances This paper summarizes important considerations regarding patient screening environmental controls personal protective equipment resuscitation measures including intubation and critical care unit operations planning as we prepare for the possibility of new imported cases or local outbreaks of 2019 nCoV Although understanding of the 2019 nCoV virus is evolving lessons learned from prior infectious disease challenges such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome will hopefully improve our state of readiness regardless of the number of cases we eventually manage in Canada ',1 32141624,'Transmission dynamics of the COVID 19 outbreak and effectiveness of government interventions A data driven analysis ','Using the parameterized susceptible exposed infectious recovered model we simulated the spread dynamics of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 outbreak and impact of different control measures conducted the sensitivity analysis to identify the key factor plotted the trend curve of effective reproductive number R and performed data fitting after the simulation By simulation and data fitting the model showed the peak existing confirmed cases of 59 769 arriving on 15 February 2020 with the coefficient of determination close to 1 and the fitting bias 3 02\% suggesting high precision of the data fitting results More rigorous government control policies were associated with a slower increase in the infected population Isolation and protective procedures would be less effective as more cases accrue so the optimization of the treatment plan and the development of specific drugs would be of more importance There was an upward trend of R in the beginning followed by a downward trend a temporary rebound and another continuous decline The feature of high infectiousness for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 led to an upward trend and government measures contributed to the temporary rebound and declines The declines of R could be exploited as strong evidence for the effectiveness of the interventions Evidence from the four phase stringent measures showed that it was significant to ensure early detection early isolation early treatment adequate medical supplies patients being admitted to designated hospitals and comprehensive therapeutic strategy Collaborative efforts are required to combat the novel coronavirus focusing on both persistent strict domestic interventions and vigilance against exogenous imported cases ',1 32187920,' Recommendations for general surgery clinical practice in 2019 coronavirus disease situation ','The 2019 coronavirus disease COVID 19 is a highly infectious disease has a long incubation period and a variety of clinical manifestations which has a significant impact on public health and life Afterwards scientific and standardized work processing during the epidemic is of great significance for prevention and control In order to implement the central government s decision making deployment and defeat the COVID 19 as soon as possible we had focused on the key points in the clinical work of general surgery according to latest relevant guidelines literature and experience in epidemic prevention Finally we drafted the prevention and control strategies and recommendations to make a reference for medical staff of general surgery to fight against COVID 19 ',0 32035507,'2019 nCoV in context lessons learned ',?,1 32203350,'Coronavirus fears cancel world s biggest physics meeting ',?,0 32196032,'PRESCIENT platform for the rapid evaluation of antibody success using integrated microfluidics enabled technology ','Identifying antibodies Abs that neutralize infectious agents is the first step for developing therapeutics vaccines and diagnostic tools for these infectious agents However current approaches for identifying neutralizing Abs nAbs typically rely on dilution based assays that are costly inefficient and only survey a small subset of the entire repertoire There are also intrinsic biases in many steps of conventional nAb identification processes More importantly conventional assays rely on simple Ab antigen binding assays which may not result in identifying the most potent nAbs as the strongest binder may not be the most potent nAb Droplet microfluidic systems have the capability to overcome such limitations by conducting complex multi step assays with high reliability resolution and throughput in a pico liter volume water in oil emulsion droplet format Here we describe the development of PRESCIENT Platform for the Rapid Evaluation of antibody SucCess using Integrated microfluidics ENabled Technology a droplet microfluidic system that can enable high throughput single cell resolution identification of nAb repertoires elicited in response to viral infection We demonstrate PRESCIENT s ability to identify Abs that neutralize a model viral agent Murine coronavirus murine hepatitis virus which causes high mortality rates in experimentally infected mice In droplet infection of host cells by the virus was first demonstrated followed by demonstration of in droplet neutralization by nAbs produced from a single Ab producing hybridoma cell Finally fluorescence intensity analyses of two populations of hybridoma cell lines nAb producing and non nAb producing hybridoma cell lines successfully discriminated between the two populations The presented strategy and platform have the potential to identify and investigate neutralizing activities against a broad range of potential infectious agents for which nAbs have yet to be discovered significantly advancing the nAb identification process as well as reinvigorating the field of Ab discovery characterization and development ',1 32127353,'Covid 19 UK could delay non urgent care and call doctors back from leave and retirement ',?,1 32065987,'Effect of TLR agonist on infections bronchitis virus replication and cytokine expression in embryonated chicken eggs ','Avian infectious bronchitis IB is an acute highly infectious and contagious viral disease of chickens caused by avian infectious bronchitis virus IBV belonging to the genus Coronavirus and family Coronaviridae It can affect all age groups of birds The toll like receptors TLRs are a major class of innate immune pattern recognition receptors that have a key role in immune response and defense against various infections The TLRs are essential for initiation of innate immune responses and in the development of adaptive immune responses An in ovo model was employed to study the antiviral activity of TLR ligands Pam3CSK4 LPS and CpG ODN on replication of IBV It was hypothesized that optimum dose and specific timing of TLR ligands may reduce viral load of IBV in specific pathogen free SPF embryonated chicken eggs ECEs Further the mechanism involved in the TLR mediated antiviral response in chorioallantoic membrane CAM of ECEs was investigated The ECEs of 9 11 days old were treated with different doses high intermediate and low of TLR 2 Pam3CSK4 TLR 4 LPS and TLR 21 CpG ODN ligands In addition to know the timing of TLR ligand treatment six time intervals were analyzed viz 36 24 and 12 h prior to infection time of infection co administration of TLR ligands and avian IBV and 12 and 24 h post IBV infection For studying the relative expression of immuno stimulatory genes IFN a IFN b IFN g IL 1b iNOS and OAS in CAM TLR ligands were administered through intra allantoicroute and CAM were collected at 4 8 and 16 h post treatment The results demonstrated that intermediate dose of all the three TLR ligands significantly reduced virus titers and used in the present study However the LPS reduced virus titer pre and post IBV infection but Pam3CSK4 and CpG ODN reduced only pre IBV infection Further analysis showed that TLR ligands induced IFN g IL 1b and IFN stimulated genes viz iNOS and OAS genes in CAM The present study pointed towards the novel opportunities for rational design of LPS as immuno stimulatory agent in chickens with reference to IBV It may be speculated that in ovo administration of these TLR ligands may enhance resistance against viral infection in neonatal chicken and may contribute towards the development of more effective and safer vaccines including in ovo vaccines ',0 32189489,' ACE2 in the context of 2019 nCoV infection friend or foe ','2019Nian 12Yue Hu Bei Sheng Wu Yi Di Qu Bao Fa Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du 2019 nCoV Gan Ran Yi Qing You Yu 2019 nCoVTong Guo Ji Tu Tang Dan Bai Yu Su Zhu Hu Xi Dao Shang Pi Xi Bao De Xie Guan Jin Zhang Su Zhuan Huan Mei 2 ACE2 Jie He Gan Ran Ren Ti ACE2Yi Bei Que Ren Wei 2019 nCoVDe Shou Ti Ling Yi Fang Mian ACE2Dui Yu Duo Chong Dong Mai Zhou Yang Ying Hua Xing Xin Xie Guan Ji Bing ASCVD He Bao Gua SARSZai Nei De Ji Xing Fei Sun Shang Ju You Ji Ji De Zhi Liao Zuo Yong Yin Ci Zai 2019 nCoVGan Ran Bei Jing Xia De ACE2Jiu Jing Shi Ren Lei De Di Ren Huan Shi Peng You Yi Cheng Wei Yi Ge Ji Lie Zheng Lun De Wen Ti Gai Wen Ji Yu ACE2De Xiang Guan Yan Jiu Cheng Guo Dui Ci Wen Ti Jin Xing Shen Ru Fen Xi Bing Ti Chu Yan Jiu Zhan Wang Xi Wang Dui 2019 nCoVGan Ran De Ren Shi He Fang Zhi You Suo Bi Yi ',1 32088679,'2019 nCoV Wuhan virus a novel Coronavirus human to human transmission travel related cases and vaccine readiness ','On 31 December 2019 the Wuhan Health Commission reported a cluster of atypical pneumonia cases that was linked to a wet market in the city of Wuhan China The first patients began experiencing symptoms of illness in mid December 2019 Clinical isolates were found to contain a novel coronavirus with similarity to bat coronaviruses As of 28 January 2020 there are in excess of 4 500 laboratory confirmed cases with > 100 known deaths As with the SARS CoV infections in children appear to be rare Travel related cases have been confirmed in multiple countries and regions outside mainland China including Germany France Thailand Japan South Korea Vietnam Canada and the United States as well as Hong Kong and Taiwan Domestically in China the virus has also been noted in several cities and provinces with cases in all but one provinence While zoonotic transmission appears to be the original source of infections the most alarming development is that human to human transmission is now prevelant Of particular concern is that many healthcare workers have been infected in the current epidemic There are several critical clinical questions that need to be resolved including how efficient is human to human transmission What is the animal reservoir Is there an intermediate animal reservoir Do the vaccines generated to the SARS CoV or MERS CoV or their proteins offer protection against 2019 nCoV We offer a research perspective on the next steps for the generation of vaccines We also present data on the use of in silico docking in gaining insight into 2019 nCoV Spike receptor binding to aid in therapeutic development Diagnostic PCR protocols can be found at https www who int health topics coronavirus laboratory diagnostics for novel coronavirus ',1 32077115,'Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS CoV 2 in Wuhan China ','Coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 infection has been widely spread We aim to investigate the clinical characteristic and allergy status of patients infected with SARS CoV 2 ',1 32139299,'SARS CoV 2 infection in children Transmission dynamics and clinical characteristics ',?,1 32198987,'Gross examination report of a COVID 19 death autopsy ','Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan Si Wang Shi Ti Xi Tong Jie Pou Da Ti Guan Cha Bao Gao ',1 32085850,'Initiation of a new infection control system for the COVID 19 outbreak ',?,1 32108495,'Radiology Perspective of Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 Lessons From Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ','OBJECTIVE < b> Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus pulmonary illness coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 in China more than 79 000 people have contracted the virus worldwide The virus is rapidly spreading with human to human transmission despite imposed precautions Because similar pulmonary syndromes have been reported from other strains of the coronavirus family our aim is to review the lessons from imaging studies obtained during severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS outbreaks CONCLUSION < b> The review of experiences with the MERS and SARS outbreaks will help us better understand the role of the radiologist in combating the outbreak of COVID 19 The known imaging manifestations of the novel coronavirus and the possible unknowns will also be discussed ',1 32015508,'A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China ','Emerging infectious diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS and Zika virus disease present a major threat to public health1 3< sup> Despite intense research efforts how when and where new diseases appear are still a source of considerable uncertainty A severe respiratory disease was recently reported in Wuhan Hubei province China As of 25 January 2020 at least 1 975 cases had been reported since the first patient was hospitalized on 12 December 2019 Epidemiological investigations have suggested that the outbreak was associated with a seafood market in Wuhan Here we study a single patient who was a worker at the market and who was admitted to the Central Hospital of Wuhan on 26 December 2019 while experiencing a severe respiratory syndrome that included fever dizziness and a cough Metagenomic RNA sequencing4< sup> of a sample of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from the patient identified a new RNA virus strain from the family Coronaviridae which is designated here WH Human 1 coronavirus and has also been referred to as 2019 nCoV Phylogenetic analysis of the complete viral genome 29 903 nucleotides revealed that the virus was most closely related 89 1\% nucleotide similarity to a group of SARS like coronaviruses genus Betacoronavirus subgenus Sarbecovirus that had previously been found in bats in China5< sup> This outbreak highlights the ongoing ability of viral spill over from animals to cause severe disease in humans ',1 32179150,'Teicoplanin an alternative drug for the treatment of coronavirus COVID 19 ','In December 2019 a new coronavirus named SARS CoV 2 has emerged from China causing pneumonia outbreaks first in the Wuhan region and have now spread worldwide because of its probable high transmission efficiency Due to the lack of efficient and specific treatments and the need to contain the epidemic drug repurposing appears to be the best tool to find therapeutic solution Chloroquine remdesivir lopinavir ribavirin or ritonavir have shown efficacy to inhibit coronavirus in vitro Teicoplanin an antibiotic used to treat staphylococci infection previously showed efficacy to inhibit the first stage of MERS coronarivus viral cycle in human cells This activity is conserved on the SARS Cov 2 thus placing teicoplanin as a potential treatment for patients with this virus ',1 32201353,'A review of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus COVID 19 based on current evidence ','The pneumonia caused by novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 in Wuhan China in December 2019 is a highly contagious disease The World Health Organization WHO has declared the ongoing outbreak as a global public health emergency Currently the research on novel coronavirus is still in the primary stage Based on the current published evidence we systematically summarizes the epidemiology clinical characteristics diagnosis treatment and prevention of knowledge surrounding COVID 19 This review in the hope of helping the public effectively recognize and deal with the 2019 novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 and providing a reference for future studies ',0 32181864,'Getting ready for the next pandemic COVID 19 Why we need to be more prepared and less scared ',?,1 31178378,'Antibody mediated protection against MERS CoV in the murine model ','Murine antisera with neutralising activity for the coronavirus causative of Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS were induced by immunisation of Balb c mice with the receptor binding domain RBD of the viral Spike protein The murine antisera induced were fully neutralising in vitro for two separate clinical strains of the MERS coronavirus MERS CoV To test the neutralising capacity of these antisera in vivo susceptibility to MERS CoV was induced in naive recipient Balb c mice by the administration of an adenovirus vector expressing the human DPP4 receptor Ad5 hDPP4 for MERS CoV prior to the passive transfer of the RBD specific murine antisera to the transduced mice Subsequent challenge of the recipient transduced mice by the intra nasal route with a clinical isolate of the MERS CoV resulted in a significantly reduced viral load in their lungs compared with transduced mice receiving a negative control antibody The murine antisera used were derived from mice which had been primed sub cutaneously with a recombinant fusion of RBD with a human IgG Fc tag RBD Fc adsorbed to calcium phosphate microcrystals and then boosted by the oral route with the same fusion protein in reverse micelles The data gained indicate that this dual route vaccination with novel formulations of the RBD Fc induced systemic and mucosal anti viral immunity with demonstrated in vitro and in vivo neutralisation capacity for clinical strains of MERS CoV ',0 30597347,'Infectious bronchitis virus entry mainly depends on clathrin mediated endocytosis and requires classical endosomal lysosomal system ','Although several reports suggest that the entry of infectious bronchitis virus IBV depends on lipid rafts and low pH the endocytic route and intracellular trafficking are unclear In this study we aimed to shed greater light on early steps in IBV infection By using chemical inhibitors RNA interference and dominant negative mutants we observed that lipid rafts and low pH was indeed required for virus entry IBV mainly utilized the clathrin mediated endocytosis CME for entry GTPase dynamin 1 was involved in virus containing vesicle scission and the penetration of IBV into cells led to active cytoskeleton rearrangement By using R18 labeled virus we found that virus particles moved along with the classical endosome lysosome track Functional inactivation of Rab5 and Rab7 significantly inhibited IBV infection Finally by using dual R18 DiOC labeled IBV we observed that membrane fusion was induced after 1 h p i in late endosome lysosome ',0 32083985,'Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 A Perspective from China ','In December 2019 an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 infection occurred in Wuhan Hubei Province China and spread across China and beyond On February 12 2020 WHO officially named the disease caused by the novel coronavirus as Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 Since most COVID 19 infected patients were diagnosed with pneumonia and characteristic CT imaging patterns radiological examinations have become vital in early diagnosis and assessment of disease course To date CT findings have been recommended as major evidence for clinical diagnosis of COVID 19 in Hubei China This review focuses on the etiology epidemiology and clinical symptoms of COVID 19 while highlighting the role of chest CT in prevention and disease control A full translation of this article in Chinese is available < i>',1 32199468,'Use of antiviral drugs to reduce COVID 19 transmission ',?,1 32123986,'Imaging changes of severe COVID 19 pneumonia in advanced stage ',?,1 30808716,'Mucosal immune responses induced by oral administration recombinant Bacillus subtilis< i> expressing the COE antigen of PEDV in newborn piglets ','Porcine epidemic diarrhea PED is a highly contagious disease in newborn piglets and causes substantial economic losses in the world PED virus PEDV spreads by fecal oral contact and can be prevented by oral immunization Therefore it is necessary to develop an effective oral vaccine against PEDV infection Currently Bacillus subtilis< i> as recombinant vaccine carrier has been used for antigen delivery and proved well in immune effect and safety The present study evaluated the immunogenicity of recombinant Bacillus subtilis B subtilis< i> RC in piglets via oral administration After oral immunization in piglets B subtilis< i> RC significantly increased the local mucosal immune responses Oral administration with B subtilis< i> RC significantly improved the level of specific mucosal immunoglobulin A IgA antibodies against PEDV infection through enlarging the area of Peyer s patches PPs and increasing the number of ileum IgA+< sup> secreting SIgA cells In the meantime B subtilis< i> RC remarkably increased the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes IELs We also observed that oral administration of B subtilis< i> RC significantly increased CD3+< sup>T lymphocytes numbers and up regulated the ratio of CD4+< sup> CD8+< sup> T cells Furthermore high titers of specific serum immunoglobulin G IgG revealed satisfactory systemic immune response against PEDV infection In summary our study demonstrated that oral administration of B subtilis< i> RC could trigger a high level of local and systemic immune responses and would be a promising candidate vaccine against PEDV infection in piglets ',0 32188586,'Covid 19 pregnant doctors should speak to occupational health say experts ',?,1 30914508,'Antagonism of dsRNA Induced Innate Immune Pathways by NS4a and NS4b Accessory Proteins during MERS Coronavirus Infection ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV was first identified in 2012 as a novel etiological agent of severe respiratory disease in humans As during infection by other viruses host sensing of viral double stranded RNA dsRNA induces several antiviral pathways These include interferon IFN oligoadenylate synthetase OAS RNase L and protein kinase R PKR Coronaviruses including MERS CoV potently suppress the activation of these pathways inducing only modest host responses Our study describes the functions of two accessory proteins unique to MERS CoV and related viruses NS4a and NS4b during infection in human airway epithelium derived A549 cells NS4a has been previously characterized as a dsRNA binding protein while NS4b is a 2 5 phosphodiesterase with structural and enzymatic similarity to NS2 encoded by mouse hepatitis virus MHV We found that deletion of NS4a results in increased interferon lambda IFNL1< i> expression as does mutation of either the catalytic site or nuclear localization sequence of NS4b All of the mutant viruses we tested exhibited slight decreases in replication We previously reported that like MHV NS2 NS4b antagonizes OAS RNase L but suppression of IFN is a previously unidentified function for viral phosphodiesterases Unexpectedly deletion of NS4a does not result in robust activation of the PKR or OAS RNase L pathways Therefore MERS CoV likely encodes other proteins that contribute to suppression or evasion of these antiviral innate immune pathways that should be an important focus of future work This study provides additional insight into the complex interactions between MERS CoV and the host immune response IMPORTANCE< b> Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV is the second novel zoonotic coronavirus to emerge in the 21st century and cause outbreaks of severe respiratory disease More than 2 200 cases and 800 deaths have been reported to date yet there are no licensed vaccines or treatments Coronaviruses encode unique accessory proteins that are not required for replication but most likely play roles in immune antagonism and or pathogenesis Our study describes the functions of MERS CoV accessory proteins NS4a and NS4b during infection of a human airway derived cell line Loss of these accessory proteins during MERS CoV infection leads to host antiviral activation and modestly attenuates replication In the case of both NS4a and NS4b we have identified roles during infection not previously described yet the lack of robust activation suggests much remains to be learned about the interactions between MERS CoV and the infected host ',0 30659836,'Development and validation of different indirect ELISAs for MERS CoV serological testing ','Since 2012 MERS CoV has caused up to 2220 cases and 790 deaths in 27 countries with Saudi Arabia being the most affected country with ~83 1\% of the cases and ~38 8\% local death rate Current serological assays such as microneutralization MN plaque reduction neutralization immunofluorescence protein microarray or pseudoparticle neutralization assays rely on handling of live MERS CoV in high containment laboratories or need for expensive and special equipment and reagents and highly trained personnel which represent a technical hurdle for most laboratories in resource limited MERS CoV endemic countries Here we developed compared and evaluated three different indirect ELISAs based on MERS CoV nucleocapsid protein N spike S ectodomain amino acids 1 1297 and S1 subunit amino acids 1 725 and compared them with MN assay The developed ELISAs were evaluated using large number of confirmed seropositive 79 samples and seronegative 274 samples MERS CoV human serum samples Both rS1 and rS ELISAs maintained high sensitivity and specificity 90\% across a wider range of OD values compared to rN ELISA Moreover rS1 and rS based ELISAs showed better agreement and correlation with MN assay in contrast to rN ELISA Collectively our data demonstrate that rS1 ELISA and rS ELISA are more reliable than rN ELISA and represent a suitable choice for seroepidemiological testing and surveillance in MERS CoV endemic regions ',0 30654597,'Characterization of the Lipidomic Profile of Human Coronavirus Infected Cells Implications for Lipid Metabolism Remodeling upon Coronavirus Replication ','Lipids play numerous indispensable cellular functions and are involved in multiple steps in the replication cycle of viruses Infections by human pathogenic coronaviruses result in diverse clinical outcomes ranging from self limiting flu like symptoms to severe pneumonia with extrapulmonary manifestations Understanding how cellular lipids may modulate the pathogenicity of human pathogenic coronaviruses remains poor To this end we utilized the human coronavirus 229E HCoV 229E as a model coronavirus to comprehensively characterize the host cell lipid response upon coronavirus infection with an ultra high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry UPLC MS based lipidomics approach Our results revealed that glycerophospholipids and fatty acids FAs were significantly elevated in the HCoV 229E infected cells and the linoleic acid LA to arachidonic acid AA metabolism axis was markedly perturbed upon HCoV 229E infection Interestingly exogenous supplement of LA or AA in HCoV 229E infected cells significantly suppressed HCoV 229E virus replication Importantly the inhibitory effect of LA and AA on virus replication was also conserved for the highly pathogenic Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV Taken together our study demonstrated that host lipid metabolic remodeling was significantly associated with human pathogenic coronavirus propagation Our data further suggested that lipid metabolism regulation would be a common and druggable target for coronavirus infections ',0 32122422,'Novel coronavirus and hospital infection prevention Preparing for the impromptu speech ',?,1 32074416,'Defining the Epidemiology of Covid 19 Studies Needed ',?,1 31841728,'Identification of 6 b fluoro homoaristeromycin as a potent inhibitor of chikungunya virus replication ','We have reported on aristeromycin 1 and 6 fluorinated aristeromycin analogues 2 which are active against RNA viruses such as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV Zika virus ZIKV and Chikungunya virus CHIKV However these exhibit substantial cytotoxicity As this cytotoxicity may be attributed to 5 phosphorylation we designed and synthesized one carbon homologated 6 fluorinated aristeromycin analogues This modification prevents 5 phosphorlyation by cellular kinases whereas the inhibitory activity towards S adenosyl l homocysteine SAH hydrolase will be retained The enantiomerically pure 6 fluorinated 5 homoaristeromycin analogues 3a e were synthesized via the electrophilic fluorination of the silyl enol ether with Selectfluor using a base build up approach as the key steps All synthesized compounds exhibited potent inhibitory activity towards SAH hydrolase among which 6 b fluoroadenosine analogue 3a was the most potent IC50< sub> = 0 36 mM Among the compounds tested 6 b fluoro homoaristeromycin 3a showed potent antiviral activity EC50< sub> = 0 12 mM against the CHIKV without noticeable cytotoxicity up to 250 mM Only 3a displayed anti CHIKV activity whereas both3a and 3b inhibited SAH hydrolase with similar IC50< sub> values 0 36 and 0 37 mM respectively which suggested that 3a s antiviral activity did not merely depend on the inhibition of SAH hydrolase This is further supported by the fact that the antiviral effect was specific for CHIKV and some other alphaviruses and none of the homologated analogues inhibited other RNA viruses such as SARS CoV MERS CoV and ZIKV The potent inhibition and high selectivity index make 6 b fluoro homoaristeromycin 3a a promising new template for the development of antivirals against CHIKV a serious re emerging pathogen that has infected millions of people over the past 15 years ',0 31682070,'Emerging lethal infectious bronchitis coronavirus variants with multiorgan tropism ','Infectious bronchitis virus IBV causes respiratory diseases in chickens and poses an economic threat to the poultry industry worldwide Despite vaccine use there have been field outbreaks of IBV in Taiwan This study aimed to characterize the emerging IBV variants circulating in Taiwan The analysis of the structural protein genes showed that these variants emerged through frequent recombination events among Taiwan strains China strains Japan strains and vaccine strains Cross neutralization tests revealed that two of the variants exhibited novel serotypes Clinicopathological assessment showed that two of the variants caused high fatality rates of 67\% and 20\% in one day old SPF chicks and all the variants possessed multiorgan tropisms including trachea proventriculus and urogenital tissues Furthermore the commercial live attenuated Mass type vaccine conferred poor protection against these variants This study identified novel genotypes serotypes and pathotypes of emerging IBV variants circulating in Taiwan There is an urgent need for effective countermeasures against these variant strains ',0 30646521,'Single Chain Fragment Variable scFv Antibodies Targeting the Spike Protein of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Provide Protection against Viral Infection in Piglets ','Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV is a highly contagious coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea and death in neonatal piglets Passive immunization with neutralizing antibodies against PEDV is an effective prevention measure In this study single chain fragment variable scFv antibodies against PEDV were screened from the porcine scFv phage display library After four rounds of biopanning scFvs that showed higher affinity to the PEDV antigen were selected for further study The scFv genes were cloned into the expression plasmid for recombinant protein expression These scFvs were shown to inhibit PEDV infectivity by the plaque reduction neutralization assay Immunofluorescence assay IFA revealed that the epitopes recognized by these scFvs were in the S1 region of the spike protein The potential of scFvs to provide prevention against PEDV infections in piglets was further investigated Piglets orally administered scFvs showed no to mild clinical symptoms significantly less viral shedding no mortality and no intestinal lesions The field application also revealed that the survival rate of piglets was significantly increased by oral administration of scFvs Our data support the potential role of scFvs in the prevention and treatment of PEDV infection ',0 30891557,'The battle against SARS and MERS coronaviruses Reservoirs and Animal Models ','In humans infection with the coronavirus especially the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV and the emerging Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV induces acute respiratory failure resulting in high mortality Irregular coronavirus related epidemics indicate that the evolutionary origins of these two pathogens need to be identified urgently and there are still questions related to suitable laboratory animal models Thus in this review we aim to highlight key discoveries concerning the animal origin of the virus and summarize and compare current animal models ',0 30763464,'Prevalence and characteristics of acute respiratory virus infections in pediatric cancer patients ','Patients with pediatric cancer have a higher risk of morbidity and mortality because of respiratory viral infections than other patient populations ',0 30849247,'Broad spectrum coronavirus antiviral drug discovery ','The highly pathogenic coronaviruses severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV are lethal zoonotic viruses that have emerged into human populations these past 15 years These coronaviruses are associated with novel respiratory syndromes that spread from person to person via close contact resulting in high morbidity and mortality caused by the progression to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ARDS Areas covered The risks of re emergence of SARS CoV from bat reservoir hosts the persistence of MERS CoV circulation and the potential for future emergence of novel coronaviruses indicate antiviral drug discovery will require activity against multiple coronaviruses In this review approaches that antagonize viral nonstructural proteins neutralize structural proteins or modulate essential host elements of viral infection with varying levels of efficacy in models of highly pathogenic coronavirus disease are discussed Expert opinion Treatment of SARS and MERS in outbreak settings has focused on therapeutics with general antiviral activity and good safety profiles rather than efficacy data provided by cellular rodent or nonhuman primate models of highly pathogenic coronavirus infection Based on lessons learned from SARS and MERS outbreaks lack of drugs capable of pan coronavirus antiviral activity increases the vulnerability of public health systems to a highly pathogenic coronavirus pandemic ',0 32077661,' Expert consensus on preventing nosocomial transmission during respiratory care for critically ill patients infected by 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia ','Definite evidence has shown that the novel coronavirus COVID 19 could be transmitted from person to person so far more than 1 700 bedside clinicians have been infected A lot of respiratory treatments for critically ill patients are deemed as high risk factors for nosocomial transmission such as intubation manual ventilation by resuscitator noninvasive ventilation high flow nasal cannula bronchoscopy examination suction and patient transportation etc due to its high possibility to cause or worsen the spread of the virus As such we developed this consensus recommendations on all those high risk treatments based on the current evidence as well as the resource limitation in some areas with the aim to reduce the nosocomial transmission and optimize the treatment for the COVID 19 pneumonia patients Those recommendations include 1 Standard prevention and protection and patient isolation 2 Patient wearing mask during HFNC treatment 3 Using dual limb ventilator with filters placed at the ventilator outlets or using heat moisture exchanger HME instead of heated humidification in single limb ventilator with HME placed between exhalation port and mask avoid using mask with exhalation port on the mask 4 Placing filter between resuscitator and mask or artificial airway 5 For spontaneous breathing patients placing mask for patients during bronchoscopy examination for patients receiving noninvasive ventilation using the special mask with bronchoscopy port to perform bronchoscopy 6 Using sedation and paralytics during intubation cuff pressure should be maintained between 25 30 cmH 2 O 7 In line suction catheter is recommended and it can be used for one week 8 Dual limb heated wire circuits are recommended and only changed with visible soiled 9 For patients who need breathing support during transportation placing an HME between ventilator and patient 10 PSV is recommended for implementing spontaneous breathing trial SBT avoid using T piece to do SBT When tracheotomy patients are weaned from ventilator HME should be used avoid using T piece or tracheostomy mask 11 Avoid unnecessary bronchial hygiene therapy 12 For patients who need aerosol therapy dry powder inhaler metered dose inhaler with spacer is recommended for spontaneous breathing patients while vibrating mesh nebulizer is recommended for ventilated patients and additional filter is recommended to be placed at the expiratory port of ventilation during nebulization ',1 32162699,'A report of clinical diagnosis and treatment of nine cases of coronavirus disease 2019 ','Coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has become an important public health issue in the world More than 118 000 cases were confirmed around the world The main clinical manifestations were respiratory symptoms and occasional gastrointestinal symptoms However there is no unified standard for the diagnosis and treatment of COVID 19 In the retrospective analysis we report nine cases of COVID 19 describe the history of contact clinical manifestations the course of diagnosis and clinical treatment before during and after treatment ',1 31944070,'Common Co morbidities Are Challenging in the Diagnosis of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MERS CoV in Saudi Arabia ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV is a relatively recent human disease reported initially in Saudi Arabia in September 2012 Morbidities investigation includes a process of excluding other possible options until certain suspected cases are confirmed ',0 32127713,'Extended US travel ban harms global science ',?,0 32075152,'Real Time Estimation of the Risk of Death from Novel Coronavirus COVID 19 Infection Inference Using Exported Cases ','The exported cases of 2019 novel coronavirus COVID 19 infection that were confirmed outside China provide an opportunity to estimate the cumulative incidence and confirmed case fatality risk cCFR in mainland China Knowledge of the cCFR is critical to characterize the severity and understand the pandemic potential of COVID 19 in the early stage of the epidemic Using the exponential growth rate of the incidence the present study statistically estimated the cCFR and the basic reproduction number the average number of secondary cases generated by a single primary case in a naive population We modeled epidemic growth either from a single index case with illness onset on 8 December 2019 Scenario 1 or using the growth rate fitted along with the other parameters Scenario 2 based on data from 20 exported cases reported by 24 January 2020 The cumulative incidence in China by 24 January was estimated at 6924 cases 95\% confidence interval CI 4885 9211 and 19 289 cases 95\% CI 10 901 30 158 respectively The latest estimated values of the cCFR were 5 3\% 95\% CI 3 5\% 7 5\% for Scenario 1 and 8 4\% 95\% CI 5 3\% 12 3\% for Scenario 2 The basic reproduction number was estimated to be 2 1 95\% CI 2 0 2 2 and 3 2 95\% CI 2 7 3 7 for Scenarios 1 and 2 respectively Based on these results we argued that the current COVID 19 epidemic has a substantial potential for causing a pandemic The proposed approach provides insights in early risk assessment using publicly available data ',1 31861926,'Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System ','Respiratory viruses infect the human upper respiratory tract mostly causing mild diseases However in vulnerable populations such as newborns infants the elderly and immune compromised individuals these opportunistic pathogens can also affect the lower respiratory tract causing a more severe disease e g pneumonia Respiratory viruses can also exacerbate asthma and lead to various types of respiratory distress syndromes Furthermore as they can adapt fast and cross the species barrier some of these pathogens like influenza A and SARS CoV have occasionally caused epidemics or pandemics and were associated with more serious clinical diseases and even mortality For a few decades now data reported in the scientific literature has also demonstrated that several respiratory viruses have neuroinvasive capacities since they can spread from the respiratory tract to the central nervous system CNS Viruses infecting human CNS cells could then cause different types of encephalopathy including encephalitis and long term neurological diseases Like other well recognized neuroinvasive human viruses respiratory viruses may damage the CNS as a result of misdirected host immune responses that could be associated with autoimmunity in susceptible individuals virus induced neuro immunopathology and or viral replication which directly causes damage to CNS cells virus induced neuropathology The etiological agent of several neurological disorders remains unidentified Opportunistic human respiratory pathogens could be associated with the triggering or the exacerbation of these disorders whose etiology remains poorly understood Herein we present a global portrait of some of the most prevalent or emerging human respiratory viruses that have been associated with possible pathogenic processes in CNS infection with a special emphasis on human coronaviruses ',0 32202993,'Public Mental Health Crisis during COVID 19 Pandemic China ','The 2019 novel coronavirus disease emerged in China in late 2019 early 2020 and spread rapidly China has been implementing emergency psychological crisis interventions to reduce the negative psychosocial impact on public mental health but challenges exist Public mental health interventions should be formally integrated into public health preparedness and emergency response plans ',0 32166939,' Which sampling method for the upper respiratory tract specimen should be taken to diagnose patient with COVID 19 ','Coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 is raging in China especially in Hubei Province which has resulted great dangers in people s life and national economy According to the guidelines drafted by China s Center for Disease prevention and Control CDC the positive nucleic acid test is need to the diagnosis of patient with COVID 19 Upper respiratory tract specimens are the main sources for nucleic acid detection However based on international guidelines of COVID 19 no recommended level of upper respiratory tract sampling method is proposed Therefore which kind of sampling methods should be chosen to help the COVID 19 diagnosis and which way is the most secure for doctors and nurses is our concern In this review we analyzed a total of 10 literatures on the sampling methods of upper respiratory tract related to infectious diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS and influenza A H1N1 which were spread worldwide in past years Literatures were collected from the three dimensions of sampling method sampling time and sampling safety It was found that among all the upper respiratory sampling methods nasopharyngeal aspirate NPA had a higher positive rate within 2 weeks of symptom onset while combined nasal and oropharyngeal swabs NS + OPS was the least harmful to medical staff during sampling We wish this review is helpful for the prevention of COVID 19 ',1 32188729,'Coronavirus Endoribonuclease and Deubiquitinating Interferon Antagonists Differentially Modulate the Host Response during Replication in Macrophages ','Coronaviruses encode multiple interferon antagonists that modulate the host response to virus replication Here we evaluated the host transcriptional response to infection with murine coronaviruses encoding independent mutations in one of two different viral antagonists the deubiquitinase DUB within nonstructural protein 3 or the endoribonuclease EndoU within nonstructural protein 15 We used transcriptomics approaches to compare the scope and kinetics of the host response to the wild type DUBmut and EndoUmut viruses in infected macrophages We found that the EndoUmut virus activates a focused response predominantly involving type I interferons and interferon related genes whereas the WT and DUBmut viruses more broadly stimulate upregulation of over 2 800 genes including networks associated with activating the unfolded protein response UPR and the proinflammatory response associated with viral pathogenesis This study highlights the role of viral interferon antagonists in shaping the kinetics and magnitude of the host response during virus infection and demonstrates that inactivating a dominant viral antagonist the coronavirus endoribonuclease dramatically alters the host response in macrophages Importance< b>Macrophages are an important cell type during coronavirus infections because they " notice" the infection and respond by inducing type I interferons which limits virus replication In turn coronaviruses encode proteins that mitigate the cell s ability to signal an interferon response Here we evaluated the host macrophage response to two independent mutant coronaviruses one with reduced deubiquitinating activity DUBmut and the other containing an inactivated endoribonuclease EndoUmut We observed a rapid robust and focused response to the EndoUmut virus which was characterized by enhanced expression of interferon and interferon related genes In contrast wild type virus and the DUBmut virus elicited a more limited interferon response and ultimately activated over 2 800 genes including players in the unfolded protein response and pro inflammatory pathways associated with progression of significant disease This study reveals that EndoU activity substantially contributes to the ability of coronaviruses to evade the host innate response and to replicate in macrophages ',1 32165386,'Complete Genome Sequence of a 2019 Novel Coronavirus SARS CoV 2 Strain Isolated in Nepal ','A complete genome sequence was obtained for a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 strain isolated from an oropharyngeal swab specimen of a Nepalese patient with coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 who had returned to Nepal after traveling to Wuhan China ',1 32035537,'Offline 2019 nCoV " A desperate plea" ',?,1 32133833,' The differential diagnosis of pulmonary infiltrates in cancer patients during the outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease ','Objective < b> To investigate the principles of differential diagnosis of pulmonary infiltrates in cancer patients during the outbreak of novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV by analyzing one case of lymphoma who presented pulmonary ground glass opacities GGO after courses of chemotherapy Methods < b> Baseline demographics and clinicopathological data of eligible patients were retrieved from medical records Information of clinical manifestations history of epidemiology lab tests and chest CT scan images of visiting patients from February 13 to February 28 were collected Literatures about pulmonary infiltrates in cancer patients were searched from databases including PUBMED EMBASE and CNKI Results < b> Among the 139 cancer patients underwent chest CT scans before chemotherapy pulmonary infiltrates were identified in eight patients 5 8\% five of whom were characterized as GGOs in lungs 2019 nCoV nuclear acid testing was performed in three patients and the results were negative One case was a 66 year old man diagnosed as non Hodgkin lymphoma and underwent CHOP chemotherapy regimen His chest CT scan image displayed multiple GGOs in lungs and the complete blood count showed decreased lymphocytes This patient denied any contact with confirmed suspected cases of 2019 nCoV infection and without fever and other respiratory symptoms Considering the negative result of nuclear acid testing this patient was presumptively diagnosed as viral pneumonia and an experiential anti infection treatment had been prescribed for him Conclusions < b> The 2019 novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 complicates the clinical scenario of pulmonary infiltrates in cancer patients The epidemic history clinical manifestation CT scan image and lab test should be combined consideration The 2019 nCoV nuclear acid testing might be applicated in more selected patients Active anti infection treatment and surveillance of patient condition should be initiated if infectious disease is considered ',1 30847572,'An electrochemical immunosensor for the corona virus associated with the Middle East respiratory syndrome using an array of gold nanoparticle modified carbon electrodes ','The Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus MERS CoV is highly pathogenic An immunosensor for the determination of MERS CoV is described here It is based on a competitive assay carried out on an array of carbon electrodes DEP modified with gold nanoparticles Recombinant spike protein S1 was used as a biomarker for MERS CoV The electrode array enables multiplexed detection of different CoVs The biosensor is based on indirect competition between free virus in the sample and immobilized MERS CoV protein for a fixed concentration of antibody added to the sample Voltammetric response is detected by monitoring the change in the peak current typically acquired at a working potential of 0 05 V vs Ag AgCl after addition of different concentrations of antigen against MERS CoV Electrochemical measurements using ferrocyanide ferricyanide as a probe were recorded using square wave voltammetry SWV Good linear response between the sensor response and the concentrations from 0 001 to 100 ng mL 1< sup> and 0 01 to 10 000 ng mL 1< sup> were observed for MERS CoV and HCoV respectively The assay was performed in 20 min with detection limit as low as 0 4 and 1 0 pg mL 1< sup> for HCoV and MERS CoV respectively The method is highly selective over non specific proteins such as Influenza A and B The method is single step sensitive and accurate It was successfully applied to spiked nasal samples Graphical abstract An electrochemical immunoassay is described for the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus MERS CoV The method is based on a competitive assay carried out on a carbon array electrodes DEP nanostructured with gold nanoparticles The array electrodes enable the multiplexed detection of different types of Corona Virus ',0 32193197,'Covid 19 schools set to close across UK except for children of health and social care workers ',?,1 30791586,'Global Epidemiology of Bat Coronaviruses ','Bats are a unique group of mammals of the order Chiroptera< i> They are highly diversified and are the group of mammals with the second largest number of species Such highly diversified cell types and receptors facilitate them to be potential hosts of a large variety of viruses Bats are the only group of mammals capable of sustained flight which enables them to disseminate the viruses they harbor and enhance the chance of interspecies transmission This article aims at reviewing the various aspects of the global epidemiology of bat coronaviruses CoVs Before the SARS epidemic bats were not known to be hosts for CoVs In the last 15 years bats have been found to be hosts of > 30 CoVs with complete genomes sequenced and many more if those without genome sequences are included Among the four CoV genera only alphaCoVs and betaCoVs have been found in bats As a whole both alphaCoVs and betaCoVs have been detected from bats in Asia Europe Africa North and South America and Australasia but alphaCoVs seem to be more widespread than betaCoVs and their detection rate is also higher For betaCoVs only those from subgenera Sarbecovirus< i> Merbecovirus< i> Nobecovirus< i> and Hibecovirus< i> have been detected in bats Most notably horseshoe bats are the reservoir of SARS CoV and several betaCoVs from subgenus Merbecovirus< i> are closely related to MERS CoV In addition to the interactions among various bat species themselves bat animal and bat human interactions such as the presence of live bats in wildlife wet markets and restaurants in Southern China are important for interspecies transmission of CoVs and may lead to devastating global outbreaks ',0 30799511,'Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus nsp4 induces pro inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression inhibiting viral replication in vitro ','Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV causes severe economic loss in the pig industry each year To better understand the relationship between cytokines and PEDV replication in this study pro inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression profiles in Vero cells infected with PEDV were analyzed Real time quantitative PCR assay indicated that IL 1a IL 1b TNF a CCL2 CCL5 and CXCL8 expression levels were significantly upregulated Moreover overexpression and siRNA silencing assays showed that overexpression of IL 1a IL 1b TNF a CCL2 CCL5 and CXCL8 could significantly inhibit PEDV replication while silencing of IL 1a IL 1b TNF a CCL2 CCL5 and CXCL8 could significantly promote PEDV replication Finally a dual luciferase reporter assay showed that nsp4 contributed to the expression of IL 1a IL 1b TNF a CCL2 CCL5 and CXCL8 via the NF kB pathway Together these data determined that PEDV nsp4 could upregulate pro inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression inhibiting viral replication in vitro These results provided novel insights for understanding the roles of cytokines in PEDV replication ',0 32142621,'Risk of COVID 19 for patients with cancer ',?,1 30753126,'Genetic Characterization of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus South Korea 2018 ','We evaluated genetic variation in Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV imported to South Korea in 2018 using specimens from a patient and isolates from infected Caco 2 cells The MERS CoV strain in this study was genetically similar to a strain isolated in Riyadh Saudi Arabia in 2017 ',0 32202911,'Recommendations by the SEPD and AEG both in general and on the operation of gastrointestinal endoscopy and gastroenterology units concerning the current SARS CoV 2 pandemic March 18 ','Infection with SARS CoV 2 coronavirus and the disease this agent may induce are a cause of notable concern for the general population and of course among our professionals and patients Gastrointestinal GI endoscopy is a high risk diagnostic therapeutic procedure in the case of upper GI examinations and a moderate to low risk intervention when involving lower GI explorations The presence of SARS CoV 2 RNA in the feces of patients infected with the virus and occasionally in colonic biopsy samples has been consistently documented In fact viral elimination in the feces may be more prolonged than viral identification in respiratory tract secretions Furthermore viral transmission may occur in asymptomatic individuals However as of this moment no information has been reported on the possibility of viral transmission even to professionals via this route ',0 31911390,'Analysis of preferred codon usage in the coronavirus N genes and their implications for genome evolution and vaccine design ','The nucleocapsid N protein of a coronavirus plays a crucial role in virus assembly and in its RNA transcription It is important to characterize a virus at the nucleotide level to discover the virus s genomic sequence variations and similarities relative to other viruses that could have an impact on the functions of its genes and proteins This entails a comprehensive and comparative analysis of the viral genomes of interest for preferred nucleotides codon bias nucleotide changes at the 3rd< sup> position NT3s synonymous codon usage and relative synonymous codon usage In this study the variations in the N proteins among 13 different coronaviruses CoVs were analysed at the nucleotide and amino acid levels in an attempt to reveal how these viruses adapt to their hosts relative to their preferred codon usage in the N genes The results revealed that overall eighteen amino acids had different preferred codons and eight of these were over biased The N genes had a higher AT\% over GC\% and the values of their effective number of codons ranged from 40 43 to 53 85 indicating a slight codon bias Neutrality plots and correlation analyses showed a very high level of GC3s GC correlation in porcine epidemic diarrhea CoV pedCoV followed by Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV MERS CoV porcine delta CoV dCoV bat CoV bCoV and feline CoV fCoV with r values 0 81 0 68 0 47 0 98 and 0 58 respectively These data implied a high rate of evolution of the CoV genomes and a strong influence of mutation on evolutionary selection in the CoV N genes This type of genetic analysis would be useful for evaluating a virus s host adaptation evolution and is thus of value to vaccine design strategies ',0 30744668,'Development of a recombinant Newcastle disease virus vectored vaccine for infectious bronchitis virus variant strains circulating in Egypt ','Infectious bronchitis virus IBV causes a major disease problem for the poultry industry worldwide The currently used live attenuated vaccines have the tendency to mutate and or recombine with circulating field strains resulting in the emergence of vaccine derived variant viruses In order to circumvent these issues and to develop a vaccine that is more relevant to Egypt and its neighboring countries a recombinant avirulent Newcastle disease virus rNDV strain LaSota was constructed to express the codon optimized S glycoprotein of the Egyptian IBV variant strain IBV Ck EG CU 4 2014 belonging to GI 23 lineage that is prevalent in Egypt and in the Middle East A wild type and two modified versions of the IBV S protein were expressed individually by rNDV A high level of S protein expression was detected in vitro by Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses All rNDV vectored IBV vaccine candidates were genetically stable slightly attenuated and showed growth patterns comparable to that of parental rLaSota virus Single dose vaccination of 1 day old SPF White Leghorn chicks with the rNDVs expressing IBV S protein provided significant protection against clinical disease after IBV challenge but did not show reduction in tracheal viral shedding Single dose vaccination also provided complete protection against virulent NDV challenge However prime boost vaccination using rNDV expressing the wild type IBV S protein provided better protection after IBV challenge against clinical signs and significantly reduced tracheal viral shedding These results indicate that the NDV vectored IBV vaccines are promising bivalent vaccine candidates to control both infectious bronchitis and Newcastle disease in Egypt ',0 32201439,'Therapeutic options for the treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus An evidence based approach ',?,0 32043976,'A contingency plan for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in neonatal intensive care units ',?,1 32198988,'Safety protection of forensic examination during the epidemic of COVID 19 ','Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Yi Qing Qi Fa Yi Xue Shi Ti Jian Yan De An Quan Fang Hu ',1 32198291,'Crystal structure of SARS CoV 2 main protease provides a basis for design of improved a ketoamide inhibitors ','The COVID 19 pandemic caused by SARS CoV 2 is a global health emergency An attractive drug target among coronaviruses is the main protease Mpro< sup> 3CLpro< sup> due to its essential role in processing the polyproteins that are translated from the viral RNA We report the X ray structures of the unliganded SARS CoV 2 Mpro< sup> and its complex with an a ketoamide inhibitor This was derived from a previously designed inhibitor but with the P3 P2 amide bond incorporated into a pyridone ring to enhance the half life of the compound in plasma Based on the structure we developed the lead compound into a potent inhibitor of the SARS CoV 2 Mpro< sup> The pharmacokinetic characterization of the optimized inhibitor reveals a pronounced lung tropism and suitability for administration by the inhalative route ',1 31341046,'Fitness Barriers Limit Reversion of a Proofreading Deficient Coronavirus ','The 3 to 5 exoribonuclease in coronavirus CoV nonstructural protein 14 nsp14 ExoN mediates RNA proofreading during genome replication ExoN catalytic residues are arranged in three motifs I DE II E and III D Alanine replacement of the motif I residues AA E D four nucleotide substitutions in murine hepatitis virus MHV and severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS CoV yields viable mutants with impaired replication and fitness increased mutation rates and attenuated virulence in vivo< i> Despite these impairments MHV and SARS CoV ExoN motif I AA mutants ExoN AA have not reverted at motif I in diverse in vitro< i> and in vivo< i> environments suggesting that profound fitness barriers prevent motif I reversion To test this hypothesis we engineered MHV ExoN AA with 1 2 or 3 nucleotide mutations along genetic pathways to AA to DE reversion We show that engineered intermediate revertants were viable but had no increased replication or competitive fitness compared to that of MHV ExoN AA In contrast a low passage number passage 10 P10 MHV ExoN AA showed increased replication and competitive fitness without reversion of ExoN AA Finally engineered reversion of ExoN AA to ExoN DE in the presence of ExoN AA passage adaptive mutations resulted in significant fitness loss These results demonstrate that while reversion is possible at least one alternative adaptive pathway is more rapidly advantageous than intermediate revertants and may alter the genetic background to render reversion detrimental to fitness Our results provide an evolutionary rationale for lack of ExoN AA reversion illuminate potential multiprotein replicase interactions and coevolution and support future studies aimed at stabilizing attenuated CoV ExoN AA mutants IMPORTANCE< b> Coronaviruses encode an exoribonuclease ExoN that is important for viral replication fitness and virulence yet coronaviruses with a defective ExoN ExoN AA have not reverted under diverse experimental conditions In this study we identify multiple impediments to MHV ExoN AA reversion We show that ExoN AA reversion is possible but evolutionarily unfavorable Instead compensatory mutations outside ExoN AA motif I are more accessible and beneficial than partial reversion We also show that coevolution between replicase proteins over long term passage partially compensates for ExoN AA motif I but renders the virus inhospitable to a reverted ExoN Our results reveal the evolutionary basis for the genetic stability of ExoN inactivating mutations illuminate complex functional and evolutionary relationships between coronavirus replicase proteins and identify potential mechanisms for stabilization of ExoN AA coronavirus mutants ',0 32139890,'Author Correction China s response to a novel coronavirus stands in stark contrast to the 2002 SARS outbreak response ','An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper ',1 32159805,'Nepal s First Case of COVID 19 and public health response ',?,1 31955138,'Design synthesis and molecular docking of novel triazole derivatives as potential CoV helicase inhibitors ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV had emerged and spread because of the worldwide travel and inefficient healthcare provided for the infected patients in several countries Herein we investigated the anti MERS CoV activity of newly synthesized sixteen halogenated triazole compounds through the inhibition of helicase activity using the FRET assay All new compounds underwent justification for their target structures via microanalytical and spectral data SAR studies were performed Biological results revealed that the most potent compounds were 4 cyclopent 1 en 3 ylamino 5 2 4 iodophenyl hydrazinyl 4H 1 2 4 triazole 3 thiol 16 and 4 cyclopent 1 en 3 ylamino 5 2 4 chlorophenyl hydrazinyl 4H 1 2 4 triazole 3 thiol 12 In silico molecular docking of the most potent compounds was performed to the active binding site of MERS CoV helicase nsp13 Molecular docking results are in agreement with experimental findings ',0 32022502,?,?,1 32032682,'Pathogenicity and transmissibility of 2019 nCoV A quick overview and comparison with other emerging viruses ','A zoonotic coronavirus tentatively labeled as 2019 nCoV by the World Health Organization WHO has been identified as the causative agent of the viral pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan China at the end of 2019 Although 2019 nCoV can cause a severe respiratory illness like SARS and MERS evidence from clinics suggested that 2019 nCoV is generally less pathogenic than SARS CoV and much less than MERS CoV The transmissibility of 2019 nCoV is still debated and needs to be further assessed To avoid the 2019 nCoV outbreak turning into an epidemic or even a pandemic and to minimize the mortality rate China activated emergency response procedures but much remains to be learned about the features of the virus to refine the risk assessment and response Here the current knowledge in 2019 nCoV pathogenicity and transmissibility is summarized in comparison with several commonly known emerging viruses and information urgently needed for a better control of the disease is highlighted ',1 32191623,'The critical role of laboratory medicine during coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 and other viral outbreaks ','Coronavirus disease 2019 abbreviated to COVID 19 and sustained by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 is the latest biological hazard to assume the relevance of insidious worldwide threat One obvious question that is now engaging the minds of many scientists and healthcare professionals is whether and eventually how laboratory medicine could efficiently contribute to counteract this and other future viral outbreaks Despite there being evidence that laboratory tests are vital throughout many clinical pathways there are at least three major areas where in vitro diagnostics can also provide essential contributions to diagnostic reasoning and managed care of patients with suspected or confirmed SARS CoV 2 infection These include etiological diagnosis patient monitoring as well as epidemiologic surveillance Nonetheless some structural and practical aspects may generate substantial hurdles in providing timely and efficient response to this infectious emergency which basically include inadequate insufficient environment and shortage of technical and human resources for facing enhanced volume of tests on many infected patients some of whom are with severe disease Some proactive and reactive strategies may hence be identified to confront this serious healthcare challenge which entail major investments on conventional laboratory resources reinforcement of regional networks of clinical laboratories installation of mobile laboratories as well as being proactive in establishing laboratory emergency plans ',1 30717342,'Effect of Pullet Vaccination on Development and Longevity of Immunity ','Avian respiratory disease causes significant economic losses in commercial poultry Because of the need to protect long lived poultry against respiratory tract pathogens from an early age vaccination programs for pullets typically involve serial administration of a variety of vaccines including infectious bronchitis virus IBV Newcastle disease virus NDV and infectious laryngotracheitis virus ILTV Often the interval between vaccinations is only a matter of weeks yet it is unknown whether the development of immunity and protection against challenge when vaccines are given in short succession occurs in these birds something known as viral interference Our objective was to determine whether serially administered live attenuated vaccines against IBV NDV and ILTV influence the development and longevity of immunity and protection against challenge in long lived birds Based on a typical pullet vaccination program specific pathogen free white leghorns were administered multiple live attenuated vaccines against IBV NDV and ILTV until 16 weeks of age WOA after which certain groups were challenged with IBV NDV or ILTV at 20 24 28 32 and 36 WOA Five days post challenge viral load clinical signs ciliostasis tracheal histopathology and antibody titers in serum and tears were evaluated We demonstrate that pullets serially administered live attenuated vaccines against IBV NDV and ILTV were protected against homologous challenge with IBV NDV or ILTV for at least 36 weeks and conclude that the interval between vaccinations used in this study at least 2 weeks did not interfere with protection This information is important because it shows that a typical pullet vaccination program consisting of serially administered live attenuated vaccines against multiple respiratory pathogens can result in the development of protective immunity against each disease agent ',0 32131908,'Escalating infection control response to the rapidly evolving epidemiology of the Coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 due to SARS CoV 2 in Hong Kong ','To describe the infection control preparedness for Coronavirus Disease COVID 19 due to SARS CoV 2 previously known as 2019 novel coronavirus in the first 42 days after announcement of a cluster of pneumonia in China on 31 December 2019 day 1 in Hong Kong ',1 32148172,'Timely development of vaccines against SARS CoV 2 ',?,1 31030832,'Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infections induce apoptosis in Vero cells via a reactive oxygen species ROS p53 but not p38 MAPK and SAPK JNK signalling pathways ','Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV is a member of Coronavirus which causes severe watery diarrhea in piglets with high morbidity and mortality ROS and p53 play key roles in regulating many kinds of cell process during viral infection however the exact function in PEDV induced apoptosis remains unclear In this study the pro apoptotic effect of PEDV was examined in Vero cells and we observed that PEDV infection increased MDM2 and CBP promoted p53 phosphorylation at serine 20 and promoted p53 nuclear translocation leading to p53 activation in Vero cells Treatment with the p53 inhibitor PFT a could significantly inhibit PEDV induced apoptosis We also observed PEDV infection induced time dependent ROS accumulation Treatment with antioxidants such as pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate PDTC or N acetylcysteine NAC significantly inhibited PEDV induced apoptosis Moreover further inhibition tests were established to prove that p53 was regulated by ROS in PEDV induced apoptosis In addition we also found that p38 MAPK and SAPK JNK were activated in PEDV infected Vero cells However treatment with the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 and the SAPK JNK inhibitor SP600125 reversed PEDV induced apoptosis Taken together the results of this study demonstrate that activated p53 and accumulated ROS participated in PEDV induced apoptosis and p53 could be regulated by ROS during PEDV infection Activated p38 MAPK and SAPK JNK exerted no influence on PEDV induced apoptosis These findings provide new insights into the function of p53 and ROS in the interaction of PEDV with Vero cells ',0 31847282,'Viral Diversity of Microbats within the South West Botanical Province of Western Australia ','Bats are known reservoirs of a wide variety of viruses that rarely result in overt clinical disease in the bat host However anthropogenic influences on the landscape and climate can change species assemblages and interactions as well as undermine host resilience The cumulative result is a disturbance of bat pathogen dynamics which facilitate spillover events to sympatric species and may threaten bat communities already facing synergistic stressors through ecological change Therefore characterisation of viral pathogens in bat communities provides important basal information to monitor and predict the emergence of diseases relevant to conservation and public health This study used targeted molecular techniques serological assays and next generation sequencing to characterise adenoviruses coronaviruses and paramyxoviruses from 11 species of insectivorous bats within the South West Botanical Province of Western Australia Phylogenetic analysis indicated complex ecological interactions including virus host associations cross species infections and multiple viral strains circulating concurrently within selected bat populations Additionally we describe the entire coding sequences for five alphacoronaviruses representing four putative new species and one novel adenovirus Results indicate that viral burden both prevalence and richness is not homogeneous among species with Chalinolobus gouldii< i> identified as a key epidemiological element within the studied communities ',0 32196628,'Differences and similarities between Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SARS CoronaVirus CoV and SARS CoV 2 Would a rose by another name smell as sweet ',?,1 31967327,'Emerging coronaviruses Genome structure replication and pathogenesis ','The recent emergence of a novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV which is causing an outbreak of unusual viral pneumonia in patients in Wuhan a central city in China is another warning of the risk of CoVs posed to public health In this minireview we provide a brief introduction of the general features of CoVs and describe diseases caused by different CoVs in humans and animals This review will help understand the biology and potential risk of CoVs that exist in richness in wildlife such as bats ',1 32024976,'A novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV causing pneumonia associated respiratory syndrome ',?,1 32176775,'Editorial Concern Possible Reporting of the Same Patients With COVID 19 in Different Reports ',?,1 31222258,'Molecular characteristics and pathogenicity analysis of QX like avian infectious bronchitis virus isolated in China in 2017 and 2018 ','Proportions of QX like genotype infectious bronchitis virus IBV isolates have increased over time Here to better understand the epidemiology and pathogenicity of IBV in China and control the spread of infectious bronchitis IB we conducted sequence analyses and examined the pathogenicity of 5 field isolates from diseased flocks in 2017 and 2018 Sequence analyses revealed that all the 5 strains as well as many recent field isolates from other researchers belonged to the QX like IBV genotype which were distantly related to commercial vaccine strains Viral pathogenicity experiments showed that the isolates caused high morbidity and severe ciliostasis in chickens although they caused milder lethality This provides further evidence that QX like IBV emergence remains a major problem in the poultry industry and information on IBV epidemiology and pathogenicity may help to control IB ',0 30878079,'Fulminant Tritrichomonas foetus feline genotype infection in a 3 month old kitten associated with viral co infection ','Tritrichomonas foetus is a flagellate protist which commonly causes a waxing and waning large bowel diarrhoea in young cats We report severe T foetus infection of the colon cecum and ileum with concurrent feline enteric coronavirus FCoV and feline panleukopenia virus FPV in a 3 month old Bengal kitten with an 8 day history of vomiting diarrhoea failure to thrive and coughing Protozoa filling the lumen and crypts and occasional invading into lamina propria were identified within the affected colon and confirmed by PCR as T foetus feline genotype Assessment of faeces by PCR revealed concurrent infection with FCoV and FPV It is possible that immunosuppression by FPV played a role in the unprecedented T foetus infection intensity observed histologically Studies during and after resolution of FPV infection will be critical to determine if T foetus co infection affects long term prognosis of FPV survivors ',0 32199469,'Prolonged presence of SARS CoV 2 viral RNA in faecal samples ',?,1 32063263,'A Novel Coronavirus Emerges ',?,1 32175703,'COVID 19 in the Shadows of MERS CoV in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ','Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV has plagued the Middle East since it was first reported in 2012 Recently at the end of December 2019 a cluster of pneumonia cases were reported from Wuhan city Hubei Province China linked to a wet seafood market with a new coronavirus identified as the etiologic agent currently named SARS CoV 2 Most cases are in Mainland China with international spread to 25 countries The novelty of the virus the rapid national and international spread and the lack of therapeutic and preventative strategies have led the WHO International Health Regulation emergency committee to declare the disease as Public Health Emergency of International Concern PHEIC on January 30 2020 As it relates to countries with the ongoing MERS CoV community cases and hospital acquired infections there will be a huge challenge for HCWs to deal with both coronaviruses especially with the lack of standardized and approved point of care testing This challenge will now be faced by the whole global health community dealing with COVID 19 since both coronaviruses have similar presentation Those patients should now be tested for both MERS CoV and SARS CoV 2 simultaneously and with the continuing wide international spread of SARS CoV 2 the travel history to China in the last 14 days will be of less significance ',1 32186952,'COVID 19 an emerging coronavirus infection advances and prospects in designing and developing vaccines immunotherapeutics and therapeutics ','The novel coronavirus infection COVID 19 or Coronavirus disease 2019 that emerged from Wuhan Hubei province of China has spread to many countries worldwide Efforts have been made to develop vaccines against human coronavirus CoV infections such as MERS and SARS in the past decades However to date no licensed antiviral treatment or vaccine exists for MERS and SARS Most of the efforts for developing CoV vaccines and drugs target the spike glycoprotein or S protein the major inducer of neutralizing antibodies Although a few candidates have shown efficacy in in vitro< i> studies not many have progressed to randomized animal or human trials hence may have limited use to counter COVID 19 infection This article highlights ongoing advances in designing vaccines and therapeutics to counter COVID 19 while also focusing on such experiences and advances as made with earlier SARS and MERS CoVs which together could enable efforts to halt this emerging virus infection ',1 32055945,'Initial CT findings and temporal changes in patients with the novel coronavirus pneumonia 2019 nCoV a study of 63 patients in Wuhan China ','The purpose of this study was to observe the imaging characteristics of the novel coronavirus pneumonia ',1 32124506,'Hospital Emergency Management Plan During the COVID 19 Epidemic ','The confirmed and suspected cases of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 have increased not only in Wuhan Hubei Province but also China and the world Enormous demand for handling the COVID 19 outbreak challenged both the healthcare personnel and medical supply system In West China Hospital Emergency Department ED undertook the mission of clinical reception primary diagnosis and interim treatment for the suspected cases of COVID 19 ',1 32077440,' Preliminary Recommendations for Lung Surgery during 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID 19 Epidemic Period ','In December 2019 China diagnosed the first patient with 2019 novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 and the following development of the epidemic had a huge impact on China and the whole world For patients with lung occupying lesions the whole process of diagnosis and treatment can not be carried out as usual due to the epidemic For thoracic surgeons the timing of surgical intervention should be very carefully considered All thoracic surgeons in China should work together to develop the proper procedures for the diagnosis and treatment in this special situation and continuously update the recommendations based on epidemic changes and further understanding of COVID 19 Here we only offer some preliminary suggestions based on our own knowledge for further reference and discussion ',1 32032529,'Baricitinib as potential treatment for 2019 nCoV acute respiratory disease ',?,1 32132096,'Covid 19 hoarding and misuse of protective gear is jeopardising the response WHO warns ',?,1 32151326,'Are high performing health systems resilient against the COVID 19 epidemic ',?,1 30789338,'Survey on Implementation of One Health Approach for MERS CoV Preparedness and Control in Gulf Cooperation Council and Middle East Countries ','In 2015 a One Health Working Group was established in Qatar to conduct a survey in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries Egypt and Jordan to monitor preparedness of public health and veterinary health authorities in response to the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus epidemic All but 1 country indicated they established joint One Health policy teams for investigation and response However the response to the questionnaires was largely limited to veterinary authorities Critical barriers and limitations were identified National and regional leaders policy makers and stakeholders should be prompted to advocate and enhance adoption of the One Health framework to mitigate the risk for Middle East respiratory syndrome and other emerging zoonotic diseases ',0 31730910,'MERS CoV as an emerging respiratory illness A review of prevention methods ','Middle East Respiratory Coronavirus Virus MERS CoV first emerged from Saudi Arabia in 2012 and has since been recognized as a significant human respiratory pathogen on a global level ',0 32059799,'From Hendra to Wuhan what has been learned in responding to emerging zoonotic viruses ',?,0 32086886,' Psychological intervention in oral patients in novel coronavirus pneumonia outbreak period ','Public health emergencies have an impact on the public mental health The outbreak of the novel coronavirus has affected the normal diagnosis and treatment services in oral medical institutions across the country Delay of non emergency dental service will have a potential impact on the experience cognition treatment and rehabilitation of patients with oral diseases Through literature review this paper reviewed the oral psychosomatic diseases closely related to patients psychological state such as oral mucosal disease temporomandibular joint disease bruxism periodontal disease and so on It was believed that these patients might be more susceptible to the impact of stress events and dental specialists should pay more attention to them At the same time this paper analyzes the possible psychological stress symptoms of patients with different oral diseases and puts forward suggestions for remote consultation and emergency treatment of dentists From the perspective of social role dentists not only played the role of expert in dental home professional guidance but also played the role of psychological counseling for patients ',1 32112887,'Simulating and forecasting the cumulative confirmed cases of SARS CoV 2 in china by Boltzmann function based regression analyses ',?,1 32125418,'Novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV Update on 3rd Coronavirus Outbreak of 21st Century ',?,1 32118615,'The Clinical and Chest CT Features Associated with Severe and Critical COVID 19 Pneumonia ','To investigate the clinical and CT features associated with severe and critical Corona Virus Disease 2019 COVID 19 pneumonia ',1 32112966,'2019 novel Coronavirus severe adult respiratory distress syndrome in two cases in Italy An uncommon radiological presentation ','Several recent case reports have described common early chest imaging findings of lung pathology caused by 2019 novel Coronavirus SARS COV2 which appear to be similar to those seen previously in SARS CoV and MERS CoV infected patients ',1 32154135,'Clinical analysis of 10 neonates born to mothers with 2019 nCoV pneumonia ','The newly identified 2019 nCoV which appears to have originated in Wuhan the capital city of Hubei province in central China is spreading rapidly nationwide A number of cases of neonates born to mothers with 2019 nCoV pneumonia have been recorded However the clinical features of these cases have not been reported and there is no sufficient evidence for the proper prevention and control of 2019 nCoV infections in neonates ',1 32156329,'Evaluation of a quantitative RT PCR assay for the detection of the emerging coronavirus SARS CoV 2 using a high throughput system ','Facing the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 high volume respiratory testing is demanded in laboratories worldwide We evaluated the performance of a molecular assay for the detection of SARS CoV 2 on a high throughput platform the cobas 6800 using the open channel for integration of a laboratory developed assay We observed good analytical performance in clinical specimens The fully automated workflow enables high throughput testing with minimal hands on time while offering fast and reliable results ',1 31992886,'This scientist hopes to test coronavirus drugs on animals in locked down Wuhan ',?,1 31470887,'Respiratory viral infections and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis ','We aimed to investigate the effects of ambient respiratory viral infections in the general population on rheumatoid arthritis RA development ',0 30626688,'TMPRSS2 Contributes to Virus Spread and Immunopathology in the Airways of Murine Models after Coronavirus Infection ','Transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS2 activates the spike protein of highly pathogenic human coronaviruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronavirus SARS CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome related coronavirus MERS CoV In vitro< i> activation induces virus cell membrane fusion at the cell surface However the roles of TMPRSS2 during coronavirus infection in vivo< i> are unclear Here we used animal models of SARS CoV and MERS CoV infection to investigate the role of TMPRSS2 Th1 prone C57BL 6 mice and TMPRSS2 knockout KO mice were used for SARS CoV infection and transgenic mice expressing the human MERS CoV receptor DPP4 hDPP4 Tg mice and TMPRSS2 KO hDPP4 Tg mice were used for MERS CoV infection After experimental infection TMPRSS2 deficient mouse strains showed reduced body weight loss and viral kinetics in the lungs Lack of TMPRSS2 affected the primary sites of infection and virus spread within the airway accompanied by less severe immunopathology However TMPRSS2 KO mice showed weakened inflammatory chemokine and or cytokine responses to intranasal stimulation with poly I C a Toll like receptor 3 agonist In conclusion TMPRSS2 plays a crucial role in viral spread within the airway of murine models infected by SARS CoV and MERS CoV and in the resulting immunopathology IMPORTANCE< b> Broad spectrum antiviral drugs against highly pathogenic coronaviruses and other emerging viruses are desirable to enable a rapid response to pandemic threats Transmembrane protease serine type 2 TMPRSS2 a protease belonging to the type II transmembrane serine protease family cleaves the coronavirus spike protein making it a potential therapeutic target for coronavirus infections Here we examined the role of TMPRSS2 using animal models of SARS CoV and MERS CoV infection The results suggest that lack of TMPRSS2 in the airways reduces the severity of lung pathology after infection by SARS CoV and MERS CoV Taken together the results will facilitate development of novel targets for coronavirus therapy ',0 32195699,'Perioperative Management of Patients Infected with the Novel Coronavirus Recommendation from the Joint Task Force of the Chinese Society of Anesthesiology and the Chinese Association of Anesthesiologists ','The outbreak of the new Coronavirus disease COVID 19 has been involved in 77 262 cases in China as well as in 27 other countries as of February 24 2020 Because the virus is novel to human beings and there is no vaccine yet available every individual is susceptible and can become infected Healthcare workers are at high risk and unfortunately more than 3 000 healthcare workers in China have been infected Anesthesiologists are among healthcare workers who are at an even higher risk of becoming infected because of their close contact with infected patients and high potential of exposure to respiratory droplets or aerosol from their patients airways In order to provide healthcare workers with updated recommendations on the management of patients in the perioperative setting as well as for emergency airway management outside of the operating room the two largest anesthesia societies the Chinese Society of Anesthesiology CSA and the Chinese Association of Anesthesiologists CAA have formed a task force to produce the recommendations The task force hopes to help healthcare workers particularly anesthesiologists optimize the care of their patients and protect patients healthcare workers and the public from becoming infected The recommendations were created mainly based on the practice and experience of anesthesiologists who provide care to patients in China Therefore adoption of these recommendations outside of China must be done with caution and the local environment culture uniqueness of the healthcare system and patients needs should be considered The task force will continuously update the recommendations and incorporate new information in future versions ',1 31992388,'Real time tentative assessment of the epidemiological characteristics of novel coronavirus infections in Wuhan China as at 22 January 2020 ','A novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV causing severe acute respiratory disease emerged recently in Wuhan China Information on reported cases strongly indicates human to human spread and the most recent information is increasingly indicative of sustained human to human transmission While the overall severity profile among cases may change as more mild cases are identified we estimate a risk of fatality among hospitalised cases at 14\% 95\% confidence interval 3 9 32\% ',1 30707600,'Development and application of an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant S1 for serological testing of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus ','Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV causes severe infectious diseases in all ages of swine and leads to serious economic losses Serologic tests are widely accepted and used to detect anti PEDV antibodies that could indicate PEDV infection or vaccination In this study PEDV recombinant S1 protein rS1 was expressed with the Bac to Bac system and purified by nickel affinity chromatography An indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay based on rS1 rS1 ELISA was then developed and optimized by checkerboard assays with serial dilutions of antigen and serum Serum samples from 453 domestic pigs and 42 vaccinated pigs were analyzed by the indirect fluorescent antibody IFA test and rS1 ELISA Taking IFA as a gold standard rS1 ELISA produced a high sensitivity 90 7\% and specificity 94 6\% by a receiver operating characteristic ROC curve In addition ROC analysis also revealed that rS1 ELISA was consistent with IFA area under the curve 0 9583 + 0 0082 This rS1 ELISA was then applied to antibody detection in inactivated PEDV vaccinated pigs The antibody could be detected 2 4 weeks after the first inoculation These results indicated that the rS1 ELISA established in this study provides a promising and reliable tool for serologic detection of anti PEDV IgG antibodies in infected or vaccinated pigs ',0 32106567,'Preliminary Identification of Potential Vaccine Targets for the COVID 19 Coronavirus SARS CoV 2 Based on SARS CoV Immunological Studies ','The beginning of 2020 has seen the emergence of COVID 19 outbreak caused by a novel coronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 There is an imminent need to better understand this new virus and to develop ways to control its spread In this study we sought to gain insights for vaccine design against SARS CoV 2 by considering the high genetic similarity between SARS CoV 2 and SARS CoV which caused the outbreak in 2003 and leveraging existing immunological studies of SARS CoV By screening the experimentally determined SARS CoV derived B cell and T cell epitopes in the immunogenic structural proteins of SARS CoV we identified a set of B cell and T cell epitopes derived from the spike S and nucleocapsid N proteins that map identically to SARS CoV 2 proteins As no mutation has been observed in these identified epitopes among the 120 available SARS CoV 2 sequences as of 21 February 2020 immune targeting of these epitopes may potentially offer protection against this novel virus For the T cell epitopes we performed a population coverage analysis of the associated MHC alleles and proposed a set of epitopes that is estimated to provide broad coverage globally as well as in China Our findings provide a screened set of epitopes that can help guide experimental efforts towards the development of vaccines against SARS CoV 2 ',1 30989115,'A pan coronavirus fusion inhibitor targeting the HR1 domain of human coronavirus spike ','Continuously emerging highly pathogenic human coronaviruses HCoVs remain a major threat to human health as illustrated in past SARS CoV and MERS CoV outbreaks The development of a drug with broad spectrum HCoV inhibitory activity would address this urgent unmet medical need Although previous studies have suggested that the HR1 of HCoV spike S protein is an important target site for inhibition against specific HCoVs whether this conserved region could serve as a target for the development of broad spectrum pan CoV inhibitor remains controversial Here we found that peptide OC43 HR2P derived from the HR2 domain of HCoV OC43 exhibited broad fusion inhibitory activity against multiple HCoVs EK1 the optimized form of OC43 HR2P showed substantially improved pan CoV fusion inhibitory activity and pharmaceutical properties Crystal structures indicated that EK1 can form a stable six helix bundle structure with both short a HCoV and long b HCoV HR1s further supporting the role of HR1 region as a viable pan CoV target site ',0 32153168,' Study on issues for stomatological institutions responding to state public health emergencies ','Crisis management in emergent public health event is a global problem and a difficult thesis for researchers worldwide highlighted by World Health Organization for its vital importance to public sanitation and health life quality and survival This article makes a brief analysis and reflection on the relevant legal issues faced and raised by oral medical institutions and practioners taking cases from the emergent crisis caused by COVID 19 in China since December 2019 with the hope to provide legal help and guidance to the oral medical industry in dealing with public health emergencies ',1 32197274,'COVID 19 Vulnerability and the power of privilege in a pandemic ',?,1 32187461,'Am I Part of the Cure or Am I Part of the Disease Keeping Coronavirus Out When a Doctor Comes Home ',?,1 32114074,'Clinical characteristics of laboratory confirmed positive cases of SARS CoV 2 infection in Wuhan China A retrospective single center analysis ',?,1 32114755,'A Chinese Case of COVID 19 Did Not Show Infectivity During the Incubation Period Based on an Epidemiological Survey ','Controversy remains over whether the novel coronavirus 2019 COVID 19 virus may have infectivity during the incubation period before the onset of symptoms The author had the opportunity to examine the infectivity of COVID 19 during the incubation period by conducting an epidemiological survey on a confirmed patient who had visited Jeju Island during the incubation period The epidemiological findings support the claim that the COVID 19 virus does not have infectivity during the incubation period ',1 31094626,'Effect of cat litters on feline coronavirus infection of cell culture and cats ','Feline infectious peritonitis FIP is caused by infection with feline coronavirus FCoV FCoV is incredibly contagious and transmission is via the faecal oral route FCoV infection and therefore FIP is most common in breeder and rescue catteries where many cats are kept indoors using litter trays Whether it is possible to break the cycle of FCoV infection and re infection using cat litters has never been investigated The aim of the study was to examine the effect of cat litters on FCoV infectivity and virus load in multi cat households and transmission frequency ',0 32035510,'2019 nCoV transmission through the ocular surface must not be ignored ',?,1 32197060,'Rhabdomyolysis as Potential Late Complication Associated with COVID 19 ','We describe a patient in Wuhan China with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection who had progressive pulmonary lesions and rhabdomyolysis with manifestations of lower limb pain and fatigue Rapid clinical recognition of rhabdomyolysis symptoms in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection can be lifesaving ',1 32077901,'COVID 19 in Singapore Current Experience Critical Global Issues That Require Attention and Action ',?,1 32121356,'Backcalculating the Incidence of Infection with COVID 19 on the Diamond Princess ','To understand the time dependent risk of infection on a cruise ship the Diamond Princess I estimated the incidence of infection with novel coronavirus COVID 19 The epidemic curve of a total of 199 confirmed cases was drawn classifying individuals into passengers with and without close contact and crew members A backcalculation method was employed to estimate the incidence of infection The peak time of infection was seen for the time period from 2 to 4 February 2020 and the incidence has abruptly declined afterwards The estimated number of new infections among passengers without close contact was very small from 5 February on which a movement restriction policy was imposed Without the intervention from 5 February it was predicted that the cumulative incidence with and without close contact would have been as large as 1373 95\% CI 570 2176 and 766 95\% CI 587 946 cases respectively while these were kept to be 102 and 47 cases respectively Based on an analysis of illness onset data on board the risk of infection among passengers without close contact was considered to be very limited Movement restriction greatly reduced the number of infections from 5 February onwards ',1 32155444,'Structure Function and Antigenicity of the SARS CoV 2 Spike Glycoprotein ','The emergence of SARS CoV 2 has resulted in > 90 000 infections and > 3 000 deaths Coronavirus spike S glycoproteins promote entry into cells and are the main target of antibodies We show that SARS CoV 2 S uses ACE2 to enter cells and that the receptor binding domains of SARS CoV 2 S and SARS CoV S bind with similar affinities to human ACE2 correlating with the efficient spread of SARS CoV 2 among humans We found that the SARS CoV 2 S glycoprotein harbors a furin cleavage site at the boundary between the S1< sub> S2< sub> subunits which is processed during biogenesis and sets this virus apart from SARS CoV and SARS related CoVs We determined cryo EM structures of the SARS CoV 2 S ectodomain trimer providing a blueprint for the design of vaccines and inhibitors of viral entry Finally we demonstrate that SARS CoV S murine polyclonal antibodies potently inhibited SARS CoV 2 S mediated entry into cells indicating that cross neutralizing antibodies targeting conserved S epitopes can be elicited upon vaccination ',1 32088858,'Puzzle of highly pathogenic human coronaviruses 2019 nCoV ',?,1 32097201,'Non invasive respiratory support for patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia clinical efficacy and reduction in risk of infection transmission ',?,1 32023775,'An interim review of the epidemiological characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus ','The 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV from Wuhan China is currently recognized as a public health emergency of global concern ',1 32164084,' Expert consensus on the use of corticosteroid in patients with 2019 nCoV pneumonia ',?,0 32173855,'Care of haematology patients in a COVID 19 epidemic ',?,1 32034840,'Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus 2019 nCoV in Japan Mental health consequences and target populations ',?,1 30999711,'Discovery and Characterization of Novel Bat Coronavirus Lineages from Kazakhstan ','Coronaviruses are positive stranded RNA viruses that infect a variety of hosts resulting in a range of symptoms from gastrointestinal illness to respiratory distress Bats are reservoirs for a high diversity of coronaviruses and focused surveillance detected several strains genetically similar to MERS coronavirus SARS coronavirus and the human coronaviruses 229E and NL63 The bat fauna of central Asia which link China to eastern Europe are relatively less studied than other regions of the world Kazakhstan is the world s ninth largest country however little is understood about the prevalence and diversity of bat borne viruses In this study bat guano was collected from bat caves in three different sites of southern Kazakhstan that tested positive for coronaviruses Our phylogenetic reconstruction indicates these are novel bat coronaviruses that belong to the genus Alphacoronavirus< i> In addition two distinct lineages of Kazakhstan bat coronaviruses were detected Both lineages are closely related to bat coronaviruses from China France Spain and South Africa suggesting that co circulation of coronaviruses is common in multiple bat species with overlapping geographical distributions Our study highlights the need for collaborative efforts in understudied countries to increase integrated surveillance capabilities toward better monitoring and detection of infectious diseases ',0 32108460,' Discussion on diagnosis and treatment of hepatobiliary malignancies during the outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia ','From December 2019 the new coronavirus pneumonia COVID 19 broke out in Wuhan Hubei and spread rapidly to the nationwide On January 20 2020 the National Health Committee classified COVID 19 pneumonia as one of B class infectious diseases and treated it as class A infectious disease During the epidemic period the routine diagnosis and treatment of tumor patients was affected with varying degrees In this special period we performed the superiority of the multi disciplinary team of diagnosis and treatment achieved accurate diagnosis and treatment of patients with hepatobiliary malignant tumors provided support for these patients with limited medical resources and helped them to survive during the epidemic period On the basis of fully understanding the new coronavirus pneumonia the treatment strategy should be changed timely during the epidemic and more appropriate treatment methods should be adopted to minimize the adverse effect of the epidemic on tumor treatment ',1 32171882,'COVID 19 Will the 2020 Hajj pilgrimage and Tokyo Olympic Games be cancelled ',?,1 31278766,'A heterologous prime boost anti PEDV immunization for pregnant sows protects neonatal piglets through lactogenic immunity against PEDV ','Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus PEDV causes severe diarrhoea in neonatal suckling piglets with a high mortality Maternal vaccines that can induce lactogenic immunity to protect suckling piglets via colostrums and milk are pivotal for the prevention and control of PEDV infection in neonatal suckling piglets In this study a group of pregnant sows were first orally immunized with coated PEDV loaded microspheres and boosted with killed PEDV vaccines heterologous prime boost It has been detected that the levels of PEDV specific antibodies IgG and IgA in their sera and milks were higher than other negative groups P < 0 001 or P < 0 05 Furthermore it has been proved by the neutralization assay that the induced antibodies could significantly inhibit virus infection as compared to other negative groups P < 0 01 or P < 0 05 Importantly after PEDV challenge more than 90\% of the suckling piglets delivered by the sows in the heterologous prime boost group were completely protected Overall the results show that heterologous prime boost form is an efficient and effective way to provide protection for suckling piglets against PEDV through lactogenic immunity SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY As a widespread swine pathogen PEDV affects the swine industry enormously It causes enteritis in swine of all ages and is often fatal in neonatal piglets Our data show that pregnant sows were immunized with coated PEDV loaded microspheres + killed PEDV vaccines heterologous prime boost immunization could protect more than 90\% suckling piglets delivered by the sows against the virus These findings provide a new model of developing safe and effective immunizations for newborn animals against established and emerging enteric infections ',0 31041887,'Genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and function may not show synchronised responses to mitochondria in shell gland of laying chickens under infectious bronchitis virus challenge ','Egg formation takes place in the oviduct of laying hens over a 24 h period Infectious bronchitis virus IBV causes pathological lesions in the chicken oviduct In the current study mitochondrial counts were determined in three different segments of the oviduct during egg formation in laying chickens challenged with IBV T strain Nuclear DNA encoded genes that are involved in mitochondrial biogenesis fission and function were studied in the shell gland of the oviduct undergoing virus multiplication ',0 32157235,'COVID 19 time for WHO to reconsider its stance towards Taiwan ',?,1 31315988,'Biochemical Analysis of Coronavirus Spike Glycoprotein Conformational Intermediates during Membrane Fusion ','A fusion protein expressed on the surface of enveloped viruses mediates fusion of the viral and cellular membranes to facilitate virus infection Pre and postfusion structures of viral fusion proteins have been characterized but conformational changes between them remain poorly understood Here we examined the intermediate conformation of the murine coronavirus fusion protein called the spike protein which must be cleaved by a cellular protease following receptor binding Western blot analysis of protease digestion products revealed that two subunits 67 and 69 kDa are produced from a single spike protein 180 kDa These two subunits were considered to be by products derived from conformational changes and were useful for probing the intermediate conformation of the spike protein Interaction with a heptad repeat HR peptide revealed that these subunits adopt packed and unpacked conformations respectively and two dimensional electrophoresis revealed a trimeric assembly Based on biochemical observations we propose an asymmetric trimer model for the intermediate structure of the spike protein Receptor binding induces the membrane binding potential of the trimer in which at least one HR motif forms a packed hairpin structure while membrane fusion subunits are covered by the receptor binding subunit thereby preventing the spike protein from forming the typical homotrimeric prehairpin structure predicted by the current model of class I viral fusion protein Subsequent proteolysis induces simultaneous packing of the remaining unpacked HRs upon assembly of three HRs at the central axis to generate a six helix bundle Our model proposes a key mechanism for membrane fusion of enveloped viruses IMPORTANCE< b> Recent studies using single particle cryo electron microscopy cryoEM revealed the mechanism underlying activation of viral fusion protein at the priming stage However characterizing the subsequent triggering stage underpinning transition from pre to postfusion structures is difficult because single particle cryoEM excludes unstable structures that appear as heterogeneous shapes Therefore population based biochemical analysis is needed to capture features of unstable proteins Here we analyzed protease digestion products of a coronavirus fusion protein during activation their sizes appear to be affected directly by the conformational state We propose a model for the viral fusion protein in the intermediate state which involves a compact structure and conformational changes that overcome steric hindrance within the three fusion protein subunits ',0 31650901,'One step triplex reverse transcription PCR detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus porcine sapelovirus and porcine sapovirus ','Swine diarrhea can be caused by multiple agents including porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV porcine sapelovirus PSV and porcine sapovirus SaV We designed a one step triplex reverse transcription PCR RT PCR detection method including 3 pairs of primers that focused on the S1< i> gene of PEDV a conserved gene of PSV and the VP1< i> gene of SaV The optimal concentrations of upstream and downstream primers in the triplex RT PCR were 0 24 mM for PEDV 0 15 mM for PSV and 0 2 mM for SaV and the optimal annealing temperature was 55 5degC Triplex RT PCR assessment of 402 piglet diarrhea samples was compared with conventional individual RT PCR Concordance rates in both tests for individual viruses were 100\% 97 6\% and 94 4\% for PEDV PSV and SaV respectively PEDV PSV and SaV were detected in 57 2\% 10 4\% and 9 0\% of the samples respectively The high sensitivity and specificity of this triplex RT PCR based detection method for PEDV PSV and SaV could allow rapid detection and analysis of mixed infections by these 3 viruses ',0 31391222,'Time course of upper respiratory tract viral infection and COPD exacerbation ','Viral respiratory tract infections have been implicated as the predominant risk factor for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease AECOPD We aimed to evaluate longitudinally the association between upper respiratory tract infections URTI caused by viruses and AECOPD Detection of 18 viruses was performed in naso and oropharyngeal swabs from 450 COPD patients Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stages 2 4 who were followed for a mean of 27 months Swabs were taken during stable periods n=1909 at URTI onset n=391 10 days after the URTI n=356 and during an AECOPD n=177 and tested using a multiplex nucleic acid amplification test Evidence of at least one respiratory virus was significantly higher at URTI onset 52 7\% 10 days after the URTI 15 2\% and during an AECOPD 38 4\% compared with the stable period 5 3\% p< 0 001 During stable visits rhinovirus accounted for 54 2\% of all viral infections followed by coronavirus 20 5\% None of the viruses were identified in two consecutive stable visits Patients with a viral infection at URTI onset did not have a higher incidence of exacerbation than patients without viral infection p=0 993 The incidence of any viral infection during an AECOPD was similar between URTI related AECOPD and non URTI related AECOPD p=0 359 Only 24\% of the patients that had a URTI related AECOPD had the same virus at URTI onset and during an AECOPD Detection of parainfluenza 3 at URTI onset was associated with a higher risk of an AECOPD p=0 003 Rhinovirus and coronavirus were the most frequently detected viruses during AECOPD visits accounting for 35 7\% and 25 9\% of all viral infections respectively The prevalence of viral infection during the stable period of COPD was low The risk of exacerbation following the onset of URTI symptoms depends on the particular virus associated with the event and was significant only for parainfluenza 3 ',0 31269631,'Paramyxo and Coronaviruses in Rwandan Bats ','A high diversity of corona and paramyxoviruses have been detected in different bat species at study sites worldwide including Africa however no biosurveillance studies from Rwanda have been reported In this study samples from bats collected from caves in Ruhengeri Rwanda were tested for the presence of corona and paramyxoviral RNA using reverse transcription PCR assays Positive results were further characterized by DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis In addition to morphological identification of bat species we also did molecular confirmation of species identities contributing to the known genetic database available for African bat species We detected a novel Betacoronavirus< i> in two Geoffroy s horseshoe bats Rhinolophus clivosus< i> bats We also detected several different paramyxoviral species from various insectivorous bats One of these viral species was found to be homologous to the genomes of viruses belonging to the Jeilongvirus< i> genus Additionally a Henipavirus< i> related sequence was detected in an Egyptian rousette fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus< i> These results expand on the known diversity of corona and paramyxoviruses and their geographical distribution in Africa ',0 31282365,'Upregulation of CD4+< sup>CD8+< sup> memory cells in the piglet intestine following oral administration of Bacillus subtilis spores combined with PEDV whole inactivated virus ','Oral immunization is a commonly employed route for inducing local immunity However the application of oral immunization is limited by the short term persistence of immunity particularly for inactivated viruses The ultimate goal for mucosal vaccination is to stimulate protective immunological memory In the intestine long term persistence of immunity is related to CD4+< sup>CD8+< sup> memory T cells In this study piglets were orally immunized with Bacillus subtilis spores B s plus whole inactivated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV WIV followed by booster oral immunization Initially the results showed that B s plus PEDV WIV enhanced the anti PEDV capability on mucosal surfaces as evidenced by plaque reduction neutralization tests in serum and intestinal fluid Elevated antigen specific IgG titers in the serum and IgA titers in saliva feces and nasal washing liquid were also observed Meanwhile B s plus PEDV WIV increased the area of Peyer s patches and the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes in the ileum of piglets Similarly the percentage of CD4+< sup>CD8+< sup> memory T cells were upregulated and proliferation ability of antigen specific memory T cell was strengthened in intestinal mucosal associated lymphocytes which was accompanied with increased expression of CCR9 after oral immunization with B s plus PEDV WIV In addition the activation of memory T cells is correlated with the increased mRNA expression of Toll like receptor 2 and 4 as well as interleukin 6 and induced by B s Collectively the study provided further insight into the potential immunopotentiator ability of B s to assist PEDV WIV in the potentiation of immunity by upregulating memory CD4+< sup>CD8+< sup> T cells via oral immunization ',0 32182409,'Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS CoV 2 as Compared with SARS CoV 1 ',?,1 32192278,'WHO IHR Emergency Committee for the COVID 19 Outbreak ','Not available ',1 30597004,'Alterations in sialic acid O acetylation glycoforms during murine erythrocyte development ','We used Casd1 deficient mice to confirm that this enzyme is responsible for 9 O acetylation of sialic acids in vivo We observed a complete loss of 9 O acetylation of sialic acid on the surface of myeloid erythroid and CD4+ T cells in Casd1 deficient mice Although 9 O acetylation of sialic acids on multiple hematopoietic lineages was lost there were no obvious defects in hematopoiesis Interestingly erythrocytes from Casd1 deficient mice also lost reactivity to TER 119 a rat monoclonal antibody that is widely used to mark the murine erythroid lineage The sialic acid glyco epitope recognized by TER 119 on erythrocytes was sensitive to the sialic acid O acetyl esterase activity of the hemagglutinin esterase from bovine coronavirus but not to the corresponding enzyme from the influenza C virus During erythrocyte development TER 119+ Ery A and Ery B cells could be stained by catalytically inactive bovine coronavirus hemagglutinin esterase but not by the inactive influenza C hemagglutinin esterase while TER 119+ Ery C cells and mature erythrocytes were recognized by both virolectins Although the structure of the sialoglycoconjugate recognized by TER 119 was not chemically demonstrated its selective binding to virolectins suggests that it may be comprised of a 7 9 di O acetyl form of sialic acid As erythrocytes mature the surfaces of Ery C cells and mature erythrocytes also acquire an additional distinct CASD1 dependent 9 O acetyl sialic acid moiety that can be recognized by virolectins from both influenza C and bovine coronavirus ',0 30840679,'Phylogeographic investigation of 2014 porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV transmission in Taiwan ','The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV that emerged and spread throughout Taiwan in 2014 triggered significant concern in the country s swine industry Acknowledging the absence of a thorough investigation at the geographic level we used 2014 outbreak sequence information from the Taiwan government s open access databases plus GenBank records to analyze PEDV dissemination among Taiwanese pig farms Genetic sequences locations and dates of identified PEDV positive cases were used to assess spatial temporal clustering GIS and phylogeographic factors affecting PEDV dissemination Our conclusion is that S gene sequences from 2014 PEDV positive clinical samples collected in Taiwan were part of the same Genogroup 2 identified in the US in 2013 According to phylogenetic and phylogeographic data viral strains collected in different areas were generally independent of each other with certain clusters identified across different communities Data from GIS and multiple potential infection factors were used to pinpoint cluster dissemination in areas with large numbers of swine farms in southern Taiwan The data indicate that the 2014 Taiwan PEDV epidemic resulted from the spread of multiple strains with strong correlations identified with pig farm numbers and sizes measured as animal concentrations feed mill numbers and the number of slaughterhouses in a specifically defined geographic area ',0 32198983,'From SARS CoV to SARS CoV 2 The response and challenge of forensic infectious disease autopsy ','Cong SARS CoVDao SARS CoV 2 Fa Yi Chuan Ran Bing Shi Ti Jian Yan De Ying Dui Yu Tiao Zhan ',1 32066541,'Cancer patients in SARS CoV 2 infection a nationwide analysis in China ',?,1 30938227,'Towards a solution to MERS protective human monoclonal antibodies targeting different domains and functions of the MERS coronavirus spike glycoprotein ','The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV is a zoonotic virus that causes severe and often fatal respiratory disease in humans Efforts to develop antibody based therapies have focused on neutralizing antibodies that target the receptor binding domain of the viral spike protein thereby blocking receptor binding Here we developed a set of human monoclonal antibodies that target functionally distinct domains of the MERS CoV spike protein These antibodies belong to six distinct epitope groups and interfere with the three critical entry functions of the MERS CoV spike protein sialic acid binding receptor binding and membrane fusion Passive immunization with potently as well as with poorly neutralizing antibodies protected mice from lethal MERS CoV challenge Collectively these antibodies offer new ways to gain humoral protection in humans against the emerging MERS CoV by targeting different spike protein epitopes and functions ',0 32077206,'Novel coronavirus 2019 an emerging public health emergency ',?,1 30558861,'Evaluation of a non prime site substituent and warheads combined with a decahydroisoquinolin scaffold as a SARS 3CL protease inhibitor ','A non prime site substituent and warheads combined with a decahydroisoquinolin scaffold was evaluated as a novel inhibitor for severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS chymotrypsin like protease 3CLpro< sup> The decahydroisoquinolin scaffold has been demonstrated to be an effective hydrophobic center to interact with S2 site of SARS 3CLpro< sup> but the lack of interactions at S3 to S4 site is thought to be a major reason for the moderate inhibitory activity In this study the effects of an additional non prime site substituent on the scaffold as well as effects of several warheads are evaluated For the introduction of a desired non prime site substituent amino functionality was introduced on the decahydroisoquinolin scaffold and the scaffold was constructed by Pd II catalyzed diastereoselective ring formation The synthesized decahydroisoquinolin inhibitors showed about 2 4 times potent inhibitory activities for SARS 3CLpro< sup> when combined with a non prime site substituent The present results indicated not only the expected additional interactions with the SARS 3CLpro< sup> but also the possibility of new inhibitors containing a fused ring system as a hydrophobic scaffold and a new warhead such as thioacetal ',0 32124733,' COVID 19 The only certainty is the uncertainty ',?,1 32037389,'Clinical characteristics and therapeutic procedure for four cases with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia receiving combined Chinese and Western medicine treatment ','Pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV is continuously and rapidly circulating at present No effective antiviral treatment has been verified thus far We report here the clinical characteristics and therapeutic procedure for four patients with mild or severe 2019 nCoV pneumonia admitted to Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center All the patients were given antiviral treatment including lopinavir ritonavir Kaletra r < sup> arbidol and Shufeng Jiedu Capsule SFJDC a traditional Chinese medicine and other necessary support care After treatment three patients gained significant improvement in pneumonia associated symptoms two of whom were confirmed 2019 nCoV negative and discharged and one of whom was virus negative at the first test The remaining patient with severe pneumonia had shown signs of improvement by the cutoff date for data collection Results obtained in the current study may provide clues for treatment of 2019 nCoV pneumonia The efficacy of antiviral treatment including lopinavir ritonavir arbidol and SFJDC warrants further verification in future study ',1 31483243,'Identification of peptide domains involved in the subcellular localization of the feline coronavirus 3b protein ','Feline coronavirus FCoV has been identified as the aetiological agent of feline infectious peritonitis FIP a highly fatal systemic disease in cats FCoV open reading frame 3 ORF3 encodes accessory proteins 3a 3b and 3 c The FCoV 3b accessory protein consists of 72 amino acid residues and localizes to nucleoli and mitochondria The present work focused on peptide domains within FCoV 3b that drive its intracellular trafficking Transfection of different cell types with FCoV 3b fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein EGFP or 3xFLAG confirmed localization of FCoV 3b in the mitochondria and nucleoli Using serial truncated mutants we showed that nucleolar accumulation is controlled by a joint nucleolar and nuclear localization signal NoLS NLS in which the identified overlapping pat4 motifs residues 53 57 play a critical role Mutational analysis also revealed that mitochondrial translocation is mediated by N terminal residues 10 35 in which a Tom20 recognition motif residues 13 17 and two other overlapping hexamers residues 24 30 associated with mitochondrial targeting were identified In addition a second Tom20 recognition motif was identified further downstream residues 61 65 although the mitochondrial translocation evoked by these residues seemed less efficient as a diffuse cytoplasmic distribution was also observed Assessing the spatiotemporal distribution of FCoV 3b did not provide convincing evidence of dynamic shuttling behaviour between the nucleoli and the mitochondria ',0 32174095,' Advances in the research of mechanism of pulmonary fibrosis induced by Corona Virus Disease 2019 and the corresponding therapeutic measures ','The Corona Virus Disease 2019 COVID 19 outbroke in Wuhan China in December 2019 and the severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS outbroke in Guangzhou China in 2003 were caused by highly pathogenic coronaviruses with high homology Since the 2019 novel coronavirus has strong transmissibility and progress rapidly It has caused negative social effects and massive economic damage on a global scale While there is currently no vaccine or effective drugs Pulmonary fibrosis is a pulmonary disease with progressive fibrosis which is the main factor leading to pulmonary dysfunction and quality of life decline in SARS survivors after recovery Extensive epidemiological viral immunological and current clinical evidences support the possibility that pulmonary fibrosis may be one of the major complications in COVID 19 patients Although there are no reports on the mechanism of COVID 19 inducing pulmonary fibrosis based on the existing theoretical basis we focus on the possible mechanism of COVID 19 sustained lung damaging the key role of abnormal immune mechanism in the initiation and promotion of pulmonary fibrosis and the corresponding therapeutic measures ',1 31650956,'The human coronavirus HCoV 229E S protein structure and receptor binding ','The coronavirus S protein mediates receptor binding and fusion of the viral and host cell membranes In HCoV 229E its receptor binding domain RBD shows extensive sequence variation but how S protein function is maintained is not understood Reported are the X ray crystal structures of Class III V RBDs in complex with human aminopeptidase N hAPN as well as the electron cryomicroscopy structure of the 229E S protein The structures show that common core interactions define the specificity for hAPN and that the peripheral RBD sequence variation is accommodated by loop plasticity The results provide insight into immune evasion and the cross species transmission of 229E and related coronaviruses We also find that the 229E S protein can expose a portion of its helical core to solvent This is undoubtedly facilitated by hydrophilic subunit interfaces that we show are conserved among coronaviruses These interfaces likely play a role in the S protein conformational changes associated with membrane fusion ',0 31991079,'Importation and Human to Human Transmission of a Novel Coronavirus in Vietnam ',?,1 30789240,' Virus and Atypical Pathogens Detected in Community Acquired Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Infants and Children of Sfax Region Tunisia ','Little is known about viral and atypical bacteria pathogen spectra of community acquired lower respiratory tract infection in children in Tunisia Thus a prospective study was carried out between January 2009 and March 2010 in Sfax Nasopharyngeal aspirates collected from 368 patients 78 with pneumonia and 290 with acute bronchiolitis were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence assay and PCR to detect influenza viruses parainfluenza viruses respiratory syncytial virus RSV human metapneumovirus human rhinovirus human enterovirus adenovirus coronavirus Mycoplasma pneumonia< i> Mpn and Chlamydia pneumonia< i> Cpn One or more etiology was documented in 319 cases 86 7\% The most detected viruses were RSV 42 7\% rhinovirus 32 9\% and adenovirus 28 5\% Co detection of two or three pathogens was found in 40\% of positive samples This study highlights the importance of respiratory viruses in lower respiratory tract infection in children of Sfax region as well as the high rate of co detection of multiple viruses resulting in challenges in clinical interpretation ',0 31176408,'Susceptibility of porcine IPI 2I intestinal epithelial cells to infection with swine enteric coronaviruses ','Swine enteric coronavirus CoV is an important group of pathogens causing diarrhea in piglets At least four kinds of swine enteric CoVs have been identified including transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV and the emerging HKU2 like porcine enteric alphacoronavirus PEAV The small intestines particularly the jejunum and ileum are the most common targets of these four CoVs in vivo and co infections by these CoVs are frequently observed in clinically infected pigs This study was conducted to investigate the susceptibility of the porcine ileum epithelial cell line IPI 2I to different swine enteric CoVs We found that IPI 2I cells are highly susceptible to TGEV PDCoV and PEAV as demonstrated by cytopathic effect and virus multiplication However only a small number of cells could be infected by PEDV possibly due to the heterogeneity of IPI 2I cells A homogeneous cell line designated IPI FX obtained from IPI 2I cells by sub cloning with limited serial dilutions was found to be highly susceptible to PEDV Furthermore IPI FX cells were also highly susceptible to TGEV PDCoV as well as PEAV Thus this sub cloned IPI FX cell line is an ideal cell model to study the mechanisms of infection particularly co infections of swine enteric CoVs ',0 32080994,' Emergency management of prevention and control of novel coronavirus pneumonia in departments of stomatology ','Complying with overall requirements of the government and regulations on public health emergences as well as the clinical features of diagnosis and treatment of dental illness this paper refers to previous guidelines and studies on the infection prevention and control in dental diagnosis and treatment in China and foreign countries Nanjing Stomatological Hospital has implemented the emergency management practices for the prevention and control of novel coronavirus pneumonia NCP mainly focusing on the implementation of prevention and control training programs for medical staffs and the infection control projects on the hospital environment This study could provide reference for rapid response and emergency management for the prevention and control of NCP in the departments of stomatology ',1 32145363,'Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as available weapons to fight COVID 19 ',?,1 32129805,'Air Surface Environmental and Personal Protective Equipment Contamination by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 From a Symptomatic Patient ',?,1 31480658,'Probing the Effects of Pyrimidine Functional Group Switches on Acyclic Fleximer Analogues for Antiviral Activity ','Due to their ability to inhibit viral DNA or RNA replication nucleoside analogues have been used for decades as potent antiviral therapeutics However one of the major limitations of nucleoside analogues is the development of antiviral resistance In that regard flexible nucleoside analogues known as " fleximers" have garnered attention over the years due to their ability to survey different amino acids in enzyme binding sites thus overcoming the potential development of antiviral resistance Acyclic fleximers have previously demonstrated antiviral activity against numerous viruses including Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV Ebola virus EBOV and most recently flaviviruses such as Dengue DENV and Yellow Fever Virus YFV Due to these interesting results a Structure Activity Relationship SAR study was pursued in order to analyze the effect of the pyrimidine functional group and acyl protecting group on antiviral activity cytotoxicity and conformation The results of those studies are presented herein ',0 31985790,'Potential for global spread of a novel coronavirus from China ',?,1 32164091,' Clinical features of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in the early stage from a fever clinic in Beijing ','Objective < b> To summarize and analyze the clinical and imaging characteristics of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in the early stage in Beijing Methods < b> A retrospective analysis of clinical and imaging data of 9 patients with 2019 novel coronavirus infection diagnosed in one fever clinicic in Beijing from January 18 2020 to February 3 2020 Results < b> 5 male and 4 female was included in those 9 patients whose median age was 36 years and the age range from 15 to 49 years 8 of these patients had no underlying disease and one suffered from diabetes 7 patients had a history of travel to Wuhan City or Hubei Province and one patient was a medical staff Two family clustered was found The incubation period was 1 to 6 days The clinical manifestations were fever in 8 cases 8 9 dry cough in 5 cases 5 9 pharyngalgia in 4 cases 4 9 fatigue in 4 cases 4 9 body soreness in 4 cases 4 9 and blocked or watery nose in 1 case 1 9 Six patients 6 9 had abnormal cell peripheral blood of which 3 3 9 had an increased monocyte count 2 2 9 had a reduced lymphocyte and 1 1 9 had an increased leukocyte count while the 3 patients had normal cell blood routines The median of CRP was 16 3 mg L including 5 patients with slightly elevated 5 9 4 patients with normal values 4 9 the results of procalcitonin test were negative in5 patients Three patients were examined by chest X ray examination one of which was normal one case showed infiltrates of right upper lung and another showed in right lower lung All patients underwent chest HRCT And 7 cases 7 9 showed multiple ground glass exudation including 5 cases 5 7 involved bilateral lungs 2 cases 2 7 involved unilateral lung 3 cases 3 7 with patchy consolidation and 2 cases 2 9 showed no abnormality Conclusions < b> The patents with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in this study generally have an epidemiological history The clinical manifestations are fever and cough Peripheral white blood cell counts were most normal And PCT were all negative Chest HRCT manifested as multiple ground glass opacities with partly consolidation Some patients had normal chest radiographs but HRCT showed pneumonia Some patients had no pneumonia on chest HRCT ',0 31034708,'Interaction of coronavirus nucleocapsid protein with the 5 and 3 ends of the coronavirus genome is involved in genome circularization and negative strand RNA synthesis ','Synthesis of the negative strand strand counterpart is the first step of coronavirus CoV replication however the detailed mechanism of the early event and the factors involved remain to be determined Here using bovine coronavirus BCoV defective interfering DI RNA we showed that a a poly A tail with a length of 15 nucleotides nt was sufficient to initiate efficient strand RNA synthesis and b substitution of the poly A tail with poly U C or G only slightly decreased the efficiency of strand synthesis The findings indicate that in addition to the poly A tail other factors acting in trans may also participate in strand synthesis The BCoV nucleocapsid N protein an RNA binding protein was therefore tested as a candidate Based on dissociation constant Kd< sub> values it was found that the binding affinity between N protein but not poly A binding protein and the 3 terminal 55 nt plus a poly A poly U poly C or poly G tail correlates with the efficiency of strand synthesis Such an association was also evidenced by the binding affinity between the N protein and 5 and 3 terminal cis acting elements important for strand synthesis Further analysis demonstrated that N protein can act as a bridge to facilitate interaction between the 5 and 3 ends of the CoV genome leading to circularization of the genome Together the current study extends our understanding of the mechanism of CoV strand RNA synthesis through involvement of N protein and genome circularization and thus may explain why the addition of N protein in trans is required for efficient CoV replication ',0 32163030,'Indirect Virus Transmission in Cluster of COVID 19 Cases Wenzhou China 2020 ','To determine possible modes of virus transmission we investigated a cluster of COVID 19 cases associated with a shopping mall in Wenzhou China Data indicated that indirect transmission of the causative virus occurred perhaps resulting from virus contamination of common objects virus aerosolization in a confined space or spread from asymptomatic infected persons ',1 32085843,'Mental health services for older adults in China during the COVID 19 outbreak ',?,1 32141586,'Novel Coronavirus 2019 Sars CoV2 a global emergency that needs new approaches ',?,1 30712865,'Unexpected Receptor Functional Mimicry Elucidates Activation of Coronavirus Fusion ','Recent outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome along with the threat of a future coronavirus mediated pandemic underscore the importance of finding ways to combat these viruses The trimeric spike transmembrane glycoprotein S mediates entry into host cells and is the major target of neutralizing antibodies To understand the humoral immune response elicited upon natural infections with coronaviruses we structurally characterized the SARS CoV and MERS CoV S glycoproteins in complex with neutralizing antibodies isolated from human survivors Although the two antibodies studied blocked attachment to the host cell receptor only the anti SARS CoV S antibody triggered fusogenic conformational changes via receptor functional mimicry These results provide a structural framework for understanding coronavirus neutralization by human antibodies and shed light on activation of coronavirus membrane fusion which takes place through a receptor driven ratcheting mechanism ',0 32035997,'Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents ','Currently the emergence of a novel human coronavirus SARS CoV 2 has become a global health concern causing severe respiratory tract infections in humans Human to human transmissions have been described with incubation times between 2 10 days facilitating its spread via droplets contaminated hands or surfaces We therefore reviewed the literature on all available information about the persistence of human and veterinary coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces as well as inactivation strategies with biocidal agents used for chemical disinfection e g in healthcare facilities The analysis of 22 studies reveals that human coronaviruses such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SARS coronavirus Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MERS coronavirus or endemic human coronaviruses HCoV can persist on inanimate surfaces like metal glass or plastic for up to 9 days but can be efficiently inactivated by surface disinfection procedures with 62 71\% ethanol 0 5\% hydrogen peroxide or 0 1\% sodium hypochlorite within 1 minute Other biocidal agents such as 0 05 0 2\% benzalkonium chloride or 0 02\% chlorhexidine digluconate are less effective As no specific therapies are available for SARS CoV 2 early containment and prevention of further spread will be crucial to stop the ongoing outbreak and to control this novel infectious thread ',1 32139620,'Pet dog confirmed to have coronavirus ',?,1 32133830,' Investigation and analysis on characteristics of a cluster of COVID 19 associated with exposure in a department store in Tianjin ','Objective < b> To describe the epidemiological characteristics of a cluster of COVID 19 cases reported in Baodi district of Tianjin as of 18 February 2020 which might be associated with the exposure in a local department store and provide suggestions for prevention and control strategy development Methods < b> The basic characteristics time and area distributions clinical manifestations epidemiological history and transmission mode of the COVID 19 cases associated with the department store exposure were analyzed Results < b> A total of 40 COVID 19 cases were associated with the department store exposure accounting for 75 47\% of the total confirmed cases 53 cases reported in Baodi district The cases were mainly at the age of 60 years or older 35 00\% and farmers 40 00\% The main clinical manifestations included fever 95 00\% cough 35 00\% and diarrhea 15 00\% The proportion of confirmed severe cases was 32 50\% The incidence curve showed that the incidence peak occurred on 31 January 2020 Among the 40 cases 6 15 00\% were department store employees 19 47 50\% were customers and 15 37 50\% were close contacts secondary cases The first case occurred on 21 January 2020 this case was a department store employee who had a purchasing history at whole sale markets in other provinces and cities before the onset and 3 employees were still on duty after symptom onsets The median of the incubation period of customer cases was 6 days and the median of the interval between onset and medical treatment of customer cases was 7 days Conclusion < b> This was a cluster epidemic of COVID 19 which might be associated with the exposure in the department store By now the current prevention and control measures have achieved satisfied effects ',1 31574122,'Transcriptome analysis of PK 15 cells in innate immune response to porcine deltacoronavirus infection ','Porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV is a newly emerged swine enteropathogenic coronavirus affecting pigs of all ages and causing diarrhea problems Research findings indicate that PDCoV has evolved strategies to escape innate immune response in host cells but mechanism of PDCoV in innate immune modulation is not well understood In this study we report our findings on identifying the alterations of host cell innate immune response affected by PDCoV infection and exploring the gene expression profiles of PK 15 cells at 0 24 and 36 h PDCoV post infection by RNA sequencing A total of 3 762 and 560 differentially expressed genes DEGs were screened by comparison of uninfected PK 15 cells and infected PK 15 cells at 24 h post infection hpi INF 24h versus NC and also comparison of infected PK 15 cells between 24 and 36 hpi INF 36h versus INF 24h which included 156 and 23 porcine innate immune related genes in the DEGs of INF 24h versus NC and INF 36h versus INF 24h respectively Gene Ontology function classification and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes signaling pathway enrichment analysis were performed based on the DEGs that exhibited the same expression tendencies with most of the innate immune associated genes among these PK 15 cell samples described above The enrichment results indicated that extensive gene functions and signaling pathways including innate immune associated functions and pathways were affected by PDCoV infection Particularly 4 of 5 innate immune signaling pathways which were primarily affected by PDCoV played important roles in I IFN s antiviral function in innate immune response Additionally 16 of the host cell endogenous miRNAs were predicted as potential contributors to the modulation of innate immune response affected by PDCoV Our research findings indicated that the innate immune associated genes and signaling pathways in PK 15 cells could be modified by the infection of PDCoV which provides a fundamental foundation for further studies to better understand the mechanism of PDCoV infections so as to effectively control and prevent PDCoV induced swine diarrheal disease outbreaks ',0 32027036,'Genomic variance of the 2019 nCoV coronavirus ','There is a rising global concern for the recently emerged novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV Full genomic sequences have been released by the worldwide scientific community in the last few weeks to understand the evolutionary origin and molecular characteristics of this virus Taking advantage of all the genomic information currently available we constructed a phylogenetic tree including also representatives of other coronaviridae such as Bat coronavirus BCoV and severe acute respiratory syndrome We confirm high sequence similarity > 99\% between all sequenced 2019 nCoVs genomes available with the closest BCoV sequence sharing 96 2\% sequence identity confirming the notion of a zoonotic origin of 2019 nCoV Despite the low heterogeneity of the 2019 nCoV genomes we could identify at least two hypervariable genomic hotspots one of which is responsible for a Serine Leucine variation in the viral ORF8 encoded protein Finally we perform a full proteomic comparison with other coronaviridae identifying key aminoacidic differences to be considered for antiviral strategies deriving from previous anti coronavirus approaches ',1 32155302,'COVID 19 Emerging compassion courage and resilience in the face of misinformation and adversity ',?,1 32145772,'COVID 19 too little too late ',?,1 30725181,'Molecular characteristics of a novel recombinant of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus ','Porcine epidemic diarrhea PED is a contagious viral disease in pigs caused by the coronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV PEDV infection results in significant mortality in piglets in unvaccinated herds Like many others RNA viruses PEDV has high evolutionary rate and is prone to genetic mutations In this study we analyzed the complete genome sequence of the recently sequenced isolate PEDV Belgorod dom 2008 A recombination event in S gene of PEDV Belgorod dom 2008 was detected Pairwise identity analysis of the whole genome sequences revealed that PEDV Belgorod dom 2008 is an intermediate between PEDV and transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV strains These results can be used for further analysis of the evolutionary variability prevalence and epidemiology of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus ',0 31883084,'Evaluating MERS CoV Entry Pathways ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV is an emerging zoonotic pathogen with a broad host range The extent of MERS CoV in nature can be traced to its adaptable cell entry steps The virus can bind host cell carbohydrates as well as proteinaceous receptors Following receptor interaction the virus can utilize diverse host proteases for cleavage activation of virus host cell membrane fusion and subsequent genome delivery The fusion and genome delivery steps can be completed at variable times and places either at or near cell surfaces or deep within endosomes Investigators focusing on the CoVs have developed several methodologies that effectively distinguish these different cell entry pathways Here we describe these methods highlighting virus cell entry factors entry inhibitors and viral determinants that specify the cell entry routes While the specific methods described herein were utilized to reveal MERS CoV entry pathways they are equally suited for other CoVs as well as other protease dependent viral species ',0 32058570,'Novel Coronavirus Infection in Hospitalized Infants Under 1 Year of Age in China ',?,1 31621854,'Immune Predictors of Mortality After Ribonucleic Acid Virus Infection ','Virus infections result in a range of clinical outcomes for the host from asymptomatic to severe or even lethal disease Despite global efforts to prevent and treat virus infections to limit morbidity and mortality the continued emergence and re emergence of new outbreaks as well as common infections such as influenza persist as a health threat Challenges to the prevention of severe disease after virus infection include both a paucity of protective vaccines as well as the early identification of individuals with the highest risk that may require supportive treatment ',0 32068600,'Personal knowledge on novel coronavirus pneumonia ',?,1 31022948,'Lack of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Transmission in Rabbits ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV transmission from dromedaries to humans has resulted in major outbreaks in the Middle East Although some other livestock animal species have been shown to be susceptible to MERS CoV it is not fully understood why the spread of the virus in these animal species has not been observed in the field In this study we used rabbits to further characterize the transmission potential of MERS CoV In line with the presence of MERS CoV receptor in the rabbit nasal epithelium high levels of viral RNA were shed from the nose following virus inoculation However unlike MERS CoV infected dromedaries these rabbits did not develop clinical manifestations including nasal discharge and did shed only limited amounts of infectious virus from the nose Consistently no transmission by contact or airborne routes was observed in rabbits Our data indicate that despite relatively high viral RNA levels produced low levels of infectious virus are excreted in the upper respiratory tract of rabbits as compared to dromedary camels thus resulting in a lack of viral transmission ',0 32009228,'Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission ',?,1 32202824,'The novel coronavirus COVID 2019 outbreak Amplification of public health consequences by media exposure ','The 2019 novel coronavirus COVID 2019 has led to a serious outbreak of often severe respiratory disease which originated in China and has quickly become a global pandemic with far reaching consequences that are unprecedented in the modern era As public health officials seek to contain the virus and mitigate the deleterious effects on worldwide population health a related threat has emerged global media exposure to the crisis We review research suggesting that repeated media exposure to community crisis can lead to increased anxiety heightened stress responses that can lead to downstream effects on health and misplaced health protective and help seeking behaviors that can overburden health care facilities and tax available resources We draw from work on previous public health crises i e Ebola and H1N1 outbreaks and other collective trauma e g terrorist attacks where media coverage of events had unintended consequences for those at relatively low risk for direct exposure leading to potentially severe public health repercussions We conclude with recommendations for individuals researchers and public health officials with respect to receiving and providing effective communications during a public health crisis PsycInfo Database Record c 2020 APA all rights reserved ',0 31561462,'Epidemiology of Deltacoronaviruses d CoV and Gammacoronaviruses g CoV in Wild Birds in the United States ','Porcine deltacoronavirus d CoV is the object of extensive research in several countries including the United States In contrast the epidemiology of d CoVs in wild birds in the US is largely unknown Our aim was to comparatively assess the prevalence of d and g CoVs in wild migratory terrestrial and aquatic birds in Arkansas Illinois Indiana Maryland Mississippi Missouri Ohio Tennessee and Wisconsin A total of 1236 cloacal fecal swabs collected during the period 2015 2018 were tested for g and d CoVs using genus specific reverse transcription PCR assays A total of 61 4 99\% samples were g CoV positive with up to 29 positive samples per state In contrast only 14 samples were positive for d CoV 1 14\% with only 1 4 originating from the same state Thus unlike previous reports from Asia g CoVs are more prevalent than d CoVs in the US suggesting that d CoVs may spread in birds with lower efficiency This may indicate d CoV emerging status and incomplete adaptation to new host species limiting its spread Phylogenetic analysis of the partial N gene revealed that the newly identified d CoV strains were most closely related to the HKU20 wigeon strain Further studies are necessary to investigate the role of aquatic bird d CoVs in the epidemiology of d CoVs in swine and terrestrial birds ',0 32199457,'Responding to the COVID 19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises ',?,1 32187887,'Insight into COVID 2019 for pediatricians ','Since December 2019 patients with unexplained pneumonia have been found in Wuhan City Hubei Province China The pathogen in these cases is a new type of coronavirus The World Health Organization confirmed this diagnosis and named the pathogen SARSCoV 2 The disease caused by SARSCoV 2 is called Corona Virus Disease COVID 2019 The virus is highly infectious and pathogenic causing human to human transmission At present SARSCoV 2 is still rampant in the world Zhengzhou City in Henan Province serves as an example 102 people have been confirmed to be infected with SARSCoV 2 at 24 00 on February 5th 2020 including three children the youngest is 4 years old From the perspective of clinical pediatricians as the first line fighting the epidemic this paper will discuss the clinical characteristics prevention and control measures outcomes diagnosis and treatment of pediatric cases ',1 32147496,'Of chloroquine and COVID 19 ','Recent publications have brought attention to the possible benefit of chloroquine a broadly used antimalarial drug in the treatment of patients infected by the novel emerged coronavirus SARS CoV 2 The scientific community should consider this information in light of previous experiments with chloroquine in the field of antiviral research ',1 31354813,'Peptide Protein Interaction Studies of Antimicrobial Peptides Targeting Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein An In Silico Approach ','There is no effective therapeutic or vaccine for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and this study attempts to find therapy using peptide by establishing a basis for the peptide protein interactions through in silico docking studies for the spike protein of MERS CoV The antimicrobial peptides AMPs were retrieved from the antimicrobial peptide database APD3 and shortlisted based on certain important physicochemical properties The binding mode of the shortlisted peptides was measured based on the number of clusters which forms in a protein peptide docking using Piper As a result we identified a list of putative AMPs which binds to the spike protein of MERS CoV which may be crucial in providing the inhibitory action It is observed that seven putative peptides have good binding score based on cluster size cutoff of 208 We conclude that seven peptides namely AP00225 AP00180 AP00549 AP00744 AP00729 AP00764 and AP00223 could possibly have binding with the active site of the MERS CoV spike protein These seven AMPs could serve as a therapeutic option for MERS and enhance its treatment outcome ',0 32188482,'COVID 19 infection epidemic the medical management strategies in Heilongjiang Province China ',?,1 32189010,'Correction to COVID 19 a novel coronavirus and a novel challenge for critical care ','The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake ',1 31980434,'China coronavirus what do we know so far ',?,1 32173572,'Applications of google search trends for risk communication in infectious disease management A case study of COVID 19 outbreak in Taiwan ','An emerging outbreak of COVID 19 has been detected in at least 26 countries worldwide Given this pandemic situation robust risk communication is urgently needed particularly in affected countries Therefore this study explored the potential use of Google Trends GT to monitor public restlessness toward COVID 19 epidemic infection in Taiwan ',1 32191588,'Artificial Intelligence Distinguishes COVID 19 from Community Acquired Pneumonia on Chest CT ','Background Coronavirus disease has widely spread all over the world since the beginning of 2020 It is desirable to develop automatic and accurate detection of COVID 19 using chest CT Purpose To develop a fully automatic framework to detect COVID 19 using chest CT and evaluate its performances Materials and Methods In this retrospective and multi center study a deep learning model COVID 19 detection neural network COVNet was developed to extract visual features from volumetric chest CT exams for the detection of COVID 19 Community acquired pneumonia CAP and other non pneumonia CT exams were included to test the robustness of the model The datasets were collected from 6 hospitals between August 2016 and February 2020 Diagnostic performance was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve AUC sensitivity and specificity Results The collected dataset consisted of 4356 chest CT exams from 3 322 patients The average age is 49+ 15 years and there were slightly more male patients than female 1838 vs 1484 p value=0 29 The per exam sensitivity and specificity for detecting COVID 19 in the independent test set was 114 of 127 90\% 95\% CI 83\% 94\% and 294 of 307 96\% 95\% CI 93\% 98\% respectively with an AUC of 0 96 p value< 0 001 The per exam sensitivity and specificity for detecting CAP in the independent test set was 87\% 152 of 175 and 92\% 239 of 259 respectively with an AUC of 0 95 95\% CI 0 93 0 97 Conclusions A deep learning model can accurately detect COVID 19 and differentiate it from community acquired pneumonia and other lung diseases ',1 32199105,'Deciphering the power of isolation in controlling COVID 19 outbreaks ',?,1 32181795,'Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 in Italy ',?,1 32113197,' Dynamic basic reproduction number based evaluation for current prevention and control of COVID 19 outbreak in China ','Objective < b> To evaluate the current status of the prevention and control of coronavirus disease COVID 19 outbreak in China establish a predictive model to evaluate the effects of the current prevention and control strategies and provide scientific information for decision making departments Methods < b> Based on the epidemic data of COVID 19 openly accessed from national health authorities we estimated the dynamic basic reproduction number R 0 < i> t to evaluate the effects of the current COVID 19 prevention and control strategies in all the provinces municipalities and autonomous regions as well as in Wuhan and the changes in infectivity of COVID 19 over time Results < b> For the stability of the results 24 provinces municipality with more than 100 confirmed COVID 19 cases were included in the analysis At the beginning of the outbreak the R 0 < i> t showed unstable trend with big variances As the strengthening of the prevention and control strategies R 0 < i> t began to show a downward trend in late January and became stable in February By the time of data analysis 18 provinces municipality 75\% had the R 0 < i> t s less than 1 The results could be used for the decision making to free population floating conditionally Conclusions < b> Dynamic R 0 < i> t is useful in the evaluation of the change in infectivity of COVID 19 the prevention and control strategies for the COVID 19 outbreak have shown preliminary effects if continues it is expected to control the COVID 19 outbreak in China in near future ',1 31067830,'Novel Bat Alphacoronaviruses in Southern China Support Chinese Horseshoe Bats as an Important Reservoir for Potential Novel Coronaviruses ','While bats are increasingly recognized as a source of coronavirus epidemics the diversity and emergence potential of bat coronaviruses remains to be fully understood Among 1779 bat samples collected in China diverse coronaviruses were detected in 32 samples from five different bat species by RT PCR Two novel alphacoronaviruses Rhinolophus sinicus< i> bat coronavirus HKU32 Rs BatCoV HKU32 and Tylonycteris robustula< i> bat coronavirus HKU33 Tr BatCoV HKU33 were discovered from Chinese horseshoe bats in Hong Kong and greater bamboo bats in Guizhou Province respectively Genome analyses showed that Rs BatCoV HKU32 is closely related to BatCoV HKU10 and related viruses from diverse bat families whereas Tr BatCoV HKU33 is closely related to BtNv AlphaCoV and similar viruses exclusively from bats of Vespertilionidae< i> family The close relatedness of Rs BatCoV HKU32 to BatCoV HKU10 which was also detected in Pomona roundleaf bats from the same country park suggests that these viruses may have the tendency of infecting genetically distant bat populations of close geographical proximity with subsequent genetic divergence Moreover the presence of SARSr CoV ORF7a like protein in Rs BatCoV HKU32 suggests a common evolutionary origin of this accessory protein with SARS CoV also from Chinese horseshoe bats an apparent reservoir for coronavirus epidemics The emergence potential of Rs BatCoV HKU32 should be explored ',0 32171062,'Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID 19 infection ',?,1 32026672,' Urgent research agenda for the novel coronavirus epidemic transmission and non pharmaceutical mitigation strategies ',?,1 32105562,'Essentials for Radiologists on COVID 19 An Update Radiology< i> Scientific Expert Panel ',?,1 31992570,'China coronavirus mild but infectious cases may make it hard to control outbreak report warns ',?,1 32173883,'COVID 19 and mycoplasma pneumoniae coinfection ',?,1 30902814,'Glycosylation of the viral attachment protein of avian coronavirus is essential for host cell and receptor binding ','Avian coronaviruses including infectious bronchitis virus IBV are important respiratory pathogens of poultry The heavily glycosylated IBV spike protein is responsible for binding to host tissues Glycosylation sites in the spike protein are highly conserved across viral genotypes suggesting an important role for this modification in the virus life cycle Here we analyzed the N< i> glycosylation of the receptor binding domain RBD of IBV strain M41 spike protein and assessed the role of this modification in host receptor binding Ten single Asn to Ala substitutions at the predicted N< i> glycosylation sites of the M41 RBD were evaluated along with two control Val to Ala substitutions CD analysis revealed that the secondary structure of all variants was retained compared with the unmodified M41 RBD construct Six of the 10 glycosylation variants lost binding to chicken trachea tissue and an ELISA presented a2 3 linked sialic acid oligosaccharide ligand LC MSE< sup> glycomics analysis revealed that glycosylation sites have specific proportions of N< i> glycan subtypes Overall the glycosylation patterns of most variant RBDs were highly similar to those of the unmodified M41 RBD construct In silico< i> docking experiments with the recently published cryo EM structure of the M41 IBV spike protein and our glycosylation results revealed a potential ligand receptor site that is ringed by four glycosylation sites that dramatically impact ligand binding Combined with the results of previous array studies the glycosylation and mutational analyses presented here suggest a unique glycosylation dependent binding modality for the M41 spike protein ',0 32066526,'Full spectrum of COVID 19 severity still being depicted Authors reply ',?,1 32031590,'Racing towards the development of diagnostics for a novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV ',?,1 32105381,'Trust is a key factor in the willingness of health professionals to work during the COVID 19 outbreak Experience from the H1N1 pandemic in Japan 2009 ',?,1 32037473,'New coronavirus new challenges for pediatricians ',?,1 32178975,'Thrombocytopenia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 infections A meta analysis ','Coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 is a novel infectious disease with lack of established laboratory markers available to evaluate illness severity In this study we investigate whether platelet count could differentiate between COVID 19 patients with or without severe disease Additionally we evaluate if thrombocytopenia is associated with severe COVID 19 ',1 32122875,'Covid 19 US health department staff sent to meet citizens returning from China weren t protected claims whistleblower ',?,1 32161941,'A case report of neonatal COVID 19 infection in China ','In December 2019 the 2019 novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 caused by SARS CoV 2 emerged in China and now has spread in many countries Pregnant women are susceptible population of COVID 19 which are more likely to have complications and even progresse to severe illness We report a case of neonatal COVID 19 infection in China with pharyngeal swabs tested positive by rRT PCR assay 36 hours after birth However whether the case is a vertical transmission from mother to child remains to be confirmed ',1 32149769,'Repurposing of clinically approved drugs for treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 in a 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV related coronavirus model ','Medicines for the treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV infections are urgently needed However drug screening using live 2019 nCoV requires high level biosafety facilities which imposes an obstacle for those without such facilities or 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV This study aims to repurpose the clinically approved drugs for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 in a 2019 nCoV related coronavirus model ',1 30869000,'Global status of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels a systematic review ','Dromedary camels have been shown to be the main reservoir for human Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS infections This systematic review aims to compile and analyse all published data on MERS coronavirus CoV in the global camel population to provide an overview of current knowledge on the distribution spread and risk factors of infections in dromedary camels We included original research articles containing laboratory evidence of MERS CoV infections in dromedary camels in the field from 2013 to April 2018 In general camels only show minor clinical signs of disease after being infected with MERS CoV Serological evidence of MERS CoV in camels has been found in 20 countries with molecular evidence for virus circulation in 13 countries The seroprevalence of MERS CoV antibodies increases with age in camels while the prevalence of viral shedding as determined by MERS CoV RNA detection in nasal swabs decreases In several studies camels that were sampled at animal markets or quarantine facilities were seropositive more often than camels at farms as well as imported camels vs locally bred camels Some studies show a relatively higher seroprevalence and viral detection during the cooler winter months Knowledge of the animal reservoir of MERS CoV is essential to develop intervention and control measures to prevent human infections ',0 32165283,'COVID 19 the role of mass gatherings ','Mass gathering MG medicine emerged against the backdrop of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 Public Health Emergency of International Concern PHEIC when the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia KSA hosted the largest annual mass gathering of over 3 million pilgrims from 180 plus countries However the events surrounding the latest threat to global health the PHEIC COVID 19 may be sufficient to highlight the role of mass gatherings mass migration and other forms of dense gatherings of people on the emergence sustenance and transmission of novel pathogens The COVID 19 spread illustrates the role of MGs in exacerbation of the scope of pandemics Cancellation or suspension of MGs would be critical to pandemic mitigation It is unlikely that medical countermeasures are available during the early phase of pandemics Therefore mitigation of its impact rather than containment and control becomes a priority during pandemics As the most systematically studied MG related respiratory disease data come from KSA the cancellation of Umrah by the KSA authorities prior to emergence of cases provide the best opportunity to develop mathematical models to quantify event cancellations related mitigation of COVID 19 transmission in KSA and to the home countries of pilgrims COVID 19 has already provided examples of both clearly planned event cancellations such as the Umrah suspension in KSA and where outbreaks and events were continued ',1 32046814,'Epidemiological research priorities for public health control of the ongoing global novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV outbreak ',?,1 32192711,'Emergency Caesarean delivery in a patient with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 under spinal anaesthesia ',?,1 31742534,'MERS CoV in Camels but Not Camel Handlers Sudan 2015 and 2017 ','We tested samples collected from camels camel workers and other animals in Sudan and Qatar in 2015 and 2017 for evidence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV infection MERS CoV antibodies were abundant in Sudan camels but we found no evidence of MERS CoV infection in camel workers other livestock or bats ',0 31318592,'Risk Factors for Fatal Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infections in Saudi Arabia Analysis of the WHO Line List 2013 2018 ','Objectives < i> To explore complex associations among demographic factors risk factors health care and fatality rates of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Methods < i> We based this study on analysis of a publicly accessible line listing of 1256 MERS CoV cases 2013 to October 2018 available on the World Health Organization s Web site For analyses of demographic factors e g age gender access to health care promptness of laboratory services risk factors comorbidity exposure to camels and persons with MERS CoV occupation health care and outcome fatality we used descriptive statistics risk ratio RR and the Pearson kh2< sup> test Results < i> Presence of comorbidity RR = 3 95\% confidence interval CI = 2 2 3 9 being male RR = 1 6 95\% CI = 1 2 2 1 exposure to dromedary camels RR = 1 6 95\% CI = 1 3 2 3 and consumption of camel milk RR = 1 5 95\% CI = 0 9 1 7 can significantly increase risk for fatality Health care workers have significantly lower fatality P< i> < 001 than the rest of the persons with MERS CoV Conclusions < i> Policies that promote health awareness for the high risk population and their prompt seeking of health care should be considered Publicly accessible line lists of infectious diseases such as MERS CoV can be valuable sources for epidemiological analysis ',0 32084674,' Detection of 2019 nCoV in the pathological paraffin embedded tissue ','Mu De < b> Tan Suo Shi Yong Bing Li Shi Zha Yang Ben Jian Ce Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du De Fang Fa Fang Fa < b> Cai Yong Ying Guang Ding Liang PCRJi Zhu Shi Yong Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du He Suan Kuo Zeng Shi Ji He Jian Ce Lin Chuang Que Zhen Huan Zhe De Fei Zu Zhi Bing Li Shi Zha Yang Ben 1Li Wu Bing Du Gan Ran Fei Zu Zhi Shi Zha Yang Ben 2Li He Zheng Chang Ren Qun Yan Shi Zi Yang Ben 2Li Jian Li Jian Ce Ti Xi Pan Du Jian Ce Jie Guo Jie Guo < b> Jing Guo Ying Guang Ding Liang PCRFan Ying He Xin Hao Cai Ji Suo You 5Li Yang Ben RNANei Can HEXXin Hao Kuo Zeng Qu Xian Jun You Sheng Qi Lin Chuang Que Zhen Huan Zhe Shou Zhu Shi Zha Yang Ben RNAFAMXin Hao NJi Yin Kuo Zeng Qu Xian Sheng Qi CtZhi 35 48 ROXXin Hao ORF1abJi Yin Qu Xian Wei Sheng Qi Zhong Fu Shi Yan FAMXin Hao Kuo Zeng Qu Xian Sheng Qi CtZhi 36 00 ROXXin Hao Qu Xian Wei Sheng Qi Jie He 2Ci Jian Ce Jie Guo Gai Li Huan Zhe Bing Li Shi Zha Yang Ben Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Yang Xing Tong Shi Zuo Wei Dui Zhao De 2Li Wu Gan Ran Bing Li Shi Zha Zu Zhi Yang Ben He 2Li Zheng Chang Ren Qun Yan Shi Zi Yang Ben Bing Du He Suan Jian Ce Jun Wei Yin Xing Jie Lun < b> Bing Li Shi Zha Yang Ben Ti Qu De Zong RNAKe Yi Man Zu Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Jian Ce De Zhi Liang Yao Qiu Gen Ju Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Jian Ce Zhi Nan Jian Yi She Ji He Sheng Chan Bing Du He Suan Jian Ce Shi Ji He Ke Yi Man Zu Bing Li Shi Zha Yang Ben Jian Ce De Xu Yao Shi Yong Suo Jian Ying Guang Ding Liang PCRJian Ce Ti Xi Bing Li Shi Zha Yang Ben Ke Yi Yong Yu Jin Xing Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du De He Suan Jian Ce ',1 32041691,'Coronavirus global stocks of protective gear are depleted with demand at " 100 times" normal level WHO warns ',?,1 32113506,'COVID 19 preparing for superspreader potential among Umrah pilgrims to Saudi Arabia ',?,1 31310635,'Changes in cecal microbiota community of suckling piglets infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus ','Diarrhea caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV is a catastrophic gastrointestinal disease among suckling piglets with high infectivity morbidity and mortality causing huge economic losses to the pig industry In the present study we investigated the different microbiota from the cecal mucosa and cecal contents between healthy and PEDV infected piglets High throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed to explore differences The results revealed that microbial dysbiosis by PEDV infection occurred in the cecal mucosa and contents of suckling piglets at each microbial taxonomic level The abundance of pathogenic bacteria associated with diseases including diarrhea was increased The abundance of Fusobacterium was 26 71\% and 33 91\% in cecal mucosa and contents of PEDV infected group respectively whereas that in the healthy groups was 17 85\% and 9 88\% The proportion of Proteobacteria in the infected groups was relatively high 24 67\% and 22 79\% respectively whereas that in the healthy group was 13 13\% and 11 34\% in the cecal mucosa and contents respectively Additionally the proportion of Bacteroidetes in the healthy group 29 89\% 37 32\% was approximately twice that of the PEDV infected group 15 50\% 15 39\% " Nitrate reduction" " Human pathogens diarrhea" " Human pathogens gastroenteritis" " Nitrite respiration" and " Nitrite ammonification" were the enriched functional annotation terms in the PEDV infected groups Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection increased the proportion of harmful bacteria and decreased the proportion of beneficial bacteria in the cecal mucosa and contents of suckling piglets Our findings suggest that determining the intestinal microbiota might provide a promising method to prevent PEDV and open a new avenue for future research ',0 32202641,'Exercising Heart and Head in Managing Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan ',?,0 30877355,'Generation identification and functional analysis of monoclonal antibodies against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus nucleocapsid ','The variant strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV severely threaten the pig industry worldwide and cause up to 100\% mortality in suckling piglets It is critically important and urgent to develop tools for detection of PEDV infection In this study we developed six monoclonal antibodies mAbs targeting N protein of PEDV and analyzed their applications on enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ELISA indirect immunofluorescence assay IFA western blot assay and flow cytometry assay The results demonstrated that all these six mAbs were IgG1 isotype and k chain Among these six mAbs 3F12 recognizes a linear epitope VAAVKDALKSLGI while the other five mAbs recognize different conformational epitopes formed by a specific peptide fragment or the full length of N protein The functional analysis showed that all these six mAbs were applicable to ELISA western blot IFA and flow cytometry assay In conclusion we developed six mAbs against PEDV N protein to facilitate the early detection of PEDV infection using ELISA western blot IFA and flow cytometry ',0 31979013,'Emerging Viruses without Borders The Wuhan Coronavirus ','The recently emerged coronavirus in Wuhan China has claimed at least two lives as of January 17 and infected hundreds if not thousands of individuals The situation has drawn international attention including from the virology community We applaud the rapid release to the public of the genome sequence of the new virus by Chinese virologists but we also believe that increased transparency on disease reporting and data sharing with international colleagues are crucial for curbing the spread of this newly emerging virus to other parts of the world ',1 32171948,'The effectiveness of quarantine and isolation determine the trend of the COVID 19 epidemics in the final phase of the current outbreak in China ','Since January 23rd 2020 stringent measures for controlling the novel coronavirus epidemics have been gradually enforced and strengthened in mainland China The detection and diagnosis have been improved as well However the daily reported cases staying in a high level make the epidemics trend prediction difficult ',1 32199074,'Will COVID 19 generate global preparedness ',?,1 32174057,'2019 Novel Coronavirus COVID 19 Pneumonia with Hemoptysis as the Initial Symptom CT and Clinical Features ','Recently some global cases of 2019 novel coronavirus COVID 19 pneumonia have been caused by second or third generation transmission of the viral infection resulting in no traceable epidemiological history Owing to the complications of COVID 19 pneumonia the first symptom and imaging features of patients can be very atypical and early diagnosis of COVID 19 infections remains a challenge It would aid radiologists and clinicians to be aware of the early atypical symptom and imaging features of the disease and contribute to the prevention of infected patients being missed ',1 30583231,'EIF4A2 interacts with the membrane protein of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus and plays a role in virus replication ','Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus TGEV is enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes diarrhea in pigs and is associated with high morbidity and mortality in sucking piglets The TGEV membrane M protein is a decisive protein for the proliferation of viral proteins and is associated with virus assembly and budding To identify the cellular proteins that interact with the TGEV M protein yeast two hybrid screening was employed and seven cellular proteins were identified M binding partners Using the GST pull down approach and a CO IP assay the M protein was found to interact with porcine intestinal cells via eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 alpha EIF4A2 an essential component of the cellular translational machinery Additionally confocal microscopy revealed that EIF4A2 and M were colocalized in the cytoplasm Furthermore the function of EIF4A2 in intestinal cells during TGEV infection was examined A knockdown of EIF4A2 by siRNA markedly decreased M protein proliferation and TGEV replication in target cells Thus demonstrating that EIF4A2 plays a significant role in TGEV replication The present study provides mechanistic insight into the interaction between the TGEV M protein and intestinal cells which contributes to the understanding of coronavirus replication and may be useful for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for TGEV infection ',0 32164089,' Analysis of clinical features of 29 patients with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia ','Objective < b> To analyze the clinical characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV pneumonia and to investigate the correlation between serum inflammatory cytokines and severity of the disease Methods < b> 29 patients with 2019 ncov admitted to the isolation ward of Tongji hospital affiliated to Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in January 2020 were selected as the study subjects Clinical data were collected and the general information clinical symptoms blood test and CT imaging characteristics were analyzed According to the relevant diagnostic criteria the patients were divided into three groups mild 15 cases severe 9 cases and critical 5 cases The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and other markers in the serum of each group were detected and the changes of these indicators of the three groups were compared and analyzed as well as their relationship with the clinical classification of the disease Results < b> 1 The main symptoms of 2019 nCoV pneumonia was fever 28 29 with or without respiratory and other systemic symptoms Two patients died with underlying disease and co bacterial infection respectively 2 The blood test of the patients showed normal or decreased white blood cell count 23 29 decreased lymphocyte count 20 29 increased hypersensitive C reactive protein hs CRP 27 29 and normal procalcitonin In most patients serum lactate dehydrogenase LDH was significantly increased 20 29 while albumin was decreased 15 29 Alanine aminotransferase ALT aspartate aminotransferase AST total bilirubin Tbil serum creatinine Scr and other items showed no significant changes 3 CT findings of typical cases were single or multiple patchy ground glass shadows accompanied by septal thickening When the disease progresses the lesion increases and the scope expands and the ground glass shadow coexists with the solid shadow or the stripe shadow 4 There were statistically significant differences in the expression levels of interleukin 2 receptor IL 2R and IL 6 in the serum of the three groups P< < i>0 05 among which the critical group was higher than the severe group and the severe group was higher than the mild group However there were no statistically significant differences in serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha TNF a IL 1 IL 8 IL 10 hs CRP lymphocyte count and LDH among the three groups P> < i>0 05 Conclusion < b> The clinical characteristics of 2019 nCoV pneumonia are similar to those of common viral pneumonia High resolution CT is of great value in the differential diagnosis of this disease The increased expression of IL 2R and IL 6 in serum is expected to predict the severity of the 2019 nCoV pneumonia and the prognosis of patients ',0 32199619,'The characteristics and clinical value of chest CT images of novel coronavirus pneumonia ','To investigate the characteristics and clinical value of chest computed tomography CT images of novel coronavirus pneumonia NCP ',1 32029435,'Coronavirus doctor who faced backlash from police after warning of outbreak dies ',?,1 32193831,'Clinical features of severe pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan a single center s observational study ','An outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 caused by SARS CoV 2 was first detected in Wuhan Hubei China People of all ages are susceptible to SARS CoV 2 infection No information on severe pediatric patients with COVID 19 has been reported We aimed to describe the clinical features of severe pediatric patients with COVID 19 ',1 32152001,'Covid 19 emergency departments lack proper isolation facilities senior medic warns ',?,1 30830947,'Multiplex PCR methods for detection of several viruses associated with canine respiratory and enteric diseases ','Viral respiratory and intestinal infections are the most common causes of canine viral illness Infection with multiple pathogens occurs in many cases Rapid diagnosis of these multiple infections is important for providing timely and effective treatment To improve diagnosis in this study two new multiplex polymerase chain reactions mPCRs were developed for simultaneous detection of canine respiratory viruses CRV and canine enteric viruses CEV using two separate primer mixes The viruses included canine adenovirus type 2 CAV 2 canine distemper virus CDV canine influenza virus CIV canine parainfluenza virus CPIV canine circovirus CanineCV canine coronavirus CCoV and canine parvovirus CPV The sensitivity of the mPCR results showed that the detection limit of both mPCR methods was 1x104 viral copies Twenty nasal swabs NS and 20 anal swabs AS collected from dogs with symptoms of respiratory disease or enteric disease were evaluated using the novel mPCR methods as a clinical test The mPCR protocols when applied to these respiratory specimens and intestinal samples could detect 7 viruses simultaneously allowing rapid investigation of CRV CAV 2 CDV CIV and CPIV and CEV CAV 2 CanineCV CCoV and CPV status and prompt evaluation of coinfection Our study provides an effective and accurate tool for rapid differential diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance in dogs ',0 32129580,' Expert consensus on Pulmonary Function Testing during the epidemic of Corona Virus Disease 2019 ','Corona virus disease 2019 COVID 19 is mainly transmitted by respiratory droplets and close contact Pulmonary function testing procedures have been associated with an increasing risk of COVID 19 transmission among patients subjects and medical staffs Effective prevention and control strategies must be compulsorily implemented to prevent nosocomial infection This recommendation is intended to be followed by healthcare workers HCWs of pulmonary function testing laboratory when COVID 19 is in epidemic Based on the features of pulmonary function testing precaution principles and strategies are developed in three aspects of management for HCWs operating procedure environment and equipment Indications of pulmonary function testing should be followed strictly It is strongly recommended to suspend the test for the confirmed or suspected cases of COVID 19 during the contagious stage and to postpone the test for other patients if it is not imperative Medical personnel should mandatorily adhere to the standard stratification of precaution measures Patients Subjects should be isolated in a separate area for testing Disposable in line filters must be used during pulmonary function testing Cleaning and disinfection procedures for environment and equipment in pulmonary function testing laboratory should be paid more attention ',1 32044389,'Going global Travel and the 2019 novel coronavirus ',?,1 32192284,' Ten hot issues on diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer under the outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia ','2020Nian Chu Bao Fa De Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan Jian Cheng Xin Guan Fei Yan Zheng Zai Ying Xiang Zhao Quan Guo Ge Xing Ge Ye Ye Zai Ying Xiang Zhong Liu Huan Zhe De Zheng Chang Zhi Liao Lin Chuang Yi Sheng Mian Dui Huan Zhe Shi Xu Yao Jian Gu Yi Qing Fang Kong Ji Bing Zhi Liao Yi Ji Yi Liao Zi Yuan Fen Pei Deng Duo Zhong Yin Su De Ying Xiang Ru He He Li Diao Zheng Zui Jia Ye Zai Kao Yan Zhao Lin Chuang Yi Sheng Wei Ci Wo Men Yi Ju Lin Chuang Zhen Liao Zhi Nan Jie He Zhuan Jia Jing Yan Yi Ju Huan Zhe De Bu Tong Jie Duan He Fen Zi Fen Xing Jiu Xin Guan Fei Yan Yi Qing Xia Ru Xian Yan Zhen Liao Shi Ge Re Dian Wen Ti Ti Chu Zi Ji De Guan Dian Gong Tong Xing Can Kao He Pi Ping Zhi Zheng ',1 31883097,'Evaluation of Activation and Inflammatory Activity of Myeloid Cells During Pathogenic Human Coronavirus Infection ','Innate immune cells play a vital role in mounting an effective host response to a variety of pathogen challenges Myeloid cells such as neutrophils and monocyte macrophages are major innate leukocytes that orchestrate protective immunity to viral lung infections However a dysregulated cytokine response can promote excessive infiltration and robust pro inflammatory activity of neutrophils and monocyte macrophages leading to fatal disease Following virus infection the beneficial or deleterious role of infiltrating neutrophils and monocyte macrophages is determined largely by their ability to secrete inflammatory cytokines and chemokines A majority of studies use the total number of infiltrating cells and their activation status as measures to demonstrate their role during an infection Consequently the ability of neutrophils and Inflammatory Monocyte Macrophages IMMs to secrete inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and its correlation with the disease severity is not well defined In this chapter we report useful markers to identify lung infiltrating innate immune cells and define their activation status We also describe a simple method to measure intracellular cytokine production to evaluate the inflammatory activity of neutrophils and IMMs in a mouse model of human coronavirus infection ',0 32107296,'Complete Genome Sequence of Avian Coronavirus< i> Strain GA08 GI 27 Lineage ','Avian coronavirus< i> also known as infectious bronchitis virus is a highly contagious respiratory pathogen of chickens that is responsible for major economic losses to the poultry industry around the globe Here we report the complete genome sequence of strain GA08 of the GI 27 lineage isolated from a fecal sample from a broiler chicken collected in Georgia in 2015 ',0 30744201,'Potential Intermediate Hosts for Coronavirus Transmission No Evidence of Clade 2c Coronaviruses in Domestic Livestock from Ghana ','The emergence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV nearly a decade ago with worldwide distribution was believed to be of zoonotic origin from bats with dromedary camels as intermediate hosts There is a likelihood of other domestic livestock serving as intermediate hosts for this virus The presence of coronaviruses closely related to MERS CoV in Ghanaian bats presented the opportunity to test the hypothesis of transmissibility of this virus through domestic livestock species The possible interactions between livestock and bats in 31 household farms were accessed by observation and interviews with farmers Rectal swabs and serum from cattle sheep goats donkeys and swine from commercial and household farms were tested for MERS CoV and a Nycteris< i> sp bat coronavirus previously detected in Ghana A pan PCR assay to detect clade 2c viruses and recombinant immunofluorescence assay to detect anti spike IgG antibodies against the target viruses were used Likely contact between livestock and bats was determined for 13 farms 41 9\% that reported confining their livestock and also observing bats in their homes Livestock were left unconfined on eight farms 25 8\% that also observed bats roosting in trees close to their homes No viral RNA or antibodies against the two coronaviruses were detected in any of the livestock species tested Cattle sheep goats donkeys and swine are not likely hosts of clade 2c coronaviruses ',0 32072255,'Outbreak of novel coronavirus COVID 19 What is the role of radiologists ',' Novel coronavirus COVID 19 infected pneumonia usually manifests as bilateral ground glass opacities in the lung periphery on chest CT scans Role of radiologists includes not only early detection of lung abnormality but also suggestion of disease severity potential progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome and possible bacterial co infection in hospitalized patients ',1 32029919,'Revisiting the dangers of the coronavirus in the ophthalmology practice ',?,1 32192294,' Treatment strategies for colorectal cancer patients in tumor hospitals under the background of corona virus disease 2019 ','In December 2019 a new outbreak of corona virus disease 2019 began to occur Its pathogen is 2019 nCoV which has the characteristics of strong infectivity and general susceptibility The current situation of prevention and control of new coronavirus pneumonia is severe In this context as front line medical workers bearing important responsibilities and pressure while through strict management strategy we can minimize the risk of infection exposure By summarizing the research progress and guidelines in recent years in the fields of colorectal cancer disease screening treatment strategies including early colorectal cancer locally advanced colorectal cancer obstructive colorectal cancer metastatic colorectal cancer and the treatment of patients after neoadjuvant therapy the choice of medication and time limit for adjuvant therapy the protective measures for patients undergoing emergency surgery the re examination of postoperative patients and the protection of medical staff etc authors improve treatment strategies in order to provide more choices for patients to obtain the best treatment under the severe epidemic situation of new coronavirus pneumonia Meanwhile we hope that it can also provide more timely treatment modeling schemes for colleagues ',1 31286855,'Microarray analysis of infectious bronchitis virus infection of chicken primary dendritic cells ','Avian infectious bronchitis virus IBV is a major respiratory disease causing agent in birds that leads to significant losses Dendritic cells DCs are specialised cells responsible for sampling antigens and presenting them to T cells which also play an essential role in recognising and neutralising viruses Recent studies have suggested that non coding RNAs may regulate the functional program of DCs Expression of host non coding RNAs changes markedly during infectious bronchitis virus infection but their role in regulating host immune function has not been explored Here microarrays of mRNAs miRNAs and lncRNAs were globally performed to analyse how avian DCs respond to IBV ',0 32163484,'Multicenter evaluation of the QIAstat Respiratory Panel A new rapid highly multiplexed PCR based assay for diagnosis of acute respiratory tract infections ','Acute respiratory tract infections ARTI including the common cold pharyngitis sinusitis otitis media bronchiolitis and pneumonia are the most common diagnoses among patients seeking medical care in western countries and account for most antibiotic prescriptions While a confirmed and fast ARTI diagnosis is key for antibiotic prescribing empiric antimicrobial treatment remains common because viral symptoms are often clinically similar and difficult to distinguish from those caused by bacteria As a result inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions are high and in certain settings likely higher than the commonly estimated 30\% The QIAstat Respiratory Panel r assay QIAstat RP is a multiplexed in vitro diagnostics test for the rapid simultaneous detection of 21 pathogens directly from respiratory samples including human mastadenovirus A G primate bocaparvovirus 1+2 human coronavirus HKU1 NL63 OC43 229E human metapneumovirus A B rhinovirus enterovirus influenza A virus no subtype subtype H1 H1N1 2009 H3 influenza B virus human respirovirus 1+3 human orthorubulavirus 2+4 human orthopneumovirus Bordetella pertussis Chlamydia pneumoniae Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila We describe the first multicenter study of 445 respiratory samples collected through the 2016 2017 and 2018 respiratory seasons with performance compared against BioFire FilmArray RP v1 7 and discrepancy testing by Seegene Allplex RP The QIAstat RP demonstrated a positive percentage of agreement of 98 0\% 95\% CI 96 0 99 1\% and a negative percentage agreement of 99 8\% 95\% CI 99 6 99 9\% With use of this comprehensive and rapid test improved patient outcomes and antimicrobial stewardship may potentially be achieved ',0 32171867,'Clinical characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 reactivation ','Previous studies on the pneumonia outbreak caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 were based on information from the general population However limited data was available for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 reactivation This study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics of the SARS CoV 2 reactivation ',1 32171055,'Can Nigeria contain the COVID 19 outbreak using lessons from recent epidemics ',?,1 32111649,'Preventing a covid 19 pandemic ',?,1 32157849,' Construction and evaluation of a novel diagnosis process for 2019 Corona Virus Disease ','Objective < b> To construct and evaluate a diagnosis process for 2019 Corona Virus Disease COVID 19 Methods < b> A continuous cohort of adults and adolescent 12 years who screened COVID 19 was included in Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from January 23 to February 3 2020 in which cases were divided the test library and the verification library Their gender age onset time were recorded Take epidemiological history fever and the blood lymphocytes decline as clinical indicators used CT to evaluate the possibility of COVID 19 and range of lung involvement According to the current national standards throat swabs of suspected cases were collected and the nucleic acid of COVID 19 was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction RT PCR The Xiangya process was constructed according to multi index compared with clinical indicators CT results and national standards the efficiency of detecting confirmed cases were verified in the test and verification library Results < b> A continuous cohort of 382 adults who screened COVID 19 was included in which 261 cases were in the test library and 121 cases were in the verification library In the 382 cases 192 were males 50 3\% and 190 were females 49 7\% with a median age of 35 years range 15 92 years There were 183 cases 47 9\% with epidemiological history 275 cases 72 0\% with fever 212 cases 55 5\% with decreased hemolytic lymphocytes CT positive 114 cases 29 8\% 43 cases 11 3\% with positive CT COVID 19 and 30 cases 7 9\% with positive throat swab nucleic acid Compared with clinical indicators the sensitivity and specificity of CT were 0 950 and 0 704 respectively The accuracy of CT to make a definite diagnosis was higher than that of epidemiological history fever and blood lymph count decline 0 809 vs 0 660 0 532 0 596 P< i>=0 001 0 002 0 003 respectively The sensitivity of this process and the program recommended by the Health Commission all were high all were 1 000 and the specificity and accuracy of the process were higher than the program recommended by the Health Commission 0 872 vs 0 765 0 778 vs 0 592 both P< i>< 0 001 The CT COVID 19 would have reduced the missed diagnosis rate caused by false negative of nucleic acid test 31 vs 64 difference rate 51 6\% the positive rate of nucleic acid test was 64 5\% 20 31 In validation library the specificity and accuracy of the Xiangya process was 0 967 the positive rate of nucleic acid test was 76 9\% 10 13 Conclusions < b> The Xiangya process can predict the nucleic acid test results of COVID 19 well and can be applied as a reliable basis for confirmed cases detection in adults and adolescent 12 years in areas other than Hubei during the epidemic period of COVID 19 The cohort size needs to be increased for further validation ',1 30788861,'Evaluation of equine coronavirus fecal shedding among hospitalized horses ','Currently diagnosis of equine coronavirus ECoV relies on the exclusion of other infectious causes of enteric disease along with molecular detection of ECoV in feces or tissue Although this approach is complete it is costly and may not always be achievable ',0 32166350,' Recommendations for critically ill patients with COVID 19 ',?,1 32191173,'Serial Interval of COVID 19 among Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases ','We estimate the distribution of serial intervals for 468 confirmed cases of 2019 novel coronavirus disease reported in China as of February 8 2020 The mean interval was 3 96 days 95\% CI 3 53 4 39 days SD 4 75 days 95\% CI 4 46 5 07 days 12 6\% of case reports indicated presymptomatic transmission ',1 32017270,'Dynamics of transmissible gastroenteritis virus internalization unraveled by single virus tracking in live cells ','Transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV is a swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes significant economic losses in swine industry Current studies on TGEV internalization mainly focus on viral receptors but the internalization mechanism is still unclear In this study we used single virus tracking to obtain the detailed insights into the dynamic events of the TGEV internalization and depict the whole sequential process We observed that TGEVs could be internalized through clathrin and caveolae mediated endocytosis and the internalization of TGEVs was almost completed within ~2 minutes after TGEVs attached to the cell membrane Furthermore the interactions of TGEVs with actin and dynamin 2 in real time during the TGEV internalization were visualized To our knowledge this is the first report that single virus tracking technique is used to visualize the entire dynamic process of the TGEV internalization before the TGEV internalization with the assistance of actin clathrin and caveolin 1 would gather around the virus to form the vesicle containing the TGEV and after ~60 seconds dynamin 2 would be recruited to promote membrane fission These results demonstrate that TGEVs enter ST cells via clathrin and caveolae mediated endocytic actin dependent and dynamin 2 dependent pathways ',0 30646495,'Potent MERS CoV Fusion Inhibitory Peptides Identified from HR2 Domain in Spike Protein of Bat Coronavirus HKU4 ','The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV emerged in 2012 and caused continual outbreaks worldwide with high mortality However no effective anti MERS CoV drug is currently available Recently numerous evolutionary studies have suggested that MERS CoV originated from bat coronavirus BatCoV We herein reported that three peptides derived from the HR2 region in spike protein of BatCoV HKU4 including HKU4 HR2P1 HKU4 HR2P2 and HKU4 HR2P3 could bind the MERS CoV HR1 derived peptide to form a six helix bundle 6 HB with high stability Moreover these peptides particularly HKU4 HR2P2 and HKU4 HR2P3 exhibited potent inhibitory activity against MERS CoV S mediated cell cell fusion and viral infection suggesting that these HKU4 HR2 derived peptides could be candidates for futher development as antiviral agents against MERS CoV infection ',0 32036011,'Coronavirus infections reported by ProMED February 2000 January 2020 ','Sources describing the global burden of emerging diseases accurately are still limited We reviewed coronavirus infections reported by ProMED and assessed the reliability of the data retrieved compared to published reports We evaluated the effectiveness of ProMED as a source of epidemiological data on coronavirus ',0 32057299,'The first 2019 novel coronavirus case in Nepal ',?,1 32094505,'Epitopes for a 2019 nCoV vaccine ',?,1 31511250,'Community Acquired Respiratory Viruses in Transplant Patients Diversity Impact Unmet Clinical Needs ','Patients undergoing solid organ transplantation SOT or allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation HCT are at increased risk for infectious complications Community acquired respiratory viruses CARVs pose a particular challenge due to the frequent exposure pre peri and posttransplantation Although influenza A and B viruses have a top priority regarding prevention and treatment recent molecular diagnostic tests detecting an array of other CARVs in real time have dramatically expanded our knowledge about the epidemiology diversity and impact of CARV infections in the general population and in allogeneic HCT and SOT patients These data have demonstrated that non influenza CARVs independently contribute to morbidity and mortality of transplant patients However effective vaccination and antiviral treatment is only emerging for non influenza CARVs placing emphasis on infection control and supportive measures Here we review the current knowledge about CARVs in SOT and allogeneic HCT patients to better define the magnitude of this unmet clinical need and to discuss some of the lessons learned from human influenza virus respiratory syncytial virus parainfluenzavirus rhinovirus coronavirus adenovirus and bocavirus regarding diagnosis prevention and treatment ',0 32033513,' Interpretation of " Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV Infection by the National Health Commission Trial Version 5 " ','the National Health Commission of the People s Republic of China publish the guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV infection trial version 5 With the awareness and understanding of the disease the guidelines have been revised for recognize treat and prevent diseases Then what are the contents of the fifth edition of the guide issued updated compared to the fourth edition now learn together ',1 32124000,'Stepping up infection control measures in ophthalmology during the novel coronavirus outbreak an experience from Hong Kong ','Coronavirus disease COVID 19 has rapidly emerged as a global health threat The purpose of this article is to share our local experience of stepping up infection control measures in ophthalmology to minimise COVID 19 infection of both healthcare workers and patients ',1 31996437,'Receptor Recognition by the Novel Coronavirus from Wuhan an Analysis Based on Decade Long Structural Studies of SARS Coronavirus ','Recently a novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV has emerged from Wuhan China causing symptoms in humans similar to those caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV Since the SARS CoV outbreak in 2002 extensive structural analyses have revealed key atomic level interactions between the SARS CoV spike protein receptor binding domain RBD and its host receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 ACE2 which regulate both the cross species and human to human transmissions of SARS CoV Here we analyzed the potential receptor usage by 2019 nCoV based on the rich knowledge about SARS CoV and the newly released sequence of 2019 nCoV First the sequence of 2019 nCoV RBD including its receptor binding motif RBM that directly contacts ACE2 is similar to that of SARS CoV strongly suggesting that 2019 nCoV uses ACE2 as its receptor Second several critical residues in 2019 nCoV RBM particularly Gln493 provide favorable interactions with human ACE2 consistent with 2019 nCoV s capacity for human cell infection Third several other critical residues in 2019 nCoV RBM particularly Asn501 are compatible with but not ideal for binding human ACE2 suggesting that 2019 nCoV has acquired some capacity for human to human transmission Last while phylogenetic analysis indicates a bat origin of 2019 nCoV 2019 nCoV also potentially recognizes ACE2 from a diversity of animal species except mice and rats implicating these animal species as possible intermediate hosts or animal models for 2019 nCoV infections These analyses provide insights into the receptor usage cell entry host cell infectivity and animal origin of 2019 nCoV and may help epidemic surveillance and preventive measures against 2019 nCoV IMPORTANCE< b> The recent emergence of Wuhan coronavirus 2019 nCoV puts the world on alert 2019 nCoV is reminiscent of the SARS CoV outbreak in 2002 to 2003 Our decade long structural studies on the receptor recognition by SARS CoV have identified key interactions between SARS CoV spike protein and its host receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 ACE2 which regulate both the cross species and human to human transmissions of SARS CoV One of the goals of SARS CoV research was to build an atomic level iterative framework of virus receptor interactions to facilitate epidemic surveillance predict species specific receptor usage and identify potential animal hosts and animal models of viruses Based on the sequence of 2019 nCoV spike protein we apply this predictive framework to provide novel insights into the receptor usage and likely host range of 2019 nCoV This study provides a robust test of this reiterative framework providing the basic translational and public health research communities with predictive insights that may help study and battle this novel 2019 nCoV ',1 32192296,' Standardized diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer during the outbreak of corona virus disease 2019 in Renji hospital ','Corona virus disease 2019 COVID 19 is currently raging in China It has been proven that COVID 19 can be transmitted from human to human and cause hospital infection which seriously threatens surgical staffs and inpatients Although colorectal surgery is not a front line subject in the fight against the epidemic but in this special situation it is a difficult task to provide the highest quality medical services and ensure the orderly clinical work on the premise of maximizing the protection for patients and their families health of medical staff and the safety of wards and hospitals We summarize how to carry out the clinical practice of colorectal surgery under the situation of the prevention and control of the COVID 19 epidemiology including the procedures of diagnose and treatment for emergency patients with colorectal tumor and share the experiences of the diagnosis of colorectal tumor the management of patients with colorectal cancer who are scheduled to be admitted for surgery the protection of wards the perioperative management More importantly we introduce in detail the operative management and perioperative management of colorectal surgery patients suspected or diagnosed with new coronary pneumonia including prevention and control measures for medical staff operating rooms and surgical instruments The main points are as follows 1 Multidisciplinary team MDT must be run through the diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer The members include not only routine departments but also respiratory department and infectious department 2 Colonoscopy examination may cause cross infection of COVID 19 to patients and doctors Therefore it is prior to examine the emergency cases and life threatening patients bleeding obstruction gastrointestinal foreign bodies etc If the emergent patients intestinal obstruction with suspected or confirmed COVID 19 the surgeons must perform emergency surgery and intestinal decompressive tube through colonoscopy is not recommended 3 The colorectal cancer patients with suspected or confirmed COVID 19 should be placed in the isolated room with separate medical devices and the operative room with negative pressure under 5 Pa must be separated All disposable medical items body fluids and feces of the patients in perioperative periods must be unified disposed according to the medical waste standard 4 The surgical medical workers who process colorectal cancer patients with COVID 19 must be protected by three level After operation the medical workers must receive medical observation and be isolated for 14 days We hope our " Renji experience" will be beneficial to colleagues ',1 32142651,'SARS CoV 2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor ','The recent emergence of the novel pathogenic SARS coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 in China and its rapid national and international spread pose a global health emergency Cell entry of coronaviruses depends on binding of the viral spike S proteins to cellular receptors and on S protein priming by host cell proteases Unravelling which cellular factors are used by SARS CoV 2 for entry might provide insights into viral transmission and reveal therapeutic targets Here we demonstrate that SARS CoV 2 uses the SARS CoV receptor ACE2 for entry and the serine protease TMPRSS2 for S protein priming A TMPRSS2 inhibitor approved for clinical use blocked entry and might constitute a treatment option Finally we show that the sera from convalescent SARS patients cross neutralized SARS 2 S driven entry Our results reveal important commonalities between SARS CoV 2 and SARS CoV infection and identify a potential target for antiviral intervention ',1 32185371,'Coronavirus Pandemic and Worries during Pregnancy a Letter to Editor ',?,1 32159735,'Care for Critically Ill Patients With COVID 19 ',?,1 32198088,'Transmission potential and severity of COVID 19 in South Korea ','Since the first case of 2019 novel coronavirus COVID 19 identified on Jan 20 2020 in South Korea the number of cases rapidly increased resulting in 6 284 cases including 42 deaths as of March 6 2020 To examine the growth rate of the outbreak we aimed to present the first study to report the reproduction number of COVID 19 in South Korea ',1 31423970,'Sensitive and Specific Detection of Low Level Antibody Responses in Mild Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infections ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV infections in humans can cause asymptomatic to fatal lower respiratory lung disease Despite posing a probable risk for virus transmission asymptomatic to mild infections can go unnoticed a lack of seroconversion among some PCR confirmed cases has been reported We found that a MERS CoV spike S1 protein based ELISA routinely used in surveillance studies showed low sensitivity in detecting infections among PCR confirmed patients with mild clinical symptoms and cross reactivity of human coronavirus OC43 positive serum samples Using in house S1 ELISA and protein microarray we demonstrate that most PCR confirmed MERS CoV case patients with mild infections seroconverted nonetheless some of these samples did not have detectable levels of virus neutralizing antibodies The use of a sensitive and specific serologic S1 based assay can be instrumental in the accurate estimation of MERS CoV prevalence ',0 32114094,'Pulmonary Pathology of Early Phase 2019 Novel Coronavirus COVID 19 Pneumonia in Two Patients With Lung Cancer ','There is currently a lack of pathologic data on the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pneumonia or coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 from autopsy or biopsy Two patients who recently underwent lung lobectomies for adenocarcinoma were retrospectively found to have had COVID 19 at the time of the operation These two cases thus provide important first opportunities to study the pathology of COVID 19 Pathologic examinations revealed that apart from the tumors the lungs of both patients exhibited edema proteinaceous exudate focal reactive hyperplasia of pneumocytes with patchy inflammatory cellular infiltration and multinucleated giant cells Hyaline membranes were not prominent Because both patients did not exhibit symptoms of pneumonia at the time of operation these changes likely represent an early phase of the lung pathology of COVID 19 pneumonia ',1 30619363,'Fine Tuning the Cytokine Storm by IFN and IL 10 Following Neurotropic Coronavirus Encephalomyelitis ','The central nervous system CNS is vulnerable to several viral infections including herpes viruses arboviruses and HIV to name a few While a rapid and effective immune response is essential to limit viral spread and mortality this anti viral response needs to be tightly regulated in order to limit immune mediated tissue damage This balance between effective virus control with limited pathology is especially important due to the highly specialized functions and limited regenerative capacity of neurons which can be targets of direct virus cytolysis or bystander damage CNS infection with the neurotropic strain of mouse hepatitis virus MHV induces an acute encephalomyelitis associated with focal areas of demyelination which is sustained during viral persistence Both innate and adaptive immune cells work in coordination to control virus replication While type I interferons are essential to limit virus spread associated with early mortality perforin and interferon g promote further virus clearance in astrocytes microglia and oligodendrocytes respectively Effective control of virus replication is nonetheless associated with tissue damage characterized by demyelinating lesions Interestingly the anti inflammatory cytokine IL 10 limits expansion of tissue lesions during chronic infection without affecting viral persistence Thus effective coordination of pro and anti inflammatory cytokines is essential during MHV induced encephalomyelitis in order to protect the host against viral infection at a limited cost ',0 32100976,' Airway management of COVID 19 patients with severe pneumonia ','Patients with severe and critical COVID 19 will develop into acute respiratory distress syndrome in a short time Noninvasive or invasive positive pressure ventilation will be important means for those patients which will help to improve the clinical cure rate and reduce the mortality Effective airway management has a great significance to improve respiratory support reduce complications and promote rehabilitation ',1 32101254,'Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Influenza ',?,1 32114746,' Drug interaction monitoring of lopinavir ritonavir in COVID 19 patients with cancer ','Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan Zhi Liao Yao Wu Luo Pi Na Wei Li Tuo Na Wei LR Shi Duo Chong Xi Bao Se Su P 450 CYP 450 Mei De Yi Zhi Ji You Shi Duo Chong CYP 450 Mei Di Wu Ci Wai Huan Shi PTang Dan Bai De Yi Zhi Ji Pu Tao Tang Quan Suan Zhuan Yi Mei You Dao Ji Yu Hen Duo Kang Zhong Liu Yao Wu Cun Zai Yao Wu Xiang Hu Zuo Yong Yao Pin Shuo Ming Shu Jin Lie Ju Liao Shao Shu Kang Zhong Liu Yao Wu Yu LRDe Xiang Hu Zuo Yong Ti Gong Can Kao Xin Xi Yan Zhong Bu Zu Ben Wen Xi Tong Zong Jie Liao Kang Zhong Liu Yao Wu Ji Chang Yong Fu Zhu Yao Wu He LRDe Xiang Hu Zuo Yong Ji Chu Li Jian Yi ',1 30781790,'Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 Mediated Signaling Limits Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MERS Coronavirus Propagation in Cells from an Insectivorous Bat ','Insectivorous bats are speculated to be ancestral hosts of Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS coronavirus CoV MERS CoV causes disease in humans with thirty five percent fatality and has evolved proteins that counteract human antiviral responses Since bats experimentally infected with MERS CoV do not develop signs of disease we tested the hypothesis that MERS CoV would replicate less efficiently in bat cells than in human cells because of its inability to subvert antiviral responses in bat cells We infected human and bat Eptesicus fuscus< i> cells with MERS CoV and observed that the virus grew to higher titers in human cells MERS CoV also effectively suppressed the antiviral interferon beta IFNb response in human cells unlike in bat cells To determine if IRF3 a critical mediator of the interferon response also regulated the response in bats we examined the response of IRF3 to poly I C a synthetic analogue of viral double stranded RNA We observed that bat IRF3 responded to poly I C by nuclear translocation and post translational modifications hallmarks of IRF3 activation Suppression of IRF3 by small interfering RNA siRNA demonstrated that IRF3 was critical for poly I C and MERS CoV induced induction of IFNb in bat cells Our study demonstrates that innate antiviral signaling in E fuscus< i> bat cells is resistant to MERS CoV mediated subversion ',0 32198801,'COVID 19 A Singapore Orthopedic resident s musings in the Emergency Department ','I felt my heart skip a beat as I took off my lead gown preparing to put in my post operative orders A transient wave of apprehension and I daresay fear swept past me that very moment It has been a good 8 years since I ve graduated medical school with nary an exposure to emergency medicine since my intern days I wasn t sure I could remember how to read an EKG accurately much less manage a patient in respiratory failure ',1 31175202,'Correction Case characteristics among Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak and non outbreak cases in Saudi Arabia from 2012 to 2015< i> ',?,0 32188308,'We Need Strong Public Health Care to Contain the Global Corona Pandemic ',?,1 32141619,'The transmission and diagnosis of 2019 novel coronavirus infection disease COVID 19 A Chinese perspective ','2019 novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 which originated in Wuhan China has attracted the world s attention over the last month The Chinese government has taken emergency measures to control the outbreak and has undertaken initial steps in the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus infection disease COVID 19 However SARS CoV 2 possesses powerful pathogenicity as well as transmissibility and still holds many mysteries that are yet to be solved such as whether the virus can be transmitted by asymptomatic patients or by mothers to their infants Our research presents selected available cases of COVID 19 in China to better understand the transmission and diagnosis regarding this infectious disease ',1 32155273,'The Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 ',?,1 31587665,'Evaluating the potential impact of targeted vaccination strategies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV outbreaks in the healthcare setting ','Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SARS and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MERS are two coronaviruses with demonstrated potential to generate significant nosocomial outbreaks In particular MERS continues to pose a significant threat in the Middle East since 2012 Currently no licensed vaccine or drug treatment is available to treat patients infected with either coronavirus However there are some MERS vaccines in the preclinical stage of development We sought to evaluate the potential impact of targeted vaccination strategies for mitigating SARS and MERS outbreaks in healthcare settings using simple mathematical models and detailed historic transmission trees describing the progression of past nosocomial outbreaks of SARS and MERS ',0 32142398,'Patients with RT PCR Confirmed COVID 19 and Normal Chest CT ',?,1 31544848,'Selection and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus through a Human Synthetic Fab Phage Display Library Panning ','Since its first report in the Middle East in 2012 the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV has become a global concern due to the high morbidity and mortality of individuals infected with the virus Although the majority of MERS CoV cases have been reported in Saudi Arabia the overall risk in areas outside the Middle East remains significant as inside Saudi Arabia Additional pandemics of MERS CoV are expected and thus novel tools and reagents for therapy and diagnosis are urgently needed Here we used phage display to develop novel monoclonal antibodies mAbs that target MERS CoV A human Fab phage display library was panned against the S2 subunit of the MERS CoV spike protein MERS S2P yielding three unique Fabs S2A3 S2A6 and S2D5 The Fabs had moderate apparent affinities Half maximal effective concentration EC< i>50< sub> = 123 421 nM for MERS S2P showed no cross reactivity to spike proteins from other CoVs and were non aggregating and thermostable T< i>m< sub> = 61 5 80 4 degC Reformatting the Fabs into IgGs Immunoglobulin Gs greatly increased their apparent affinities K< i>D< sub> = 0 17 1 2 nM presumably due to the effects of avidity These apparent affinities were notably higher than that of a previously reported anti MERS CoV S2 reference mAb K< i>D< sub> = 8 7 nM Furthermore two of the three mAbs S2A3 and S2D5 bound only MERS CoV Erasmus Medical Center EMC and not other CoVs reflecting their high binding specificity However the mAbs lacked MERS CoV neutralizing activity Given their high affinity specificity and desirable stabilities we anticipate that these anti MERS CoV mAbs would be suitable reagents for developing antibody based diagnostics in laboratory or hospital settings for point of care testing ',0 30637585,'Respiratory Pathogens in Infants Diagnosed with Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Western India Using Multiplex Real Time PCR ','To determine the frequency of respiratory pathogens in infants diagnosed with acute lower respiratory tract infections ',0 30690611,'Effect of experimental Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale infection along with live infectious bronchitis vaccination in broiler chickens ','Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale ORT a bacterium causing respiratory tract infection has led to a significant problem in the intensive poultry production in Egypt Polymerase chain reaction amplified 784 bp specific ORT DNA fragments were found in 7 ORT isolates from lungs air sacs and tracheas of commercial broilers or layers in Egypt in 2015 The objective of this study was to investigate the role of the live variant IBV 4 91 with ORT infection A total of 120 14 d old broiler chickens Cobb 500 were equally divided into 4 groups for experimental infection in a complete randomized design Group 1 was infected with ORT strain and live infectious bronchitis vaccine IBV 4 91 simultaneously group 2 was infected with the bacterial strain alone group 3 was vaccinated only with IBV 4 91 and group 4 was the non vaccinated and non infected control group The respiratory signs post mortem lesions tracheitis and pneumonia and histopathological findings of lungs trachea and air sacs in the experimentally infected broiler chickens appeared to be more prominent in the chickens of group 1 than group 2 With respect to body weight weight gain feed conversion rate and Ornithobacterium re isolation there was a difference P 0 05 among the chickens of group 1 and the other groups This reveals that the use of live infectious bronchitic vaccines which is a common practice in the local Egyptian field of production may concomitantly increase the pathogenicity of ORT in broiler chickens ',0 32065221,'Coronaviruses a paradigm of new emerging zoonotic diseases ','A novel type of coronavirus 2019 nCoV infecting humans appeared in Wuhan China at the end of December 2019 Since the identification of the outbreak the infection quickly spread involving in one month more than 31 000 confirmed cases with 638 death Molecular analysis suggest that 2019 nCoV could be originated from bats after passaging in intermediate hosts highlighting the high zoonotic potential of coronaviruses ',1 30623527,'Production of porcine aminopeptidase N pAPN site specific edited pigs ','Porcine viral diarrhea is an acute and highly contagious enteric disease in pigs which causes huge economic losses in pig industry worldwide Transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV is main pathogens responsible for piglets viral diarrhea Knockout the host cellular surface receptor for TGEV may be an effective way to accelerate the breeding of resistant pigs In this study we applied site specific editing pAPN which is effective in swine testis ST cells Site specific editing of pAPN reduced TGEV proliferation in ST cells by 96\% 99\% at different time periods post infection Next the site specific editing of pAPN porcine fetal fibroblasts were produced and then the cell colonies were used as donor cells to generate the site specific editing of pAPN pigs Our research findings will not only offer a more thorough understanding of the pathogenesis of piglet diarrhea and lay the foundation for breeding TGEV resistant piglets but also understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in coronaviral infections ',0 32171057,'Implications of COVID 19 for patients with pre existing digestive diseases ',?,1 32122876,'Covid 19 a digital epidemic ',?,1 32118645,'Single cell RNA sequencing data suggest a role for angiotensin converting enzyme 2 in kidney impairment in patients infected with 2019 nCoV ',?,1 32019669,'Pattern of early human to human transmission of Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV December 2019 to January 2020 ','Since December 2019 China has been experiencing a large outbreak of a novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV which can cause respiratory disease and severe pneumonia We estimated the basic reproduction number R0< i> of 2019 nCoV to be around 2 2 90\% high density interval 1 4 3 8 indicating the potential for sustained human to human transmission Transmission characteristics appear to be of similar magnitude to severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronavirus SARS CoV and pandemic influenza indicating a risk of global spread ',1 32198190,'Practical laboratory considerations amidst the COVID 19 outbreak early experience from Singapore ','The coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 is a zoonotic viral infection originating from Wuhan China in December 2019 The World Health Organization has classified this pandemic as a global health emergency due to its virulent nature of transmission which may lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome Singapore s health ministry has responded with enhanced surveillance of COVID 19 for all suspected pneumonia cases further increasing the volume of testing via real time reverse transcription PCR as well as samples necessitating stringent infectious control Collectively this has implications on the total testing process laboratory operations and its personnel due to biosafety concerns Turnaround time for routine testing may also be affected The aim of this article is to present our tertiary institution s early experience with managing this emerging crisis and offer practical considerations for the preanalytical analytical and postanalytical phases of laboratory testing in this cohort of patients ',1 30550100,' Etiological structure of influenza and other ARVI in St Petersburg during epidemic seasons 2012 2016 ','The etiological structure of influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections including their rate of incidence in St Petersburg and Leningrad region during 4 epidemic seasons has been studied Seasonality of some respiratory viruses was shown and peaks of circulation of RSV adenovirus parainfluenza viruses rhinovirus bocavirus metapneumovirus and coronavirus were marked The interference of influenza A viruses and RSV RSV and rhinoviruses was highlighted A high incidence of adenovirus infection in organized communities and RSV infection in children was revealed ',0 32149049,'Fear can be more harmful than the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in controlling the corona virus disease 2019 epidemic ','The current corona virus disease 2019 outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 started in Wuhan China in December 2019 and has put the world on alert To safeguard Chinese citizens and to strengthen global health security China has made great efforts to control the epidemic Many in the global community have joined China to limit the epidemic However discrimination and prejudice driven by fear or misinformation have been flowing globally superseding evidence and jeopardizing the anti severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 efforts We analyze this phenomenon and its underlying causes and suggest practical solutions ',1 32072920,' Health protection guideline of passenger transport stations and transportation facilities during novel coronavirus pneumonia NCP outbreak ','During the coronavirus pneumonia NCP outbreak the transportation industries are faced with the more burdensome tasks of outbreak prevention and control as well as ensuring smooth transportation It is important to organize transportation in order to restore the order of production and life ensure the normal economic and social operation and control the outbreak in the whole society From the perspective of health this guideline puts forward technical requirements on the operation management personnel requirements and health protection of passenger transportation places such as aviation railway subway bus taxi ship etc which reduces the impact of the NCP outbreak on the transportation industry and personal health risks ',1 32161968,'A comparative study on the clinical features of COVID 19 pneumonia to other pneumonias ','A novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV has raised world concern since it emerged in Wuhan Hubei China in December 2019 The infection may result into severe pneumonia with clusters illness onsets Its impacts on public health make it paramount to clarify the clinical features with other pneumonias ',1 32142399,'FDG PET CT of COVID 19 ',?,1 32129581,' Prediction modeling with data fusion and prevention strategy analysis for the COVID 19 outbreak ','Since December 2019 the outbreak of COVID 19 in Wuhan has spread rapidly due to population movement during the Spring Festival holidays Since January 23rd 2020 the strategies of containment and contact tracing followed by quarantine and isolation has been implemented extensively in mainland China and the rates of detection and confirmation have been continuously increased which have effectively suppressed the rapid spread of the epidemic In the early stage of the outbreak of COVID 19 it is of great practical significance to analyze the transmission risk of the epidemic and evaluate the effectiveness and timeliness of prevention and control strategies by using mathematical models and combining with a small amount of real time updated multi source data On the basis of our previous research we systematically introduce how to establish the transmission dynamic models in line with current Chinese prevention and control strategies step by step according to the different epidemic stages and the improvement of the data By summarized our modelling and assessing ideas the model formulations vary from autonomous to non autonomous dynamic systems the risk assessment index changes from the basic regeneration number to the effective regeneration number and the epidemic development and assessment evolve from the early SEIHR transmission model based dynamics to the recent dynamics which are mainly associated with the variation of the isolated and suspected population sizes ',1 31078932,'Structural basis for catalysis and substrate specificity of a 3C like cysteine protease from a mosquito mesonivirus ','Cavally virus CavV is a mosquito borne plus strand RNA virus in the family Mesoniviridae order Nidovirales We present X ray structures for the CavV 3C like protease 3CLpro< sup> as a free enzyme and in complex with a peptide aldehyde inhibitor mimicking the P4 to P1 residues of a natural substrate The 3CLpro< sup> structure refined to 1 94 A shows that the protein forms dimers The monomers are comprised of N terminal domains I and II which adopt a chymotrypsin like fold and a C terminal a helical domain III The catalytic Cys His dyad is assisted by a complex network of interactions involving a water molecule that mediates polar contacts between the catalytic His and a conserved Asp located in the domain II III junction and is suitably positioned to stabilize the developing positive charge of the catalytic His in the transition state during catalysis The study also reveals the structural basis for the distinct P2 Asn specific substrate binding pocket of mesonivirus 3CLpro< sup>s ',0 31756532,'Nucleocapsid proteins from other swine enteric coronaviruses differentially modulate PEDV replication ','Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV and porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV share tropism for swine intestinal epithelial cells Whether mixing of viral components during co infection alters pathogenic outcomes or viral replication is not known In this study we investigated how different coronavirus nucleocapsid CoV N proteins interact and affect PEDV replication We found that PDCoV N and TGEV N can competitively interact with PEDV N However the presence of PDCoV or TGEV N led to very different outcomes on PEDV replication While PDCoV N significantly suppresses PEDV replication overexpression of TGEV N like that of PEDV N increases production of PEDV RNA and virions Despite partial interchangeability in nucleocapsid oligomerization and viral RNA synthesis endogenous PEDV N cannot be replaced in the production of infectious PEDV particles Results from this study give insights into functional compatibilities and evolutionary relationship between CoV viral proteins during viral co infection and co evolution ',0 32134681,'CT Features of Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 Pneumonia in 62 Patients in Wuhan China ','OBJECTIVE < b> The purpose of this study was to investigate 62 subjects in Wuhan China with laboratory confirmed coronavirus disease COVID 19 pneumonia and describe the CT features of this epidemic disease MATERIALS AND METHODS < b> A retrospective study of 62 consecutive patients with laboratory confirmed COVID 19 pneumonia was performed CT images and clinical data were reviewed Two thoracic radiologists evaluated the distribution and CT signs of the lesions and also scored the extent of involvement of the CT signs The Mann Whitney U< i> test was used to compare lesion distribution and CT scores The chi square test was used to compare the CT signs of early phase versus advanced phase COVID 19 pneumonia RESULTS < b> A total of 62 patients 39 men and 23 women mean + SD age 52 8 + 12 2 years range 30 77 years with COVID 19 pneumonia were evaluated Twenty four of 30 patients who underwent routine blood tests 80 0\% had a decreased lymphocyte count Of 27 patients who had their erythrocyte sedimentation rate and high sensitivity C reactive protein level assessed 18 66 7\% had an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and all 27 100 0\% had an elevated high sensitivity C reactive protein level Multiple lesions were seen on the initial CT scan of 52 of 62 patients 83 9\% Forty eight of 62 patients 77 4\% had predominantly peripheral distribution of lesions The mean CT score for the upper zone 3 0 + 3 4 was significantly lower than that for the middle 4 5 + 3 8 and lower 4 5 + 3 7 zones p< i> = 0 022 and p< i> = 0 020 respectively and there was no significant difference in the mean CT score of the middle and lower zones p< i> = 1 00 The mean CT score for the anterior area 4 4 + 4 1 was significantly lower than that for the posterior area 7 7 + 6 3 p< i> = 0 003 CT findings for the patients were as follows 25 patients 40 3\% had ground glass opacities GGO 21 33 9\% consolidation 39 62 9\% GGO plus a reticular pattern 34 54 8\% vacuolar sign 28 45 2\% microvascular dilation sign 35 56 5\% fibrotic streaks 21 33 9\% a subpleural line and 33 53 2\% a subpleural transparent line With regard to bronchial changes seen on CT 45 patients 72 6\% had air bronchogram and 11 17 7\% had bronchus distortion In terms of pleural changes CT showed that 30 patients 48 4\% had pleural thickening 35 56 5\% had pleural retraction sign and six 9 7\% had pleural effusion Compared with early phase disease 7 days after the onset of symptoms advanced phase disease 8 14 days after the onset of symptoms was characterized by significantly increased frequencies of GGO plus a reticular pattern vacuolar sign fibrotic streaks a subpleural line a subpleural transparent line air bronchogram bronchus distortion and pleural effusion however GGO significantly decreased in advanced phase disease CONCLUSION < b> CT examination of patients with COVID 19 pneumonia showed a mixed and diverse pattern with both lung parenchyma and the interstitium involved Identification of GGO and a single lesion on the initial CT scan suggested early phase disease CT signs of aggravation and repair coexisted in advanced phase disease Lesions presented with a characteristic multifocal distribution in the middle and lower lung regions and in the posterior lung area A decreased lymphocyte count and an increased high sensitivity C reactive protein level were the most common laboratory findings ',1 32192856,'Active smoking is not associated with severity of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 ',?,1 32130047,'Deja Vu or Jamais Vu How the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Experience Influenced a Singapore Radiology Department s Response to the Coronavirus Disease COVID 19 Epidemic ','OBJECTIVE < b> This article shares the ground operational perspective of how a tertiary hospital radiology department in Singapore is responding to the coronavirus disease COVID 19 epidemic This same department was also deeply impacted by the severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS outbreak in 2003 CONCLUSION < b> Though similar to SARS the COVID 19 outbreak has several differences We share how lessons from 2003 are applied and modified in our ongoing operational response to this evolving novel pathogen ',1 32113991,'Trend and forecasting of the COVID 19 outbreak in China ',?,1 31731711,'Diagnosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis A Review of the Current Literature ','Feline infectious peritonitis FIP is a fatal disease that poses several challenges for veterinarians clinical signs and laboratory changes are non specific and there are two pathotypes of the etiologic agent feline coronavirus FCoV sometimes referred to as feline enteric coronavirus FECV and feline infectious peritonitis virus FIPV that vary fundamentally in their virulence but are indistinguishable by a number of diagnostic methods This review focuses on all important steps every veterinary practitioner has to deal with and new diagnostic tests that can be considered when encountering a cat with suspected FIP with the aim to establish a definitive diagnosis It gives an overview on all available direct and indirect diagnostic tests and their sensitivity and specificity reported in the literature in different sample material By providing summarized data for sensitivity and specificity of each diagnostic test and each sample material which can easily be accessed in tables this review can help to facilitate the interpretation of different diagnostic tests and raise awareness of their advantages and limitations Additionally diagnostic trees depict recommended diagnostic steps that should be performed in cats suspected of having FIP based on their clinical signs or clinicopathologic abnormalities These steps can easily be followed in clinical practice ',0 32131151,' Mental health survey of 230 medical staff in a tertiary infectious disease hospital for COVID 19 ','Objective < b> To investigate the mental health of clinical first line medical staff in COVID 19 epidemic and provide theoretical basis for psychological intervention Method < b> The mental health status of the first line medical staff was investigated by Self rating Anxiety Acale SAS and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Self rating Scale PTSD SS From February 7 to 14 2020 246 medical staff were investigated who participated in the treatment of COVID 19 using cluster sampling and received 230 responses with a recovery rate of 93 5\% Results < b> The incidence of anxiety in medical staff was 23 04\% 53 230 and the score of SAS was 42 91 + 10 89 Among them the incidence of severe anxiety moderate anxiety and mild anxiety were 2 17\% 5 230 4 78\% 11 230 and 16 09\% 37 230 respectively The incidence of anxiety in female medical staff was higher than that in male 25 67\% 48 187 vs< i> 11 63\% 5 43 Z< i>= 2 008 P< i>=0 045 the score of SAS in female medical staff was higher than that in male 43 78+ 11 12 vs< i> 39 14 + 9 01 t< i> = 2 548 P< i>=0 012 The incidence of anxiety in nurses was higher than that in doctors 26 88\% 43 160 vs< i> 14 29\% 10 70 Z< i>= 2 066 P< i>=0 039 and the score of SAS in nurses was higher than that in doctors 44 84+ 10 42 vs< i> 38 50+ 10 72 t< i> = 4 207 P< i>< 0 001 The incidence of stress disorder in medical staff was 27 39\% 63 230 and the score of PTSD SS was 42 92 + 17 88 The score of PTSD SS in female medical staff was higher than that of male 44 30+ 18 42 vs< i> 36 91 + 13 95 t< i>= 2 472 P< i>=0 014 Conclusions < b> In COVID 19 epidemic the incidence of anxiety and stress disorder is high among medical staff Medical institutions should strengthen the training of psychological skills of medical staff Special attention should be paid to the mental health of female nurses ',1 32199493,'Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID 19 ',?,1 31788121,'Expression and role of HEPIS in breast cancer ','Human embryo lung cellular protein interacting with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nonstructural protein 10 HEPIS is expressed at varying levels in multiple organs and breast cancer cell lines However its expression and function in breast cancer cells has yet to be studied Therefore RNA in situ< i> hybridization was used to detect the expression of HEPIS< i> in breast cancer and cancer adjacent normal breast tissue HEPIS< i> was expressed at lower levels in breast cancer compared with that in adjacent normal tissue Subcellular localization of HEPIS was mainly found in the cytoplasm of HeLa cells Cell Counting Kit 8 and 5 ethynyl 2 deoxyuridine cell proliferation assays were used to investigate the role of HEPIS< i> in cancer cell proliferation Ectopic expression of HEPIS in MCF 7 cells was found to significantly inhibit cell proliferation In contrast knockdown of HEPIS by RNA interference exhibited the opposite effect Furthermore a dual luciferase reporter assay was performed and HEPIS< i> overexpression specifically inhibited the activity of the NF kB reporter gene Results of the gene chip assay revealed that 2 231 genes were differentially expressed in HEPIS< i> overexpressing cells Results of the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses indicated that these genes were enriched in the mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathway JAK STAT signaling pathway and focal adhesion Reverse transcription quantitative PCR was used to confirm the expression levels of the differentially expressed genes interleukin 2 receptor subunit a IL2RA< i> interferon a and b receptor subunit 2 IFNAR2< i> and IFa8 IFNA8< i> In conclusion the results of the present study indicated that HEPIS may function as a potential repressor of breast cancer ',0 31160783,'Structural basis for human coronavirus attachment to sialic acid receptors ','Coronaviruses cause respiratory tract infections in humans and outbreaks of deadly pneumonia worldwide Infections are initiated by the transmembrane spike S glycoprotein which binds to host receptors and fuses the viral and cellular membranes To understand the molecular basis of coronavirus attachment to oligosaccharide receptors we determined cryo EM structures of coronavirus OC43 S glycoprotein trimer in isolation and in complex with a 9 O acetylated sialic acid We show that the ligand binds with fast kinetics to a surface exposed groove and that interactions at the identified site are essential for S mediated viral entry into host cells but free monosaccharide does not trigger fusogenic conformational changes The receptor interacting site is conserved in all coronavirus S glycoproteins that engage 9 O acetyl sialogycans with an architecture similar to those of the ligand binding pockets of coronavirus hemagglutinin esterases and influenza virus C D hemagglutinin esterase fusion glycoproteins Our results demonstrate these viruses evolved similar strategies to engage sialoglycans at the surface of target cells ',0 32142622,'Risk of COVID 19 for cancer patients ',?,1 30784880,'Chemical synthesis crystal structure versatile evaluation of their biological activities and molecular simulations of novel pyrithiobac derivatives ','Since pyrithiobac PTB is a successful commercial herbicide with very low toxicity against mammals it is worth exploring its derivatives for an extensive study Herein a total of 35 novel compounds were chemically synthesized and single crystal of 6 6 was obtained to confirm the molecular structure of this family of compounds The novel PTB derivatives were fully evaluated against various biological platforms From the bioassay results the best AHAS inhibitor 6 22 displayed weaker herbicidal activity but stronger anti Candida activity than PTB did For plant pathogenic fungi 6 26 showed excellent activity at 50 mg L dosage Preliminary insecticidal activity and antiviral activity were also observed for some title compounds Strikingly 6 5 exhibited a promising inhibitory activity against SARS CoV Mpro< sup> with IC50< sub> of 4 471 mM and a low cellular cytotoxicity against mammalian 293 T cells Based on the results of molecular modeling HOMO 1 was considered to be a factor that affects AHAS inhibition and a possible binding mode of 6 5 with SARS CoV Mpro< sup> was predicted This is the first time that PTB derivatives have been studied as biological agents other than herbicides The present research hence has suggested that more attentions should be paid to compounds belonging to this family to develop novel agrochemicals or medicines ',0 32085846,'Pathological findings of COVID 19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome ',?,1 32171074,'Comorbidities and multi organ injuries in the treatment of COVID 19 ',?,1 31614743,'Nosocomial Transmission of Emerging Viruses via Aerosol Generating Medical Procedures ','Recent nosocomial transmission events of emerging and re emerging viruses including Ebola virus Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus Nipah virus and Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus have highlighted the risk of nosocomial transmission of emerging viruses in health care settings In particular concerns and precautions have increased regarding the use of aerosol generating medical procedures when treating patients with such viral infections In spite of increasing associations between aerosol generating medical procedures and the nosocomial transmission of viruses we still have a poor understanding of the risks of specific procedures and viruses In order to identify which aerosol generating medical procedures and emerging viruses pose a high risk to health care workers we explore the mechanisms of aerosol generating medical procedures as well as the transmission pathways and characteristics of highly pathogenic viruses associated with nosocomial transmission We then propose how research both in clinical and experimental settings could advance current infection control guidelines ',0 32099120,'Coronavirus limit short term economic damage ',?,1 30746519,'First Complete Genome Sequence of Human Coronavirus HKU1 from a Nonill Bat Guano Miner in Thailand ','Human coronavirus HKU1 HCoV HKU1 was first detected in a patient with viral pneumonia from Hong Kong in 2004 Here we report the first complete genome sequence of HCoV HKU1 from Thailand obtained from a nonill person who worked in a bat cave Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed it as a group B HCoV HKU1 ',0 30676269,'What Have We Learned About Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Emergence in Humans A Systematic Literature Review ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV was first identified in humans in 2012 A systematic literature review was conducted to synthesize current knowledge and identify critical knowledge gaps ',0 31711379,'Blocking transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV in llamas by vaccination with a recombinant spike protein ','The ongoing Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV outbreaks pose a worldwide public health threat Blocking MERS CoV zoonotic transmission from dromedary camels the animal reservoir could potentially reduce the number of primary human cases Here we report MERS CoV transmission from experimentally infected llamas to naive animals Directly inoculated llamas shed virus for at least 6 days and could infect all in contact naive animals 4 5 days after exposure With the aim to block virus transmission we examined the efficacy of a recombinant spike S1 protein vaccine In contrast to naive animals in contact vaccinated llamas did not shed infectious virus upon exposure to directly inoculated llamas consistent with the induction of strong virus neutralizing antibody responses Our data provide further evidence that vaccination of the reservoir host may impede MERS CoV zoonotic transmission to humans ',0 32122250,'Public s early response to the novel coronavirus infected pneumonia ',?,1 31610541,'Innate Immune Evasion by Human Respiratory RNA Viruses ','The impact of respiratory virus infections on the health of children and adults can be very significant Yet in contrast to most other childhood infections as well as other viral and bacterial diseases prophylactic vaccines or effective antiviral treatments against viral respiratory infections are either still not available or provide only limited protection Given the widespread prevalence a general lack of natural sterilizing immunity and or high morbidity and lethality rates of diseases caused by influenza respiratory syncytial virus coronaviruses and rhinoviruses this difficult situation is a genuine societal challenge A thorough understanding of the virus host interactions during these respiratory infections will most probably be pivotal to ultimately meet these challenges This review attempts to provide a comparative overview of the knowledge about an important part of the interaction between respiratory viruses and their host the arms race between host innate immunity and viral innate immune evasion Many if not all viruses including the respiratory viruses listed above suppress innate immune responses to gain a window of opportunity for efficient virus replication and setting up of the infection The consequences for the host s immune response are that it is often incomplete delayed or diminished or displays overly strong induction after the delay that may cause tissue damage The affected innate immune response also impacts subsequent adaptive responses and therefore viral innate immune evasion often undermines fully protective immunity In this review innate immune responses relevant for respiratory viruses with an RNA genome will briefly be summarized and viral innate immune evasion based on shielding viral RNA species away from cellular innate immune sensors will be discussed from different angles Subsequently viral enzymatic activities that suppress innate immune responses will be discussed including activities causing host shut off and manipulation of stress granule formation Furthermore viral protease mediated immune evasion and viral manipulation of the ubiquitin system will be addressed Finally perspectives for use of the reviewed knowledge for the development of novel antiviral strategies will be sketched ',0 31963776,'Identification of a Novel Linear B Cell Epitope on the Nucleocapsid Protein of Porcine Deltacoronavirus ','Porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV first identified in 2012 is a swine enteropathogen now found in many countries The nucleocapsid N protein a core component of PDCoV is essential for virus replication and is a significant candidate in the development of diagnostics for PDCoV In this study monoclonal antibodies mAbs were generated and tested for reactivity with three truncations of the full protein N1 N2 N3 that contained partial overlaps of the five monoclonals chosen tested each reacted with only the N3 truncation The antibody designated 4E88 had highest binding affinity with the N protein and was chosen for in depth examination The 4E88 epitope was located to amino acids 308 AKPKQQKKPKK 318 by testing the 4E88 monoclonal for reactivity with a series of N3 truncations then the minimal epitope 309 KPKQQKKPK 317 designated EP 4E88 was pinpointed by testing the 4E88 monoclonal for reactivity with a series of synthetic peptides of this region Homology analysis showed that the EP 4E88 sequence is highly conserved among PDCoV strains and also shares high similarity with sparrow coronavirus HKU17 Asian leopard cat coronavirus ALCCoV quail coronavirus UAE HKU30 and sparrow deltacoronavirus SpDCoV Of note the PDCoV EP 4E88 sequence shared very low similarity < 22 2\% with other porcine coronaviruses PEDV TGEV PRCV SADS CoV PHEV demonstrating that it is an epitope that can be used for distinguishing PDCoV and other porcine coronavirus 3D structural analysis revealed that amino acids of EP 4E88 were in close proximity and may be exposed on the surface of the N protein ',0 32145716,' The preliminary analysis on the characteristics of the cluster for the Corona Virus Disease ','Since December 2019 Corona Virus Disease COVID 19 a new emerging infection disease occurred in Wuhan has spread in 27 countries and regions The clusters of many cases were reported with the epidemic progresses We collected currently available information for 377 COVID 19 clusters 1 719 cases excluded the hospital clusters and Hubei cases during the period from January 1 2020 to February 20 2020 There were 297 family clusters 79\% case median 4 39 clusters of dining 10\% case median 5 23 clusters of shopping malls or supermarkets 6\% case median 13 12 clusters of work units 3\% case median 6 and 6 clusters of transportation We selected 325 cases to estimate the incubation period and found its range is 1 to 20 days median was 7 days and mode was 4 days The analysis of the epidemic situation in a department store in China indicates that there is a possibility of patients as the source of infection during the incubation period of the epidemic From February 5 2020 to February 21 2020 634 persons were infected in the Diamond Princess Liner All persons are susceptible to SARS CoV 2 The older patients during the incubation period and the worse environment may be the cause of the cases rising The progress of the two typical outbreaks clearly demonstrates the spread of the early cases in Wuhan Whatever happens screening and isolating close contacts remains essential except for clinical treatment during the epidemic Especially for the healthy people in the epidemic area isolation is the key ',1 31550243,'Comorbid diabetes results in immune dysregulation and enhanced disease severity following MERS CoV infection ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV emerged in 2012 in Saudi Arabia and has caused over 2400 cases and more than 800 deaths Epidemiological studies identified diabetes as the primary comorbidity associated with severe or lethal MERS CoV infection Understanding how diabetes affects MERS is important because of the global burden of diabetes and pandemic potential of MERS CoV We used a model in which mice were made susceptible to MERS CoV by expressing human DPP4 and type 2 diabetes was induced by administering a high fat diet Upon infection with MERS CoV diabetic mice had a prolonged phase of severe disease and delayed recovery that was independent of virus titers Histological analysis revealed that diabetic mice had delayed inflammation which was then prolonged through 21 days after infection Diabetic mice had fewer inflammatory monocyte macrophages and CD4+ T cells which correlated with lower levels of Ccl2 and Cxcl10 expression Diabetic mice also had lower levels of Tnfa Il6 Il12b and Arg1 expression and higher levels of Il17a expression These data suggest that the increased disease severity observed in individuals with MERS and comorbid type 2 diabetes is likely due to a dysregulated immune response which results in more severe and prolonged lung pathology ',0 32160782,'Human coronavirus OC43 and other respiratory viruses from acute respiratory infections of Egyptian children ','Respiratory infections have a significant impact on health worldwide Viruses are major causes of acute respiratory infections among children Limited information regarding its prevalence in Egypt is available This study investigated prevalence of 10 respiratory viruses Adenovirus influenza A B respiratory syncytial virus RSV Parainfluenza virus PIV type 1 4 enterovirus and human coronavirus OC43 HCoV OC43 among children in Alexandria Egypt presenting with acute lower respiratory tract infections The study was conducted on children < 14 years of age selected from ElShatby Pediatric Hospital Alexandria University Egypt One hundred children presenting during winter season with influenza like illness were eligible for the study Oropharyngeal swabs were collected and subjected to viral RNA and DNA extraction followed by polymerase chain reaction Viral infections were detected in 44\% of cases Adenovirus was the most common it was found in 19\% of the patients Prevalence of PIV 3 and 4 and enterovirus was 7\% each Prevalence of RSV and HCoV OC43 was 5\% and 3\% respectively Two percentage were Influenza A positive and 1\% positive for influenza B Mixed viral infection was observed in 7\% To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of the isolation of HCoV OC43 from respiratory infections in Alexandria Egypt ',0 31834896,'Estimation of temporal covariances in pathogen dynamics using Bayesian multivariate autoregressive models ','It is well recognised that animal and plant pathogens form complex ecological communities of interacting organisms within their hosts and there is growing interest in the health implications of such pathogen interactions Although community ecology approaches have been used to identify pathogen interactions at the within host scale methodologies enabling robust identification of interactions from population scale data such as that available from health authorities are lacking To address this gap we developed a statistical framework that jointly identifies interactions between multiple viruses from contemporaneous non stationary infection time series Our conceptual approach is derived from a Bayesian multivariate disease mapping framework Importantly our approach captures within and between year dependencies in infection risk while controlling for confounding factors such as seasonality demographics and infection frequencies allowing genuine pathogen interactions to be distinguished from simple correlations We validated our framework using a broad range of synthetic data We then applied it to diagnostic data available for five respiratory viruses co circulating in a major urban population between 2005 and 2013 adenovirus human coronavirus human metapneumovirus influenza B virus and respiratory syncytial virus We found positive and negative covariances indicative of epidemiological interactions among specific virus pairs This statistical framework enables a community ecology perspective to be applied to infectious disease epidemiology with important utility for public health planning and preparedness ',0 32150618,'In Vitro Antiviral Activity and Projection of Optimized Dosing Design of Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 ','The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 first broke out in Wuhan China and subsequently spread worldwide Chloroquine has been sporadically used in treating SARS CoV 2 infection Hydroxychloroquine shares the same mechanism of action as chloroquine but its more tolerable safety profile makes it the preferred drug to treat malaria and autoimmune conditions We propose that the immunomodulatory effect of hydroxychloroquine also may be useful in controlling the cytokine storm that occurs late phase in critically ill SARS CoV 2 infected patients Currently there is no evidence to support the use of hydroxychloroquine in SARS CoV 2 infection ',1 32133129,'Houston we have a problem coronavirus ',?,1 32109279,'Clinical Characteristics of Imported Cases of COVID 19 in Jiangsu Province A Multicenter Descriptive Study ','We aimed to report the clinical characteristics of imported coronavirus disease 19 COVID 19 in Jiangsu Province ',1 31636915,'Feline coronavirus associated myocarditis in a domestic longhair cat ','A 9 month old entire male domestic longhair indoor cat presented with a 3 week history of fluctuating fever weight loss and small intestine diarrhoea which was unresponsive to antibiotics and supportive treatment Abdominal ultrasound revealed severe jejunal and ileocolic junction intestinal wall thickening with loss of layering An enterectomy was performed and histopathology revealed severe pyogranulomatous enteritis with vasculitits compatible with the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis FIP Four days after surgery the cat re presented with anorexia and acute onset of expiratory dyspnoea Echocardiography showed left ventricular hypertrophy and bilateral atrial enlargement Congestive heart failure caused by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was suspected and treatment with furosemide was started which led to amelioration of the clinical signs The following day four limb ataxia hypermetria and bilateral uveitis were evident Given the persistent anorexia and worsening of the clinical signs the cat was humanely euthanized and a post mortem examination was performed Necropsy revealed multifocal pyogranulomatous lesions involving multiple organs adrenal glands kidneys lungs brain myocardium lymph nodes liver compatible with the diagnosis of FIP Immunohistochemistry performed on the myocardium revealed feline coronavirus positive macrophages associated with pyogranulomatous lesions justifying a diagnosis of feline coronavirus associated myocarditis ',0 32035428,' Suggestions for disinfection of ophthalmic examination equipment and protection of ophthalmologist against 2019 novel coronavirus infection ','At present the prevention and treatment of 2019 Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV in China has reached a critical stage It is extremely important to disinfect ophthalmic examination instruments and protect ophthalmic medical care during the epidemic period to reduce cross infection in clinical practice and reduce the infection risk of ophthalmic medical staff Chin J Ophthalmol 2020 56 0001 < i> ',1 32169834,'Covid 19 Medical conferences around the world are cancelled after US cases are linked to Massachusetts meeting ',?,1 32179137,'Estimation of the asymptomatic ratio of novel coronavirus infections COVID 19 ',?,1 31025076,'A TaqMan probe based multiplex real time RT qPCR for simultaneous detection of porcine enteric coronaviruses ','Swine enteric coronaviruses are a group of most significant pathogens causing diarrhea in piglets with similar clinical symptoms and pathological changes To develop a simple rapid accurate and high throughput detection method for diagnosis and differential diagnosis on swine enteric coronaviruses specific primers and probes were designed based on the highly conserved regions of transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV N porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV M porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV M and porcine enteric alphacoronavirus PEAV N genes respectively A TaqMan probe based multiplex real time RT qPCR assay was developed and optimized to simultaneously detect these swine enteric coronaviruses The results showed that the limit of detection can reach as low as 10 copies in singular real time RT qPCR assays and 100 copies in multiplex real time RT qPCR assay with all correlation coefficients R2< sup> at above 0 99 and the amplification efficiency at between 90 and 120\% This multiplex real time RT qPCR assay demonstrated high sensitivity extreme specificity and excellent repeatability The multiplex real time RT qPCR assay was then employed to detect the swine enteric coronavirus from 354 field diarrheal samples The results manifested that TGEV and PDCoV were the main pathogens in these samples accompanied by co infections This well established multiplex real time RT qPCR assay provided a rapid efficient specific and sensitive tool for detection of swine enteric coronaviruses ',0 31141512,'Lessening of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus susceptibility in piglets after editing of the CMP N glycolylneuraminic acid hydroxylase gene with CRISPR Cas9 to nullify N glycolylneuraminic acid expression ','The porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus PEDV devastates the health of piglets but may not infect piglets whose CMP N glycolylneuraminic acid hydroxylase CMAH gene is mutated knockouts KO by using CRISPR Cas9 gene editing techniques This hypothesis was tested by using KO piglets that were challenged with PEDV Two single guide RNAs targeting the CMAH gene and Cas9 mRNA were microinjected into the cytoplasm of newly fertilized eggs Four live founders generated and proven to be biallelic KO lacking detectable N glycolylneuraminic acid NGNA The founders were bred and homozygous offspring were obtained Two day old in exps I n = 6 and III n = 15 and 3 day old in exp II n = 9 KO and wild type WT same ages in respective exps piglets were inoculated with TCID50 1x103 PEDV and then fed 20 mL of infant formula in exps I and II or sow s colostrum in exp III every 4 hours In exp III the colostrum was offered 6 times and was then replaced with Ringer 5\% glucose solution At 72 hours post PEDV inoculation hpi the animals either deceased or euthanized were necropsied and intestines were sampled In all 3 experiments the piglets showed apparent outward clinical manifestations suggesting that infection occurred despite the CMAH KO In exp I all 6 WT piglets and only 1 of 6 KO piglets died at 72 hpi Histopathology and immunofluorescence staining showed that the villus epithelial cells of WT piglets were severely exfoliated but only moderate exfoliation and enterocyte vacuolization was observed in KO piglets In exp II delayed clinical symptoms appeared yet the immunofluorescence staining histopathologic inspection I H scores of the two groups differed little In exp III the animals exhibited clinical and pathological signs after inoculation similar to those in exp II These results suggest that porcine CMAH KO with nullified NGNA expression are not immune to PEDV but that this KO may lessen the severity of the infection and delay its occurrence ',0 31388489,'Haemophilus parainfluenzae< i> endocarditis with multiple cerebral emboli in a pregnant woman with coronavirus ',?,0 32035511,'2019 nCoV epidemic what about pregnancies ',?,1 32105609,'COVID 19 control in China during mass population movements at New Year ',?,1 31843456,'Enzootic patterns of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in imported African and local Arabian dromedary camels a prospective genomic study ','The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV is a lethal zoonotic pathogen endemic to the Arabian Peninsula Dromedary camels are a likely source of infection and the virus probably originated in Africa We studied the genetic diversity geographical structure infection prevalence and age associated prevalence among camels at the largest entry port of camels from Africa into the Arabian Peninsula ',0 32196079,'Stopping the Spread of COVID 19 ',?,1 30879317,'Identification and characterization of a novel linear epitope in the spike protein of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus ','The main immunogenic protein of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV is the spike protein S protein which plays an important role in receptor binding membrane fusion and viral invasion of the host In this paper the linear epitope of the 3F10 non neutralizing monoclonal antibody that was previously prepared in our laboratory was identified The expression of truncated forms of the S protein for 3F10 reaction studies proved that the epitope was located between amino acids aa 674 and 791 To further locate the core aa of the 3F10 epitope 12 random peptide libraries were used and the result showed that the key aa located at aa 685 688 of the S protein LLAF were recognized by 3F10 Homology analysis of the regions corresponding to 20 typical strains of different PEDV subtypes showed that the epitope is highly conserved Identifying the epitope recognized by an antibody helps to improve our understanding of the structure and function of the antigen Keywords spike protein linear epitope homology analysis ',0 32200634,'Protein structure and sequence re analysis of 2019 nCoV genome refutes snakes as its intermediate host or the unique similarity between its spike protein insertions and HIV 1 ','As the infection of 2019 nCoV coronavirus is quickly developing into a global pneumonia epidemic careful analysis of its transmission and cellular mechanisms is sorely needed In this report we first analyzed two recent studies which concluded that snakes are the intermediate hosts of 2019 nCoV and that the 2019 nCoV spike protein insertions shared a unique similarity to HIV 1 The re implementation of the analyses built on larger scale datasets using state of the art bioinformatics methods and databases present however clear evidences rebutting these conclusions Next using metagenomic samples from Manis javanica we assembled a draft genome of the 2019 nCoV like coronavirus which shows 73\% coverage and 91\% sequence identity to the 2019 nCoV genome In particular the alignments of the spike surface glycoprotein receptor binding domain revealed 4 fold more variations in the bat coronavirus RaTG13 than those in the Manis coronavirus compared to 2019 nCoV suggesting the pangolin as a missing link in the transmission of 2019 nCoV from bats to human ',0 32169400,'Cardiac troponin I in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 Evidence from a meta analysis ',?,1 30595687,'An Atypical Case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in a Returning Traveler to Korea from Kuwait 2018 ','We report a case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV infection in a 61 year old businessman returning from Kuwait The patient arrived there on August 16 2018 developed watery diarrhea on August 28 day 0 and came back to Korea on September 7 day 10 as his condition worsened Upon arrival he complained of diarrhea and weakness but denied any respiratory symptoms and he directly went to visit an emergency room Chest radiography revealed interstitial infiltrates in the lungs and he was immediately transferred to an isolation unit Quantitative real time PCR analysis of sputum samples taken on day 11 returned positive for MERS CoV No secondary MERS CoV infection was identified among people who had close contact with him This case underscores the importance of a high index of suspicion of MERS CoV infection in any febrile patients who present after a trip to the Middle East ',0 32110875,'Potential Rapid Diagnostics Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV A Systematic Review ','Rapid diagnostics vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV outbreak It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV and severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS CoV to guide policymakers globally on their prioritization of resources for research and development A systematic search was carried out in three major electronic databases PubMed Embase and Cochrane Library to identify published studies in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses PRISMA guidelines Supplementary strategies through Google Search and personal communications were used A total of 27 studies fulfilled the criteria for review Several laboratory protocols for confirmation of suspected 2019 nCoV cases using real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction RT PCR have been published A commercial RT PCR kit developed by the Beijing Genomic Institute is currently widely used in China and likely in Asia However serological assays as well as point of care testing kits have not been developed but are likely in the near future Several vaccine candidates are in the pipeline The likely earliest Phase 1 vaccine trial is a synthetic DNA based candidate A number of novel compounds as well as therapeutics licensed for other conditions appear to have in vitro efficacy against the 2019 nCoV Some are being tested in clinical trials against MERS CoV and SARS CoV while others have been listed for clinical trials against 2019 nCoV However there are currently no effective specific antivirals or drug combinations supported by high level evidence ',1 32150622,'Diagnostic Testing for the Novel Coronavirus ',?,1 32169967,'Covid 19 UK holds off closing schools and restricts testing to people in hospital ',?,1 30867350,'Memory immune responses and protection of chickens against a nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus strain by combining live heterologous and inactivated homologous vaccines ','In this study we evaluated antibody and cell mediated immune CMI responses in the mucosal and systemic compartments and protection against challenge with a nephropathogenic Brazilian BR I strain of infectious bronchitis virus IBV in chickens submitted to a vaccination regime comprising a priming dose of heterologous live attenuated Massachusetts vaccine followed by a booster dose of an experimental homologous inactivated vaccine two weeks later This immunization protocol elicited significant increases in serum and lachrymal levels of anti IBV IgG antibodies and upregulated the expression of CMI response genes such as those encoding CD8b chain and Granzyme homolog A in tracheal and kidney tissues at 3 7 and 11 days post infection in the vaccinated chickens Additionally vaccinated and challenged chickens showed reduced viral loads and microscopic lesion counts in tracheal and kidney tissues and their antibody and CMI responses were negatively correlated with viral loads in the trachea and kidney In conclusion the combination of live attenuated vaccine containing the Massachusetts strain with a booster dose of an inactivated vaccine containing a BR I IBV strain confers effective protection against infection with nephropathogenic homologous IBV strain because of the induction of consistent memory immune responses mediated by IgG antibodies and TCD8 cells in the mucosal and systemic compartments of chickens submitted to this vaccination regime ',0 32058086,'Novel coronavirus how things are in Wuhan ',?,1 32191167,'COVID 19 What implications for sexual and reproductive health and rights globally ',?,1 32171192,' Epidemiological characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus family clustering in Zhejiang Province ','Objective < b> Family clusters of Novel coronavirus pneumonia in Zhejiang province were analyzed to provide epidemiological basis for disease control Methods < b> The data of family clusters occurred from January 20 to February 10 in Zhejiang Province were collected Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the clinical symptoms and the serial interval between the subsequent cases and the index cases Chi square test was used to analyze the age distribution gender distribution and the relationship between the subsequent cases and the index cases Results < b> 391 cases including 148 family index cases 189 subsequent cases and 54 asymptomatic infected cases The clinical symptoms between family index cases and subsequent cases are similar fever is the most common symptoms in the two groups 114 77 03\% and 92 48 68\% respectively the cases with diarrhea symptoms accounted for the least proportion which were 7 4 73\% and 5 2 65\% The serial interval between the family index cases and the subsequent cases M< i> P< i> 25 P< i> 75 was 3 00 1 00 6 00 days Family secondary attack rate for subsequent cases and asymptomatic infected cases are 31 61\% and 43 20\% respectively the family secondary attack rate of the spouses of the family index cases is 63 87\% and are higher than that of their children 30 53\% parents 28 37\% and other family members 20 93\% the difference was statistically significant Conclusion < b> 2019 novel coronavirus has shorter serial interval and higher family secondary attack rate the secondary attack rate of spouses is higher than other family members ',1 32073213,'Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia ','In the recent outbreak of novel coronavirus infection in Wuhan China significantly abnormal coagulation parameters in severe novel coronavirus pneumonia NCP cases were a concern ',1 32202420,'An Imperative Need for Research on the Role of Environmental Factors in Transmission of Novel Coronavirus COVID 19 ',?,0 32083328,'COVID 2019 The role of the nsp2 and nsp3 in its pathogenesis ','Last December 2019 a new virus named novel Coronavirus COVID 2019 causing many cases of severe pneumonia was reported in Wuhan China The virus knowledge is limited and especially about COVID 2019 pathogenesis The Open Reading Frame 1ab ORF1ab of COVID 2019 has been analyzed to evidence the presence of mutation caused by selective pressure on the virus For selective pressure analysis fast unconstrained Bayesian approximation FUBAR was used Homology modelling has been performed by SwissModel and HHPred servers The presence of transmembrane helical segments in Coronavirus ORF1ab non structural protein 2 nsp2 and nsp3 was tested by TMHMM MEMSAT and MEMPACK tools Three dimensional structures have been analyzed and displayed using PyMOL FUBAR analysis revealed the presence of potential sites under positive selective pressure P < 05 Position 723 in the COVID 2019 has a serine instead a glycine residue while at aminoacidic position 1010 a proline instead an isoleucine Significant P < 05 pervasive negative selection in 2416 sites 55\% was found The positive selective pressure could account for some clinical features of this virus compared with severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS and Bat SARS like CoV The stabilizing mutation falling in the endosome associated protein like domain of the nsp2 protein could account for COVID 2019 high ability of contagious while the destabilizing mutation in nsp3 proteins could suggest a potential mechanism differentiating COVID 2019 from SARS These data could be helpful for further investigation aimed to identify potential therapeutic targets or vaccine strategy especially in the actual moment when the epidemic is ongoing and the scientific community is trying to enrich knowledge about this new viral pathogen ',1 32202241,'Therapies used in rheumatology with relevance to coronavirus disease 2019 ',?,0 32100979,' Health management of breast cancer patients outside the hospital during the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus disease ','The outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 is spreading rapidly In order to prevent cluster outbreaks the government strengthened the management and control of personnel mobility which had a great impact on the examination and treatment of breast cancer patients This paper discusses how to realize scientific health management of breast cancer patients outside the hospital based on the existing epidemic situation characteristics of breast cancer patients and public health safety factors The breast cancer patients should synthetically consider the epidemic prevention situation of inhabitance the disease stage and previous therapeutic schedule to decide the next therapeutic schedule If necessary after professional discussion and communication between doctors and patients online or offline the hospital visiting time should be delayed through seeking alternative treatment schemes and psychological counseling for patients should be paid attention to at the same time ',1 32170800,'Consensus of Chinese experts on protection of skin and mucous membrane barrier for healthcare workers fighting against coronavirus disease 2019 ','Health professions preventing and controlling Coronavirus Disease 2019 are prone to skin and mucous membrane injury which may cause acute and chronic dermatitis secondary infection and aggravation of underlying skin diseases This is a consensus of Chinese experts on protective measures and advice on hand cleaning and medical glove related hand protection mask and goggles related face protection UV related protection eye protection nasal and oral mucosa protection outer ear and hair protection It is necessary to strictly follow standards of wearing protective equipment and specification of sterilizing and cleaning Insufficient and excessive protection will have adverse effects on the skin and mucous membrane barrier At the same time using moisturizing products is highly recommended to achieve better protection This article is protected by copyright All rights reserved ',1 31720054,'Seroprevalence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV in public health workers responding to a MERS outbreak in Seoul Republic of Korea in 2015 ',?,0 30578142,'Individual and network characteristic associated with hospital acquired Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus ','During outbreaks of infectious diseases transmission of the pathogen can form networks of infected individuals connected either directly or indirectly ',0 31677415,'Comprehensive analysis of synonymous codon usage patterns in orf3 gene of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in China ','The ORF3 protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV is found to function as an ion channel which influences virus virulence and production Taking consideration of the importance of PEDV orf3 gene we have performed comprehensive analysis to investigate its synonymous codon usage patterns In this study the results of base composition analysis showed A T rich and G C poor in PEDV orf3 genes and the most abundant base was nucleotide T The relative synonymous codon usage value in each codon revealed that codon usage bias existed The mean ENC value of each gene was 48 75 indicating a low codon usage bias as well as a relatively instable change in PEDV orf3 genes The general correlation analysis between base composition and codon usage bias indicated that mutational bias has an impact on the PEDV codon usage bias Neutral analysis suggested that natural selection pressure takes a more important influence than mutational bias in shaping codon usage bias Moreover other factors including hydrophobicity and aromaticity have been also found to influence the codon usage variation among the PEDV orf3 genes This study not only represents the most systematic analysis of codon usage patterns in PEDV orf3 genes but also provides a basic shaping mechanism of the codon usage bias ',0 32142626,'Mass masking in the COVID 19 epidemic people need guidance ',?,1 32194236,'Could enhanced influenza and pneumococcal vaccination programs help limit the potential damage from SARS CoV 2 to fragile health systems of southern hemisphere countries this winter ',?,1 32156332,'Potential scenarios for the progression of a COVID 19 epidemic in the European Union and the European Economic Area March 2020 ','Two months after the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 the possibility of established and widespread community transmission in the European Union and European Economic Area EU EEA is becoming more likely We provide scenarios for use in preparedness for a possible widespread epidemic The EU EEA is moving towards the limited sustained transmission phase We propose actions to prepare for potential mitigation phases and coordinate efforts to protect the health of citizens ',1 32167166,'An exclusive 42 amino acid signature in pp1ab protein provides insights into the evolutive history of the 2019 novel human pathogenic coronavirus SARS CoV 2 ','The city of Wuhan Hubei province China was the origin of a severe pneumonia outbreak in December 2019 attributed to a novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 causing a total of 2761 deaths and 81109 cases 25 February 2020 SARS CoV 2 belongs to genus Betacoronavirus subgenus Sarbecovirus The polyprotein 1ab pp1ab remains unstudied thoroughly since it is similar to other sarbecoviruses In this short communication we performed phylogenetic structural sequence analysis of pp1ab protein of SARS CoV 2 The analysis showed that the viral pp1ab has not changed in most isolates throughout the outbreak time but interestingly a deletion of 8 aa in the virulence factor nonstructural protein 1 was found in a virus isolated from a Japanese patient that did not display critical symptoms While comparing pp1ab protein with other betacoronaviruses we found a 42 amino acid signature that is only present in SARS CoV 2 AS SCoV2 Members from clade 2 of sarbecoviruses have traces of this signature The AS SCoV2 located in the acidic domain of papain like protein of SARS CoV 2 and bat SL CoV RatG13 guided us to suggest that the novel 2019 coronavirus probably emerged by genetic drift from bat SL CoV RaTG13 The implication of this amino acid signature in papain like protein structure arrangement and function is something worth to be explored ',1 32057210,' The prevention and control of a new coronavirus infection in department of stomatology ','During a short period of time the outbreak of pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus named Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia NCP was first reported in China spreading to 24 countries and regions rapidly The number of confirmed cases and deaths continued to rise World Health Organization WHO announced that the outbreaks of the novel coronavirus have constituted a Public Health Emergency of International Concern Efficient infection control can prevent the virus from further spreading which makes the epidemic situation under control Due to the specialty of oral healthcare settings the risk of cross infection is severe among patients and oral healthcare practitioners It s more urgent to implement strict and efficient infection control protocols This paper based on existing guidelines and published researches pertinent to dental infection control principles and practices mainly discusses epidemiological characteristics of NCP and the features of nosocomial infection in oral healthcare settings and furthermore provides recommendations on patient s evaluation and infection control protocols in department of stomatology under current circumstance ',1 31906369,'Effect of Information Disclosure Policy on Control of Infectious Disease MERS CoV Outbreak in South Korea ','This study examined the effect of disclosing a list of hospitals with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV patients on the number of laboratory confirmed MERS CoV cases in South Korea MERS CoV data from 20 May 2015 to 5 July 2015 were from the Korean Ministry of Health & Welfare website and analyzed using segmented linear autoregressive error models for interrupted time series This study showed that the number of laboratory confirmed cases was increased by 9 632 on 5 June p< i> < 0 001 However this number was significantly decreased following disclosure of a list of hospitals with MERS CoV cases Estimate = 0 699 p< i> < 0 001 Disclosing the list of hospitals exposed to MERS CoV was critical to the prevention of further infection It reduced the number of confirmed MERS CoV cases Thus providing accurate and timely information is a key to critical care response ',0 32146721,'An outbreak of COVID 19 caused by a new coronavirus what we know so far ',?,1 31640578,'Clinical outcomes among hospital patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV infection ','Mortality is high among patients with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS CoV infection We aimed to determine hospital mortality and the factors associated with it in a cohort of MERS CoV patients ',0 31564724,'From Four Way Linking to a One Health Platform in Egypt institutionalisation of a multidisciplinary and multisectoral One Health system ','The convergence of humans animals and our shared environment results in a dynamic in which the health of each group is inextricably linked Taking into account the fact that the majority of emerging pathogens e g highly pathogenic avian influenza HPAI severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus Nipah virus Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus are zoonotic diseases Egypt has established a national One Health coordination mechanism The primary purpose of this mechanism is to provide a comprehensive strategic approach to concurrent and future health challenges that are facing public and animal heath including environmental impacts In this way the public health animal health and environment sectors can improve disease mitigation measures develop stronger and more stable public and animal health services promote effective national communication strategies and improve One Health collaboration among all relevant sectors In Egypt the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO and the World Health Organization WHO currently assist in hosting the country s Four Way Linking Task Force with the participation of the convening Ministries Ministry of Health and Population Ministry of Environment and Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation MOALR through the General Organisation for Veterinary Services and the MOALR s laboratories In the context of the Emerging Pandemic Threats 2 Program funded by the United States Agency for International Development USAID FAO plans to assist Egypt in establishing a robust multidisciplinary and multisectoral One Health system This system is based on the solid foundation of the Four Way Linking Platform which combines information from four functional streams epidemiology laboratories and animal and human health Egypt s platform will involve all sectors concerned with HPAI control and combine all stakeholders in an integrated holistic approach to improve the detection of response to and control of any threats at the human animal environment interface in Egypt ',0 31412572,'Serological Screening for Coronavirus Infections in Cats ','Coronaviruses CoVs are widespread among mammals and birds and known for their potential for cross species transmission In cats infections with feline coronaviruses FCoVs are common Several non feline coronaviruses have been reported to infect feline cells as well as cats after experimental infection supported by their ability to engage the feline receptor ortholog for cell entry However whether cats might become naturally infected with CoVs of other species is unknown We analyzed coronavirus infections in cats by serological monitoring In total 137 cat serum samples and 25 FCoV type 1 or type 2 specific antisera were screened for the presence of antibodies against the S1 receptor binding subunit of the CoV spike protein which is immunogenic and possesses low amino acid sequence identity among coronavirus species Seventy eight sera were positive for antibodies that recognized one or more coronavirus S1s whereas 1 serum exclusively reacted with human coronavirus 229E HCoV 229E and two sera exclusively reacted with porcine delta coronavirus PDCoV We observed antigenic cross reactivity between S1s of type 1 and type 2 FCoVs and between FCoV type 1 and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV Domain mapping of antibody epitopes indicated the presence of conserved epitope s particularly in the CD domains of S1 The cross reactivity of FCoV type 1 and PEDV was also observed at the level of virus neutralization To conclude we provide the first evidence of antigenic cross reactivity among S1 proteins of coronaviruses which should be considered in the development of serological diagnoses In addition the potential role of cats in cross species transmission of coronaviruses cannot be excluded ',0 32195824,'Can angiotensin receptor blocking drugs perhaps be harmful in the COVID 19 pandemic ',?,1 32196655,'Expert consensus for managing pregnant women and neonates born to mothers with suspected or confirmed novel coronavirus COVID 19 infection ','To provide clinical management guidelines for novel coronavirus COVID 19 in pregnancy ',1 30987635,'Visual detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus using a novel reverse transcription polymerase spiral reaction method ','Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV is a major etiological agent of porcine epidemic diarrhea around the world Point of care testing in the field is lacking owing to the requirement for a simple robust field applicable test that does not require professional laboratory equipment The aim of this study was to establish a novel reverse transcription polymerase spiral reaction RT PSR assay for the rapid detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV For the assay a specific RT PSR primer pair was designed against a conserved region in PEDV ORF3 ',0 32160316,'Co infection of SARS CoV 2 and HIV in a patient in Wuhan city China ',?,1 32129667,'Breastfeeding and Respiratory Antivirals Coronavirus and Influenza ',?,1 32127666,'Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV ',?,1 32192627,'Screening of faecal microbiota transplant donors during the COVID 19 outbreak suggestions for urgent updates from an international expert panel ',?,1 32150576,'Structure of mouse coronavirus spike protein complexed with receptor reveals mechanism for viral entry ','Coronaviruses recognize a variety of receptors using different domains of their envelope anchored spike protein How these diverse receptor recognition patterns affect viral entry is unknown Mouse hepatitis coronavirus MHV is the only known coronavirus that uses the N terminal domain NTD of its spike to recognize a protein receptor CEACAM1a Here we determined the cryo EM structure of MHV spike complexed with mouse CEACAM1a The trimeric spike contains three receptor binding S1 heads sitting on top of a trimeric membrane fusion S2 stalk Three receptor molecules bind to the sides of the spike trimer where three NTDs are located Receptor binding induces structural changes in the spike weakening the interactions between S1 and S2 Using protease sensitivity and negative stain EM analyses we further showed that after protease treatment of the spike receptor binding facilitated the dissociation of S1 from S2 allowing S2 to transition from pre fusion to post fusion conformation Together these results reveal a new role of receptor binding in MHV entry in addition to its well characterized role in viral attachment to host cells receptor binding also induces the conformational change of the spike and hence the fusion of viral and host membranes Our study provides new mechanistic insight into coronavirus entry and highlights the diverse entry mechanisms used by different viruses ',0 32118640,'Analysis of factors associated with disease outcomes in hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus disease ','Since early December 2019 the 2019 novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 has caused pneumonia epidemic in Wuhan Hubei province of China This study aims to investigate the factors affecting the progression of pneumonia in COVID 19 patients Associated results will be used to evaluate the prognosis and to find the optimal treatment regimens for COVID 19 pneumonia ',1 31017663,'Viruses associated with acute respiratory infection in a community based cohort of healthy New Zealand children ','Acute respiratory infections ARIs are a major cause of morbidity among children Respiratory viruses are commonly detected in both symptomatic and asymptomatic periods The rates of infection and community epidemiology of respiratory viruses in healthy children needs further definition to assist interpretation of molecular diagnostic assays in this population Children otherwise healthy aged 1 to 8 years were prospectively enrolled in the study during two consecutive winters when ARIs peak in New Zealand Parents completed a daily symptom diary for 8 weeks during which time they collected a nasal swab from the child for each clinical ARI episode A further nasal swab was collected by research staff during a clinic visit at the conclusion of the study All samples were tested for 15 respiratory viruses commonly causing ARI using molecular multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays There were 575 ARIs identified from 301 children completing the study at a rate of 1 04 per child month Swabs collected during an ARI were positive for a respiratory virus in 76 8\% 307 of 400 compared with 37 3\% 79 of 212 of swabs collected during asymptomatic periods The most common viruses detected were human rhinovirus coronavirus parainfluenza viruses influenzavirus respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus All of these were significantly more likely to be detected during ARIs than asymptomatic periods Parent administered surveillance is a useful mechanism for understanding infectious disease in healthy children in the community Interpretation of molecular diagnostic assays for viruses must be informed by understanding of local rates of asymptomatic infection by such viruses ',0 32102140,' Facing the pandemic of 2019 novel coronavirus infections the pediatric perspectives ','Zi 2019Nian 12Yue Zhong Xun Yi Lai Wu Yi Shi Bao Fa Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Gan Ran De Fei Yan Liu Xing Yi Qing Hen Kuai Kuo San Dao Quan Guo Ge Di Yi Ji Jing Wai Guo Jia Xing Shi Yan Jun Zai Ben Ci Zhong Da Tu Fa Yi Qing Zhong Er Tong Que Zhen Bing Li Shu Zhan Bi Hen Xiao Dan Sui Zhao Yi Qing Gao Feng Ji Geng Duo Di Qu Kai Zhan Bing Yuan Jian Ce Er Tong Gan Ran Li Shu You Jiao Ming Xian Zeng Duo Qu Shi Ying Yu Yi Gao Du Zhong Shi Ben Wen Jiang Cong Er Ke Yi Sheng De Jiao Du Zhong Dian Jiu Er Tong Bing Li De Liu Xing Bing Xue Te Zheng Yu Fang Kong Cuo Shi Lin Chuang Ji Bing Te Dian Yu Zhuan Gui Zhen Duan Biao Zhun Ji Zhi Liao Deng Fang Mian Jin Xing Tao Lun Bing Ti Chu Xiang Ying Jian Yi ',0 32050060,'Journey of a Thai Taxi Driver and Novel Coronavirus ',?,1 32050080,'COVID 19 Australia Epidemiology Report 2 Reporting week ending 19 00 AEDT 8 February 2020 ','This is the second epidemiological report for coronavirus disease COVID 19 previously known as novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV reported in Australia as at 19 00 Australian Eastern Daylight Time AEDT 8 February 2020 It includes data on Australian cases notified during the week ending 19 00 AEDT 8 February 2020 the international situation and current information on the severity transmission and spread of the COVID 19 infection ',1 32023683,' Prevention and control program on 2019 novel coronavirus infection in Children s digestive endoscopy center ','2019Nian 12Yue Kai Shi Hu Bei Sheng Wu Yi Shi Lu Xu Chu Xian Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du 2019 nCoV Gan Ran Bing Li Yi Qing Man Yan Zhi Wo Guo Ge Di Ji Jing Wai Ren Qun Pu Bian Yi Gan Yi Lu Xu Fa Xian Er Tong Bing Li Fa Re Bu Zai Shi Zao Qi De Zhu Yao Biao Xian Ye Ke Biao Xian Wei Fa Li Gan Ke He E Xin Ou Tu Deng Zheng Zhuang Shao Shu Gan Ran Zhe Yi Xiao Hua Dao Zheng Zhuang Wei Shou Fa Biao Xian Er Jiu Zhen Zai Bi Yan Shi Zi Tan Xia Hu Xi Dao Fen Mi Wu Xie Ye Fen Bian Deng Biao Ben Zhong Ke Jian Ce Chu 2019 nCoVHe Suan Yi Qing Liu Xing Qi Jian Yuan Ze Shang Ru Fei Bi Xu Ying Tui Chi Xiao Hua Nei Jing Zhen Liao Dan Bing Qing Xu Yao Huo Xu Ji Zhen Xiao Hua Nei Jing Zhen Liao Shi Ying Ren Zhen Ping Gu Zhang Wo Zhen Liao Zhi Zheng Zuo Hao Ge Ren Fang Hu Yan Ge Zhi Xing Xiao Du Ge Chi Gui Fan Xian Jie He Er Tong Xiao Hua Nei Jing Zhen Liao Te Dian Zhi Ding Yi Qing Liu Xing Qi Jian Er Tong Xiao Hua Nei Jing Zhong Xin Ying Dui 2019 nCoVGan Ran De Fang Kong Fang An Fang Zhi Yi Yuan Gan Ran Fa Sheng Yi Qi Neng Dui Er Tong Xiao Hua Nei Jing Yi Xian Yi Wu Ren Yuan Zai 2019 nCoVLiu Xing Qi Jian De Gong Zuo Ji Yi Qing Fang Kong Qi Dao Jian Yi Yu Zhi Dao Zuo Yong ',1 32183864,'Safe patient transport for COVID 19 ',?,1 32188528,'SARS CoV 2 enterocolitis with persisting to excrete the virus for about two weeks after recovering from diarrhea A case report ',?,1 31256729,'Narrative review of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV infection updates and implications for practice ',?,0 32134909,'Active Monitoring of Persons Exposed to Patients with Confirmed COVID 19 United States January February 2020 ','In December 2019 an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 caused by the virus SARS CoV 2 began in Wuhan China 1 The disease spread widely in China and as of February 26 2020 COVID 19 cases had been identified in 36 other countries and territories including the United States Person to person transmission has been widely documented and a limited number of countries have reported sustained person to person spread On January 20 state and local health departments in the United States in collaboration with teams deployed from CDC began identifying and monitoring all persons considered to have had close contact+< sup> with patients with confirmed COVID 19 2 The aims of these efforts were to ensure rapid evaluation and care of patients limit further transmission and better understand risk factors for transmission ',1 31503522,'First Report of Coronaviruses in Northern European Bats ','Coronaviruses CoVs represent a global public health threat exemplified by the severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS outbreaks Using fecal samples collected from five bat species between 2014 and 2016 in Finland and RT PCR RT qPCR and NGS we identified CoVs in 10 of 79 13\% samples including two novel bat species CoV relationships Phylogenetic analysis revealed Alphacoronavirus< i> and Betacoronavirus< i> species clustered among previously identified bat and human viruses These results expand the known northern distribution and host species range of bat borne CoVs ',0 31585653,'Characterization of amino acid substitutions in feline coronavirus 3C like protease from a cat with feline infectious peritonitis treated with a protease inhibitor ','Feline infectious peritonitis FIP is a highly fatal disease caused by a virulent feline coronavirus in domestic and wild cats We have previously reported the synthesis of potent coronavirus 3C like protease 3CLpro inhibitors and the efficacy of a protease inhibitor GC376 in client owned cats with FIP In this study we studied the effect of the amino acid changes in 3CLpro of feline coronavirus from a feline patient who received antiviral treatment for prolonged duration We generated recombinant 3CLpro containing the identified amino acid changes N25S A252S or K260 N and determined their susceptibility to protease inhibitors in the fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay The assay showed that N25S in 3CLpro confers a small change up to 1 68 fold increase in the 50\% inhibitory concentration in susceptibility to GC376 but other amino acid changes do not affect susceptibility Modelling of 3CLpro carrying the amino acid changes was conducted to probe the structural basis for these findings The results of this study may explain the observed absence of clinical resistance to the long term antiviral treatment in the patients ',0 31942559,'The characteristics of hDPP4 transgenic mice subjected to aerosol MERS coronavirus infection via an animal nose only exposure device ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV which is not fully understood in regard to certain transmission routes and pathogenesis and lacks specific therapeutics and vaccines poses a global threat to public health ',0 32184209,'Covid 19 trainees will not move jobs in April ',?,1 31997618,'The Fight against the 2019 nCoV Outbreak an Arduous March Has Just Begun ',?,1 32134861,'The outbreak of COVID 19 An overview ','In late December 2019 a previous unidentified coronavirus currently named as the 2019 novel coronavirus# emerged from Wuhan China and resulted in a formidable outbreak in many cities in China and expanded globally including Thailand Republic of Korea Japan United States Philippines Viet Nam and our country as of 2 6 2020 at least 25 countries The disease is officially named as Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 by WHO on February 11 2020 It is also named as Severe Pneumonia with Novel Pathogens on January 15 2019 by the Taiwan CDC the Ministry of Health and is a notifiable communicable disease of the fifth category COVID 19 is a potential zoonotic disease with low to moderate estimated 2\% 5\% mortality rate Person to person transmission may occur through droplet or contact transmission and if there is a lack of stringent infection control or if no proper personal protective equipment available it may jeopardize the first line healthcare workers Currently there is no definite treatment for COVID 19 although some drugs are under investigation To promptly identify patients and prevent further spreading physicians should be aware of the travel or contact history of the patient with compatible symptoms ',1 30973083,'Surveillance for Avibacterium paragallinarum in autopsy cases of birds from small chicken flocks using a real time PCR assay ','Infectious coryza is a severe respiratory disease of chickens associated with large economic losses in affected commercial flocks The fastidious causative pathogen Avibacterium paragallinarum is difficult to recover and identify resulting in delayed diagnosis and enhanced spread of the agent Small poultry flocks are increasingly common in rural and suburban environments We assessed the frequency of A paragallinarum using real time PCR and clinical conditions present in samples from such flocks submitted to the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System Davis CA in 2018 From the 294 samples collected for our study 86 30\% were PCR positive for A paragallinarum Juvenile birds 1 y were significantly more likely to be PCR positive p = 0 017 and birds diagnosed with respiratory disease had lower Ct values p = 0 001 than those without Concurrent infections were also identified including with Mycoplasma gallisepticum 18 6\% M synoviae 18 6\% infectious bronchitis virus 12 8\% and infectious laryngotracheitis virus 7 0\% Only 46 5\% of PCR positive chickens had antemortem respiratory signs making endemic infections in these flocks highly likely Our study demonstrates that A paragallinarum is present in small flock operations including those without respiratory disease and may present a risk for airborne pathogen transmission to commercial poultry operations ',0 31076983,'Complete genome analysis of a SARS like bat coronavirus identified in the Republic of Korea ','Bats have been widely known as natural reservoir hosts of zoonotic diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS caused by coronaviruses CoVs In the present study we investigated the whole genomic sequence of a SARS like bat CoV 16BO133 and found it to be 29 075 nt in length with a 40 9\% G+C content Phylogenetic analysis using amino acid sequences of the ORF 1ab and the spike gene showed that the bat coronavirus strain 16BO133 was grouped with the Beta CoV lineage B and was closely related to the JTMC15 strain isolated from Rhinolophus ferrumequinum in China However 16BO133 was distinctly located in the phylogenetic topology of the human SARS CoV strain Tor2 Interestingly 16BO133 showed complete elimination of ORF8 regions induced by a frame shift of the stop codon in ORF7b The lowest amino acid identity of 16BO133 was identified at the spike region among various ORFs The spike region of 16BO133 showed 84 7\% and 75 2\% amino acid identity with Rf1 SARS like bat CoV and Tor2 human SARS CoV respectively In addition the S gene of 16BO133 was found to contain the amino acid substitution of two critical residues N479S and T487 V associated with human infection In conclusion we firstly carried out whole genome characterization of the SARS like bat coronavirus discovered in the Republic of Korea however it presumably has no human infectivity However continuous surveillance and genomic characterization of coronaviruses from bats are necessary due to potential risks of human infection induced by genetic mutation ',0 32135585,' Prevention and control program on 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children s digestive endoscopy center ','2019Nian 12Yue Yi Lai Hu Bei Sheng Wu Yi Shi Lu Xu Chu Xian Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du 2019 nCoV Gan Ran Bing Li Yi Qing Man Yan Zhi Wo Guo Ge Di Ji Jing Wai Ren Qun Dui 2019 nCoVPu Bian Yi Gan Yi Lu Xu Fa Xian Er Tong Bing Li Fa Re Bu Zai Shi Zao Qi De Zhu Yao Biao Xian Gan Ran Zhe Ye Ke Biao Xian Wei Fa Li Gan Ke He E Xin Ou Tu Deng Zheng Zhuang Shao Shu Yi Xiao Hua Dao Zheng Zhuang Wei Shou Fa Biao Xian Er Jiu Zhen Zai Bi Yan Shi Zi Tan Xia Hu Xi Dao Fen Mi Wu Xie Ye Fen Bian Deng Biao Ben Zhong Ke Jian Ce Chu 2019 nCoVHe Suan Yi Qing Liu Xing Qi Jian Yuan Ze Shang Ru Fei Bi Xu Ying Tui Chi Xiao Hua Nei Jing Zhen Liao Dan Bing Qing Xu Yao Huo Xu Ji Zhen Xiao Hua Nei Jing Zhen Liao Shi Ying Ren Zhen Ping Gu Zhang Wo Zhen Liao Zhi Zheng Zuo Hao Ge Ren Fang Hu Yan Ge Zhi Xing Xiao Du Ge Chi Gui Fan Xian Jie He Er Tong Xiao Hua Nei Jing Zhen Liao Te Dian Zhi Ding Yi Qing Liu Xing Qi Jian Er Tong Xiao Hua Nei Jing Zhong Xin Ying Dui 2019 nCoVGan Ran De Fang Kong Fang An Fang Zhi Yi Yuan Nei Gan Ran Fa Sheng Yi Qi Neng Dui Yi Xian Er Tong Xiao Hua Nei Jing Zhen Liao Yi Hu Ren Yuan Zai 2019 nCoVLiu Xing Qi Jian De Gong Zuo Ji Yi Qing Fang Kong Qi Dao Jian Yi Yu Zhi Dao Zuo Yong ',1 32196083,'COVID 19 a recommendation to examine the effect of hydroxychloroquine in preventing infection and progression ','A novel coronavirus disease COVID 19 caused by infection with SARS CoV 2 has swept across 31 provinces in China and over 40 countries worldwide The transition from first symptoms to acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS is highly likely to be due to uncontrolled cytokine release There is an urgent need to identify safe and effective drugs for treatment Chloroquine CQ exhibits a promising inhibitory effect However the clinical use of CQ can cause severe side effects We propose that hydroxychloroquine HCQ which exhibits an antiviral effect highly similar to that of CQ could serve as a better therapeutic approach HCQ is likely to attenuate the severe progression of COVID 19 inhibiting the cytokine storm by suppressing T cell activation It has a safer clinical profile and is suitable for those who are pregnant It is cheaper and more readily available in China We herein strongly urge that clinical trials are performed to assess the preventive effects of HCQ in both disease infection and progression ',1 32019636,'Note from the editors World Health Organization declares novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV sixth public health emergency of international concern ',?,1 31364519,'Global status of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels a systematic review CORRIGENDUM ',?,0 32077677,' Management strategy of Novel coronavirus pneumonia in burn and wound care ward ','The prevention and control of novel coronavirus pneumonia NCP has already entered a key period The patients treated in the burn and wound care ward are susceptible to viral infection because of disease age and other factors so it is very important to manage the burn and wound care ward during the prevention and control of NCP epidemic In this paper combining with the key clinical problems of prevention and control in hospital during the epidemic period of NCP infection medical evidence and clinical and management experience the author formulates prevention and control management strategy of the author s unit in order to provide reference for prevention and control of burn and wound care ward ',1 32202608,'Ethics Committee Reviews of Applications for Research Studies at 1 Hospital in China During the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Epidemic ',?,0 32150796,'How to train the health personnel for protecting themselves from novel coronavirus COVID 19 infection during their patient or suspected case care ',?,1 31296683,'Complete Genome Sequence of a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Related Coronavirus from Kenyan Bats ','We identified a strain of betacoronavirus BtKY72 Rhinolophus< i> sp Kenya 2007 here BtKY72 from rectal swab samples in Kenyan bats This paper reports the complete genomic sequence of BtKY72 which is closely related to BtCoV BM48 31 Bulgaria 2008 a severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS related virus from Rhinolophus< i> bats in Europe ',0 32189015,' Coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 update for anesthesiologists and intensivists March 2020 ','The current outbreak of coronavirus disease COVID 19 has reached Germany The majority of people infected present with mild disease but there are severe cases that need intensive care Unlike other acute infectious diseases progressing to sepsis the severe courses of COVID19 seemingly show prolonged progression from onset of first symptoms to life threatening deterioration of primarily lung function Diagnosis relies on PCR using specimens from the respiratory tract Severe ARDS reflects the hallmark of a critical course of the disease Preventing nosocomial infections primarily by correct use of personal protective equipment and maintenance of hospitals operational capability are of utmost importance Departments of Anaesthesia Intensive Care and emergency medicine will envisage major challenges ',1 31692574,'Epidemiological status of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in 2019 an update from January 1 to March 31 2019 ','This study represents the current epidemiological status of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV worldwide in the first three months of 2019 ',0 31766704,'Entry of Scotophilus< i> Bat Coronavirus 512 and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Human and Multiple Animal Cells ','Bats are natural reservoirs of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV MERS CoV Scotophilus< i> bat CoV 512 demonstrates potential for cross species transmission because its viral RNA and specific antibodies have been detected in three bat species of Taiwan Understanding the cell tropism of Scotophilus< i> bat CoV 512 is the first step for studying the mechanism of cross species transmission In this study a lentivirus based pseudovirus was produced using the spike S protein of Scotophilus< i> bat CoV 512 or SARS CoV as a surface protein to test the interaction between coronaviral S protein and its cell receptor on 11 different cells Susceptible cells expressed red fluorescence protein RFP after the entry of RFP bound green fluorescence protein GFP fused S protein of Scotophilus< i> bat CoV 512 RFP Sco S eGFP or RFP SARS S pseudovirus and firefly luciferase FLuc activity expressed by cells infected with FLuc Sco S eGFP or FLuc SARS S pseudovirus was quantified Scotophilus< i> bat CoV 512 pseudovirus had significantly higher entry efficiencies in Madin Darby dog kidney epithelial cells MDCK black flying fox brain cells Pabr and rat small intestine epithelial cells IEC 6 SARS CoV pseudovirus had significantly higher entry efficiencies in human embryonic kidney epithelial cells HEK 293T pig kidney epithelial cells PK15 and MDCK cells These findings demonstrated that Scotophilus< i> bat CoV 512 had a broad host range for cross species transmission like SARS CoV ',0 32150527,'Detection of Novel Coronavirus by RT PCR in Stool Specimen from Asymptomatic Child China ','We report an asymptomatic child who was positive for a 2019 novel coronavirus by reverse transcription PCR in a stool specimen 17 days after the last virus exposure The child was virus positive in stool specimens for at least an additional 9 days Respiratory tract specimens were negative by reverse transcription PCR ',1 30578423,'Survey of Respiratory Virus in Patients Hospitalised for Acute Exacerbations of Heart Failure A Prospective Observational Study ','Respiratory virus RV infections have been implicated in acute exacerbation cardiopulmunary conditions This study aimed to determine the prevalence of RV infections in patients admitted to the cardiology unit with acute decompensated heart failure ADHF in a tertiary hospitals in Singapore ',0 32020116,'China coronavirus labs worldwide scramble to analyse live samples ',?,1 32199813,'The Emerging Pandemic of Coronavirus The Urgent Need for Public Health Leadership ',?,1 31767073,'Mortalin restricts porcine epidemic diarrhea virus entry by downregulating clathrin mediated endocytosis ','Clathrin mediated endocytosis is a mechanism used for the invasion of cells by a variety of viruses Mortalin protein is involved in a variety of cellular functions and plays a role in viral infection In this study we found that mortalin significantly inhibited the replication of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PEDV through restricting virus entry Mechanistically a biochemical interaction between the carboxyl terminus of mortalin and clathrin heavy chain CLTC was been found and mortalin could induce CLTC degradation through the proteasomal pathway thereby inhibiting the clathrin mediated endocytosis of PEDV into host cells In addition artificial changes in mortalin expression affected the cell entry of transferrin further confirming the above results Finally we confirmed that this host mounted antiviral mechanism was broadly applicable to other viruses such as vesicular stomatitis virus VSV rotavirus RV and transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV which use the same clathrin mediated endocytic to entry These results reveal a new function of mortalin in inhibiting endocytosis and provide a novel strategy for treating PEDV infections ',0 32133824,' COVID 19 complicated with DIC 2 cases report and literatures review ',?,1 32048740,'Economic impacts of Wuhan 2019 nCoV on China and the world ',?,1 30717685,'A case crossover analysis of the impact of weather on primary cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV is endemic in dromedary camels in the Arabian Peninsula and zoonotic transmission to people is a sporadic event In the absence of epidemiological data on the reservoir species patterns of zoonotic transmission have largely been approximated from primary human cases This study aimed to identify meteorological factors that may increase the risk of primary MERS infections in humans ',0 32186279,'Emergence du coronavirus SARS CoV2 faire face a l epidemie de COVID 19 ',?,1 32191259,'Characteristics and Outcomes of 21 Critically Ill Patients With COVID 19 in Washington State ',?,1 30804542,'Dampened NLRP3 mediated inflammation in bats and implications for a special viral reservoir host ','Bats are special in their ability to host emerging viruses As the only flying mammal bats endure high metabolic rates yet exhibit elongated lifespans It is currently unclear whether these unique features are interlinked The important inflammasome sensor NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 NLRP3 has been linked to both viral induced and age related inflammation Here we report significantly dampened activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in bat primary immune cells compared to human or mouse counterparts Lower induction of apoptosis associated speck like protein containing a CARD ASC speck formation and secretion of interleukin 1b in response to both sterile stimuli and infection with multiple zoonotic viruses including influenza A virus single stranded ss RNA Melaka virus PRV3M double stranded RNA and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus +ssRNA was observed Importantly this reduction of inflammation had no impact on the overall viral loads We identified dampened transcriptional priming a novel splice variant and an altered leucine rich repeat domain of bat NLRP3 as the cause Our results elucidate an important mechanism through which bats dampen inflammation with implications for longevity and unique viral reservoir status ',0 32005727,'China coronavirus WHO declares international emergency as death toll exceeds 200 ',?,1 32184233,'Covid 19 and community mitigation strategies in a pandemic ',?,1 30918074,'High Throughput Screening and Identification of Potent Broad Spectrum Inhibitors of Coronaviruses ','Coronaviruses CoVs act as cross species viruses and have the potential to spread rapidly into new host species and cause epidemic diseases Despite the severe public health threat of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV MERS CoV there are currently no drugs available for their treatment therefore broad spectrum inhibitors of emerging and endemic CoVs are urgently needed To search for effective inhibitory agents we performed high throughput screening HTS of a 2 000 compound library of approved drugs and pharmacologically active compounds using the established genetically engineered human CoV OC43 HCoV OC43 strain expressing Renilla< i> luciferase rOC43 ns2Del Rluc and validated the inhibitors using multiple genetically distinct CoVs in vitro< i> We screened 56 hits from the HTS data and validated 36 compounds in vitro< i> using wild type HCoV OC43 Furthermore we identified seven compounds lycorine emetine monensin sodium mycophenolate mofetil mycophenolic acid phenazopyridine and pyrvinium pamoate as broad spectrum inhibitors according to their strong inhibition of replication by four CoVs in vitro< i> at low micromolar concentrations Additionally we found that emetine blocked MERS CoV entry according to pseudovirus entry assays and that lycorine protected BALB c mice against HCoV OC43 induced lethality by decreasing viral load in the central nervous system This represents the first demonstration of in vivo< i> real time bioluminescence imaging to monitor the effect of lycorine on the spread and distribution of HCoV OC43 in a mouse model These results offer critical information supporting the development of an effective therapeutic strategy against CoV infection IMPORTANCE< b> Currently there is no approved therapy to treat coronavirus infection therefore broad spectrum inhibitors of emerging and endemic CoVs are needed Based on our high throughput screening assay using a compound library we identified seven compounds with broad spectrum efficacy against the replication of four CoVs in vitro< i> Additionally one compound lycorine was found to protect BALB c mice against HCoV OC43 induced lethality by decreasing viral load in the central nervous system This inhibitor might offer promising therapeutic possibilities for combatting novel CoV infections in the future ',0 32035270,'Fatal human coronavirus 229E HCoV 229E and RSV Related pneumonia in an AIDS patient from Colombia ',?,0 31300117,'Viral interference between H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus and avian infectious bronchitis virus vaccine strain H120 in vivo ','The interaction between a low pathogenic avian influenza virus A CK TUN 145 2012 a H9N2 Tunisian isolate and a vaccine strain H120 of avian infectious bronchitis administered simultaneously or sequentially three days apart to chicks during 20 days was evaluated using ELISA antibody levels quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction qRT PCR analyses and histopathology examination First the in vivo replication interference of avian influenza virus AIV and infectious bronchitis virus IBV was evaluated using qRT PCR to detect accurately either AIV or IBV genomes or viral copy numbers during dual infections Second we have determined the amount of specific antibodies in sera of chick s infected with AIV alone IBV alone mixed AIV + IBV IBV then AIV or AIV IBV 3 days later using an ELISA test Finally histopathological analyses of internal organs from inoculated chicks were realized Quantitative results of AIV and IBV co infection showed that interferences between the two viruses yielded decreased viral growth However in the case of super infection the second virus either AIV or IBV induced a decrease in the growth of the first inoculated virus According to our results vaccine application was safe and do not interfere with AIV H9N2 infection and does not enhance such infection In conclusion co infection of chicks with AIV and IBV simultaneously or sequentially affected the clinical signs the virus replication dynamics as well as the internal organ integrity The results proposed that infection with heterologous virus may result in temporary competition for cell receptors or competent cells for replication most likely interferon mediated ',0 32170865,'Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 What we know ','In late December 2019 a cluster of unexplained pneumonia cases has been reported in Wuhan China A few days later the causative agent of this mysterious pneumonia was identified as a novel coronavirus This causative virus has been temporarily named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 and the relevant infected disease has been named as coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 by the World Health Organization respectively The COVID 19 epidemic is spreading in China and all over the world now The purpose of this review is primarily to review the pathogen clinical features diagnosis and treatment of COVID 19 but also to comment briefly on the epidemiology and pathology based on the current evidences This article is protected by copyright All rights reserved ',1 32160451,'Virtually Perfect Telemedicine for Covid 19 ',?,1 32145766,'Taking the right measures to control COVID 19 ',?,1 31949325,'Prevalence and mutation analysis of the spike protein in feline enteric coronavirus and feline infectious peritonitis detected in household and shelter cats in western Canada ','Feline infectious peritonitis FIP is a fatal disease for which no simple antemortem diagnostic assay is available A new polymerase chain reaction PCR test has recently been developed that targets the spike protein region of the FIP virus FIPV and can identify specific mutations M1030L or S1032A the presence of which indicates a shift from feline enteric coronavirus FeCV to FIPV This test will only be useful in the geographical region of interest however if the FIP viruses contain these mutations The primary objective of this study was to determine the presence of the M1030L or S1032A mutations in FeCV derived from stool samples from a selected group of healthy cats from households and shelters and determine how many of these cats excrete FeCV The secondary objective was to evaluate how often these specific FIPV mutations were present in tissue samples derived from cats diagnosed with FIP at postmortem examination Feline enteric coronavirus FeCV was detected in 46\% of fecal samples 86 185 all were FeCV type 1 with no difference between household or shelter cats Only 45\% of the FIPV analyzed contained the previously reported M1030L or S1032A mutations It should be noted that as the pathological tissue samples were opportunistically obtained and not specifically obtained for PCR testing caution is warranted in interpreting these data ',0 32163908,'Iranian mental health during the COVID 19 epidemic ',?,1 32051073,' Recommendation for the diagnosis and treatment of novel coronavirus infection in children in Hubei Trial version 1 ','Since December 2019 a cluster of patients have been diagnosed to be infected with 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV in Wuhan China The epidemic has been spreading to other areas of the country and abroad A few cases have progressed rapidly to acute respiratory distress syndrome and or multiple organ function failure The epidemiological survey has indicated that the general population is susceptible to 2019 nCoV A total of 14 children 6 months to 14 years of age including 5 cases in Wuhan have been confirmed to be infected with 2019 nCoV in China so far In order to further standardize and enhance the clinical management of 2019 nCoV infection in children reduce the incidence and decrease the number of severe cases we have formulated this diagnosis and treatment recommendation according to the recent information at home and abroad ',1 31526954,'Detection of MERS CoV antigen on formalin fixed paraffin embedded nasal tissue of alpacas by immunohistochemistry using human monoclonal antibodies directed against different epitopes of the spike protein ','Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS represents an important respiratory disease accompanied by lethal outcome in one third of human patients In recent years several investigators developed protective antibodies which could be used as prophylaxis in prospective human epidemics In the current study eight human monoclonal antibodies mAbs with neutralizing and non neutralizing capabilities directed against different epitopes of the MERS coronavirus MERS CoV spike MERS S protein were investigated with regard to their ability to immunohistochemically detect respective epitopes on formalin fixed paraffin embedded FFPE nasal tissue sections of MERS CoV experimentally infected alpacas The most intense immunoreaction was detected using a neutralizing antibody directed against the receptor binding domain S1B of the MERS S protein which produced an immunosignal in the cytoplasm of ciliated respiratory epithelium and along the apical membranous region A similar staining was obtained by two other mAbs which recognize the sialic acid binding domain and the ectodomain of the membrane fusion subunit S2 respectively Five mAbs lacked immunoreactivity for MERS CoV antigen on FFPE tissue even though they belong at least in part to the same epitope group In summary three tested human mAbs demonstrated capacity for detection of MERS CoV antigen on FFPE samples and may be implemented in double or triple immunohistochemical methods ',0 31231549,'SARS Coronavirus Open Reading Frame 8b triggers intracellular stress pathways and activates NLRP3 inflammasomes ','The SARS severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak was caused by a coronavirus CoV named the SARS CoV SARS pathology is propagated both by direct cytotoxic effects of the virus and aberrant activation of the innate immune response Here we identify several mechanisms by which a SARS CoV open reading frame ORF activates intracellular stress pathways and targets the innate immune response We show that ORF8b forms insoluble intracellular aggregates dependent on a valine at residue 77 Aggregated ORF8b induces endoplasmic reticulum ER stress lysosomal damage and subsequent activation of the master regulator of the autophagy and lysosome machinery Transcription factor EB TFEB ORF8b causes cell death in epithelial cells which is partially rescued by reducing its ability to aggregate In macrophages ORF8b robustly activates the NLRP3 inflammasome by providing a potent signal 2 required for activation Mechanistically ORF8b interacts directly with the Leucine Rich Repeat domain of NLRP3 and localizes with NLRP3 and ASC in cytosolic dot like structures ORF8b triggers cell death consistent with pyroptotic cell death in macrophages While in those cells lacking NLRP3 accumulating ORF8b cytosolic aggregates cause ER stress mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase independent cell death ',0 32156101,'Development of a Laboratory safe and Low cost Detection Protocol for SARS CoV 2 of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 ','The severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 which emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan China has spread rapidly to over a dozen countries Especially the spike of case numbers in South Korea sparks pandemic worries This virus is reported to spread mainly through personto person contact via respiratory droplets generated by coughing and sneezing or possibly through surface contaminated by people coughing or sneezing on them More critically there have been reports about the possibility of this virus to transmit even before a virus carrying person to show symptoms Therefore a low cost easy access protocol for early detection of this virus is desperately needed Here we have established a real time reverse transcription PCR rtPCR based assay protocol composed of easy specimen self collection from a subject via pharyngeal swab Trizolbased RNA purification and SYBR Green based rtPCR This protocol shows an accuracy and sensitivity limit of 1 10 virus particles as we tested with a known lentivirus The cost for each sample is estimated to be less than 15 US dollars Overall time it takes for an entire protocol is estimated to be less than 4 hours We propose a cost effective quick and easy method for early detection of SARS CoV 2 at any conventional Biosafety Level II laboratories that are equipped with a rtPCR machine Our newly developed protocol should be helpful for a first hand screening of the asymptomatic virus carriers for further prevention of transmission and early intervention and treatment for the rapidly propagating virus ',1 31142304,'In vitro antiviral activity of fifteen plant extracts against avian infectious bronchitis virus ','Avian infectious bronchitis IB is a disease that can result in huge economic losses in the poultry industry The high level of mutations of the IB virus IBV leads to the emergence of new serotypes and genotypes and limits the efficacy of routine prevention Medicinal plants or substances derived from them are being tested as options in the prevention of infectious diseases such as IB in many countries The objective of this study was to investigate extracts of 15 selected medicinal plants for anti IBV activity ',0 32090534,' Strengthen comprehensive strategies to treat patients with mild novel coronavirus pneumonia ','Dang Qian Quan Guo Zheng Quan Li Kang Ji Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan Xin Guan Fei Yan Sui Ran Zai Yi Qing Fang Kong Fang Mian Yi Jing Qu De Liao Ming Xian De Cheng Xiao Dan Zai Zhi Liao Fang Mian Huan Mian Lin Zhao Ju Da De Tiao Zhan Xin Guan Fei Yan Huan Zhe Zhong Qing Zheng Huan Zhe Zhan Jue Da Duo Shu Jia Kuai Qing Zheng Huan Zhe Zhi Yu Jian Shao Qing Zheng Xiang Zhong Zheng Fa Zhan Shi Zhong Yao Ren Wu Zhi Yi Jian Yi Cai Yong Xin Li Zhi Liao Nei Ke Zhi Liao Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Deng Zong He Xing Shou Duan Lai Zhi Liao Xin Guan Fei Yan Qing Zheng Huan Zhe ',1 32086236,'Novel Coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 The importance of recognising possible early ocular manifestation and using protective eyewear ',?,1 32179517,'On the front lines of coronavirus the Italian response to covid 19 ',?,1 31883091,'Evaluation of MERS CoV Neutralizing Antibodies in Sera Using Live Virus Microneutralization Assay ','The microneutralization MN assay is a standard and important technique in virology immunology and epidemiology It is a highly specific and sensitive assay for evaluating virus specific neutralizing antibodies nAbs in human and animal sera It provides the most precise answer to whether or not an individual or animal has antibodies that can neutralize or inhibit the infectivity of a specific virus strain However using live virus based MN assay might require working under high containment facilities especially when dealing with high risk pathogens such as the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV In this chapter we describe the isolation amplification and titration of MERS CoV as well as detailed MN assay to measure nAb levels in sera from different mammalian species ',0 32085839,'Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID 19 outbreak ',?,1 32164834,'How will country based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID 19 epidemic ',?,1 32049602,'Pre and Posttreatment Chest CT Findings 2019 Novel Coronavirus 2019 nCoV Pneumonia ',?,1 32045235,'a Ketoamides as Broad Spectrum Inhibitors of Coronavirus and Enterovirus Replication Structure Based Design Synthesis and Activity Assessment ','The main protease of coronaviruses and the 3C protease of enteroviruses share a similar active site architecture and a unique requirement for glutamine in the P1 position of the substrate Because of their unique specificity and essential role in viral polyprotein processing these proteases are suitable targets for the development of antiviral drugs In order to obtain near equipotent broad spectrum antivirals against alphacoronaviruses betacoronaviruses and enteroviruses we pursued a structure based design of peptidomimetic a ketoamides as inhibitors of main and 3C proteases Six crystal structures of protease inhibitor complexes were determined as part of this study Compounds synthesized were tested against the recombinant proteases as well as in viral replicons and virus infected cell cultures most of them were not cell toxic Optimization of the P2 substituent of the a ketoamides proved crucial for achieving near equipotency against the three virus genera The best near equipotent inhibitors 11u< b> P2 = cyclopentylmethyl and 11r< b> P2 = cyclohexylmethyl display low micromolar EC50< sub> values against enteroviruses alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses in cell cultures In Huh7 cells 11r< b> exhibits three digit picomolar activity against the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus ',0 32120929,'Antiviral Action of Tryptanthrin Isolated from Strobilanthes cusia< i> Leaf against Human Coronavirus NL63 ','Strobilanthes cusia< i> Nees Kuntze is a Chinese herbal medicine used in the treatment of respiratory virus infections The methanol extract of S cusia< i> leaf contains chemical components such as b sitosterol indirubin tryptanthrin betulin indigodole A and indigodole B that have diverse biological activities However the antiviral action of S cusia< i> leaf and its components against human coronavirus remains to be elucidated Human coronavirus NL63 infection is frequent among immunocompromised individuals young children and in the elderly This study investigated the anti Human coronavirus NL63 HCoV NL63 activity of the methanol extract of S cusia< i> leaf and its major components The methanol extract of S cusia< i> leaf effectively inhibited the cytopathic effect CPE and virus yield IC50< sub> = 0 64 mg mL in HCoV NL63 infected cells Moreover this extract potently inhibited the HCoV NL63 infection in a concentration dependent manner Among the six components identified in the methanol extract of S cusia< i> leaf tryptanthrin and indigodole B 5aR< i> ethyltryptanthrin exhibited potent antiviral activity in reducing the CPE and progeny virus production The IC50< sub> values against virus yield were 1 52 mM and 2 60 mM for tryptanthrin and indigodole B respectively Different modes of time of addition removal assay indicated that tryptanthrin prevented the early and late stages of HCoV NL63 replication particularly by blocking viral RNA genome synthesis and papain like protease 2 activity Notably tryptanthrin IC50< sub> = 0 06 mM and indigodole B IC50< sub> = 2 09 mM exhibited strong virucidal activity as well This study identified tryptanthrin as the key active component of S cusia< i> leaf methanol extract that acted against HCoV NL63 in a cell type independent manner The results specify that tryptanthrin possesses antiviral potential< i> against HCoV NL63 infection ',1 32093458,'Mental Health Care Measures in Response to the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak in Korea ',?,1 32167146,'Interrupting transmission of COVID 19 lessons from containment efforts in Singapore ','Despite multiple importations resulting in local chains of transmission Singapore has been able to control the COVID 19 outbreak without major disruption to daily living In this article we describe the combination of measures taken by Singapore to contain COVID 19 and share some early lessons learnt from the experience ',1 31729897,'Feline coronavirus with and without spike gene mutations detected by real time RT PCRs in cats with feline infectious peritonitis ','Feline infectious peritonitis FIP emerges when feline coronaviruses FCoVs mutate within their host to a highly virulent biotype and the immune response is not able to control the infection FCoV spike S< i> gene mutations are considered to contribute to the change in virulence by enabling FCoV infection of and replication in macrophages This study investigated the presence of FCoV with and without S< i> gene mutations in cats with FIP using two different real time RT PCRs on different samples obtained under clinical conditions ',0 32193906,'Are We Ready for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Arriving at Schools ',?,1 32054740,'Labs scramble to produce new coronavirus diagnostics ',?,1 32041103,'Genomic Characterization and Phylogenetic Classification of Bovine Coronaviruses Through Whole Genome Sequence Analysis ','Bovine coronavirus BCoV is zoonotically transmissible among species since BCoV like viruses have been detected in wild ruminants and humans BCoV causing enteric and respiratory disease is widespread in cattle farms worldwide however limited information is available regarding the molecular characterization of BCoV because of its large genome size despite its significant economic impact This study aimed to better understand the genomic characterization and evolutionary dynamics of BCoV via comparative sequence and phylogenetic analyses through whole genome sequence analysis using 67 BCoV isolates collected throughout Japan from 2006 to 2017 On comparing the genomic sequences of the 67 BCoVs genetic variations were detected in 5 of 10 open reading frames ORFs in the BCoV genome Phylogenetic analysis using whole genomes from the 67 Japanese BCoV isolates in addition to those from 16 reference BCoV strains revealed the existence of two major genotypes classical and US wild ruminant genotypes All Japanese BCoV isolates originated from the US wild ruminant genotype and they tended to form the same clusters based on the year and farm of collection not the disease type Phylogenetic trees on hemagglutinin esterase protein HE spike glycoprotein S nucleocapsid protein N genes and ORF1 revealed clusters similar to that on whole genome suggesting that the evolution of BCoVs may be closely associated with variations in these genes Furthermore phylogenetic analysis of BCoV S genes including those of European and Asian BCoVs and human enteric coronavirus along with the Japanese BCoVs revealed that BCoVs differentiated into two major types European and American types Moreover the European and American types were divided into eleven and three genotypes respectively Our analysis also demonstrated that BCoVs with different genotypes periodically emerged and predominantly circulated within the country These findings provide useful information to elucidate the detailed molecular characterization of BCoVs which have spread worldwide Further genomic analyses of BCoV are essential to deepen the understanding of the evolution of this virus ',0 32163697,'Detection of Covid 19 in Children in Early January 2020 in Wuhan China ',?,1 31355779,'IFN I response timing relative to virus replication determines MERS coronavirus infection outcomes ','Type 1 IFNs IFN I generally protect mammalian hosts from virus infections but in some cases IFN I is pathogenic Because IFN I is protective it is commonly used to treat virus infections for which no specific approved drug or vaccine is available The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV is such an infection yet little is known about the role of IFN I in this setting Here we show that IFN I signaling is protective during MERS CoV infection Blocking IFN I signaling resulted in delayed virus clearance enhanced neutrophil infiltration and impaired MERS CoV specific T cell responses Notably IFN I administration within 1 day after infection before virus titers peak protected mice from lethal infection despite a decrease in IFN stimulated gene ISG and inflammatory cytokine gene expression In contrast delayed IFN b treatment failed to effectively inhibit virus replication increased infiltration and activation of monocytes macrophages and neutrophils in the lungs and enhanced proinflammatory cytokine expression resulting in fatal pneumonia in an otherwise sublethal infection Together these results suggest that the relative timing of the IFN I response and maximal virus replication is key in determining outcomes at least in infected mice By extension IFN ab or combination therapy may need to be used cautiously to treat viral infections in clinical settings ',0 32053579,'Persons Evaluated for 2019 Novel Coronavirus United States January 2020 ','In December 2019 a cluster of cases of pneumonia emerged in Wuhan City in central China s Hubei Province Genetic sequencing of isolates obtained from patients with pneumonia identified a novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV as the etiology 1 As of February 4 2020 approximately 20 000 confirmed cases had been identified in China and an additional 159 confirmed cases in 23 other countries including 11 in the United States 2 3 On January 17 CDC and the U S Department of Homeland Security s Customs and Border Protection began health screenings at U S airports to identify ill travelers returning from Wuhan City 4 CDC activated its Emergency Operations Center on January 21 and formalized a process for inquiries regarding persons suspected of having 2019 nCoV infection 2 As of January 31 2020 CDC had responded to clinical inquiries from public health officials and health care providers to assist in evaluating approximately 650 persons thought to be at risk for 2019 nCoV infection Guided by CDC criteria for the evaluation of persons under investigation PUIs 5 210 symptomatic persons were tested for 2019 nCoV among these persons 148 70\% had travel related risk only 42 20\% had close contact with an ill laboratory confirmed 2019 nCoV patient or PUI and 18 9\% had both travel and contact related risks Eleven of these persons had laboratory confirmed 2019 nCoV infection Recognizing persons at risk for 2019 nCoV is critical to identifying cases and preventing further transmission Health care providers should remain vigilant and adhere to recommended infection prevention and control practices when evaluating patients for possible 2019 nCoV infection 6 Providers should consult with their local and state health departments when assessing not only ill travelers from 2019 nCoV affected countries but also ill persons who have been in close contact with patients with laboratory confirmed 2019 nCoV infection in the United States ',1 32175069,'Imported Wuhan Coronavirus Infection Is there any Correlation with Number of Immigrants from Endemic Area and Period after the First Outbreak ',?,1 31193119,'Virologic study of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children admitted to the paediatric department of Blida University Hospital Algeria ','Acute lower respiratory tract infections ALRTI such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis are major causes of mortality and morbidity in children under 5 years of age The main microbial agents responsible for ALRTI are either bacterial agents Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae< i> type b Mycoplasma pneumoniae< i> or viruses respiratory syncytial virus RSV also known as human orthopneumovirus Myxovirus influenzae Myxovirus parainfluenzae < i> adenovirus 1 More recently other viruses rhinovirus metapneumovirus coronavirus bocavirus have been implicated in ALRTI their identification has been facilitated by new molecular biology techniques such as real time PCR To our knowledge these emerging viruses have never been the subject of epidemiologic studies in our country ',0 31029095,'Current epidemiological status of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the world from 1 1 2017 to 17 1 2018 a cross sectional study ','Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV is considered to be responsible for a new viral epidemic and an emergent threat to global health security This study describes the current epidemiological status of MERS CoV in the world ',0 32052195,'Development of an indirect ELISA for detecting porcine deltacoronavirus IgA antibodies ','Porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV is a novel coronavirus that can cause vomiting and watery diarrhea in pigs and death in piglets Since PDCoV was first detected in 2009 in Hong Kong the prevalence of PDCoV has increased in recent years resulting in serious economic losses to the swine industry The coronavirus spike S protein is an antigen that has been demonstrated to contain epitopes that induce neutralizing antibodies The presence of serum and milk IgA antibodies against pathogens that replicate primarily on mucosal surfaces is important for mucosal immunity Here an indirect anti PDCoV IgA antibody enzyme linked immunosorbent assay PDCoV S1 IgA ELISA using the purified S1 portion of S protein as the coating antigen was developed to detect PDCoV IgA antibodies in serum and sow s milk A receiver operating characteristic ROC curve analysis showed high specificity and sensitivity of the PDCoV S1 IgA ELISA based on samples confirmed by IFA Anti PDCoV IgA antibodies in 152 serum samples and 65 milk samples collected from six farms that had experienced diarrhea outbreaks within previous last two years were detected by this assay and 62 5\% of the serum samples and 100\% of the milk samples were positive for PDCoV The indirect ELISA method established in this study will provide a convenient tool for measurement of serum and milk IgA levels against PDCoV in pig herds rapid detection of PDCoV infection in pigs and evaluation of the immunogenicity of vaccines ',0 32133578,'Review of the Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 ','In late December 2019 a cluster of cases with 2019 Novel Coronavirus pneumonia SARS CoV 2 in Wuhan China aroused worldwide concern Previous studies have reported epidemiological and clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 The purpose of this brief review is to summarize those published studies as of late February 2020 on the clinical features symptoms complications and treatments of COVID 19 and help provide guidance for frontline medical staff in the clinical management of this outbreak ',1 32078803,'Timely research papers about COVID 19 in China ',?,1 31143181,'Porcine Deltacoronavirus Nucleocapsid Protein Suppressed IFN b Production by Interfering Porcine RIG I dsRNA Binding and K63 Linked Polyubiquitination ','Porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV is a newly detected porcine coronavirus causing serious vomiting and diarrhea in piglets especially newborn piglets There has been an outbreak of PDCoV in worldwide since 2014 causing significant economic losses in the pig industry The interferon IFN mediated antiviral response is an important component of virus host interactions and plays an essential role in inhibiting virus infection However the mechanism of PDCoV escaping the porcine immune surveillance is unclear In the present study we demonstrated that the PDCoV nucleocapsid N protein antagonizes porcine IFN b production after vesicular stomatitis virus VSV infection or poly I C stimulation PDCoV N protein also suppressed the activation of porcine IFN b promoter when it was stimulated by porcine RLR signaling molecules PDCoV N protein targeted porcine retinoic acid inducible gene I pRIG I and porcine TNF receptor associated factor 3 pTRAF3 by directly interacting with them The N terminal region 1 246 aa of PDCoV N protein was important for interacting with pRIG I and interfere its function We confirmed that PDCoV N antagonizes IFN b production by associating with pRIG I to impede it from binding double stranded RNA Furthermore porcine Riplet pRiplet was an important activator for pRIG I by mediating the K63 linked polyubiquitination However PDCoV N protein restrained the pRiplet binding pRIG I to inhibit pRIG I K63 linked polyubiquitination Taken together our results revealed a novel mechanism by which PDCoV N protein interferes with the early activation of pRIG I in the host antiviral response The novel findings provide a new insight into PDCoV on evading the host innate immune response and may provide new therapeutic targets and more efficacious vaccines strategies for PDCoV infections ',0 31138817,'Structure of the SARS CoV nsp12 polymerase bound to nsp7 and nsp8 co factors ','Recent history is punctuated by the emergence of highly pathogenic coronaviruses such as SARS and MERS CoV into human circulation Upon infecting host cells coronaviruses assemble a multi subunit RNA synthesis complex of viral non structural proteins nsp responsible for the replication and transcription of the viral genome Here we present the 3 1 A resolution structure of the SARS CoV nsp12 polymerase bound to its essential co factors nsp7 and nsp8 using single particle cryo electron microscopy nsp12 possesses an architecture common to all viral polymerases as well as a large N terminal extension containing a kinase like fold and is bound by two nsp8 co factors This structure illuminates the assembly of the coronavirus core RNA synthesis machinery provides key insights into nsp12 polymerase catalysis and fidelity and acts as a template for the design of novel antiviral therapeutics ',0 32122430,'Identification of COVID 19 Can be Quicker through Artificial Intelligence framework using a Mobile Phone Based Survey in the Populations when Cities Towns Are Under Quarantine ','We are proposing to use machine learning algorithms to be able to improve possible case identifications of COVID 19 more quicker when we use a mobile phone based web survey This will also reduce the spread in the susceptible populations ',1 32004427,'First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States ','An outbreak of novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV that began in Wuhan China has spread rapidly with cases now confirmed in multiple countries We report the first case of 2019 nCoV infection confirmed in the United States and describe the identification diagnosis clinical course and management of the case including the patient s initial mild symptoms at presentation with progression to pneumonia on day 9 of illness This case highlights the importance of close coordination between clinicians and public health authorities at the local state and federal levels as well as the need for rapid dissemination of clinical information related to the care of patients with this emerging infection ',1